Health and Safety

HSE Executive

Safe work in confined spaces

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Approved Code of Practice, Regulations and guidance

Safe work in confined spaces
Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Approved Code of Practice, Regulations and guidance

HSE Books
Safe work in confined spaces

© Crown copyright 2009

First published 1997

Second edition 2009

ISBN 978 0 7176 6233 3

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner.

Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Information Policy

Division, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, The Office of Public Sector Information,
St Clements House, 2 - 1 6 Colegate, Norwich N R 3 1BQ Fax 0 1 6 0 3 7 2 3 0 0 0 or by
e-mail to hmsolicensing@[Link]

Approved Code of Practice

This Code has been approved by the Health and Safety Commission, with the
consent of the Secretary of State. It gives practical advice on how to comply with
the law. If you follow the advice you will be doing enough to comply with the law
in respect of those specific matters on which the Code gives advice. You may use
alternative methods to those set out in the Code in order to comply with the law.

However, the Code has a special legal status. If you are prosecuted for breach of
health and safety law, and it is proved that you did not follow the relevant
provisions of the Code, you will need to show that you have complied with the
law in some other way or a court will find you at fault.

The Code of Practice in this book was approved in 1997.

Guidance

This guidance is issued by the Health and Safety Executive. Following the
guidance is not compulsory and you are free to take other action. But if you do
follow the guidance you will normally be doing enough to comply with the law.
Health and safety inspectors seek to secure compliance with the law and may refer
to this guidance as illustrating good practice.

ii
 Safe work in confined spaces

Contents P r e f a c e v

Notice of Approval vi

Introduction 1

MEANING OF 'CONFINED SPACE' 1

Regulation 1 Citation, commencement and interpretation 1
The hazards 3

APPLICATION OF T H E REGULATIONS 5
Regulation 2 Disapplication of Regulations 5
Regulation 8 Extension outside Great Britain 5

DUTIES UNDER T H E REGULATIONS 6

Regulation 3 Persons upon whom duties are imposed by these Regulations 6

RISK ASSESSMENT 7
Factors to be assessed 8

PREVENTING T H E NEED FOR E N T R Y 10

Regulation 4 Work in confined spaces 10
Duties with regard to the design and construction of confined
spaces 11

SAFE WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES 12

Regulation 4 Work in confined spaces 12
Precautions to be included in the safe system of work 12
Suitability for work in confined spaces 21

E M E R G E N C Y PROCEDURES 21
Regulation 5 Emergency arrangements 21
Rescue and resuscitation equipment 22
Raising the alarm and rescue 22
Safeguarding the rescuers 22
Fire safety 23
Control of plant 23
First aid 23
Public emergency services 23
Training 23

PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 24

Size and openings to enable safe access to and egress from confined spaces 24
Respiratory protective equipment 2 5
Other equipment 2 6
Maintenance of equipment 2 6
Examination of equipment 26
Test certificates and examination records 2 7

TRAINING 28
Regulation 6 Exemption certificates 28
Regulation 7 Defence in proceedings 2 9
Regulation 9 Repeal and revocations 2 9

Schedule Revocations 30

Appendix 1 Relevant general health and safety law 31

Safe work in confined spaces

Appendix 2 Standards relevant to manholes and other access to confined

spaces 37

Appendix 3 References and further guidance 38

Further information 40
 Safe work in confined spaces

Preface ^ ^
n s
second edition, the text of the regulations has been updated to reflect the
latest legislation.

Since this Approved Code of Practice and guidance was written, regulation 1(2)
and regulation 2(c) have been amended by the Diving at Work Regulations 1997
(SI 1997/2776).

Appendix 1 has been updated:

(a) the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 have been
replaced by the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
1999;
(b) the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 have been
amended by the Police (Health and Safety) Regulations 1999 and the Health
and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2 0 0 2 ;
(c) the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994 have been
replaced by the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
2002 (as amended); and
(d) the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 have been
superseded by the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998.

References throughout have been updated to include the most recent publications
available, and obsolete information has been removed.

The Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) and substance of the guidance remains
unchanged, however, the guidance given in paragraph 91 has been clarified.

V
Safe work in confined spaces

By virtue of section 16(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, and
Notice of
with the consent of the Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the
Approval Regions, the Health and Safety Commission has on 31 July 1997 approved the
Code of Practice entitled Safe work in confined spaces.

The Code of Practice is approved for the purposes of providing practical guidance
with respect to the requirements of the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 (SI
1997 No 1713) and with respect to sections 2 - 4 , 6 and 7 of the Health and Safety
at Work etc Act 1974, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
1992 (SI 1992 No 2 0 5 1 ) , * the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 1994 (SI 1994 No 3 2 4 6 ) , t the Personal Protective Equipment at
Work Regulations 1992 (SI 1992 No 2 9 6 6 ) , and the Provision and Use of Work
Equipment Regulations 1992 (SI 1992 No 2 9 3 2 ) . * * The Code of Practice comes
into force on 28 January 1998.

Reference in this Code of Practice to another document does not imply approval
by the Health and Safety Commission of that document except to the extent
necessary to give effect to this Code of Practice.

Signed

ROSEMARY BANNER

Secretary to the Health and Safety Commission

31 July 1997

* Superseded by the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3242).
t Superseded by the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2 0 0 2 (SI 2002/2677)
(as amended).
* * Superseded by the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1 9 9 8 (SI 1998/2306).

The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) merged on
1 April 2 0 0 8 to form a single national regulatory body. From that date, the Health and Safety
Executive became responsible for approving Codes of Practice, with the consent of the Secretary of
State.

VI
 Safe work in confined spaces

Introduction 1 The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 were made under the Health and
Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW Act) and came into force on 28 January 1998.
The Regulations apply in all premises and work situations in Great Britain subject
to the HSW Act, with the exception of diving operations and below ground in a
mine (there is specific legislation dealing with confined spaces in these cases). The
Regulations also extend outside Great Britain in a very limited number of cases
(see paragraph 16). The full text of the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 (SI
1997/1713) is available from The Stationery Office.

2 This publication contains an Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) and

guidance on the duties in the Confined Spaces Regulations which are applicable
across all industry sectors and which apply to working in confined spaces but
which do not apply offshore. This publication also gives guidance on the duties in
other regulations where they apply to work in confined spaces. These existing
regulations are principally the Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1999 (Management Regulations), the Control of Substances
Hazardous to Health Regulations 2 0 0 2 (COSHH), the Personal Protective
Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended), the Provision and Use of
Work Equipment Regulations 1998, the Control of Lead at Work Regulations
2 0 0 2 , and the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2 0 0 6 . There are separate and
specific HSE publications providing guidance on each of these Regulations, as well
as publications concerned with specific hazards and equipment (see Appendix 3
for details).

3 In this publication, the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 are shown in italic
type. The Approved Code of Practice, which has the status described on page ii, is
shown in bold type. The remaining text, in medium type, is additional guidance
on the subject.

4 This Approved Code of Practice and guidance have been prepared by the
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) for the Health and Safety Commission (HSC)
after widespread consultation with industry.

MEANING OF 'CONFINED SPACE'

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 1 Citation, commencement and interpretation

(1) These regulations may be cited as the Confined Spaces Regulations

Regulation
1997 and shall come into force on 28th January 1998.

(2) In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires -

"confined space" means any place, including any chamber, tank, vat, silo, pit,
trench, pipe, sewer, flue, well or other similar space in which, by virtue of its
enclosed nature, there arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk;

"diving project" has the meaning assigned thereto by regulation 2(1) of the Diving
at Work Regulations 1997;

"free flowing solid" means any substance consisting of solid particles and which is
of, or is capable of being in, a flowing or running consistency, and includes flour,
1 grain, sugar, sand or other similar material;

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Safe work in confined spaces

Regulation "mine" has the meaning assigned thereto by section 180 of the Mines and
Quarries Act 1954 ; {J)

"specified risk" means a risk of -

(a) serious injury to any person at work arising from a fire or explosion;
(b) without prejudice to paragraph (a) -

(i) the loss of consciousness of any person at work arising from an

increase in body temperature;
(ii) the loss of consciousness or asphyxiation of any person at work
arising from gas, fume, vapour or the lack of oxygen;

(c) the drowning of any person at work arising from an increase in the
level of liquid; or
(d) the asphyxiation of any person at work arising from a free flowing solid
or the inability to reach a respirable environment due to entrapment by
a free flowing solid;

"system of work " includes the provision of suitable equipment which is in good
working order.

(a) 1954 c.70; section 180 was modified by paragraph 3 of Part I of Schedule 2 to SI 1974/2013 and
by Schedule 3, Part II of SI 1993/1897.

5 Under these Regulations a 'confined space' has two defining features. Firstly,
Guidance
it is a place which is substantially (though not always entirely) enclosed and,
secondly, there will be a reasonably foreseeable risk of serious injury from
hazardous substances or conditions within the space or nearby.

6 Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, for example, closed tanks,
vessels and sewers. Others are less obvious but may be equally dangerous, for
example, open-topped tanks and vats, closed and unventilated or inadequately
ventilated rooms and silos, or constructions that become confined spaces during
their manufacture.

7 Some places which fall within the definition of a confined space may be so
only occasionally, perhaps due to the type of work to be undertaken, for example,
a room during spray painting. Also, a confined space may not necessarily be
enclosed on all sides. Some confined spaces, for example vats, silos and ships'
holds, may have open tops. Places not usually considered to be confined spaces
may become confined spaces because of a change in the condition inside or a
change in the degree of enclosure or confinement, which may occur intermittently.

8 In addition to the places referred to in regulation 1(2), the expression

'confined space' may also refer to the following examples and other similar places:
ducts, vessels, culverts, tunnels, boreholes, bored piles, manholes, shafts,
excavations, sumps, inspection pits, cofferdams, freight containers, ship cargo
holds/tanks, ballast tanks, double bottoms, ships' engine rooms, buildings,
building voids, some enclosed rooms (particularly plant rooms) and compartments
within them, including some cellars, enclosures for the purpose of asbestos
removal, and interiors of machines, plant or vehicles. However, application of the
Regulations in any of these places will depend on the presence of a reasonably
1 foreseeable risk of serious injury.

2
 Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance The hazards

9 The hazards that the Confined Spaces Regulations address arise through the
combination of the confined nature of the place of work and the possible presence
of substances or conditions which, taken together, could increase the risk to the
safety or health of people. Remember that a hazard can be introduced to a
substantially enclosed space that otherwise would be safe. The most likely hazards
are as follows:

Flammable substances and oxygen enrichment

A risk of fire or an explosion can arise from the presence of flammable substances.
There can also be a risk of fire and explosion from an excess of oxygen in the
atmosphere, for example, caused by a leak from an oxygen cylinder forming part
of welding equipment. There is also a risk of explosion from the ignition of
airborne flammable contaminants. A fire or explosion can also be caused by leaks
from adjoining plant or processes that have not been effectively isolated.

Toxic gas, fume or vapour

Fume may remain from previous processing or as a result of previous storage, or

arise from sludge or other deposits disturbed, for example during cleaning.
Hydrocarbon vapour may also be present under scale even after cleaning. Fume
may also enter the space from adjoining plant that has not been effectively
isolated. Gas and fume can build up in sewers, manholes, contaminated ground or
leak from behind vessel linings, rubber, lead, brick etc. Fume and vapour can also
be produced by work inside the confined space, for example, welding, flame
cutting, lead lining, brush and spray painting, or moulding using glass reinforced
plastics, use of adhesives or solvents, or from the products of combustion. They
can also occur inside a compartment or space by hot work taking place on the
exterior surfaces or enter the space from equipment in use outside the space, such
as exhaust fume from mobile plant, especially on construction sites. Plant failure
can also cause problems: for example, by the build-up of ammonia if refrigeration
plant fails or the potential for accumulation of carbon dioxide in some pub cellars
following leaks from compressed gas cylinders.

