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Public Perception and Compliance with Traffic Regulations in Zamboanga

City, Philippines

Article in Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · June 2024

DOI: 10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i06.015

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Public Perception and Compliance

with Traffic Regulations in
Zamboanga City, Philippines
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio
College of Public Administration and Development Studies & Western Mindanao State University, Philippines
[email protected]

DOI: 10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i06.015

Abstract:
This study investigates public perception and compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City,
Philippines, focusing on awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the researcher
conducted a survey with 420 participants and held focus group discussions to gather detailed and comprehensive
data. The findings revealed high awareness of traffic regulations, with a mean score of 4.2, and generally
positive attitudes towards the importance of traffic laws for road safety. However, less than half of the
respondents reported high compliance, with perceived ineffectiveness of enforcement and inconvenience cited
as primary reasons for non-compliance. Factors like age and socio-economic status had a noticeable impact on
how well people followed traffic regulations. Participants suggested increasing awareness campaigns, enhancing
enforcement, improving infrastructure, and fostering community engagement to improve adherence to traffic
regulations. The study highlights the importance of creating targeted interventions that cater to the unique needs
and behaviors of various groups in Zamboanga City. Recommendations include strengthening public awareness,
enhancing enforcement measures, upgrading road infrastructure, and promoting community involvement. The
findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and traffic management authorities to develop effective
strategies for improving traffic regulation compliance and road safety in urban areas.

Keywords: Traffic Regulations, Compliance, Public Perception, Road Safety, Zamboanga City

I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Traffic management is a critical issue in urban centers worldwide, and Zamboanga City, Philippines, is
no exception. The city faces significant challenges related to traffic congestion, road safety, and compliance
with traffic regulations. These problems are made worse by more vehicles on the road, inadequate infrastructure,
and a rapidly growing population. The effectiveness of traffic regulations largely depends on public perception
and compliance, which are influenced by various factors including awareness, enforcement, and attitudes
towards traffic laws.
Lately, there's been increasing interest in understanding how people's behavior affects traffic
management. Studies have shown that compliance with traffic regulations can significantly reduce traffic
accidents and improve road safety. However, achieving high levels of compliance remains a challenge due to
various socio-economic and cultural factors. This study aims to investigate the public perception of traffic
regulations in Zamboanga City and identify the factors influencing compliance, providing valuable insights for
policymakers and traffic management authorities.

Problem Statement
Traffic congestion and accidents are prevalent issues in Zamboanga City, and non-compliance with
traffic regulations is a major contributing factor. Despite the presence of traffic laws, many drivers and

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 259

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

pedestrians continue to violate these rules, leading to unsafe road conditions and inefficiencies in traffic flow.
The underlying reasons for this non-compliance are not well understood, which hinders the development of
effective strategies to improve adherence to traffic regulations. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring
public perceptions and the factors influencing compliance with traffic laws.

Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate public perception of traffic regulations and identify
factors influencing compliance among the general public in Zamboanga City. Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Assess the levels of compliance with traffic regulations among drivers and pedestrians.
2. Identify the reasons for non-compliance with traffic laws.
3. Gather public suggestions for improving compliance with traffic regulations.
4. Provide recommendations for policymakers and traffic management authorities based on the study findings.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the
public’s attitudes towards traffic regulations, which is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve
compliance. Secondly, the findings can inform policymakers and traffic management authorities about the key
factors that influence compliance, enabling them to design more effective traffic management strategies.
Thirdly, the study contributes to the broader body of knowledge on traffic management and road safety, offering
insights that can be applied to other urban centers facing similar challenges.

Scope and Limitations

The scope of this study is limited to Zamboanga City, Philippines. The study focuses on the public
perception of traffic regulations and factors influencing compliance among drivers and pedestrians. Data were
collected through surveys and focus group discussions to capture a wide range of perspectives. However, the
study has some limitations. The findings may not be generalizable to other cities with different socio-economic
and cultural contexts. Additionally, the study relies on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases.

Theoretical Framework
This study is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which suggests that people's actions are
shaped by their intentions, and these intentions are influenced by their attitudes, social pressures, and perceived
control over the behavior. In this study, the TPB framework is used to understand how public attitudes, social
influences, and perceived control affect how well people follow traffic regulations.

Figure 1: Shows the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 260

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study is illustrated in Figure 1. It depicts the relationship between
public perception, factors influencing compliance, and levels of compliance with traffic regulations.

