BEHAVIOR OF GAS, LIQUID, AND

SOLID STATE BASED ON KINETIC

MOLECULAR MODEL

for GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2/Grade 12

Quarter 3 / Week 1

NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week1_v2 1 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2

 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) in General Chemistry 2

provides an insight on how Chemistry works as discipline of
science. It will be your aid as you learn new ideas and
enrich your existing knowledge about Chemistry concepts.

Learners are expected to learn from this kit and use

this with utmost care while learning from the discussions
and tasks which they can apply in their everyday activities.

2 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K : explain the properties of gases, liquids and solids using kinetic
molecular model;
S : compare through sketch that shows the intermolecular forces
of attraction
A : apply in day-to-day activities the kinetic molecular models
on the properties of matter

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids
and solids (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
- describe the types of intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-
c-100)
- describe the following properties of liquids and explain the effect
of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension,
viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-102)
- explain the properties of water based on its molecular structure
and intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
Pre-activity/Pre-test

A. Directions. Complete the diagram below by checking the type

of intermolecular forces from the given substances.

3 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter

Every particles of matter are in constant random motion, that

according to the kinetic molecular theory or model. In other words,
all particles of matter regardless of the state (solid, liquid, and gas)
posse’s kinetic energy, KE. The average kinetic energy, which is
related to the particles' average speed, is proportional to the
absolute temperature. Comparing the speed of the particles of the
different states, solid is the slowest followed by liquid, and then gas
particles are the fastest (see Figure 1.). Notice that in terms of order
gas tends to be disorder than the liquid and solid. In addition, you
might say that particles of solid are not in motion, by molecular
studies solid particles are vibrating and the frequency of it cannot
be notice by the naked eye.

Figure 1. Molecular representation of the particles at different states.

Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn

Assumptions in Kinetic Molecular Model

Since gas possess the highest kinetic energy among different

stats of matter, gases will be highlighted. For the kinetic molecular
theory of gases, the are 5 assumptions.
1. Particles are in constant, random straight motion
2. Volume of individual particles is zero and are separated by
great distances
4 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 3. Particles can collide to the wall or to each other very rapidly
and elastic
4. No forces exist between particles
5. Total energy remains constant

Gas and Liquids

The behavior of gases and liquids can be explained by the

kinetic molecular model. Based on it, gases and liquids have the
ability to flow hence they are called fluids. Though they can flow,
the particles experience intermolecular forces of attraction that
can affect their properties. There are different types of
intermolecular forces.

Dispersion (London) Forces (for non-polar substances)

The intermolecular force primarily responsible for the

condensed states of nonpolar substances is the dispersion force (or
London force, named for Fritz London, the physicist who explained
the quantum-mechanical basis of the attraction). Dispersion forces
are caused by momentary oscillations of electron charge in atoms
and, therefore, are present between all particles (atoms, ions, and
molecules). Picture one atom in a sample of argon gas. Averaged
over time, the 18 electrons are distributed uniformly around the
nucleus, so the atom is nonpolar. But at any instant, there may be
more electrons on one side of the nucleus than on the other, so the
atom has an instantaneous dipole. When far apart, a pair of argon
atoms do not influence each other. But when close together, the
instantaneous dipole in one atom induces a dipole in its neighbor.
The result is a synchronized motion of the electrons in the two atoms,
which causes an attraction between them. This process occurs with
other nearby atoms and, thus, throughout the sample. At low
enough temperatures, the attractions among the dipoles keep all
the atoms together. Thus, dispersion forces are instantaneous
dipole-induced dipole forces. Figure 2 depicts the dispersion forces
among nonpolar particles.

5 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Figure 2. Dispersion forces among nonpolar particles. Separated He atoms have even
distribution of electron and are nonpolar. An instantaneous dipole in one atom induces a
dipole in its neighbor. These partial charges attract the atoms together. This process takes
place among atoms throughout the sample.

Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P2CF2JBZAY8/maxresdefault.jpg

Dipole-dipole Forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar

molecules (molecules that possess dipole moments). In polar
molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed because some
elements are more electronegative than others. The partial
negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial positive
side of another molecule (see Figure 3). This type of force is stronger
than the dispersion forces because polar molecules have a
permanent uneven distribution of electrons. The nature of
attraction is electrostatic and can be understood in terms of
Coulomb’s law: The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the
attraction.