Oxygen deficiency

Oxygen deficiency may result from, for example:

(a) purging of the confined space with an inert gas to remove flammable or toxic
gas, fume, vapour or aerosols;
(b) naturally occurring biological processes consuming oxygen, which can occur
in sewers, storage tanks, storm water drains, wells etc. Similarly gases can be
produced as a result of fermentation in sealed silos where crops have been or
are being stored; in fermentation vessels in brewing; or in cargo holds caused
by the carriage of timber or timber products, steel turnings or swarf,
vegetable products, grain, coal etc;
(c) leaving a vessel completely closed for some time (particularly one constructed
of steel) since the process of rust formation on the inside surface consumes
oxygen. Newly fabricated or shot blasted carbon steel vessels are especially
vulnerable to rusting, particularly those with a large surface area, for
example, heat exchangers, separators, filters etc;
(d) the risk of increased levels of carbon dioxide from limestone chippings
associated with drainage operations when they get wet;
(e) burning operations and work such as welding and grinding which consume
1 oxygen;

3
Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance (f) displacement of air during pipe freezing, for example, with liquid nitrogen;
(g) a gradual depletion of oxygen as workers breathe in confined spaces and
where provision of replacement air is inadequate.

The ingress or presence of liquids

Liquids can flow into the confined space and lead to drowning and other serious
injury depending on the nature of the liquids such as their corrosivity or toxicity.

Solid materials which can flow

Free flowing solids can submerge a person, preventing breathing. Materials which
create this hazard include grain, sugar, flour, sand, coal dust and other substances
in granular or powder form.

Presence of excessive heat

This can lead to a dangerous rise in core body temperature and can be made
worse as a result of personal protective equipment being worn. In extreme cases
heat stroke and unconsciousness can result. A slower heat build-up in the body
can cause heat stress, and if action is not taken to cool the body there is also a risk
of heat stroke and unconsciousness. This can occur where work in hot conditions
is being undertaken in a confined space or where, for example, boilers or furnaces
have not been allowed sufficient time to cool before people are allowed to enter to
undertake maintenance work, or where equipment has been steam cleaned to
remove hydrocarbons.

10 Other hazards can be found when entering or working in confined spaces but
they are not the specific concern of these Regulations, the Approved Code of
Practice or this guidance. This is because these hazards are not unique to confined
spaces working. The precautions for dealing with hazards such as: electricity;
mechanical equipment; noise; dust; and working space, are not specifically dealt
with in the Confined Spaces Regulations, the Approved Code of Practice or this
guidance. Where these hazards are present in a confined space the precautions will
almost always be more extensive than where they appear outside the confined
space simply because of the enclosed nature of the space.

11 Specific regulations and supporting guidance already deal with many of these
other hazards, for example:

(a) Electricity at Work Regulations 1989;

(b) Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998;
(c) Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2 0 0 5 ;
(d) Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992;
(e) Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2 0 0 2 ;
(f) Control of Asbestos Regulations 2 0 0 6 .

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2 0 0 2 (COSHH) also

apply to all substances hazardous to health (other than lead or asbestos), such as
toxic fume and injurious dust. The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 may
apply where radon gas can accumulate in confined spaces, for example, sewers,
and where industrial radiography is used to look at, for example, the integrity of
1 welds in vessels (see Appendix 3).

A
 Safe work in confined spaces

APPLICATION OF T H E REGULATIONS

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 2 Disapplication of Regulations

These Regulations shall not apply to or in relation to -

Regulation
(a) the master or crew of a sea-going ship or to the employer of such
persons in respect of the normal ship-board activities carried out solely
by a ship's crew under the direction of the master; or
(b) any place below ground in a mine; or
(c) any diving project to and in relation to which the Diving at Work
2 Regulations 1997 apply by virtue of regulation 3 of those Regulations.

Regulation 8 Extension outside Great Britain

These Regulations shall, subject to regulation 2 above, apply to and in relation to

Regulation
the premises and activities outside Great Britain to which sections 1 to 59 and 80
of the 1974 Act apply by virtue of paragraphs (a), (b), (d) and (e) of article 8 of
the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (Application Outside Great Britain)
Order 1995 * as they apply within Great Britain but they shall not apply in any
M

case where at the relevant time article 4, 5, 6 or 7 of the said Order applies.

(a) SI 1995/263.
* The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (Application Outside Great Britain) Order 1995 has
been superseded by the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (Application Outside Great Britain)
Order 2001 (SI 2001/2127). The relevant paragraphs are (a) to (h) of article 8.

12 The Confined Spaces Regulations apply in all premises and work situations
Guidance
subject to the HSW Act, with the exception of diving operations, and below
ground in a mine. Specific legislation deals with confined spaces in these cases,
and guidance is available (see Appendix 3). In addition the Regulations do not
apply to the master or crew of a sea-going ship or to the employer of such persons
in respect of the normal ship-board activities carried out solely by a ship's crew
under the direction of the master.

13 Where an operation involves a ship's crew and shoreside workers working

together aboard ship, the provisions will apply, thereby imposing duties on
masters, crew and their employers, as well as the shoreside workers involved and
their employers. They will need to co-operate so far as is necessary to ensure that
their duties in relation to these matters are discharged, agreeing procedures and
establishing who is in overall control as required under regulation 9 * of the
Management Regulations.

14 The Confined Spaces Regulations also revoke regulations 4 8 - 5 2 and 54 of

the Shipbuilding and Ship-repairing Regulations 1960, which deal with work in
confined spaces. However, regulations 5 9 - 6 6 of the Shipbuilding and Ship-
repairing Regulations deal with hot-work and may also involve work in confined
spaces. By complying with the requirements of regulations 5 9 - 6 6 in full, you will
be deemed to have fully complied with the requirements of the Confined Spaces
Regulations, until such time as regulations 5 9 - 6 6 have been revoked.f

* Now regulation 11 of the 1999 Management Regulations.

t Paragraph 14 is now obsolete. It refers to regulations revoked by SI 2002/2776, regulation 16(2),
Schedule 7, Part 2.

5
Safe work in confined spaces

15 When entering compression chambers or diving bells provided for the

support of diving operations to conduct pre- and post-diving procedures, setting-
to work (ie commissioning equipment), or maintenance procedures, the Confined
Spaces Regulations will apply because these activities are not defined as diving
operations under the Diving Operations at Work Regulations 1 9 8 1 . * *

* * The Diving Operations at Work Regulations 1981 have been superseded by the Diving at Work
Regulations 1997 SI 1997/2776.

Guidance 16 The Regulations also extend outside Great Britain in a limited number of
cases where the HSW Act applies by virtue of paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f),
(g) and (h) of article 8 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (Application
outside Great Britain) Order 2001 (SI 2007/2127).

17 Offshore installations are not specifically covered by the Confined Spaces

Regulations (and hence this Code). The Confined Spaces Regulations would apply
to certain activities aboard installations 'stacked' out of use in territorial waters,
which are not defined as 'offshore installations', such as the activities of shore-
based workers undertaking repair, maintenance or cleaning.

DUTIES U N D E R T H E REGULATIONS

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 3 Persons upon whom duties are imposed by these

Regulations

Regulation (1) Every employer shall -

(a) ensure compliance with the provisions of these Regulations in respect of

any work carried out by his employees; and
(b) ensure compliance, so far as is reasonably practicable, with the
provisions of these Regulations in respect of any work carried out by
persons other than his employees insofar as the provisions relate to
matters which are within his control.

(2) Every self-employed person shall -

(a) comply with the provisions of these Regulations in respect of his own
work; and
(b) ensure compliance, so far as is reasonably practicable, with the
provisions of these Regulations in respect of any work carried out by
other persons insofar as the provisions relate to matters which are
within his control.

18 Duties to comply with the Regulations are placed on:

ACOP
(a) employers in respect of work carried out by their own employees and work
carried out by any other person (eg contractors) insofar as that work is to
any extent under the employers' control; and
(b) the self-employed in respect of their own work and work carried out by any
other person insofar as that work is to any extent under the control of the
self-employed.

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 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP 19 Where employers or the self-employed have duties in relation to people at

work who are not their employees then the duty is to do what is 'reasonably
practicable' in the circumstances. In many cases, the employer or self-employed
will need to liaise and co-operate with others (eg other employers) to agree the
respective responsibilities in terms of the regulations and duties. It is also necessary
to take all reasonably practicable steps to engage competent contractors. In this
way, those in control can be clear about what they can reasonably do to ensure
that those undertaking the work in the confined space comply with these and
other relevant regulations.

RISK ASSESSMENT

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999:

regulation 3 (see Appendix 1)

20 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 apply

Guidance across all industries and all work activities. The principal duty, regulation 3 (see
Appendix 1), requires all employers and self-employed persons to identify the
measures they need to take by means of a suitable and sufficient assessment of all
risks to workers and any others who may be affected by their work activities
(insignificant risks can be ignored). Employers with five or more employees are
required to record the significant findings of the assessment. The Approved Code
of Practice Management of health and safety at work provides further details (see
Appendix 3).

21 In accordance with regulation 4(1) of the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997,

the priority when carrying out a risk assessment is to identify the measures needed
so that work in confined spaces can be avoided. If, in the light of the risks
identified, it cannot be considered reasonably practicable to carry out the work
without entering the confined space, then it is necessary to determine what
measures need to be taken to secure a safe system for working within the confined
space in accordance with regulation 4(2). The risk assessment will help identify the
Management
necessary precautions to be included in the safe system of work, and is described
Regulations 3 in more detail in paragraph 3 6 .

ACOP ^ ( )
a
^ ' '
£ s n o
b l y practicable to prevent work in a confined space
t r e a s o n a

the employer or the self-employed will need to assess the risks

connected with entering or working in the space. The assessment will
need to identify the risks to those entering or working there, and also
any others, for example, other workers including contractors and the
general public in the vicinity who could be affected by the work to be
undertaken. Assessment upon which a safe system of work is to be
based must be carried out by those competent to do so.
(b) A competent person for these purposes will be someone with sufficient
experience of, and familiarity with, the relevant processes, plant and
equipment so that they understand the risks involved and can devise
necessary precautions to meet the requirements of the Confined Spaces
Regulations. In complex cases more than one person may be needed to
conduct assessment of risks relating to specific required areas of
expertise.

23 Where a number of confined spaces (eg sewers or manholes) are broadly the
same, in terms of the conditions and the activities being carried out, and if the
Management risks and measures to deal with them are the same, it may be possible to devise a
R 1 i ns 3 'model' or generic risk assessment covering them all. Any differences in particular
e
8 u
lO a n s
cases that would alter the conclusions of the model risk assessment must be

7
Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP Management identified. Failure to include relevant information in the risk assessment could lead
Regulations 3 to inadequate precautions in the subsequent system of work.

Guidance 24 When carrying out an assessment, you should make use of all information
available about the confined space. For example, there may be information from
engineering drawings, working plans or about relevant soil or geological
conditions. Assess this information in conjunction with information on any
processes that have already taken place or will take place in the course of the
work to be undertaken and which could affect the condition of the confined space.
Information relevant to emergency arrangements is dealt with at paragraph 80.