Figure 2: Shows the Conceptual Framework of the Study

Operational Definitions
 Traffic Regulations: The rules and laws governing the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on roads to
ensure safety and order.
 Compliance: How well drivers and pedestrians follow traffic rules.
 Non-Compliance: When drivers and pedestrians ignore or break traffic rules.
 Public Perception: The attitudes, beliefs, and opinions held by the general public regarding traffic regulations.
 Factors Influencing Compliance: The various elements that affect whether individuals adhere to traffic
regulations, including awareness, enforcement, convenience, and attitudes.

Organization of the Study

This research is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the study, covering the background,
problem statement, objectives, significance, scope and limitations, theoretical and conceptual frameworks,
operational definitions, and how the study is organized. Chapter 2 reviews related literature on traffic
management, compliance with traffic regulations, and the factors that influence compliance. Chapter 3 explains
the methodology, including the research design, participants, data collection methods, and data analysis
procedures. Chapter 4 presents the study’s results, detailing the levels of compliance, reasons for non-
compliance, and public suggestions for improvement. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the findings, draws
conclusions, and offers recommendations for policymakers and traffic management authorities.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction
The increasing complexity of urban traffic management requires an in-depth understanding of public
perception and compliance with traffic regulations. This chapter offers an in-depth look at the existing research
on traffic management, how people comply with traffic regulations, and what influences their attitudes and
behaviors toward these laws. It's divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of the topic, to
give a well-rounded understanding of what we currently know.

Traffic Management and Urban Congestion

Traffic congestion is a widespread issue in cities around the world, and Zamboanga City is no
exception. Effective traffic management is crucial for mitigating congestion and enhancing road safety. Various
strategies have been employed globally to manage urban traffic, including the implementation of intelligent
transportation systems (ITS), congestion pricing, and traffic signal optimization.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 261

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) use advanced technology to make transportation networks
more efficient and safer. These systems include tools for monitoring and controlling traffic, providing real-time
traffic updates, and detecting incidents automatically. Research has shown that ITS can greatly reduce traffic
congestion and improve road safety by giving drivers timely information and optimizing the flow of traffic
(Bertini et al., 2005; Yang & Zhou, 2014).

Congestion Pricing
Congestion pricing means charging drivers a fee to use certain roads during busy traffic times. This
strategy aims to cut down traffic by encouraging drivers to take different routes, travel during less busy times, or
use public transportation. Studies show that congestion pricing can effectively reduce both traffic congestion
and environmental pollution (Eliasson, 2008; Litman, 2011).

Traffic Signal Optimization

Improving the timing of traffic signals is another effective way to enhance traffic flow and reduce
congestion. Adaptive traffic signal control systems change signal timings based on real-time traffic conditions,
which helps traffic move more efficiently and reduces delays (Papageorgiou et al., 2003; Stevanovic et al.,
2009).

Compliance with Traffic Regulations

Following traffic regulations is crucial for road safety and smooth traffic flow. However, many urban
areas still struggle with people not following these rules. By understanding why people don't comply, we can
create better strategies to improve adherence to traffic laws.

Factors Influencing Compliance

Several factors influence compliance with traffic regulations, including awareness, enforcement,
convenience, and attitudes.
Awareness: Public awareness of traffic regulations is a critical factor influencing compliance. Studies have
shown that individuals with better knowledge of traffic laws are more likely to comply with them (Hauer, 1982;
Holland & Hill, 2007).
Enforcement: The perceived effectiveness of enforcement also plays a significant role in compliance. When
traffic laws are strictly and consistently enforced, compliance rates tend to be higher (Piquero et al., 2005;
Makowsky & Stratmann, 2009).
Convenience: The convenience of following traffic regulations can impact compliance. For example, if traffic
rules are perceived as inconvenient or impractical, individuals may be more likely to violate them (Schlag,
2003).
Attitudes: Public attitudes towards traffic regulations, including the perceived fairness and necessity of the laws,
can affect compliance. Positive attitudes towards traffic laws are associated with higher compliance rates
(Parker et al., 1992; Özkan & Lajunen, 2005).

Public Perception of Traffic Regulations

Public perception of traffic regulations encompasses attitudes, beliefs, and opinions about traffic laws
and their enforcement. These perceptions can significantly influence compliance behavior.

Attitudinal Studies
Attitudinal studies have explored how public attitudes towards traffic regulations affect compliance.
For instance, individuals who believe that traffic laws are necessary for road safety are more likely to adhere to
them (Elliott et al., 2003; Iversen, 2004).

Social Influence
Social influences, like peer pressure and societal norms, also play a role in how people perceive and
follow traffic rules. Research shows that people are more likely to comply with traffic regulations if they see
others doing the same (Ajzen, 1991; Forward, 2009).