Figure 3. Polar molecules and dipole-dipole forces. In a solid or a liquid, the polar molecules are close
enough for the partially positive pole of one molecule to attract the partially negative pole of a nearby
molecule. The orientation is more orderly in the solid (left) than in the liquid (right) because, at the lower
temperatures required for freezing, the average kinetic energy of the particles is lower. (Interparticle
spaces are increased for clarity).

Source:
https://switkes.chemistry.ucsc.edu/teaching/CHEM1B/Fall13/HANDOUTS/lects24_Fall13_HO1.pdf

6 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
The Hydrogen Bond

A special type of dipole-dipole force arises between

molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small, highly
electronegative atom with lone electron pairs. The most important
atoms that fit this description are N, O, and F. The H-N, H-O, and H -
F bonds are very polar, so electron density is withdrawn from H. As
a result, the partially positive H of one molecule is attracted to the
partially negative lone pair on the N, O, or F of another molecule,
and a hydrogen bond (H bond) form. Thus, the atom sequence that
allows an H bond (dotted line) to form is -B:····H-A-, where both A
and B are N, O, or F (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. The hydrogen bond in water molecule. The partially negative Oxygen atom is attracted to a
partially positive H atom in water molecule.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/hydrogen-bonding/

Ion-Dipole Forces

When an iron and a nearby polar molecule (dipole) attract

each other, an ion-dipole force result. The most important example
takes place when an ionic compound dissolves in water. The ions
become separated because the attractions between the ions and
the oppositely charged poles of the H2O molecules overcome the
attractions between the ions themselves (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. The ion dipole interaction. Notice that the cation is attracted to a partially negative end of a
dipole and that of the anion is attracted to a partially positive end of a dipole.

Source: http://brainfuse.com/curriculumupload/1224057898133.html

7 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Summary of Intermolecular Forces

A schematic diagram below to determine the type of

intermolecular forces that exist between molecules.

Schematic diagram for determining intermolecular forces in a

substance
Some Properties of Liquids

We have discussed above that intermolecular forces of

attraction exist between particles of matter. The strength of
intermolecular forces dictates its properties. This time we will discuss
the properties of liquids that were observed as a consequence of
the interactions of particles within the liquid state.

Surface Tension

Surface tension is the measure of the elastic force in the

surface of a liquid. It is the amount of energy required to stretch or
increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area. It is manifested as
some sort of skin on the surface of a liquid or in a drop of liquid.
Figure 5 shows manifestations of surface tension.

8 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Figure 5. An insect that floats on water due to surface tension.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/surface-tension-definition-and-experiments-2699204

Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions by

intermolecular forces (see Figure 6). Molecules at the surface are
pulled downward and sideways by other molecules, not upward
away from the surface. These intermolecular forces tend to pull the
molecules into the liquid and cause the surface to tighten like an
elastic film or “skin”.

Figure 6. The intermolecular forces of attraction cause the surface tension.

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/surface+tension

Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces also have high

surface tension. Water, as a result of H-bonds, which are strong
intermolecular forces have high surface tension. The image below
shows a manifestation of the high surface tension of water.

9 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater

the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows. It is expressed in units of
centipoise. The table below gives viscosities of liquids of some pure
substances. Water has viscosity of 1 centipoise or 0.001 Pa/s at 20˚C.
Substances with lower viscosities include carbon tetrachloride and
benzene. Glycerol has a resistance to flow of more than a thousand
times greater than water.
Table 1. Viscosities of liquids of selected substances.

Viscosity decreases as temperature increases: hot molasses

flows much faster than cold molasses. The viscosities of some
familiar liquids in the table below were measured at 20˚C, except
for lava (ranges between 700 to 1200˚C).

Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure is independent of the amount of liquid as well

as the surface area of the liquid in contact with the gas. Like any
gas sample, the molecules in the gaseous state over its liquid create
a pressure. The greater the number of gaseous particles, the
greater the pressure exerted by the gas. The pressure exerted by
the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given
temperature is called the equilibrium vapor pressure or simply vapor
pressure of the liquid. The equilibrium vapor pressure is the maximum
vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature and that it is
constant at a constant temperature. It increases with temperature
(see Figure 7).
10 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Figure 7. A graph shows the vapor pressure with respect to temperature. Notice as the
temperature increases the vapor pressure increases.