25 Employees and their representatives should be consulted when assessing the

risks connected with entering or working in a confined space.

26 Give particular attention to situations where the work circumstances are

changing, for example at construction sites or steel fabrications, or where there are
Management
temporary workers who are likely to have limited knowledge of the conditions
Regulations 3 and dangers in the confined space.

ACOP Factors to be assessed

27 (a) You should assess the general condition of the confined space to identify
what might be present or not present, and cause a problem: for
example, is the concentration of oxygen normal? Any records relating
to the confined space should be checked for relevant information.
Consideration should be given to:

Previous contents

Information about any substances previously held, however briefly, in

the confined space, will give an indication of what kind of hazard may
be expected, for example, toxic or flammable gases, etc. Fires and
explosions have been caused by ignition of substances thought to have
been 'removed' some considerable time before, but which were, in fact,
still present.

Residues

Dangers may arise from chemical residues or scale, rust, sludge or other
residues in a confined space. For example, dangerous gas, fume or
vapour can be released when scale, sludge or animal slurry is disturbed.
Where there are residues, safe working procedures should assume that
disturbance of the residue etc will release gas, fume or vapour (see
paragraph 5 3 ) .

Contamination

Contamination may arise from adjacent plant, processes, gas mains or

surrounding land, soil or strata. Gases and liquids may leak or may
have leaked into the confined space from adjacent plant, installations,
processes or landfill sites. This is a particular risk where confined spaces
are below ground because they can be contaminated by substances from
installations many metres away. In certain situations, water in ground
strata and/or gases may enter the confined space from the surrounding
land, soil or strata. For example, acid groundwater acting on limestone
Management
can lead to dangerous accumulations of carbon dioxide. Also, methane
Regulations 3
can occur from a number of sources including the decay of organic

8
 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP matter and can be released from groundwater. Methane and other gases
can leach into groundwater and be released at distances remote from
the source. Sewers can be affected over long distances by water surges,
for example following sudden heavy rainfall upstream of where work is
being carried out.

Oxygen deficiency and oxygen enrichment

There are substantial risks if the concentration of oxygen in the

atmosphere varies significantly from normal (ie 2 0 . 8 % ) . For example,
oxygen enrichment will increase flammability of clothing and other
combustible materials. Conversely a relatively small reduction in the
oxygen percentage can lead to impaired mental ability. The effects are
very rapid and generally there will be no warning to alert the senses.
This can happen even in circumstances where only a person's head is
inside a confined space. Very low oxygen concentrations (ie below 1 6 % )
can lead to unconsciousness and death. Any difference in oxygen
content from normal should be investigated, the risk assessed, and
appropriate measures taken in the light of the risk.

Physical dimensions

You must consider the possible effects of the dimensions and layout of
the confined space. Air quality can differ if the space contains remote or
low-lying compartments. You should also take account of isolated
pockets or regions within the space when choosing ventilation methods
(see paragraphs 51 and 5 2 ) .

(b) You should assess hazards that arise directly from the work to be
undertaken in the confined space. The work itself may produce the
hazard. Alternatively, conditions may become hazardous when work is
done in conjunction with residues, contamination etc. Work being done
on the exterior of the confined space (eg external welding) could also
generate hazardous conditions within. Hazards that can be introduced
into a space that may otherwise be safe include:

Cleaning chemicals

Chemicals that might be used for cleaning purposes could affect the
atmosphere directly or interact with residual substances present in the
confined space.

Sources of ignition

Welding could act as a source of ignition for flammable gases, vapours

(eg from residues), dusts, plastics and many other materials which may
burn leading to a fire or explosion. Welding on the outside of a
confined space can easily ignite materials in contact with the metal on
the inside. Tools and equipment, including lighting, may need to be
inherently safe or specially protected where they are likely to be used in
potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres so that they do not
present a source of ignition.
Management .. , , , , r-
_ - . _ (c) You should assess the need to isolate the confined space to prevent
e
8 u
ations dangers arising from outside. For example:

9
Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP Ingress of substances

There may be a risk of substances (liquids, gases, steam, water, raw

materials) from nearby processes and services entering the confined
space. This could be caused by the inadvertent operation of machinery.
Consequently, you should normally disconnect power to such
equipment and measures should be taken to ensure that it cannot be
reconnected until it is safe to do so, taking care not to isolate vital
services such as sprinkler systems, communications etc (inert gas
flooding is dealt with at paragraph 87). Also, measures are needed to
prevent the substance normally held in the confined space from being
automatically delivered (see paragraphs 57 and 5 8 ) . There may also be
a risk of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide present
in the exhaust of combustion engines that could enter the confined
space (see paragraphs 61 and 6 2 ) .

id) You should assess the requirements for emergency rescue arrangements.
Possible emergencies should be anticipated and appropriate rescue
arrangements made. The likely risks, and therefore the equipment and
measures needed for a rescue by nearby employees need to be identified
Management
(see paragraphs 8 0 - 9 2 ) . Further details about the role of the emergency
Regulations 3 services are dealt with in paragraph 9 1 .

PREVENTING T H E NEED F O R E N T R Y

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 4 Work in confined spaces

Regulation (1) No person at work shall enter a confined space to carry out work for
any purpose unless it is not reasonably practicable to achieve that purpose without
4 such entry.

28 Employers have a duty to prevent employees, or others who are to any extent
ACOP
within the employer's control, such as contractors, from entering or working
inside a confined space where it is reasonably practicable to undertake the work
without entering the space. Similarly, the self-employed should not enter or work
inside a confined space where it is reasonably practicable to undertake the work
without entering it.

29 In every situation, the employer or the self-employed must consider what

measures can be taken to enable the work to be carried out without the need to
enter the confined space. The measures might involve modifying the confined
space itself to avoid the need for entry, or to enable the work to be undertaken
from outside the space. In many cases it will involve modifying working practices.

30 The following are examples of modified working practices preventing the

need for entry:

(a) it is usually possible to test the atmosphere or sample the contents of

confined spaces from outside using appropriate long tools and probes etc;
(b) in some cases you can clean a confined space, or remove residues from it,
from the outside using water jetting, steam or chemical cleaning, long-
handled tools, or in-place cleaning systems;

10
 Safe work in confined spaces

(c) blockages can be cleared in silos where grain or other solids can 'bridge' or
where voids can form by the use of remotely-operated rotating flail devices,
vibrators and air purgers which avoid the need to enter the space;
(d) in some cases it is possible to see what is happening inside without going in
by looking in through a porthole, sightglass, grille or hole. If the sightglass
tends to become blocked, it can be cleaned with a wiper and washer. Lighting
can be provided inside or by shining in through a window. The use of closed
circuit television systems (CCTV) may be appropriate in some cases.

Duties with regard to the design and construction of confined spaces

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, section 6 (see Appendix 1)
Guidance

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM), regulation 11

(see Appendix 3 for details of the Approved Code of Practice)

31 Section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 places a duty on
designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers of articles for use at work to
ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is so designed and
constructed that it will be safe and without risk to health. Also, the Provision and
Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (regulation 4) places a duty on
employers to ensure that work equipment is so constructed or adapted so that it
will not affect the health or safety of any person when used or provided for the
intended purpose.

32 Where plant and equipment unavoidably include confined spaces, designers,

manufacturers, importers, suppliers, erectors and installers should eliminate or,
where this is not possible, minimise the need to enter such spaces both during
normal use or working, and for cleaning and maintenance.

33 Regulation 11 of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

2 0 0 7 places a duty on designers to ensure that any design includes adequate
regard to the need to avoid foreseeable risks to the health and safety of any person
on the structure at any time.

34 You can take a variety of measures to remove the need for people having to
enter a confined space to work. However, there may be specific methods of
working such as tunnelling, which although creating a confined space may
nevertheless be the best overall option in view of the risk assessment. Engineers,
architects, contractors and others who design, construct or modify buildings,
structures etc, should aim to eliminate or minimise the need to enter a confined
space. For example, conical bases on process vessels can be designed so that in-
place cleaning systems can flush out debris effectively. Both normal working,
cleaning, inspection, and maintenance work should be considered at the design
stage. To ensure entirely new hazards are not introduced, designers will need to
consult users carefully about their requirements. Where it is not reasonably
practicable to avoid entry the design should incorporate easy access, taking
account of requirements in the event of emergencies. For example, the design
should incorporate manholes sited at the bottom or low down in the structure and
the suitability of access and working platforms etc should be considered (see
HSW Act
paragraphs 9 3 - 9 8 ) . Design of the space itself should include provision of sample
C D M regulation 11 points, nozzles etc for atmospheric testing.

11
Safe work in confined spaces

SAFE WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 4 Work in confined spaces

(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1) above, so far as is reasonably

Regulation
practicable, no person at work shall enter or carry out any work in or (other than
as a result of an emergency) leave a confined space otherwise than in accordance
with a system of work which, in relation to any relevant specified risks, renders
4 that work safe and without risks to health.

35 Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid entering a confined space to

undertake work, the employer or self-employed person is responsible for ensuring
that a safe system of work is used. In designing a safe system of work, they should
give priority to eliminating the source of any danger before deciding what
precautions are needed for entry.

Precautions to be included in the safe system of work

36 The precautions required in a safe system of work will depend on the nature
of the confined space and the risk assessment (see paragraphs 2 0 - 2 7 ) . For
example, the risks involved and precautions needed for cleaning car interiors with
solvents will be relatively straightforward by comparison with those involved
when undertaking welding work inside a chemical reactor vessel, or work in a
sewer. The main elements to consider when designing a safe system of work, and
which may form the basis of a 'permit-to-work' (see paragraphs 7 5 - 7 8 ) , are:

Paragraph

Supervision 37
Competence for confined spaces working 38
Communications 39
Testing/monitoring the atmosphere 40-46
Gas purging 47--50
Ventilation 51--52
Removal of residues 53
Isolation from gases, liquids and other flowing materials 54--56
Isolation from mechanical and electrical equipment 57
Selection and use of suitable equipment 58
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and respiratory protective
equipment (RPE) 59--60
Portable gas cylinders and internal combustion engines 61--62
Gas supplied by pipes and hoses 63
Access and egress 64--66
Fire prevention 67
Lighting 68
Static electricity 69--70
Smoking 71
Emergencies and rescue 72
4 Limited working time 7
3

12
 Safe work in confined spaces

Supervision

37 The degree of supervision should be based on the findings of the risk

assessment. In some cases an employer might simply instruct an employee how to
do the work and then periodically check that all is well, for example, if the work
is routine, the precautions straightforward, and all the arrangements for safety can
be properly controlled by the person carrying out the work. It is more likely that
the risk assessment will identify a level of risk that requires the appointment of a
competent person (see paragraph 22(b)) to supervise the work and who may need
to remain present while the work is being undertaken. It will be the supervisor's
role to ensure that the permit-to-work system, where applicable, operates properly,
the necessary safety precautions are taken, and that anyone in the vicinity of the
confined space is informed of the work being done.

Competence for confined spaces working

38 To be competent to work safely in confined spaces, adequate training (see

paragraph 113) and experience in the particular work involved is essential.
Training standards must be appropriate to the task, and to the individual's roles
and responsibilities, so that work can be carried out safely (see paragraph 79).
Where the risk assessment indicates that properly trained individuals can work for
periods without supervision, you will need to check that they are competent to
follow the established safe system of work and have been provided with adequate
information and instruction about the work to be done.

Communications

39 An adequate communication system will be needed and should enable

communication:

(a) between those inside the confined space;

(b) between those inside the confined space and those outside; and
(c) to summon help in case of emergency.