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Perceived Risk
The perceived risk of being caught and punished for traffic violations influences compliance. Higher
perceived risks are associated with higher compliance rates (De Waard & Rooijers, 1994; Vaa, 1997).

Behavioral Theories in Traffic Compliance

Behavioral theories help us understand what influences people to follow traffic rules.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) suggests that a person's intention to do something is influenced
by their attitude towards it, social pressures, and how much control they think they have (Ajzen, 1991). This
theory is often used to study why people do or don't follow traffic rules (Parker et al., 1992; Manstead & Parker,
1995).

Health Belief Model (HBM)

The Health Belief Model (HBM) proposes that people are more likely to follow a behavior if they think
they’re at high risk of a negative outcome, believe that the behavior will lower that risk, and feel confident they
can perform the behavior (Rosenstock, 1974). This model can help explain why people follow traffic laws: they
may comply to avoid accidents and penalties (Janz & Becker, 1984).

Impact of Non-Compliance on Traffic Safety

Non-compliance with traffic regulations has significant implications for road safety. Traffic violations
such as speeding, running red lights, and not wearing seat belts contribute to a high number of traffic accidents
and fatalities.

Traffic Accidents and Fatalities

Research indicates that non-compliance with traffic regulations is a major factor in traffic accidents and
fatalities. For example, speeding and alcohol-impaired driving are leading causes of road accidents (Evans, 2004;
Aarts & Van Schagen, 2006).

Economic and Social Costs

The economic and social costs of traffic accidents are substantial, including medical expenses, loss of
productivity, and emotional trauma. Improving compliance with traffic regulations can significantly reduce
these costs (World Health Organization, 2004; Jacobs et al., 2000).

Case Studies on Traffic Management and Compliance

Several case studies from different regions provide insights into effective strategies for improving
traffic management and compliance with traffic regulations.

Singapore
Singapore has implemented a comprehensive traffic management system that includes strict
enforcement of traffic laws, extensive use of ITS, and public education campaigns. These measures have led to
high compliance rates and improved road safety (Menon, 2000; Chin, 2010).

Sweden
Sweden's Vision Zero initiative seeks to eliminate traffic deaths and serious injuries by combining
strict traffic regulations, better infrastructure, and public education. This approach has successfully reduced
traffic-related fatalities and improved compliance with traffic laws (Tingvall & Haworth, 1999; Belin et al.,
2012).

Japan
Japan has focused on promoting a culture of traffic safety through public education and strict
enforcement of traffic regulations. The country has seen significant improvements in road safety and compliance
with traffic laws (Kumagai & Tamura, 2007; Mizuno & Nakamura, 2005).

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 263

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Implications for Zamboanga City

The findings from the literature review have several implications for traffic management and
compliance in Zamboanga City.
Enhancing Public Awareness Increasing public awareness of traffic regulations through education campaigns
can improve compliance. This involves disseminating information about traffic laws and the consequences of
non-compliance through various media channels and community programs.

Strengthening Enforcement
Consistent and strict enforcement of traffic regulations is essential for improving compliance. This
includes increasing the presence of traffic enforcers, using technology for automated enforcement, and ensuring
that penalties for violations are strictly imposed.

Improving Infrastructure
Investing in better road infrastructure, including clear signage and road markings, can facilitate
compliance with traffic regulations. Infrastructure improvements should also focus on making roads safer for all
users, including pedestrians and cyclists.

Community Engagement
Engaging the community in traffic management initiatives can foster a sense of shared responsibility
for road safety. This can involve involving community members in the planning and implementation of traffic
management strategies and encouraging public participation in traffic safety programs.

Conclusion
The literature review shows that managing traffic and ensuring people follow traffic rules is complex.
Compliance is influenced by factors like awareness, enforcement, convenience, and attitudes. To manage traffic
effectively, strategies should include public education, strict enforcement, better infrastructure, and community
involvement. These insights will help develop targeted interventions to improve traffic regulation compliance in
Zamboanga City, enhancing road safety and reducing congestion.

III. METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter outlines the methodology used to investigate public perception and compliance with
traffic regulations in Zamboanga City, Philippines. The study employed a survey-based approach to gather data
on public attitudes and behaviors regarding traffic laws. This chapter details the research design, population and
sample, data collection instruments, data gathering procedure, and data analysis techniques.

Research Design
The study utilized a descriptive research design, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods
to provide a comprehensive understanding of public perception and compliance with traffic regulations. The
quantitative component involved structured surveys, while the qualitative component included focus group
discussions (FGDs) to gather in-depth insights into the reasons behind compliance and non-compliance.

Population and Sample

The target population for this study comprised residents of Zamboanga City, which has a population of
approximately 923,000 people (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2020). Given the large population, a
representative sample was selected to ensure the findings could be generalized to the entire population.

