I.

Introduction

In this module, you will map two invisible force fields - the electric and the magnetic fields.
Within each field, forces may be exerted on matter causing it to interact with another matter because of
electricity and magnetism working as two aspects of a single electromagnetic force.

You will further explore, demonstrate and explain the idea that a changing electric field produces
magnetism, and a changing magnetic field produces electric current in the light of technological
applications that are helpful to man.

At the end of this module, you are expected to answer the following key questions below and use
the learning competencies as study guide:

II. Learning Competencies/Objectives

1. Make a simple device that shows how a magnetic field exerts a force on a wire.

2. Demonstrate the generation of electricity by movement of a magnet through a coil.

3. Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator.

 Curved Mirrors
Word Definition Example
Converging
(concave)
mirror
Diverging
(convex) mirror
Define the following parts of a curved mirror

Centre of Vertex (V): Principal axis Focus (F)

curvature (C):

Label the curved mirror using

Optical Ray Diagram Rules

Rule Description Diagram

s

When an incident ray travels

 parallel to the principal axis, it is
reflected through the focus (F).

When an incident ray passes

through the centre of curvature
 (C), it is reflected back onto
itself.

When an incident ray passes

through the focus (F), the
 reflected ray is parallel to the
principal axis.

Mirror Ray Diagram

Directions: Use the rules from the Optical Ray Diagram Rules information sheet.
Curved Mirrors

Spherical Concave Mirror

Case 1: Object is far beyond C

Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type

Case 2: Object is at C

Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type
Case 3: Object is between C and F

Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type
Case 4: Object at F

Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type

Case 5: Object between F and Mirror

 Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type

Spherical Convex Mirror

Optical Ray Diagram Rules for Convex Mirror

Any ray traveling parallel to the principal axis is reflected such that it appears to pass through the
virtual focus (F).

Any ray appearing to travel through the virtual focus (F) is reflected parallel to the principal axis.

Any ray appearing to travel through the centre of curvature © is reflected back along itself

Case 1: Anywhere

Object
Location
Size
Orientati
on
Location
Type

KEY CONCEPTS :
1. A typical broadcast studio consists of an audio console, microphones, computers, studio monitors, and disc
players.
2. The audio console converts analog audio (voice via microphone) and phone calls to a digital output. It also
allows for the mixing of all sound sources from CDs, computers, and other digital sources before being sent
to the transmitter. A slider controls the volume of each sound source.
3. The live audio and control rooms are connected by cables for the exchange of audio and digital data signal
during recording, mixing, and even editing of all audio-video elements digitally stored on hard drives.
4. Many of the recording technology are founded entirely or partially on the relationship between electricity and
magnetism known as electromagnetic induction.
5. Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa are called transducers. Most
transducers like microphones and speakers use the “generator effect” characterized by the production of
forces due to a changing electric signal within a magnetic field or a changing field near a current-carrying
conductor.
6. Magnets exert either a force of repulsion or attraction.
7. If a force of attraction only is possible between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the
magnet contains a ferromagnetic substance and is considered naturally magnetic.
8. If a force of repulsion is also possible between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the
magnet may also be a permanent magnet or a temporarily magnetized ferromagnetic material.
9. Materials which are attracted by a magnet are known as magnetic materials. Iron, cobalt, nickel and many
alloys of these metals like steel and alnico are magnetic.
10. Magnetic materials can be used to make permanent or temporary magnets unlike the non-magnetic materials
which cannot.
11. Stroking is one way of magnetization.

Additional Reading
Speed Control Technology – To ensure road safety and minimize vehicular-related death, buses, and other
public utility vehicles can be equipped with a speed control device that limits the maximum speed by using
electromagnetic brakes in combination with a motor once the limit is exceeded.

Speed control motor packages include the motor, the driver (controller), and a potentiometer which allows the
driver for easy speed control adjustment. When the speed of this motor is controlled, a tacho-generator
connected to the motor detects the speed. It is a magnet connected directly to the motor shaft and stator coil.
The stator coil detects the magnetic field and generates an alternating current (AC) voltage.