Whatever system is used, and it can be based on speech, tugs on a rope, the
telephone, radio etc, it is important that all messages can be communicated easily,
rapidly and unambiguously between relevant people. Consider whether the
communication methods are appropriate for any workers wearing breathing
apparatus. The communication system should also cover the need for those
outside the space to raise the alarm and set in motion emergency rescue
procedures (see paragraph 80). Equipment such as telephones and radios should
be specially protected so that they do not present a source of ignition where there
is a risk of flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres.

Testing/monitoring the atmosphere

4 0 The atmosphere within a confined space may need testing for hazardous gas,
fume or vapour or to check the concentration of oxygen prior to entry. Testing
will be needed where knowledge of the confined space, for example, from
information about its previous contents or chemicals used in a previous activity in
the space, indicates that the atmosphere might be contaminated or to any extent
unsafe to breathe, or where any doubt exists as to the condition of the
atmosphere. It will also be needed where the atmosphere was known to be
contaminated previously, was ventilated as a consequence, and needs to be tested
to check the result.
Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP 41 Where the atmosphere in the space may not be safe to breathe and requires
testing, the findings of the risk assessment may indicate that testing should be
carried out on each occasion that the confined space is re-entered, even where the
atmosphere initially was found to be safe to breathe. Regular monitoring of the
atmosphere may also be necessary to check that there is no change in the
atmosphere while the work is being carried out, particularly where there is a
known possibility of adverse changes in the atmosphere during the work. The
conditions should be continuously monitored when, for example, forced
ventilation is being used, and where the work activity could give rise to changes in
the atmosphere. The exact testing, retesting and monitoring requirements should
be defined by a competent person (see paragraph 22(b)) within the safe system of
work.

42 Local emergency services attending an emergency incident may necessarily

require the immediate use of self-contained breathing apparatus, under controlled
and monitored entry conditions, without following the testing procedures at
paragraph 4 0 . This is due to the constraints on effecting an immediate rescue.
Further information on the role of the public emergency services is given in
paragraph 9 1 .

43 The choice of testing equipment will depend on the circumstances and

knowledge of possible contaminants. For example, when testing for toxic or
asphyxiating atmospheres suitably calibrated chemical detector tubes or portable
atmospheric monitoring equipment may be appropriate. However, in some cases
equipment specifically designed to measure for flammable or explosive
atmospheres will be required. All such equipment should be specially suited for
use in these atmospheres. Testing equipment should also be in good working order
and where necessary calibrated and checked in accordance with the intervals and
recommendations accompanying the equipment, or at other suitable intervals.
Explosimeters will need to be calibrated for different gases or vapours.

44 Testing to measure the oxygen content should be carried out before testing
for concentration of flammable gases, followed by any further tests for toxic gases,
vapours and dusts. Additional tests may be required for the presence of
contaminants in liquid or solid form when the risk assessment indicates that they
may be present. It is important not to overlook the flammable properties of
substances that also have toxic properties, even if they are only slightly toxic.

45 Testing should be carried out by persons who are not only competent in the
practice and aware of the existing standards for the relevant airborne
contaminates being measured but are also instructed and trained in the risks
involved. Those carrying out the testing should also be capable of interpreting the
results and taking any necessary action. Records should be kept of the results and
findings.

46 The atmosphere in a confined space can often be tested from the outside,
without the need for entry, drawing samples through a long probe. Where flexible
sample tubing is used, ensure that it is not impeded by kinks, blockages, blocked
or restricted nozzles and that sufficient time is allowed for samples of the
atmosphere to displace the normal air in the probe. It is important that the
atmosphere in sufficiently representative samples of the space is tested to check for
pockets of poor air quality, especially if there is any doubt about the thoroughness
of ventilation. If it becomes necessary for the tester to enter the confined space, the
work then should be carried out in accordance with the advice in this guidance.

14
 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP Gas purging

47 Where the risk assessment has identified the presence or possible presence of
flammable or toxic gases or vapours there may be a need to purge the gas or
vapour from the confined space. This can be done with air or an inert gas where
toxic contaminants are present, but with inert gas only where there are flammable
contaminants. You can only use inert gas for purging flammable gas or vapour
because any purging with air could produce a flammable mixture within the
confined space. Where purging has been carried out, the atmosphere will need to
be tested to check that purging has been effective, and that it is safe to breathe
before allowing people to enter.

48 In circumstances where the safest method of removing a flammable or

explosive hazard is by purging with inert gas, for instance using nitrogen
displacement, and the work cannot be carried out from a safe position outside the
confined space, you will need to put in place a permit-to-work system that
identifies the standard of protection of all exposed persons. This would include
use of full breathing apparatus.

4 9 Take account of the possibility of exposure both to employees and non-

employees from vented gases as a result of purging. When carrying out purging,
take precautions to protect those outside the confined space from toxic,
flammable, irritating gases and vapours etc.

50 Good ventilation and a supply of breathable air are essential. Inhaling an

atmosphere that contains no oxygen can cause loss of consciousness in a matter of
seconds because such an atmosphere not only fails to provide oxygen but may also
displace oxygen in the bloodstream. When the atmosphere inhaled contains some
oxygen, the loss of oxygen from the bloodstream takes place more slowly.
Nevertheless victims will feel very fatigued and will find it difficult to help
themselves because of the irrationality induced by lack of oxygen. Prolonged
exposure to such an atmosphere can result in loss of consciousness. The speed at
which unconsciousness can result after exposure to an inert atmosphere is seldom
appreciated and may have been a factor in some fatalities where rescue without
proper breathing apparatus or respiratory protection has been attempted in such
atmospheres.

Ventilation

51 Some confined spaces are enclosed to the extent that they require mechanical
ventilation to provide sufficient fresh air to replace the oxygen that is being used
up by people working in the space, and to dilute and remove gas, fume or vapour
produced by the work. This can be done by using a blower fan and trunking
and/or an exhaust fan or ejector and trunking (provided that there is an adequate
supply of fresh air to replace the used air). Fresh air should be drawn from a point
where it is not contaminated either by used air or other pollutants. Never
introduce additional oxygen into a confined space to 'sweeten' the air as this can
lead to oxygen enrichment in the atmosphere that can render certain substances
(eg grease) liable to spontaneous combustion, and will greatly increase the
combustibility of other materials. Oxygen above the normal concentration in air
may also have a toxic effect if inhaled.

52 When considering the ventilation method, take account of the layout of the
space, the position of openings etc and the properties of the pollutants, so that
circulation of air for ventilation is effective. Natural ventilation may suffice if
there is sufficient top and bottom openings in a vessel. For example, if a small
tank containing heavy vapour has a single top manhole it may be sufficient to

15
Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP exhaust from the bottom of the tank with a ventilation duct whilst allowing
'make-up' air to enter through the manhole. For complicated spaces where several
pockets of gas or vapour might collect, a more complex ventilation system will be
needed to ensure thorough ventilation. Forced ventilation is normally preferable to
exhaust ventilation (which has only a local benefit). It is essential to ensure that
extract ventilation is routed away from possible sources of re-entry. In all cases it
is important that an airline or trunking should be introduced at, or extend to, the
bottom of the vessel to ensure removal of heavy gas or vapour and effective
circulation of air.

Removal of residues

53 Cleaning or removal of residues is often the purpose of confined space work.

In some cases residues will need to be removed to allow other work to be
undertaken safely. Appropriate measures should be taken where risks from the
residues are identified. For example, dangerous substances (such as hazardous gas,
fume or vapour) can be released when residues are disturbed or, particularly, when
heat is applied to them. The measures might include the use of powered
ventilation equipment, specially protected electrical equipment for use in
hazardous atmospheres, respiratory protective equipment (see paragraphs 99 and
100) and atmospheric monitoring (see paragraph 4 0 - 4 6 ) . The cleaning or removal
process might need to be repeated to ensure that all residues have been removed,
and in some cases might need to deal with residues trapped in sludge, scale or
other deposits, brickwork, or behind loose linings, in liquid traps, joints in vessels,
in pipe bends, or in other places where removal is difficult.

Isolation from gases, liquids, and other flowing materials

54 Confined spaces will often need to be isolated from ingress of substances that
could pose a risk to those working within the space.

Guidance 55 An effective method is to disconnect the confined space completely from

every item of plant either by removing a section of pipe or duct or by inserting
blanks. If blanks are used, the spectacle type with one lens solid and the other a
ring, makes checking easier. When disconnection in this way cannot be done one
alternative is a suitable, reliable valve that is locked shut, providing there is no
possibility of it allowing anything to pass through when locked, or of being
unlocked when people are inside the confined space.

56 Barriers such as a single brick wall, a water seal, or shut-off valves or those
sealed with sand or loam to separate one section of plant from another, are
sometimes present at a confined space and offer some degree of isolation of the
space. However, these barriers are usually provided for normal working and may
not provide the level of safety protection necessary for the high risks often found
in confined spaces. A more substantial means of isolation may therefore be
needed. Whatever means of isolation is used it needs to be tested to ensure it is
4 sufficiently reliable by checking for substances to see if isolation has been effective.

ACOP Isolation from mechanical and electrical equipment

57 Some confined spaces contain electrical and mechanical equipment with

power supplied from outside the space. Unless the risk assessment specifically
enables the system of work to allow power to remain on, either for the purposes
of the task being undertaken or as vital services (ie lighting, vital communications,
fire-fighting, pumping where flooding is a risk, or cables distributing power to
^ other areas) the power should be disconnected, separated from the equipment, and
a check made to ensure isolation has been effective. This could include locking off

16
 Safe work in confined spaces

the switch and formally securing the key in accordance with a permit-to-work,
until it is no longer necessary to control access. Lock and tag systems can be
useful here, where each operator has their own lock and key giving self-assurance
of the inactivated mechanism or system. Check there is no stored energy of any
kind left in the system that could activate the equipment inadvertently.

Selection and use of suitable equipment

58 Any equipment provided for use in a confined space needs to be suitable for
the purpose. Where there is a risk of a flammable gas seeping into a confined
space and which could be ignited by electrical sources (eg a portable hand lamp),
specially protected electrical equipment needs to be used, for example, a lamp
certified for use in explosive atmospheres. Note that specially designed low voltage
portable lights, while offering protection against electrocution, could nevertheless
still present ignition sources and are not in themselves safer in flammable or
potentially explosive atmospheres. All equipment should be carefully selected
bearing in mind the conditions and risks where it will be used. Earthing should be
considered to prevent static charge build-up. In addition to isolation (see
paragraph 5 7 ) , mechanical equipment may need to be secured against free
rotation, as people may tread or lean on it, and risk trapping or falling. Further
details on requirements for certain other equipment, including requirements for
examination and maintenance, are dealt with in paragraphs 1 0 3 - 1 1 2 .

Personal protective equipment and respiratory protective equipment

59 So far as is reasonably practicable you should ensure that a confined space is

safe to work in without the need for personal protective equipment (PPE) and
respiratory protective equipment (RPE) which should be a last resort, except for
rescue work (including the work of the emergency services). Use of PPE and RPE
may be identified as necessary in your risk assessment, in which case it needs to be
suitable and should be provided and used by those entering and working in
confined spaces. Such equipment is in addition to engineering controls and safe
systems of work. The type of PPE provided will depend on the hazards identified
but, for example, might include safety lines and harnesses, and suitable breathing
apparatus. Take account of foreseeable hazards that might arise, and the need for
emergency evacuation (see also paragraphs 9 9 - 1 0 2 ) .