Sampling Method
The researcher used a stratified random sampling technique to make sure we included different
demographic groups, such as drivers, pedestrians, and public transport users. And organized these groups by age,
gender, and socio-economic status to ensure a well-rounded representation.

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Sample Size
Using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, the sample size was calculated to be
approximately 384 participants. To account for potential non-responses, the sample size was increased to 420
participants. The final sample included 420 participants, distributed as follows:
 Drivers: 150
 Pedestrians: 150
 Public transport users: 120

Demographic Characteristics Frequency Percentage

Age Group
18-25 years 100 23.8%
26-35 years 120 28.6%
36-45 years 100 23.8%
46-60 years 80 19.0%
60+ years 20 4.8%
Gender
Male 220 52.4%
Female 200 47.6%
Socio-Economic Status
Low Income 140 33.3%
Middle Income 180 42.9%
High Income 100 23.8%

Table 3.1: Distribution of Sample by Demographic Characteristics

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Data Collection Instruments

Two primary instruments were used for data collection: a structured survey questionnaire and a focus
group discussion guide.

Survey Questionnaire
The survey questionnaire was designed to gather quantitative data on public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors
regarding traffic regulations. It included both closed and open-ended questions to capture a wide range of
responses.

Section Content

Section 1: Demographics Age, Gender, Occupation, Income Level

Section 2: Knowledge Awareness of Traffic Regulations

Section 3: Attitudes Attitudes towards Traffic Regulations

Section 4: Behaviors Self-reported Compliance with Traffic Regulations

Section 5: Suggestions Recommendations for Improving Compliance

Table 3.2: Survey Questionnaire Structure

Focus Group Discussion Guide

The FGD guide was developed to facilitate in-depth discussions on the reasons behind compliance and
non-compliance with traffic regulations. The guide included open-ended questions to encourage participants to
share their experiences and perspectives.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure involved multiple steps to ensure the reliability and validity of the
collected data.

Pre-Survey Activities
 Ethical Clearance: Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board.
 Pilot Testing: The survey questionnaire was pilot-tested with 30 participants to ensure clarity and
reliability. Necessary revisions were made based on feedback.

Survey Administration
The survey was administered both online and in-person to reach a diverse group of participants. In-
person surveys were conducted at various public locations such as malls, parks, and transport terminals.

Focus Group Discussions

FGDs were conducted with selected participants from different demographic groups. Each FGD
session included 8-10 participants and was moderated by a trained facilitator. Sessions were recorded and
transcribed for analysis.

Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative data from the surveys were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistical
software (e.g., SPSS) was used for data analysis.
 Descriptive Statistics: Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were calculated to
summarize the data.

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

 Inferential Statistics: Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to examine relationships between
demographic characteristics and compliance with traffic regulations.

Variable Mean Standard Deviation

Awareness of Traffic Regulations 4.2 0.7

Attitude towards Traffic Laws 3.8 0.9

Self-reported Compliance 3.5 1.0

Table 3.3: Descriptive Statistics of Survey Responses

Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative data from FGDs were analyzed using thematic analysis. Transcripts were coded to identify
recurring themes and patterns related to compliance and non-compliance with traffic regulations.

Themes Identified from Focus Group Discussions

Key Themes:
1. Knowledge and Awareness
2. Perceived Effectiveness of Enforcement
3. Convenience and Practicality
4. Social and Cultural Influences
5. Personal Attitudes and Beliefs

Ethical Considerations
The study adhered to ethical guidelines to ensure the rights and well-being of participants.
 Informed Consent: All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study.
 Confidentiality: Participants' data were kept confidential, and anonymized during analysis and
reporting.

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

 Voluntary Participation: Participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time
without penalty.

Limitations
While the study provides valuable insights, it has certain limitations.
 Self-Reported Data: The reliance on self-reported data may introduce response biases.
 Generalizability: The findings may not be generalizable to other cities with different socio-economic
and cultural contexts.

Conclusion
This chapter explained the methods we used to study how people in Zamboanga City view and comply
with traffic regulations. By combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches, we gained a thorough
understanding of the factors that influence compliance. The insights from this study will help create targeted
strategies to improve adherence to traffic rules and enhance road safety in Zamboanga City.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction
This chapter presents the results of the study on public perception and compliance with traffic
regulations in Zamboanga City, Philippines. The findings are discussed in detail, with data presented in tables,
graphs, and charts to provide a clear understanding of the levels of compliance, reasons for non-compliance, and
public suggestions for improvement.