Since this voltage and frequency increase with a rise of the rotational speed, the rotational speed of the
motor is controlled based on this signal.

Traffic Light – Vehicles waiting at intersections with coils buried underneath is within an electromagnetic
field. Changes in the field activate the traffic light as programmed.

Typical red-light traffic systems have two induction-loop triggers made of rectangular or concentric wire
loops buried under the road close to the stop line. This wire is connected to an electrical power source and a
meter.

The current through the wire produces a magnetic field affecting objects around the loop and the loop
itself. When there is another conductive material within the magnetic field, then a changing induced voltage is
detected. This results to changing magnetic flux that triggers the traffic system according to its programmed
mechanism.

Metal Detector – Metal detectors trigger the “Bleep! Bleep! Bleep!” sound when objects with parts that
are magnetic in nature move past it. This signal a precious find, a hidden unwanted object or a need for further
security check.

The transmitter coil is given a pulsed current long enough for the transmitter’s magnetic field to reach
the metal target. The transmitter’s loop current is then turned off. The changing or collapsing magnetic field
induces an electromotive force that induce charges to flow in the metal target. This induced current creates a
reradiated magnetic field that can be detected by a receiver coil located at the sensor.

In some metal detectors, it is the device that is moved over the object. In other detectors, it is the object
or the person that moves pass the machine. Whatever is the case, the current-carrying transmitting coil creates a
changing magnetic field which in turn creates a changing electric field that creates the secondary magnetic field
detected by the receiver coil.

Induction Stove – Food cooks faster when heat is conducted directly and almost entirely at the base of
the cooking pot. In induction stoves, current flowing through the copper coil wound underneath the cooking
surface produces an electromagnetic field small enough to surround the base of the cooking pot. The magnetic
field induces an electric current within the base of the metal pot. The metal in the cookware has electrical
resistance that opposes the induced current and causes friction for the pot to heat up.

Heat transfer in an induction stove is more efficient than that via the gas stove because almost all of its
heat is conducted directly to the base of the pot unlike in gas stoves where much heat escapes around the side
and heats up the room and the rest of the cooking pot.
 Magnetic Recording – Computer working memories (RAM’s and ROM’s), mass storage memories
(magnetic hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tape drives, and optical disk drives), and practically all write-able
card storage devices (magnetic cards, smart cards, and flash memory cards) make use of the magneto-optical
characteristic of the recording media to store information

Quiz 1

Direction: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space before the number.

1. computer working memories (RAM’s and ROM’s)

2. limits the maximum speed by using electromagnetic breaks
3. detects the magnetic field and generates an alternating current (AC) voltage
4. trigger the “Bleep! Bleep! Bleep!” sound when objects with parts that are
magnetic in nature move past it
5. conducted his famous induction ring experiment showing that current can be
produced by sources of changing magnetic fields
6. discovered that a current carrying wire caused a nearby magnetized compass
needle to deflect
7. materials that can attract or repel other magnet
8. A quicker way to know the polarity of a permanent or induced magnet is by the
use of a ______________.
9. The hidden structure of a refrigerator magnet can serve as a model for how a
_____________ works.
10. a coil of wire in which the length is greater than the width
V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback

1. Many of the audio-video recording technology apply the relationship between electricity and magnetism
known as electromagnetic induction.
2. A typical recording studio consists of an audio-video console, microphones, computers, studio monitors or
speakers, disc players and cables used for the exchange of audio and digital data signal during production,
recording, mixing, and even editing of all audio-video elements digitally stored on disk drives.
3. Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa are called transducers. Most
transducers like microphones and speakers use the “generator effect” characterized by the production of
electromotive forces due to either a changing electric signal within a magnetic field or a changing magnetic
field near a current-carrying conductor.
4. Magnetism is commonly attributed to ferromagnetism and electromagnetism depending on the material and
moving charges. Every atom and all moving charges are in constant motion and therefore has a bit of
magnetism due to magnetic spins and domains creating a net magnetic field.
5. A magnet has two magnetic poles (north and south seeking poles).
6. Stroking with a permanent magnet is one of the ways to induce or cause magnetism in an object that can be
magnetized. The polarity of the induced magnetism in the object is opposite to the polarity of the nearer end
of the permanent magnet. Attraction happens after magnetic induction occurs.
7. A magnet attracts, but do not repel, unmagnetized ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt and
some of its alloys like steel and alnico.
8. Both forces of attraction and repulsion is possible between magnets and between a magnet and a temporarily
magnetized object.
9. A magnetic field surrounds a magnet. Within this region, the magnet affects another magnet and other
objects that can be magnetized.
10.The magnetic field is strongest at the poles where the magnetic lines of induction (flux) are closest. The
magnetic field pattern can be shown using iron filings that align along magnetic lines of induction.
11. The magnetic lines of induction leave the north-pole and enter the south-pole in close loops and can be
indicated by the north pole of a compass.
12. The loops of magnetic field lines between like poles bend away from each other showing a force of
repulsion. The lines between unlike poles join with each other to form continuous lines showing a force of
attraction.
13. The earth acts like a giant bar magnet and has a magnetic field similar to it.
14. A charge has an electric field around it where other charges will experience an electromagnetic force. Like
charges repel while unlike charges attract.
15. Moving charges or current in a wire produces a magnetic field.
16. An electromagnet is a coil of wire that uses current to produce a strong magnetic field.
17. The magnetic field patterns of a disk magnet, an electromagnetic nail, a current carrying straight conductor,
and a current carrying coil are similar to that of the single bar magnet.
18. The magnetic field pattern between the poles of a U-shaped magnet resembles the field pattern between
 unlike poles of two bar magnets. Compasses aligned along the magnetic field show that the lines point from
the north to the south poles and back forming close loops.
19. If the two bar magnets with two unlike poles which are close in between is brought together, the magnetic
field pattern will resemble that of the single bar magnet. Lines from one pole enter the other pole.
20. Most refrigerator magnets has a pattern of alternating bands of magnetic field.
21. If the direction of the current is known, the direction of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to it and the
magnetic force that is perpendicular to both current and magnetic field can be determined by applying the
hand rules. • Using the right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction
of the right hand fingers when the right thumb points in the direction of the conventional current (from
positive to negative).
22. Using the left-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction of the left hand fingers
when the left thumb points in the direction of the real flow of current (from negative to positive).
23. The magnetic field is strongest at the center of a current-carrying coil.

24. The magnetic field increases in direct proportion to the number of turns in a coil with the compass needle, at
the center of the coil of wire, deflecting about a wider angle than the compass needle along the straightened
wire.
25. The end of the current-carrying coil where the magnetic lines of induction come out acts as the north pole of
the coil.

26. A magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying conductor. Using the right-hand rule, the direction of
this force is in the direction where the palm faces.

27. The motor effect is shown when a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field moves in the direction
of the force. The force on a moving currentcarrying conductor may be varied by changing the magnetic
field.

28. An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy. A simple DC
motor can be assembled using a single coil that rotates in a magnetic field. The direct current in the coil is
supplied via two brushes. The forces exerted on the current-carrying wire creates a rotation-causing force
on the coil.

29. An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A simple electric
generator is made when a coil or any closed loop of conductor moves through or cuts across magnetic field
lines. The coil will experience an induced voltage or an electromotive force that will cause a pulsating
direct current (DC) to be generated. The pulsating direct current fluctuates in value but does not change
direction.

30. Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated in a conductor by a moving or
changing magnetic field.

31. A changing magnetic field occurs when there is relative motion between a source of a magnetic field and a
conductor; it does not matter which moves. • A changing magnetic field may also arise from a changing
nearby current.