60 Wearing respiratory protective equipment and personal protective equipment

Guidance
can contribute to heat stress. In extreme situations cooling air may be required for
protective suits. Footwear and clothing may also require insulating properties, for
example, to prevent softening of plastics that could lead to distortion of
components such as visors, airhoses and crimped connections. See paragraphs 100
and 83 for details of when 'escape breathing apparatus' (or self-rescuers) are
appropriate.

ACOP Portable gas cylinders and internal combustion engines

61 Never use petrol-fuelled internal combustion engines in confined spaces. Gas

cylinders should not normally be used within a confined space unless special
precautions are taken. Portable gas cylinders for heat, power or light, and diesel-
fuelled internal combustion engines are nearly as dangerous as petrol-fuelled
engines, and are inappropriate unless exceptional precautions are taken. Where
their use cannot be avoided, adequate ventilation needs to be provided to prevent
a build-up of harmful gas, and to allow internal combustion engines to operate
properly. The exhaust from engines should be vented to a safe place well away
from the confined space, downwind of any ventilator intakes for the confined
space, and the means checked for leakage within the confined space. In tunnelling,

1 7
Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP normal practice is to provide a high level of ventilation and additional precautions
to minimise emissions. Fuelling of portable engine-driven equipment should be
conducted outside the confined space except in rare cases where it is not
reasonably practicable, such as in some tunnelling work. Using such equipment
within the space requires constant atmospheric monitoring of the space.

62 Check gas equipment and gas pipelines for gas leaks before entry into the
confined space. At the end of every work period remove gas cylinders, including
those forming welding sets, from the confined space in case a slow leak
contaminates the atmosphere within the space.

Gas supplied by pipes and hoses

63 The use of pipes and hoses for conveying oxygen or flammable gases into a
confined space should be controlled to minimise the risks. It is important that at
the end of every working period, other than during short interruptions, the supply
valves for pipes and hoses are securely closed before the pipes and hoses are
withdrawn from the confined space to a place that is well ventilated. Where pipes
and hoses cannot be removed, they should be disconnected from the gas supply at
a point outside the confined space and their contents safely vented.

Access and egress

64 You should provide a safe way in and out of the confined space. Wherever
possible allow quick, unobstructed and ready access. The means of escape must be
suitable for use by the individual who enters the confined space so that they can
quickly escape in an emergency. Suitable means to prevent access should be in
place when there is no need for anybody to work in the confined space. The safe
system of work should ensure that everyone has left the confined space during
'boxing-up' operations particularly when the space is complicated and extensive,
for example in boilers, cableways and culverts where there can be numerous
entry/exit points.

65 The size of openings to confined spaces needs to be adequate. Openings

affording safe access to confined spaces, and through divisions, partitions or
obstructions within such spaces, need to be sufficiently large and free from
obstruction to allow the passage of persons wearing the necessary protective
clothing and equipment, and to allow adequate access for rescue purposes.
Guidance on the dimensions for manhole openings can be found in paragraphs
93-98.

66 There should be a safety sign that is clear and conspicuous to prohibit

unauthorised entry alongside openings that allow for safe access.

Fire prevention

67 Wherever possible flammable and combustible materials should not be stored

in confined spaces that have not been specifically created or allocated for that
purpose. If they accumulate as a result of work they should be removed as soon as
possible and before they begin to create a risk. Where flammable materials need to
be located in a confined space the quantity of the material should be kept to a
minimum. In most cases flammable materials should not be stored in confined
spaces; however there may be special cases where this is necessary for example, in
tunnelling. In these cases they should be stored in suitable fire-resistant containers.
If there is a risk of flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres, take
precautions to eliminate the risk such as removal by cleaning, effective use of
thorough ventilation, and control of the sources of ignition.

18
 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP Lighting

68 Adequate and suitable lighting, including emergency lighting, should be

provided. For example, the lighting will need to be specially protected if used
where flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres are likely to occur. Other
gases may be present that could break down thermally on the unprotected hot
surfaces of a lighting system and produce other toxic products. Lighting may need
to be protected against knocks (eg by a wire cage), and/or be waterproof. Where
water is present in the space, suitable plug/socket connectors capable of
withstanding wet or damp conditions should be used and protected by residual
current devices (RCDs) suitable for protection against electric shock. The position
of lighting may also be important, for example to give ample clearance for work
or rescue to be carried out unobstructed.

Static electricity

69 Exclude static discharges, and all sources of ignition if there is a risk of a

flammable or explosive atmosphere in the confined space. All conducting items
such as steel trunking and airlines should be bonded and effectively earthed. If
cleaning operations are to be carried out assess the risks posed by the use or
presence of high resistivity materials (such as synthetic plastics) in and adjacent to
the confined space.

70 Some equipment is prone to static build-up due to its insulating

Guidance characteristics, for example, most plastics. There is also a high risk of electrostatic
discharge from some equipment used for steam or water jetting. Static discharges
can also arise from clothing containing cotton or wool. Consider selecting safer
4 alternative equipment and anti-static footwear and clothing.

ACOP Smoking

71 Smoking should be prohibited in confined spaces. The results of the risk

assessment may indicate that it would be necessary to extend the exclusion area to
a distance beyond the confined space, for example, 5 - 1 0 m.

Emergencies and rescue

72 The arrangements for the rescue of persons in the event of an emergency,

required under regulation 5 of the Confined Spaces Regulations, need to be
suitable and sufficient and, where appropriate, there will also be a need for the
necessary equipment to enable resuscitation procedures to be carried out. The
arrangements should be in place before any person enters or works in a confined
space (see paragraphs 8 0 - 9 2 ) .

Guidance Limiting working time

73 There may be a need to limit the time period that individuals are allowed to
work in a confined space. This may be appropriate where, for example,
respiratory protective equipment is used, or under extreme conditions of
temperature and humidity; or the confined space is so small that movement is
severely restricted. For a large confined space and multiple entries, a logging or
tally system may be necessary to check everyone in and out and to control
4 duration of entry.

ACOP ^ T ° be effective a safe system of work needs to be in writing. A safe system of

work sets out the work to be done and the precautions to be taken. When written
down it is a formal record that all foreseeable hazards and risks have been

19
Safe work in confined spaces

considered in advance. The safe procedure consists of all appropriate precautions

taken in the correct sequence. In practice a safe system of work will only ever be
as good as its implementation.

Use of a permit-to-work procedure

75 A permit-to-work system is a formal written system and is usually required

where there is a reasonably foreseeable risk of serious injury in entering or
working in the confined space. The permit-to-work procedure is an extension of
the safe system to work, not a replacement for it. The use of a permit-to-work
system does not, by itself, make the job safe. It supports the safe system, providing
a ready means of recording findings and authorisations required to proceed with
the entry. It also contains information, for example, time limits on entry, results of
the gas testing, and other information that may be required during an emergency
and which, when the job is completed, can also provide historical information on
original entry conditions. A permit-to-work system is appropriate, for example:

(a) to ensure that the people working in the confined space are aware of the
hazards involved and the identity, nature and extent of the work to be
carried out;
(b) to ensure there is a formal check undertaken confirming elements of a safe
system of work are in place. This needs to take place before people are
allowed to enter or work in the confined space;
(c) where there is a need to coordinate or exclude, using controlled and formal
procedures, other people and their activities where they could affect work or
conditions in the confined space;
(d) if the work requires the authorisation of more than one person, or there is a
time-limit on entry. It may also be needed if communications with the outside
are other than by direct speech, or if particular respiratory protective and/or
personal protective equipment is required.

A permit-to-work should be cancelled once the operations to which it applies have

finished.

76 The nature of permit-to-work procedures will vary in their scope depending

on the job, and the risks. A permit-to-work system is unlikely to be needed where,
for example:

(a) the assessed risks are low and can be controlled easily; and
(b) the system of work is very simple; and
(c) you know that other work activities being carried out cannot affect safe
working in the confined space.

If an assessed risk is subsequently eliminated entirely, and there is no foreseeable

chance of it recurring, you can consider giving unrestricted entry provided the
above conditions apply.

77 The decision not to adopt a permit-to-work system should be taken by a

ACOP
competent person (see paragraph 22(b)), where necessary following consultation
with specialists, and bearing in mind the findings of the risk assessment (see
paragraphs 2 0 - 2 7 ) and the need to ensure a safe system of work (see paragraphs
4 35-74).

78 Information relating to the general preparation and application of permits-to-

work can be found in Guidance on permit-to-work systems: A guide for the
petroleum, chemical and allied industries (see Appendix 3).

20
 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP Suitability for work in confined spaces

79 The competent person carrying out the risk assessment (see paragraph 22(b))
for work in confined spaces will need to consider the suitability of individuals in
view of the particular work to be done (see paragraph 3 8 ) . Where the risk
assessment highlights exceptional constraints from the physical layout, the
competent person may need to check that individuals are of suitable build. This
may be necessary to protect both the individual and others who could be affected
by the work to be done. The competent person may need to consider other factors
about an individual, for example, concerning claustrophobia or fitness to wear
breathing apparatus, and medical advice on an individual's suitability for the work
^ may be needed.

E M E R G E N C Y PROCEDURES

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 5 Emergency arrangements

(1) Without prejudice to regulation 4 of these Regulations, no person at

Regulation
work shall enter or carry out work in a confined space unless there have been
prepared in respect of that confined space suitable and sufficient arrangements for
the rescue of persons in the event of an emergency, whether or not arising out of a
specified risk.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (1) above, the

arrangements referred to in that paragraph shall not be suitable and sufficient
unless -

(a) they reduce, so far as is reasonably practicable, the risks to the health
and safety of any person required to put the arrangements for rescue
into operation; and
(b) they require, where the need for resuscitation of any person is a likely
consequence of a relevant specified risk, the provision and maintenance
of such equipment as is necessary to enable resuscitation procedures to
be carried out.

(3) Whenever there arises any circumstance to which the arrangements

referred to in paragraph (1) above relate, those arrangements, or the relevant part
5 or parts of those arrangements, shall immediately be put into operation.

ACOP ^ Arrangements for emergency rescue will depend on the nature of the
confined space, the risks identified and the likely nature of an emergency rescue.
Account needs to be taken not only of accidents arising from a specified risk, but
also any other accident in which a person needs to be recovered from a confined
space, for example, incapacitation following a fall. To be suitable and sufficient
the arrangements for rescue and resuscitation should include consideration of:

Paragraph
Rescue and resuscitation equipment 81-84
Raising the alarm and rescue 85
Safeguarding the rescuers 86
Fire safety 87-88
Control of plant 89
First aid 90

21
Safe work in confined spaces

Public emergency services 91

Training 92

Rescue and resuscitation equipment

81 Rescue equipment provided should be appropriate in view of the likely

emergencies identified in the risk assessment, and should be properly maintained.
If resuscitation has been identified as a likely consequence, provision will need to
be made for appropriate training to enable resuscitation procedures to be carried
out (see paragraph 9 2 ) , and this may include use of appropriate resuscitation
equipment (see paragraph 84). In determining if resuscitation is likely to be
needed, consideration should be given to experience gained from knowledge of
previous incidents.

82 Rescue equipment will often include lifelines and lifting equipment (since
even the strongest person is unlikely to be able to lift or handle an unconscious
person on their own using only a rope), additional sets of breathing apparatus (see
paragraph 99) and first aid equipment.