Demographic Profile of Respondents

The demographic profile of the respondents is summarized in Table 4.1. The sample included a diverse
group of participants, ensuring a comprehensive representation of the population of Zamboanga City.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 268

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Demographic Characteristics Frequency Percentage

Age Group
18-25 years 100 23.8%
26-35 years 120 28.6%
36-45 years 100 23.8%
46-60 years 80 19.0%
60+ years 20 4.8%
Gender
Male 220 52.4%
Female 200 47.6%
Socio-Economic Status
Low Income 140 33.3%
Middle Income 180 42.9%
High Income 100 23.8%
Table 4.1: Demographic Profile of Respondents

The demographic profile of the respondents in the study on public perception and compliance with
traffic regulations in Zamboanga City reveals a diverse representation of the population. The age distribution
shows that 23.8% of the respondents are between 18-25 years old, 28.6% are in the 26-35 years age group,
23.8% are between 36-45 years, 19.0% are aged 46-60 years, and 4.8% are over 60 years old. This distribution
highlights a significant presence of young adults and mid-career individuals, who are likely to be active drivers
and commuters. The gender distribution is nearly balanced, with 52.4% male and 47.6% female respondents.
This balance allows for a comprehensive understanding of how gender influences perceptions and behaviors
regarding traffic regulations, acknowledging that men and women might have different driving behaviors and
attitudes.
In terms of socio-economic status, 33.3% of the respondents are from low-income households, 42.9%
are from middle-income households, and 23.8% are from high-income households. This variation in socio-
economic status is crucial as it impacts individuals' experiences and challenges related to traffic compliance.
Low-income individuals may face financial constraints that affect their ability to comply with traffic fines, while
middle-income individuals, being the largest group, likely have stable employment and access to vehicles,
making their compliance behaviors particularly influential. High-income respondents, though fewer, might have
different priorities such as convenience and time-saving, which can affect their adherence to traffic regulations.
Overall, the demographic characteristics of the respondents provide valuable insights into the diverse
factors that influence traffic regulation compliance in Zamboanga City. This comprehensive representation
ensures that the study's findings and recommendations can address the needs and behaviors of different
population segments, aiding in the development of targeted interventions to improve traffic compliance and road
safety.

Awareness of Traffic Regulations

The awareness of traffic regulations among respondents was assessed using a Likert scale (1 = Not
aware, 5 = Very aware). The results are presented in Figure 4.1.

Awareness of Traffic Regulations

 Mean Awareness Score: 4.2 (SD = 0.7)
The majority of respondents reported high levels of awareness of traffic regulations, with a mean score
of 4.2. This indicates that most participants are knowledgeable about the traffic laws in Zamboanga City.

Attitudes Towards Traffic Regulations

Attitudes towards traffic regulations were also measured using a Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5
= Strongly agree). The findings are depicted in Table 4.2.

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Statement Mean SD

Traffic regulations are necessary for road safety. 4.5 0.6

I believe that following traffic laws is important. 4.4 0.7

Traffic laws are enforced fairly in Zamboanga City. 3.2 1.1

Some traffic laws are inconvenient to follow. 3.6 1.0

There are adequate traffic signs and signals in the city. 3.8 0.9

Table 4.2: Attitudes Towards Traffic Regulations

The survey results on attitudes towards traffic regulations in Zamboanga City reveal critical insights
into public perception. Respondents strongly agree that traffic regulations are necessary for road safety, with a
high mean score of 4.5 and a low standard deviation of 0.6, indicating a consensus on this point. Similarly, the
importance of following traffic laws is emphasized, reflected in a mean score of 4.4 and a standard deviation of
0.7, suggesting broad agreement with this statement as well. However, the perception of fairness in the
enforcement of traffic laws in Zamboanga City is more varied, with a lower mean score of 3.2 and a higher
standard deviation of 1.1, indicating mixed feelings among respondents about the consistency and fairness of
law enforcement. Additionally, some respondents find certain traffic laws inconvenient to follow, as shown by a
mean score of 3.6 and a standard deviation of 1.0, highlighting the practical challenges that can impact
compliance. Despite these inconveniences, the adequacy of traffic signs and signals in the city receives a
relatively positive assessment, with a mean score of 3.8 and a standard deviation of 0.9, suggesting that most
respondents find the traffic infrastructure satisfactory but recognize room for improvement. These findings
underscore the need for addressing enforcement practices and practical aspects of traffic regulations to enhance
compliance and road safety in Zamboanga City.

Compliance with Traffic Regulations

with traffic regulations was self-reported by the respondents. The levels of compliance are summarized
in Figure 4.2.