Glossary of Terms

1. Charged particles – are sources of electric fields which result in an attraction or repulsion of other nearby
charges
2. Electric charge – a fundamental electrical property that is either of positive or negative type to which the
mutual attractions or repulsions between protons or electrons is attributed

3. Electric field – force field surrounding electric charges or group of charges where a force acts on charges
within the field

4. Electric generator – device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy usually by rotating a coil
within a magnetic field

5. Electric motor – device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy using the magnetic turning
effect on a coil

6. Electricity – produced by vibrating or flowing charges

7. Electromagnet – magnet whose magnetic properties are produced by electric current

8. Electromagnetic induction - phenomenon of inducing a voltage in a conductor by changing the magnetic

field near the conductor. If a field within a closed loop changes in any way, a voltage or electromotive force
is induced (produced) in the loop

9. Electromotive force – voltage that gives rise to an electric current

10. Galvanometer – low resistance instrument used to measure very small currents, its direction and its relative
magnitude

11. Magnet – object that has the magnetic ability to attract objects made of iron or other magnetic substance

12. Magnetic Domain – microscopic grouping of atoms with their magnetic field aligned

13. Magnetic field – region of magnetic influence around the magnetic poles and moving charged particles

14. Magnetic field lines – lines showing the shape of a magnetic field. A compass placed on such a line will
turn so that the needle is aligned with it because of electromagnetic induction
15. Magnetic force – between magnets, it is attraction of unlike magnetic poles and the repulsion between like
magnetic poles; between a magnetic field and a moving charged particle, it is a deflecting force due to the
motion of the particle; the deflecting force is perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the direction
of motion

16. Magnetic poles – magnetic south or north seeking regions on a magnet that produces magnetic forces

17. Magnetism – property of being able to attract objects made of naturally occurring magnetic substances like
iron, nickel, cobalt or some of its alloys

18. Transformer can step-up or step-down voltages using the principles of electromagnetic induction

Summative Assessment
I – Word Search: Find and circle all of the Electricity and Magnetism words that are hidden in the grid. The
words may be hidden in any direction. There are 15 words to be search.
E S Z Y L U U S O I O G M P L L P F P P
 A L F I B S O M X I H A Z I S C M Q M Y
P A E M N D B X C H A L I U C O A W M T
E O L C V I I U P R H V J R Y X G L K O
A E V N T K C Z Y N A A T F O M N N C D
A L A Y I R M K Y B V N N E V N E T W U
V E A X G C I I E C F O E R M R T T Z Y
S C U O X Z O C T L L M C R I G I Q P R
I T D X A V Q X I T H E Y O P E S B G S
Q R I G J Q M C H T B T Z M T J M D W T
C O O J Q O O E O I Y E P A Z F E I V T
O M Z S Z C K V S I B R V G W Y P E H Q
B A J E R S T D J R L K B N Z T R S L C
A G B U S I I Z Q Y I E S E O U Q C Y Z
L N A Z Q B N Q C Q P A P T A L C O A I
T E G E N E R A T O R J T I W V M M Z H
J T N S K P L V X T D Z S C S C J P O L
S B S I K P N F D M A G N E T J E A A T
T R A N S F O R M E R C N B R G N S U G
N F T D W X L J I G A F L D K G Z S Z X

II – Blockbuster: Identify the following words being described by the sentence.

1. What E I is a phenomenon of inducing a voltage in a conductor by changing the
magnetic field near the conductor?
2. What M D is a microscopic grouping of atoms with their magnetic field
aligned?
3. What C P are sources of electric fields which result in an attraction or
repulsion of other nearby charges?
4. What E F is a voltage that gives rise to an electric current?

5. What M F is the region of magnetic influence around the magnetic poles and
moving charged particles?
6. What E M is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?