Guidance 83 'Self-rescue' equipment (see paragraph 100), may be appropriate for use in
situations where there will be time to react to an anticipated emergency situation,
for example, smoke logging in tunnels or reacting to atmospheric monitoring
devices. They should be made available only where the type provided is suitable
for the hazard expected in the emergency situation. They are not a substitute for
respiratory protective equipment (see paragraph 99).

84 Resuscitation procedures include respiratory and circulatory resuscitation

procedures. These are simple procedures that most people would be capable of
carrying out provided they have been trained. Training and refresher training are
essential since the speed with which resuscitation is started is often as important as
how well it is done. Ancillary equipment may be needed for oral resuscitation:
these avoid direct contact between the mouths of the victim and rescuer, for
example, by using special tubes and mouthpieces. However, if resuscitation is
needed as a result of exposure to toxic gases, oral methods are not appropriate
since they could put the rescuer at risk. In some cases equipment for artificial
respiration as a follow-up to, or in place of, oral resuscitation is appropriate. This
equipment should only be operated by someone with the necessary specialist
training, or it can be kept available, properly maintained, on site for use by a
person providing professional medical help.

Raising the alarm and rescue

85 There should be measures to enable those in the confined space to

communicate to others outside the space who can initiate rescue procedures or
summon help in an emergency. The emergency can be communicated in a number
of ways, for example by the tug of a rope, by radio or by means of a 'lone
worker' alarm. Whatever the system it should be reliable and tested frequently.
Exceptionally, if justified on grounds of risk or from knowledge of previous
incidents involving similar work, one or more people dedicated to the rescue role,
and outside the confined space will be required to keep those inside in constant
direct visual sight in case of emergency.

Safeguarding the rescuers

86 Multiple fatalities have occurred when rescuers have been overcome by the
same conditions that have affected the people they have tried to rescue. To prevent
this, it is essential that those who have been assigned a rescue role, for example,

22
 Safe work in confined spaces

ACOP members of an in-house or works rescue team (see paragraph 92) are themselves
protected against the cause of the emergency. The precautions necessary to protect
the rescuers should be considered during the risk assessment, and adequate
provisions made when preparing suitable and sufficient emergency arrangements.

Fire safety

87 Advice on fire safety precautions and measures may be obtained from the
local fire service. Inert gas flooding of the confined space must not take place
when people are within the space.

88 Where there is a risk of fire, appropriate fire extinguishers may need to be

Guidance
kept in the confined space at the entry point. In some situations, a sprinkler
system may be appropriate. In the event of a fire, the local fire service should be
called in case the fire cannot be contained or extinguished. Care is needed when
deciding whether or not the ventilation system should be kept working or
switched off because either course may affect the chances of escape or rescue.
Continued use of the ventilation system may also affect the development of the
fire, because forced air may fan the flames.

Control of plant

89 There may be a need to shut down adjacent or nearby plant before

attempting an emergency rescue, either because the plant could be the cause of the
emergency or safe entry cannot be gained without the plant being shut down.

First aid

90 Appropriate first aid equipment should be provided and available for

emergencies and provide first aid until professional medical help arrives. First
aiders should be trained to deal with the foreseeable injuries.

Public emergency services

91 In some circumstances, for example where there are prolonged operations in

confined spaces and the risks justify it, there may be advantage in prior
notification to the local emergency services (eg local fire or ambulance service)
before the work is undertaken. If such notification is thought necessary, the
emergency services should be consulted and confirmation obtained about the
information they would find useful. In all cases, however, arrangements must be in
place for the rapid notification of the emergency services should an accident occur.
On arrival, the emergency services should be given all known information about
the conditions and risks of entering and/or leaving the confined space before
entering it to attempt a rescue. This information is then available at the scene of
an incident where a necessarily dynamic risk assessment by the local emergency
services can be undertaken. However, reliance on the emergency services alone will
not be sufficient to comply with these regulations. Employers must put in place
adequate emergency arrangements before the work starts.

Training

92 Those likely to be involved in any emergency rescue should be trained for

that purpose. The training needs for each individual will vary according to their
designated role. It is important that refresher training is organised and available
on a regular basis, for example annually. Training should include the following,
5 where appropriate:

23
Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance (a) the likely causes of an emergency;

(b) use of rescue equipment, eg breathing apparatus, lifelines, and where
necessary a knowledge of its construction and working;
(c) the check procedures to be followed when donning and using apparatus;
(d) checking of correct functioning and/or testing of emergency equipment (for
immediate use and to enable specific periodic maintenance checks);
(e) identifying defects and dealing with malfunctions and failures of equipment
during use;
(f) works, site or other local emergency procedures including the initiation of an
emergency response;
(g) instruction on how to shut down relevant process plant as appropriate (this
knowledge would be required by anyone likely to perform a rescue);
(h) resuscitation procedures and, where appropriate, the correct use of relevant
ancillary equipment and any resuscitation equipment provided (if intended to
be operated by those receiving emergency rescue training);
(i) emergency first aid and the use of the first aid equipment provided;
(j) use of fire-fighting equipment;
(k) liaison with local emergency services in the event of an incident, providing
relevant information about conditions and risks, and providing appropriate
space and facilities to enable the emergency services to carry out their tasks;
and
(1) rescue techniques including regular and periodic rehearsals/exercises. This
could include the use of a full-weight dummy. Training should be realistic
and not just drill based, and should relate to practice and familiarity with
equipment.

5 Further details on training are covered in paragraphs 1 1 3 - 1 1 6 .

PLANT AND E Q U I P M E N T

Legal duties in respect of plant and equipment for use in confined

spaces are set out in Appendix 1, which is part of this Code

Guidance Size of openings to enable safe access to and egress from confined
spaces

93 Experience has shown that the minimum size of an opening to allow access
with full rescue facilities including self-contained breathing apparatus is 575 mm
diameter. This size should normally be used for new plant, although the openings
for some confined spaces may need to be larger depending on the circumstances,
for example, to take account of a fully equipped employee, or the nature of the
opening.

94 Existing plant may have narrower openings. It will therefore be necessary to

check that a person wearing suitable equipment can safely and readily pass
through such openings. Choice of airline breathing apparatus in such cases offers
a more compact alternative to bulkier self-contained apparatus. Examples of plant
where there are narrower openings include rail tank wagons and tank containers
where an opening of 500 mm diameter is common, and in road tankers where the
recognised size is 4 1 0 mm. Even smaller openings can be found in the highly
specialised nature of access to certain parts of aircraft, such as to fuel tanks in
wings. Precautions need to take account of such special cases.

95 The size and number of access and egress points should be assessed
individually dependent upon the activities being carried out and the number of
people involved. Large-scale evacuations may need larger routes and openings to

24
 Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance prevent them becoming bottlenecks. Top openings to vessels, tanks etc should be
avoided due to difficulty of access and rescue. Bottom or low manholes are
preferable and may need access platforms. There may be occasions when access
and egress is so tortuous, for example, in the double bottom of a ship, that
temporary openings may be needed.

96 Different criteria apply when the critical entry dimensions extend over a
significant length or height, as in the case of sewers, pipes, culverts, small tunnels
and shafts. For example, it is recommended that people should not normally enter
sewers of dimensions smaller than 0.9 m high by 0.6 m wide. Even this 'minimum
size' may in certain circumstances be too small for reliance on a safe system of
work alone. Additional measures may be needed, for example if there is a long
distance between access points or the siting of the sewer invert, structural
alterations to improve access may be appropriate. In the case of a shaft containing
a ladder or step irons, 900 mm clear space is recommended between the
ladder/steps and the back of the shaft. The spacing of manholes on sewers, or in
the case of large gas mains etc, the absence of such access over considerable
lengths may affect both the degree of natural ventilation and the ease with which
people can be rescued.

97 Further guidance on appropriate recognised standards relevant to manholes

and other confined spaces is contained in Appendix 2.

98 Practice drills including emergency rescues will help to check that the size of
openings and entry procedures are satisfactory.

ACOP Respiratory protective equipment

99 Where respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is provided or used in

connection with confined space entry or for emergency or rescue, it should be
suitable for the purpose for which it is intended, ie correctly selected and matched
both to the job and the wearer. RPE will not normally be suitable unless it is
breathing apparatus. For most cases breathing apparatus would provide the
standard of protection for entry into confined spaces. Any RPE should comply
with the Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) Regulations 1 9 9 2 ' s

(displaying a 'CE mark'), or, where these provisions are not appropriate, be of a
standard or to a type approved by HSE.

* The Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) Regulations 1992 have been revoked and replaced
by the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2 0 0 2 (SI 2002/1144).

100 Where the intention is to provide emergency breathing apparatus to ensure

Guidance
safe egress or escape, or for self-rescue in case of emergency, the type commonly
called an 'escape breathing apparatus' or 'self-rescuer' (escape set) may be suitable.
These types are intended to allow the user time to exit the hazard area. They are
generally carried by the user or stationed inside the confined space, but are not
used until needed. This equipment usually has a breathable supply of only short
duration and provides limited protection to allow the user to move to a place of
safety or refuge. This type of equipment is not suitable for normal work.
Examples of emergency breathing apparatus or self-rescuers include:

(a) the rebreathable type which consists of a tube and mouthpiece;

(b) the 'escape set' which consists of a cylinder-fed positive pressure face mask or
hood.

101 RPE of the canister respirator or cartridge type is not appropriate for entry
into or work in most confined spaces. However, this type of equipment may have

25
Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance a role if account is taken of its limitations and where the risk is of exposure to low
concentrations of hazardous contaminants. Such equipment does not protect
against the risk of being overcome - for example, it does not provide adequate
protection against high concentrations of gases and vapours - and should never be
used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Canister or cartridge respirators also have a
limited duration, in some cases about 15 minutes, which should be checked
against the equipment supplier's recommendations. It is also important to check
that they are still within their useable shelf life.

102 In some circumstances entry without the continuous wearing of breathing

apparatus may be possible. Several conditions must be satisfied to allow work in
confined spaces without respiratory protective equipment:

(a) a risk assessment must be done and a safe system of work in place including
all required controls, for example, thorough and continuous general
ventilation;
(b) any airborne contamination must be of a generally non-toxic nature, or
present in very low concentrations well below the relevant occupational
exposure limits;
(c) the level of oxygen needs to be adequate (see paragraph 27(a) on oxygen
deficiency and oxygen enrichment).

ACOP Other equipment

103 Ropes, harnesses, fall arrest gear, lifelines, first aid equipment, protective
clothing and other special equipment provided or used for, or in connection with,
confined space entry or, in case of emergency rescue or resuscitation, should be
suitable for the purposes for which they are intended, and account taken of
appropriate recognised standards where these exist.

104 When a safety harness and line are used, it is essential that the free end of the
line is secured so that it can be used as part of the rescue procedure. In most cases
the line should be secured outside the entry to the confined space. The harness and
line should be adjusted and worn so that the wearer can be safely drawn through
any manhole or opening. Lifting equipment may be necessary for this purpose. An
appropriate harness fitted to the line should be of suitable construction, and made
of suitable material to recognised standards capable of withstanding both the
strain likely to be imposed, and attack from chemicals.

Maintenance of equipment

105 All equipment provided or used for the purposes of securing the health and
safety of people in connection with confined space entry or for emergency or
rescue, should be maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in
good repair. This should include periodic examination and testing as necessary.
Some types of equipment, for example breathing apparatus, should be inspected
each time before use.

106 The manufacturer or supplier's instructions will often provide advice on the
Guidance frequency and type of examination.