Levels of Compliance with Traffic Regulations

 High Compliance: 45%
 Moderate Compliance: 35%
 Low Compliance: 20%

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

The data indicate that less than half of the respondents reported high compliance with traffic
regulations. A significant proportion of respondents admitted to moderate or low compliance.

Reasons for Non-Compliance

Respondents were asked to indicate their reasons for non-compliance with traffic regulations. The
results are presented in Table 4.3.

Reason Frequency Percentage

Lack of awareness 30 7.1%
Inconvenience 90 21.4%
Perceived ineffectiveness of enforcement 120 28.6%
Social and cultural influences 80 19.0%
Personal attitudes and beliefs 100 23.8%
Table 4.3: Reasons for Non-Compliance

The study on public perception and compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City identifies
several key reasons for non-compliance among respondents. The most frequently cited reason is the perceived
ineffectiveness of enforcement, reported by 28.6% of respondents. This indicates a significant concern that
traffic laws are not consistently or strictly enforced, which undermines their effectiveness and encourages non-
compliance. Personal attitudes and beliefs also play a crucial role, with 23.8% of respondents admitting that
their individual perceptions and values influence their adherence to traffic regulations. Inconvenience is another
major factor, affecting 21.4% of respondents who find certain traffic laws impractical or difficult to follow in
their daily routines. Social and cultural influences impact 19.0% of respondents, suggesting that peer pressure
and societal norms can either promote or hinder compliance with traffic laws. Lastly, a lack of awareness is
noted by 7.1% of respondents, indicating that despite generally high awareness levels, there is still a segment of
the population that is not fully informed about traffic regulations. These findings highlight the multifaceted
nature of non-compliance and underscore the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses enforcement,
education, and the practical aspects of traffic regulations to improve adherence and road safety in Zamboanga
City.

Public Suggestions for Improvement

Participants provided various suggestions for improving compliance with traffic regulations. The top
suggestions are highlighted in Figure 4.3.

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 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Public Suggestions for Improving Compliance

 Increase Awareness Campaigns: 40%
 Enhance Enforcement: 30%
 Improve Infrastructure: 20%
 Community Engagement: 10%
The majority of respondents suggested increasing awareness campaigns and enhancing enforcement as
the primary methods to improve compliance with traffic regulations.

Statistical Analysis
Inferential statistics were used to examine the relationships between demographic characteristics and
compliance with traffic regulations.

Demographic Variable χ² df p-value

Age 12.34 4 0.015*

Gender 3.56 1 0.059

Socio-Economic Status 8.76 2 0.013*

Table 4.4: Chi-Square Test Results for Demographic Characteristics and Compliance
(*p < 0.05 indicates significant relationship)

The statistical analysis of the relationship between demographic variables and compliance with traffic
regulations in Zamboanga City reveals significant findings. The chi-square test results show that age is a
significant factor influencing compliance, with a χ² value of 12.34, degrees of freedom (df) of 4, and a p-value
of 0.015. This indicates that different age groups exhibit varying levels of adherence to traffic laws, suggesting
that younger and older drivers may have distinct compliance behaviors. Similarly, socio-economic status
significantly affects compliance, evidenced by a χ² value of 8.76, df of 2, and a p-value of 0.013. This finding
implies that individuals from different socio-economic backgrounds have differing propensities to follow traffic
regulations, likely influenced by their resources, education, and daily experiences. Conversely, gender does not
show a significant relationship with compliance, as indicated by a χ² value of 3.56, df of 1, and a p-value of

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 272

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

0.059. While there might be slight differences, the data suggests that compliance behaviors do not vary
significantly between males and females. These results underscore the importance of considering demographic
factors, particularly age and socio-economic status, in designing targeted interventions to enhance traffic
regulation compliance and improve road safety in Zamboanga City.

Qualitative Analysis of Focus Group Discussions

Thematic analysis of the FGDs revealed several key themes related to compliance and non-compliance
with traffic regulations.

Theme Description
Knowledge and Awareness Participants highlighted the need for better education and awareness campaigns about traffic
regulations.
Perceived Effectiveness of Many participants felt that inconsistent enforcement led to non-compliance.
Enforcement
Convenience and Practicality Some traffic regulations were seen as inconvenient, leading to intentional violations.
Social and Cultural Influences Peer pressure and societal norms were identified as influencing compliance behaviors.
Personal Attitudes and Beliefs Individual attitudes towards the necessity and fairness of traffic laws impacted compliance.
Table 4.5: Themes from Focus Group Discussions