7. What M P is the magnetic south or north seeking regions on a magnet that

produces magnetic forces?
8. What E G is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy?
9. What E F is a force field surrounding electric charges or group of charges
where a force acts on charges within the field?
10. What E C is a fundamental electrical property that is either of positive or
negative type to which the mutual attractions or repulsions between protons or
electrons is attributed?
III – Crossword Puzzle
1 2
 3

ACROSS DOWN

3. produced by vibrating or flowing 1. object that has the ability to attracts

charges objects like iron
4. a billionth of meter 2. one way of magnetizing
5. devices that detect and convert audio 3. magnet whose magnetic properties
inputs to electric output are produced by electric current
6. property of being able to attract
objects made of naturally occurring
magnetic substance
7. used to measure very small currents
8. can step-up or step-down voltages

IV – Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer before the number.
1. In which case or cases is an electric field present?
I. A spark jumping between two nearby rods.
II. A charge that is momentarily at rest.
III.A dead power line.

a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I, II and III

2. Which device can be used to determine the polarity of an unmarked magnet?

a. a suspended magnetized needle b. an improvised magnetic board
c. a second unmarked magnet d. a charged metal rod at rest
3. In which device is magnetic field present?
a. A charged balloon. b. A cooling soldering iron.
c. A very hot horse-shoe magnet. d. A microphone undergoing a sound check.

4. How will you describe the magnetic field around a current-carrying coil?
a. The magnetic field is weakest near and around the coil.
b. The magnetic field vary directly with the distance from the coil.
c. The magnetic field is strongest inside the current-carrying coil.
d. The magnetic field lines are closed loops along the loops in the coil.
 5. Which statement about an electromagnetic nail is NOT TRUE?
a. Steady magnetic lines of induction surround a battery-powered electromagnetic nail.
b. The current in the electromagnetic nail demagnetizes the iron nail.
c. The magnetic field lines produced resemble that of a bar magnet.
d. The magnetic field strength is proportional to the nail’s current.
6. What can be inferred from the alignment of compass
needles around the pick-up coil below?

a. Current is drawn into the coil. b. A permanent magnet is nearby.

c. The DC power switch was turned off for long. d. There is a uniform magnetic field around the coil.
7. What basic principle enables ALL electric generators to operate?
a. Iron is the only element that is magnetic.
b. Opposite electric charges attract and like charges repel.
c. A closed-loop conductor within a changing magnetic field will have an induced electromotive force.
d. A current-carrying conductor placed within a magnetic field will experience a magnetic force.
8. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the main photo above? (For easier inspection, a
paper is inserted halfway between the open disk tray and a magnetic board)

a. The iron filings inside the magnetic board is unaffected.

b. The CD-DVD disk tray uses a small permanent bar magnet.
c. The optical system has an electric motor that drives the reader.
d. The optical reader has a lens system that affected the iron filings.
9. Which arrangement of three bar magnets results to an attraction between the first and the second, and
a repulsion between the second and the third magnet.

10. Complete the following statement: A metallic detector was used to check a bag for metallic objects.
The transmitter coil
a. A. draws a steady current to send a steady magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it.
b. draws a pulsating current to send a steady magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it.
c. draws a steady current to send a changing magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it.
 d. draws a pulsating current to send a changing magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it.
11. A coil moves away from a magnet. Consider the following factors:
I. strength of the magnet
II. number of turns in the coil
III. speed at which the magnet moves
Which can affect the electromotive force (EMF) induced in the coil?
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. All three factors
12. Which set ups model the working principle of a transformer and an electric generator respectively?

a. A and B b. B and D c. C and D d. D and A

13. Which statement is TRUE about the illustration below?

a. In set up A, the magnet is at rest inside the moving coil.

b. In set up B, the magnet is being pulled out of the moving coil with the same speed.
c. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up A.
d. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up B.
14. What transformation can take place in a ceiling fan’s electric motor?
a. electrical energy into mechanical energy
b. mechanical energy into electrical energy
c. alternating current into direct current
d. direct current into alternating current
15. What is TRUE about the intercom system that is shown below?

a. The part A of the intercom system serves as a microphone only, while part C serves as a loudspeaker only.
b. Either parts A and C of the intercom when switched as such can be used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.
c. The microphone part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.
d. The loudspeaker part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coi