Examination of equipment

107 The examination of RPE and resuscitating apparatus normally will comprise
a thorough visual examination of all parts of the respirator, breathing or
resuscitating apparatus, looking particularly at the integrity of the straps,

26
 Safe work in confined spaces

Guidance facepieces, filters and valves. Any defects discovered by the examination, and
which would undermine safe operation, should be remedied before further use.

108 The examination of ropes, harnesses, lifelines, protective clothing, and other
special equipment normally will consist of a thorough visual examination of all
their parts for deterioration or damage, in particular of those parts that are load-
bearing. Examinations should be carried out regularly. In the case of protective
clothing that is used only occasionally or where the conditions of use are unlikely
to damage it, the interval between examinations may be greater.

109 Atmospheric monitoring equipment and special ventilating or other

equipment provided or used in connection with confined space entry needs to be
properly maintained. It should be examined thoroughly, and where necessary
calibrated and checked in accordance with the intervals and recommendations
accompanying the equipment or, if these are not specified, at such intervals
considered suitable. The manufacturer's instructions, where they are available, are
also relevant. Keep reports of all thorough examinations and records of
calibration.

Test certificates and examination records

110 Properly supplied equipment used for lifting, such as ropes, harnesses,
lifelines, rings, shackles, carabiners etc will have a certificate of test and safe
working load when purchased. It is important to ensure they are not further tested
(as this could weaken them). If they become damaged, they should be scrapped.
Failing that, they should be returned to the manufacturer or other competent
repairer who can carry out the necessary remedial work and supply a new
certificate of test and safe working load for the repaired equipment.

111 The record of each thorough examination and test of equipment will
normally include:

(a) the name and address of the employer or other person responsible for the
equipment;
(b) particulars of the equipment and of the distinguishing number or mark,
together with a description sufficient to identify it, and the name of the
maker;
(c) the date of the examination and the name and signature of the person
carrying out the examination and test;
(d) the condition of the equipment and particulars of any defect found;
(e) in the case of RPE and resuscitating apparatus incorporating compressed gas
cylinders or electric motors, tests of the condition and efficiency of those
parts, including tests of the pressure of oxygen or air in the supply cylinder;
(f) in the case of airline-fed RPE, the volume, flow and quality of the air. Where
this is supplied from a mobile compressor the test should normally be made
immediately before the first use of RPE in any new location;
(g) a brief description of any remedial action taken.

112 Records of the examination and tests of equipment should normally be kept
for at least five years. The records may be in any suitable format and may consist
of a suitable summary of the reports. Records need to be kept readily available for
inspection by the employees, their representatives, or by inspectors appointed by
the relevant enforcing authority or by employment medical advisers.

27
Safe work in confined spaces

TRAINING

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, section 2(2)(c) (see
Appendix 1)

ACOP 113 Employers are required to provide such information, instruction, training and
supervision as is necessary to ensure the health and safety at work of employees.
Specific training for work in confined spaces will depend on an individual's
previous experience and the type of work they will be doing. It is likely that this
training will need to cover:

(a) an awareness of the Confined Spaces Regulations and in particular the need
to avoid entry to a confined space, unless it is not reasonably practicable to
do so, in accordance with regulation 4(1);
(b) an understanding of the work to be undertaken, the hazards, and the
necessary precautions;
(c) an understanding of safe systems of work, with particular reference to
'permits-to-work' where appropriate;
HSW Act
(d) how emergencies arise, the need to follow prepared emergency arrangements
Section 2(2)(c) (see paragraph 80), and the dangers of not doing so.

114 Training should also take into account the practical use of safety features and
Guidance
equipment, the identification of defects and, where appropriate, it should involve
demonstrations and practical exercises. It is important that trainees are familiar
with both equipment and procedures before working for the first time in confined
spaces.

115 Practical refresher training should be organised and available. The frequency
with which refresher training is provided will depend upon how long since the
type of work was last done, or if there have been changes to methods of work,
safety procedures or equipment.

116 Training in specific safety features may include any or all of the following:

(a) use of atmospheric testing equipment, and the action to take depending on
the readings;
(b) use of breathing apparatus and escape sets (self-rescuers), their maintenance,
cleaning and storage;
(c) use of other items of personal protective equipment;
(d) instruction in the communication methods to be used while in the confined
space.
HSW Act
Section 2(2)(c)
Training in emergency rescue procedures is covered in paragraph 92.

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Regulation 6 Exemption certificates

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) below, the Health and Safety Executive may,
Regulation
by a certificate in writing, exempt -

(a) any person or class of persons; or

(b) any type or class of confined space,

from the application of any of the requirements or prohibitions imposed by these

23
 Safe work in confined spaces

Regulation Regulations, and any such exemption may be granted subject to conditions and to
a limit of time and may be revoked at any time by the said Executive by a further
certificate in writing.

(2) The Executive shall not grant any such exemption unless, having regard
to the circumstances of the case, and in particular to -

(a) the conditions, if any, which it proposes to attach to the exemption; and
(b) any other requirements imposed by or under any enactments which
apply to the case,

it is satisfied that the health and safety of persons who are likely to be affected by
the exemption will not be prejudiced in consequence of it.

Regulation 7 Defence in proceedings

(1) In any proceedings for an offence for a contravention of regulation 5(3)

Regulation of these Regulations it shall be a defence for the person charged to prove -

(a) that the contravention was due to the act or default of another person
not being one of his employees (hereinafter called "the other person");
and
(b) that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence
to avoid the contravention.

(2) The person charged shall not, without leave of the court, be entitled to
rely on the defence referred to in paragraph (I) above unless, within a period
ending seven clear days -

(a) before the hearing to determine mode of trial, where the proceedings are
in England or Wales; or
(b) before the trial, where the proceedings are in Scotland,

he has served on the prosecutor a notice in writing giving such information

identifying or assisting in the identification of the other person as was then in his
possession.

(3) Where a contravention of the provision referred to in paragraph (I)

above by any person is due to the act or default of some other person, that other
person shall be guilty of the offence which would, but for any defence under this
regulation available to the first-mentioned person, be constituted by the act or
default.

Regulation 9 Repeal and revocations

(1) Section 30 of the Factories Act 1961 " is hereby

1 1
repealed.
Regulation
(2) The instruments set out in column 1 of the Schedule to these
Regulations are hereby revoked to the extent shown in column 3 of the said
Schedule.

(a) 1961 c.34; section 30 was amended by SI 1983/97S.

23
Safe work in confined spaces

Schedule Revocations

Schedule Regulation 9(2)

(1) (2) (3)

Instrument revoked Reference Extent of revocation

Shipbuilding and Ship-repairing SI 1960/1932; relevant Regulations 48 to 52

Regulations 1960 amending instruments are and 54
SI 1989/635 and SI
1992/2966

The Shipbuilding (Reports on SI 1961/114 The whole Order

Breathing Apparatus etc.) Order
1961

The Breathing Apparatus, etc. SI 1961/1345 The whole Order

(Report on Examination) Order
1961

The Agriculture (Poisonous SI 1975/45 The whole

Substances) Act 1952 (Repeals Regulations
and Modifications) Regulations
1975

The Kiers Regulations 1938 SI 1981/1152 The whole

(Metrication) Regulations 1981 Regulations

The Docks Regulations 1988 SI 1988/1655 Regulation 18

30
 Safe work in confined spaces

Appendix 1 Relevant general health and safety law

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

Regulation 3 Risk assessment

Every employer shall make a suitable and sufficient assessment of -

Regulation
(a) the risks to the health and safety of his employees to which they are
exposed whilst they are at work; and
(b) the risks to the health and safety of persons not in his employment
arising out of or in connection with the conduct by him of his
undertaking,

for the purpose of identifying the measures he needs to take to comply with the
requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or under the relevant
statutory provisions ...

(2) Every self-employed person shall make a suitable and sufficient

assessment of -

(a) the risks to his own health and safety to which he is exposed whilst he
is at work; and
(b) the risks to the health and safety of persons not in his employment
arising out of or in connection with the conduct by him of his
undertaking,

for the purpose of identifying the measures he needs to take to comply with the
requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or under the relevant
statutory provisions.

(3) Any assessment such as is referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be

reviewed by the employer or self-employed person who made it if -

(a) there is reason to suspect that it is no longer valid; or

(b) there has been a significant change in the matters to which it relates;

and where as a result of any such review changes to an assessment are required,
the employer or self-employed person concerned shall make them.

(4) An employer shall not employ a young person unless he has, in relation
to risks to the health and safety of young persons, made or reviewed an
assessment in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (5).

(5) In making or reviewing the assessment, an employer who employs or is

to employ a young person shall take particular account of -

(a) the inexperience, lack of awareness of risks and immaturity of young

persons;
(b) the fitting-out and layout of the workplace and the workstation;
(c) the nature, degree and duration of exposure to physical, biological and
chemical agents;
Management (d) the form, range, and use of work equipment and the way in which it is
handled;
Regulations 3
(e) the organisation of processes and activities;

31
Safe work in confined spaces

(f) the extent of the health and safety training provided or to be provided
Regulation
to young persons; and
(g) risks from agents, processes and work listed in the Annex to Council
Directive 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work.
[i)

(6) Where the employer employs five or more employees, he shall record •

(a) the significant findings of the assessment; and

(b) any group of his employees identified by it as being especially at risk.
Management
Regulations 3
(a) OJ No.L216,20.8.94,p.l2.

Regulation 7 Health and safety assistance

(1) Every employer shall, subject to paragraphs (6) and (7), appoint one or
Regulation
more competent persons to assist him in undertaking the measures he needs to
take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or
under the relevant statutory provisions ...

(2) Where an employer appoints persons in accordance with paragraph (1),

he shall make arrangements for ensuring adequate co-operation between them.

(3) The employer shall ensure that the number of persons appointed under
paragraph (1), the time available for them to fulfil their functions and the means
at their disposal are adequate having regard to the size of his undertaking, the
risks to which his employees are exposed and the distribution of those risks
throughout the undertaking.

(4) The employer shall ensure that -

(a) any person appointed by him in accordance with paragraph (1) who is
not in bis employment -

(i) is informed of the factors known by him to affect, or suspected by

him of affecting, the health and safety of any other person who
may be affected by the conduct of his undertaking, and
(ii) has access to the information referred to in regulation 10; and

(b) any person appointed by him in accordance with paragraph (1) is given
such information about any person working in his undertaking who is -

(i) employed by him under a fixed-term contract of employment, or

(ii) employed in an employment business,

as is necessary to enable that person properly to carry out the function specified in
that paragraph.

(5) A person shall be regarded as competent for the purposes of paragraphs

(1) and (8) where he has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and
other qualities to enable him properly to assist in undertaking the measures
referred to in paragraph (1).
Management
(6) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a self-employed employer who is not in
Regulations 7
partnership with any other person where he has sufficient training and experience

32
 Safe work in confined spaces

Regulation or knowledge and other qualities properly to undertake the measures referred to in
that paragraph himself.

(7) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to individuals who are employers and
who are together carrying on business in partnership where at least one of the
individuals concerned has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and
other qualities -

(a) properly to undertake the measures he needs to take to comply with the
requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or under the
relevant statutory provisions; and
(b) properly to assist his fellow partners in undertaking the measures they
need to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed
upon them by or under the relevant statutory provisions.

Management (8) Where there is a competent person in the employer's employment, that
person shall be appointed for the purposes of paragraph (1) in preference to a
Regulations 7
competent person not in his employment.

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974

Section 2 General duties of employers to their employees

Act (1) It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of an employer's duty under the

preceding subsection, the matters to which that duty extends include in particular •

(c) the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision

as is necessary to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health
HSW Act and safety at work of his employees.