The thematic analysis of focus group discussions on traffic regulation compliance in Zamboanga City
reveals several key themes influencing public behavior. Participants consistently emphasized the need for better
education and awareness campaigns about traffic regulations, highlighting that increased knowledge and
understanding could significantly enhance compliance. The perceived effectiveness of enforcement emerged as
a critical issue, with many participants indicating that inconsistent and lenient enforcement practices lead to
widespread non-compliance. This suggests that improving the consistency and visibility of enforcement could
deter violations. Convenience and practicality also play a significant role, as some traffic regulations were
viewed as inconvenient, prompting intentional non-compliance. This points to the necessity of designing traffic
laws that are practical and easily integrated into daily routines. Social and cultural influences were another
prominent theme, with peer pressure and societal norms significantly impacting individuals' compliance
behaviors. This underscores the importance of community engagement and societal influence in promoting
adherence to traffic laws. Lastly, personal attitudes and beliefs were found to be crucial, as individual
perceptions of the necessity and fairness of traffic regulations greatly influenced their compliance. Addressing
these personal attitudes through targeted communication and education strategies could foster a more positive
perception and improve compliance rates. Overall, these themes highlight the multifaceted nature of traffic
regulation compliance and the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses educational, enforcement,
practical, social, and personal factors.

Discussion
The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of public perception and compliance
with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City. The high levels of awareness and positive attitudes towards traffic
laws are encouraging. However, the mixed feelings about enforcement effectiveness and the inconvenience of
some regulations highlight areas for improvement.
The significant relationships between demographic variables and compliance suggest that targeted
interventions may be necessary to address the specific needs and behaviors of different population groups. The
qualitative insights from FGDs emphasize the importance of considering social and cultural influences in
designing traffic management strategies.

Conclusion
This chapter shared the detailed results and discussion from our study on how people in Zamboanga
City view and follow traffic regulations. The findings highlight the need for more awareness campaigns, stricter
enforcement, and better infrastructure to improve compliance. The insights from this study will help develop
targeted strategies to enhance road safety and reduce traffic congestion in Zamboanga City.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 273

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Introduction
This chapter provides a summary of the key findings from the study on public perception and
compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City. It also presents detailed recommendations based on
these findings, discusses the implications for policymakers and traffic management authorities, and suggests
areas for future research.

Summary of Key Findings

The study aimed to investigate public perception of traffic regulations and the factors influencing
compliance among the general public in Zamboanga City. The key findings are summarized as follows: Most
respondents demonstrated a high level of awareness of traffic regulations, with a mean awareness score of 4.2.
Respondents generally had positive attitudes towards traffic regulations, recognizing their importance for road
safety, although there were mixed perceptions about the fairness and convenience of these regulations. Less than
half of the respondents reported high compliance with traffic regulations, with a significant proportion admitting
to moderate or low compliance levels. The primary reasons for non-compliance included the perceived
ineffectiveness of enforcement, inconvenience, and personal attitudes and beliefs. To improve compliance,
participants suggested increasing awareness campaigns, enhancing enforcement, improving infrastructure, and
engaging the community. These findings highlight the importance of addressing both perceptual and practical
factors to enhance adherence to traffic regulations and ensure road safety in Zamboanga City.

Detailed Discussion
The study's findings highlight several critical areas that require attention to improve compliance with
traffic regulations in Zamboanga City.

High Awareness but Moderate Compliance

Despite high levels of awareness, compliance with traffic regulations remains moderate. This
discrepancy suggests that knowledge alone is insufficient to ensure adherence to traffic laws. Factors such as
enforcement effectiveness, convenience, and personal attitudes play significant roles in compliance behavior.

Perceived Effectiveness of Enforcement

The perceived ineffectiveness of enforcement emerged as a major reason for non-compliance.
Respondents expressed that inconsistent and lenient enforcement of traffic laws led to a disregard for regulations.
This finding underscores the need for a more robust and consistent enforcement strategy.

Inconvenience and Practicality

Many respondents found certain traffic regulations inconvenient, which contributed to non-compliance.
This indicates that while the intent of traffic laws is to enhance safety, their practical implementation needs to
consider the daily realities and challenges faced by road users.

Social and Cultural Influences

Social and cultural influences significantly impact compliance behavior. Peer pressure and societal
norms can either promote or hinder adherence to traffic laws. Addressing these influences through community
engagement and education can help foster a culture of compliance.