Source: https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpvst.gif

When temperature is high, more molecules have enough

energy to escape from the liquid. At a lower temperature, fewer
molecules have sufficient energy to escape from the liquid. Ethyl
alcohol and water have very low vapor pressures. Both liquids have
the strong dipole-dipole interaction called hydrogen bonding.
Acetone is polar but does not have H-bonding. Its vapor pressure is
of intermediate value. Pentane is a nonpolar substance, and its
vapor pressure is high compared to those of water and ethyl
alcohol.

Table 2. Viscosities of liquids of selected substances.

When liquids evaporate, the molecules have to have

sufficient energy to break the attractive forces that hold them in the
liquid state. The stronger these intermolecular forces are, the
greater the amount of energy needed to break them.

For some substances with weak intermolecular forces, the

energy requirement is easy obtained from collisions with other
11 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
molecules and absorption of energy from the surroundings. Many
molecules can vaporize, resulting in a high vapor pressure. For
molecules with strong intermolecular forces, gathering enough
energy may not be as easy, and register low vapor pressures.

Boiling point

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor

pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure. The normal
boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid converts to a
gas when the external pressure is 1 atm. The normal boiling point of
water is 100 ˚C.

Table 3. Boiling point of selected substances

Molar Heat of Vaporization

The boiling point is related to molar heat of vaporization: the

higher ΔHvap, the higher the boiling point. The boiling points of
substances often reflect the strength of the intermolecular forces
operating among the molecules. At the boiling point, enough
energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive forces among
molecules before they can enter the vapor phase.

Table 4. Boiling point of selected substances

12 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
Solids

Unlike gas and liquid, solids have fixed mass, volume and
shape, strong intermolecular force of attraction, least
intermolecular space, fixed position of constituent particles, and
incompressible and rigid. Solids and can only oscillate about their
mean position which gives rigidity to the solid and hence a fixed
shape. The constituents of a solid can be arranged in two general
ways.They can form a regular repeating three-dimensional
structure called a crystal lattice, thus producing a crystalline solid,
or they can aggregate with no particular order, in which case they
form an amorphous solid (from the Greek ámorphos, meaning
“shapeless”).

Crystalline Solids

The solids in which the constituent particles of matter are

arranged and organized in a specific manner are called crystalline
solids. These solids contain crystals in their structure and each crystal
has definite geometry. They are also known as true solids. Moreover,
as crystalline solids have low potential energy, they are the most
stable form of solids. Almost all solids fall in the category of
crystalline solids including metallic elements (iron, silver, and
copper) and non-metallic elements (phosphorus, sulphur, and
iodine). Also several compounds like sodium chloride, sugar,
diamond, zinc sulphide and naphthalene build crystalline solids.

Amorphous Solids

Some solids have fixed shape and volume but their particles
are not arranged in a regular geometric patterns, not like the
crystalline solids. They are called amorphous solids. Let’s see this
example. When most liquids are cooled, they eventually freeze and
form crystalline solids, solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules
are arranged in a definite repeating pattern. It is also possible for a
liquid to freeze before its molecules become arranged in an orderly
pattern. The resulting materials are called amorphous solids or non-
crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses). The particles of such solids
lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged.
Some examples of amorphous solids are glass, rubber, cotton
candy, and some plastics.
13 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Figure 3. The entities of a solid phase may be arranged in a regular, repeating pattern (crystalline
solids) or randomly (amorphous).

Source: https://files.askiitians.com/cdn1/images/2017728-1353287-6528-shape-of-crystalline-and-
amorphous-solids.jpg

There are many applications of amorphous solids, some of them

are:
• The glass is widely used in packaging (food jars, cosmetics
box, and soft-drink bottles), making tableware (utensils), in the
construction of buildings (windows, lighting, and shelves) etc.
• Rubber is mainly used in manufacturing of tires, footwear,
ropes, camp cloth and as a raw material for several industries
• Use of polymer can be seen in manufacturing of pipes,
medicines and as a raw ingredient for many factories

Table 1. Differences between crystalline and amorphous solids:

Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids

Have no regular particle Crystalline solids have a periodic three-
arrangements, so they have no well- dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or
defined particles molecules resulting in a well-defined
geometric shape.
Have a short-range order There is a lengthy variety of crystalline solids
No sharp melting point, i.e. melt over Have a sharp melting point, i.e. at a specific
a temperature range. temperature they melt
They do not have a fixed heat of Crystalline solids have elevated and fixed
fusion. fusion heat, i.e. melting of 1 mole of
crystalline solid requires elevated energy
Are isotropic, i.e., they have the Are anisotropic, i.e., they have different
same properties in all directions. properties such as optical and electrical
properties in different directions.
Amorphous solids are unbalanced Appearance does not alter when crystalline
(unsymmetrical) solids are rotated around an axis. This
indicates that there is symmetry

14 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 Amorphous solids don’t break at Crystalline solids fasten on fixed cleavage
fixed cleavage planes. planes in a specific direction
Are pseudo – solids, i.e., do not show Are real solids, i.e. demonstrate all the
all the characteristic properties of characteristics characteristic of solids
solids.

III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Evaluation/Post-test

A. Directions: Mark check (/) on the box if the substance is

polar/nonpolar, has Ion-dipole Forces, London Dispersion, Dipole-
Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding Forces.
London
Polar/Non Ion-dipole Dipole- Hydrogen
Substance Dispersion
polar Forces Dipole Bonding
Forces

B. Directions: Read the questions and write your answer on your

notebook.

1. At 50 ° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm, acetic acid is

0.08 atm, water is 0.12 atm, and acetone is 0.84 atm.
A. Arrange these substances in order of increasing rates of
evaporation.
B. Arrange these substances in order of increasing boiling point
temperature.
C. Arrange these substances in order of increasing intermolecular
forces.

15 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
C. Directions: Complete the table between an amorphous and
crystalline solid write your answer in your notebook.

Criteria Amorphous Crystalline

Shape

Melting point

Compressibility

Breakability

16 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
REFERENCE

Barrameda, Ma. Corazon B. Teaching Guide for Senior High

School General Chemistry 2. Quezon City: EC-TEC
Commercial, No. 32 St., 2016.
Duerdecker, Samantha 2019. Physical and Chemical Researcher
of Matter, Powered by Monster. Reference on
https://chem.labretext.org.(Bookshelves)/ Inorganic_Chems

Key, Jessie A. Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition

https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/hesss-
law-2/
Accessed on January 20, 2021

Properties of Liquids. (n.d.). Www.Chem.Fsu.Edu. Retrieved July 9,

2020,from
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1046course/liquids.
html

17 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
 DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA
Writers

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
LESTER C. PABALINAS

18 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2
SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY

This Self-Learning Kit

tackles on the intermolecular
forces of attraction. Knowing
the different types of
intermolecular forces will gives
insights on how gas, liquid, and
solids behaves. In addition, it
will also impact their properties.
Learners are expected to
learn and develop their
knowledge about Chemistry
and apply it in real-life
situations.

Pre-activity/Pre-test
1. Ion-dipole Forces
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 2. Hydrogen Bonding
3. Dipole-Dipole
4. London Dispersion
ROSEWIN P. ROCERO is Senior High School teacher of
Evaluation/Post-test
Sta. Catalina Science
A. 1.High School.
Ion-dipole She is a part-time
Forces
instructor of NORSU – Bayawan-Sta.
2. Hydrogen BondingCatalina Campus.
She earned her Bachelor of Science in Biology from
3. Dipole-Dipole
NORSU Main Campus and she Dispersion
4. London is currently finishing her
B. 1. A. Lowest
post-graduate studies in Master Rateof - Arts
acetic
inacid,
Science
water, ethanol, acetone - Highest
Teaching.
Rate
2. B. Lowest Boiling Point - acetone,
ethanol, water, acetic acid - Highest
. ANDRE ARIEL B. Boiling
CADIVIDA,
Point
3. C. Lowestfinished Bachelor of
IMF - acetone,
Science in Biologyethanol,
at Negros water, acetic acid –University
Oriental State Highest
Main Campus in IMF2013. He is currently teaching at
Cansal-ing Provincial
C. Community High School as a
senior high teacher, library designate and the focal
person of the senior high department. He is currently
completing Master of Arts in Science Teaching at
Negros Oriental State University Graduate School.
19 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek1_v2