Section 6 General duties of manufacturers etc as regards articles and

substances for use at work

(1) It shall be the duty of any person who designs, manufactures, imports
Act
or supplies any article for use at work or any article of fairground equipment -

(a) to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is so

designed and constructed that it will be safe and without risks to health
at all times when it is being set, used, cleaned or maintained by a person
at work;
(b) to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and
examination as may be necessary for the performance of the duty
imposed on him by the preceding paragraph;
(c) to take such steps as are necessary to secure that persons supplied by
that person with the article are provided with adequate information
about the use for which the article is designed or has been tested and
about any conditions necessary to ensure that it will be safe and
without risks to health at all such times as are mentioned in paragraph
HSW Act (a) above and when it is being dismantled or disposed of; and

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(d) to take such steps as are necessary to secure, so far as is reasonably

Act
practicable, that persons so supplied are provided with all such revisions
of information provided to them by virtue of the preceding paragraph
as are necessary by reason of its becoming known that anything gives
HSW Act rise to a serious risk to health or safety.

Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPEWR)

Regulation 4 Provision of personal protective equipment

(1) Subject to paragraph (1A), every employer shall ensure that suitable
Regulation
personal protective equipment is provided to his employees who may be exposed
to a risk to their health or safety while at work except where and to the extent
that such risk has been adequately controlled by other means which are equally or
more effective.

(1A) Where the characteristics of any policing activity are such that
compliance by the relevant officer with the requirement in paragraph (1) would
lead to an inevitable conflict with the exercise of police powers or performance of
police duties, that requirement shall be complied with so far as is reasonably
practicable.

(2) Every self-employed person shall ensure that he is provided with

suitable personal protective equipment where he may be exposed to a risk to his
health or safety while at work except where and to the extent that such risk has
been adequately controlled by other means which are equally or more effective.

(3) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraphs (1) and (2), personal
protective equipment shall not be suitable unless -

(a) it is appropriate for the risk or risks involved, the conditions at the
place where exposure to the risk may occur, and the period for which it
is worn;
(b) it takes account of ergonomic requirements and the state of health of
the person or persons who may wear it, and of the characteristics of the
workstation of each such person;
(c) it is capable of fitting the wearer correctly, if necessary, after
adjustments within the range for which it is designed;
(d) so far as is practicable, it is effective to prevent or adequately control
the risk or risks involved without increasing overall risk;
(e) it complies with any enactment (whether in an Act or instrument) which
implements in Great Britain any provision on design or manufacture
with respect to health or safety in any relevant Community directive
listed in Schedule 1 which is applicable to that item of personal
protective equipment.

(4) Where it is necessary to ensure that personal protective equipment is

hygienic and otherwise free of risk to health, every employer and every self-
employed person shall ensure that personal protective equipment provided under
FPEWR 4 this regulation is provided to a person for use only by him.

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Regulation 7 Maintenance and replacement of personal protective

equipment

(1) Every employer shall ensure that any personal protective equipment
Regulation
provided to his employees is maintained (including replaced or cleaned as
appropriate) in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.

(2) Every self-employed person shall ensure that any personal protective
equipment provided to him is maintained (including replaced or cleaned as
PPEWR 7 appropriate) in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002

Regulation 7 Prevention or control of exposure to substances hazardous

to health

(9) Personal protective equipment provided by an employer in accordance

Regulation
with this regulation shall be suitable for the purpose and shall -

(a) comply with any provision in the Personal Protective Equipment

Regulations 2002 which is applicable to that item of personal protective
equipment; or
(b) in the case of respiratory protective equipment, where no provision
referred to in sub-paragraph (a) applies, be of a type approved or shall
COSHH 7 conform to a standard approved, in either case, by the Executive.

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)

Regulation 4 Suitability of work equipment

(1) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is so constructed or

Regulation
adapted as to be suitable for the purpose for which it is used or provided.

(2) In selecting work equipment, every employer shall have regard to the
working conditions and to the risks to the health and safety of persons which exist
in the premises or undertaking in which that work equipment is to be used and
any additional risk posed by the use of that work equipment.

(3) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is used only for
operations for which, and under conditions for which, it is suitable.

(4) In this regulation "suitable" -

(a) subject to sub-paragraph (b), means suitable in any respect which it is

reasonably foreseeable will affect the health or safety of any person;
(b) in relation to -

(i) an offensive weapon within the meaning of section 1(4) of the

Prevention of Crime Act 1953 provided for use as self-defence or
as deterrent equipment; and
(ii) work equipment provided for use for arrest or restraint,

by a person who holds the office of constable or an appointment as police cadet,

means suitable in any respect which it is reasonably foreseeable will affect the
PUWER 4 health or safety of such person.

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Regulation 5 Maintenance

(1) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is maintained in an

Regulation
efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.

(2) Every employer shall ensure that where any machinery has a
PUWER 5 maintenance log, the log is kept up to date.

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Appendix 2 Standards relevant to manholes and other access to

confined spaces

The following Standards are relevant:

BS 8007:1987 Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous fluids. Code of

practice. Minimum openings specified as 600 mm x 900 mm

Silos UK: Draft design code for silos, bins, bunkers and hoppers, published by BSI
in association with the British Materials Handling Board, gives the minimum as
600 mm x 600 mm

BS 5 5 0 2 : Part 50 1993: Code of practice for design, construction and use of

storage tanks and reception pits for livestock slurry gives access hatches etc as not
less than 600 mm x 600 mm

BS EN 752: 2008 Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. Table NA.22
Recommended dimensions for the construction of new manholes and manhole
shafts (personnel entry)

BS ISO 9669: 1990 Series 1 freight containers. Interface connections for tank
containers

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Safe work in confined spaces

Appendix 3 References and further guidance

Management of health and safety at work. Management of health and safety
regulations 1999. Approved Code of Practice and guidance (Second edition) L21
HSE Books 2 0 0 0 ISBN 978 0 7176 2488 8

Workplace health, safety and welfare Approved Code of Practice and guidance on
regulations L24 HSE Books 1992 ISBN 978 0 7176 0413 5

Safe use of work equipment. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regidations
1998. Approved Code of Practice and guidance L22 (Third edition) HSE Books
2008 ISBN 978 0 7176 6295 1

Personal protective equipment at work (Second edition). Personal Protective

Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended). Guidance on Regulations
L25 (Second edition) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 6139 8

Memorandum of guidance on the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 HSR25

(Second edition) HSE Books 2 0 0 7 ISBN 978 0 7176 6228 9

The management and administration of safety and health at mines. Management

and Administration of Safety and Health at Mines Regulations 1993 Approved
Code of Practice L44 HSE Books 1993 ISBN 978 0 7176 0618 4

Control of substances hazardous to health (Fifth edition). The Control of

Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended). Approved Code
of Practice and guidance L5 (Fifth edition) HSE Books 2 0 0 5
ISBN 978 0 7176 2981 7

Controlling noise at work. The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005.

Guidance on Regulations L108 (Second edition) HSE Books 2 0 0 5
ISBN 978 0 7176 6164 0

Work with materials containing asbestos. Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006.

Approved Code of Practice and guidance L143 HSE Books 2 0 0 6
ISBN 978 0 7176 6 2 0 6 7

Control of lead at work. Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002. Approved

Code of Practice and guidance LI 32 (Third edition) HSE Books 2002
ISBN 978 0 7176 2 5 6 5 9

Work with ionising radiation. Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999. Approved

Code of Practice and guidance L121 HSE Books 2 0 0 0 ISBN 978 0 7176 1746 3

Managing health and safety in construction. Construction (Design and

Management) Regulations 2007. Approved Code of Practice L144 HSE Books
2007 ISBN 978 0 7176 6223 4

Respiratory protective equipment at work: A practical guide HSG53 (Third

edition) HSE Books 2005 ISBN 978 0 7176 2 9 0 4 6

First aid at work Approved Code of Practice and guidance L74 HSE Books 1997
ISBN 978 0 7176 1050 1

Guidance on permit-to-work systems: A guide for the petroleum, chemical and

allied industries HSG250 HSE Books 2 0 0 5 ISBN 978 0 7 1 7 6 2 9 4 3 5

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 Safe work in confined spaces

Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 SI 1996/341 The
Stationery Office 1996 ISBN 978 0 11 0 5 4 0 9 3 1

Safety signs and signals. The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals)
Regulations 1996. Guidance on Regulations L64 HSE Books 1996
ISBN 978 0 7176 0 8 7 0 6

Commercial diving projects offshore. Diving at Work Regulations 1997. Approved

Code of Practice L103 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1494 3

Commercial diving projects inland/inshore. Diving at Work Regulations 1997.

Approved Code of Practice L104 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7176 1495 0

Recreational diving projects. Diving at Work Regulations 1997. Approved Code

of Practice L105 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7 1 7 6 1496 7

Media diving projects. Diving at Work Regulations 1997. Approved Code of

Practice L106 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7 1 7 6 1497 4

Scientific and archaeological diving projects. Diving at Work Regulations 1997.

Approved Code of Practice L107 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 978 0 7 1 7 6 1498 1

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Safe work in confined spaces

HSE priced and free publications are available by mail order from HSE Books,
Further
PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk C O 1 0 2WA Tel: 0 1 7 8 7 8 8 1 1 6 5 Fax: 0 1 7 8 7
information 3 1 3 9 9 5 Website: [Link] (HSE priced publications are also available
from bookshops and free leaflets can be downloaded from HSE's website:
[Link].)

For information about health and safety ring HSE's Infoline Tel: 0845 345 0055
Fax: 0845 408 9566 Textphone: 0845 408 9577 e-mail: [Link]@[Link]
or write to HSE Information Services, Caerphilly Business Park, Caerphilly
CF83 3GG.

British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI
online shop: [Link]/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services for
hard copies only Tel: 020 8996 9001 E-mail: cservices@[Link].

The Stationery Office publications are available from The Stationery Office,
PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Tel: 0 8 7 0 600 5522 Fax: 0 8 7 0 600 5533 e-mail:
[Link]@[Link] Website: [Link] (They are also available from
bookshops.) Statutory Instruments can be viewed free of charge at
[Link]

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Safe work in confined spaces

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Safe work in confined spaces

Printed a n d published by the H e a l t h and Safety E x e c u t i v e C60 02/09

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 Safe work in confined spaces
Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

This book contains an Approved Code of Practice (ACOP)

and guidance on the duties in the Confined Spaces
Regulations 1997, which apply to all industry sectors with the
exception of diving operations and below ground in a mine
(there is specific legislation dealing with confined spaces in
these cases). It also gives guidance on the duties in other
regulations where they apply to work in confined spaces.

This second edition has been updated to reflect changes in

legislation. Since the first edition was published in 1997,
regulation 1 (2) and regulation 2(c) have been amended by the
Diving at Work Regulations 1997 (SI 1997/2776). Out-of-date
regulations listed in Appendix 1 have been replaced with
current legislation.* References throughout have been
updated to include the most recent publications available,
and obsolete information has been removed.

The ACOP and substance of the guidance remains

unchanged but the guidance given in paragraph 91 has been
clarified.

'These regulations are principally: the Management of Health and

Safety at Work Regulations 1999: the Control of Substances
Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002; the Personal Protective
Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended); the Provision
and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998; the Control of Lead at
Work Regulations 2002; and the Control of Asbestos Regulations
2006. There are separate and specific HSE publications providing
guidance on each of these Regulations, as well as publications
concerned with specific hazards and equipment (see Appendix 3 for
details).

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