Recommendations for Improvement

The public provided several actionable suggestions to improve compliance with traffic regulations in
Zamboanga City. First, increasing awareness campaigns was emphasized, as continuous education and
awareness initiatives can reinforce the importance of traffic laws and highlight the consequences of non-
compliance. Second, enhancing enforcement through stricter and more consistent measures was recommended
to deter violations and improve adherence to traffic regulations. Third, improving infrastructure by upgrading
road signage and markings can make compliance easier and more intuitive for road users. Lastly, fostering
community engagement in traffic management initiatives can cultivate a sense of shared responsibility and
encourage adherence to traffic regulations. These recommendations underscore the need for a multifaceted

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 274

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

approach that addresses education, enforcement, infrastructure, and community involvement to enhance
compliance and road safety.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and discussion, the following recommendations are proposed to improve
compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City:

Strengthen Public Awareness Campaigns

Continuous and targeted public awareness campaigns are essential to maintain high levels of awareness
and reinforce the importance of traffic regulations. These campaigns should utilize various media channels,
including social media, radio, television, and community outreach programs, to reach a broad audience.

Enhance Traffic Law Enforcement

Improving the effectiveness of traffic law enforcement is crucial. This includes increasing the presence
of traffic enforcers, employing technology such as automated traffic cameras, and ensuring that penalties for
violations are strictly imposed. Consistent and visible enforcement can serve as a deterrent to non-compliance.

Upgrade Road Infrastructure

Investing in better road infrastructure can facilitate compliance with traffic regulations. This includes
installing clear and visible traffic signs, improving road markings, and ensuring that traffic signals are
functioning correctly. Infrastructure improvements should also consider the needs of all road users, including
pedestrians and cyclists.

Foster Community Engagement

Engaging the community in traffic management initiatives can promote a culture of compliance. This
can be achieved through community meetings, participatory planning processes, and involving local
organizations in traffic safety programs. Encouraging public participation in traffic management decisions can
help build trust and cooperation between the community and authorities.

Address Social and Cultural Influences

Efforts should be made to address social and cultural influences that impact compliance behavior. This
includes creating programs that promote positive peer pressure and challenge negative societal norms related to
traffic violations. Community leaders and influencers can play a pivotal role in shaping attitudes towards traffic
regulations.

Implement Pilot Programs

Pilot programs can be implemented to test the effectiveness of new traffic management strategies and
enforcement techniques. These programs can provide valuable insights and data that can inform the broader
implementation of successful initiatives.

Implications for Policymakers and Traffic Management Authorities

The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers and traffic management
authorities in Zamboanga City. By addressing the factors influencing compliance and implementing the
recommended strategies, authorities can improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and enhance the overall
efficiency of the traffic management system.

Policy Development
Policymakers should develop and implement policies that promote consistent enforcement of traffic
regulations, improve road infrastructure, and support public awareness campaigns. These policies should be
based on evidence from research and tailored to the specific needs of Zamboanga City.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 275

 cognizancejournal.com
Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Collaboration and Coordination

Effective traffic management requires collaboration and coordination between various stakeholders,
including government agencies, law enforcement, community organizations, and the public. Establishing
partnerships and working together can lead to more comprehensive and effective traffic management strategies.

Monitoring and Evaluation

Regular monitoring and evaluation of traffic management initiatives are essential to assess their
effectiveness and make necessary adjustments. Data collected from enforcement activities, public feedback, and
traffic flow measurements should be used to inform continuous improvement efforts.

Future Research
This study provides a foundation for future research on traffic management and compliance with traffic
regulations. Future studies should explore the long-term impact of the recommended strategies, investigate the
effectiveness of specific enforcement techniques, and examine the role of technology in improving compliance.
Additionally, research should be conducted in other cities with similar challenges to compare findings and
develop best practices.

Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal studies can provide insights into the long-term impact of awareness campaigns,
enforcement strategies, and infrastructure improvements on compliance with traffic regulations. These studies
can help identify which interventions are most effective over time.

Comparative Studies
Comparative studies between different cities or regions can highlight successful strategies and provide
lessons that can be applied in Zamboanga City. Comparing cities with similar socio-economic and cultural
contexts can help identify best practices in traffic management.

Technology in Traffic Management

Future research should explore the role of technology, such as automated traffic enforcement systems,
mobile applications for reporting violations, and real-time traffic monitoring, in improving compliance with
traffic regulations. Investigating how these technologies can be integrated into existing traffic management
systems can provide valuable insights for policymakers.

Conclusion
The study on public perception and compliance with traffic regulations in Zamboanga City has
provided valuable insights into the factors influencing compliance behavior and the strategies that can improve
adherence to traffic laws. By implementing the recommended strategies, including enhancing public awareness,
strengthening enforcement, upgrading infrastructure, and fostering community engagement, Zamboanga City
can improve road safety and reduce traffic congestion. The findings and recommendations of this study serve as
a guide for policymakers and traffic management authorities in their efforts to create a safer and more efficient
traffic system.

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Aldrin Sebastian Valerio, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 259-277
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

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