DISEASE AND
HEALTH
SA2 PROJECT
Submitted by: A.Vibhu
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS DISEASE AND HEALTH?
TYPES OF DISEASES
WHAT IS NUTRITION
MALNUTRITION
OVER NUTRITION
UNDER NUTRITION
CAUSES OF DISEASES
EFFECTS OF DISEASES
FACTS ABOUT DISEASES AND HEALTH
FUN FACTS ABOUT DISEASE AND HEALTH
PERVENTIVE HEALTH CARE
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
FUNDING HEALTH CARE
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CHOICES
IMPORTANT HEALTH TIPS
CONCLUSION
1
introduction
Diseases and health are intricately linked aspects of human well-being.
Throughout history, the study of disease has shaped medical
advancements, leading to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
methods. Health, often defined by the absence of disease, extends beyond
physical well-being to encompass mental, emotional, and social factors.
The occurrence of diseases, both chronic and infectious, influences
societies by impacting populations, economies, and healthcare systems.
Global health challenges, such as pandemics, highlight the need for
coordinated responses and resilient healthcare infrastructures.
A balanced focus on prevention, lifestyle, and early interventions helps
maintain health, reducing disease burden and improving quality of life.
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What is disease
and health?
Disease refers to a condition that negatively affects the
body's normal functioning, often resulting from infections,
genetic factors, environmental influences, or lifestyle
choices. It can manifest in a variety of forms, such as
infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, and mental health
disorders, all of which can disrupt the balance of the
body’s systems. Diseases may present with symptoms
ranging from mild discomfort to severe impairment, and
their impact on individuals and society can be profound,
affecting daily life and overall productivity.
Health, on the other hand, is a state of well-being where an
individual’s body, mind, and social connections function
optimally. It goes beyond the mere absence of disease and
incorporates mental clarity, emotional stability, and a
fulfilling social life. Good health is achieved through a
balance of physical activity, proper nutrition, emotional
resilience, and access to healthcare. Maintaining health
requires consistent care, preventive measures, and a
holistic approach to ensure longevity and overall quality
of life.
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Types of
diseases
There are 4 types of diseases. They are:
Hereditary diseases: Hereditary diseases are genetic
disorders caused by mutations in DNA passed from
parents to offspring. They can be dominant or
recessive, affecting various body functions. Eg:
Diabeties, haemophilia.
Deficiency Diseases: Deficiency diseases occur when
the body lacks essential nutrients, like vitamins or
minerals. Examples include scurvy (vitamin C
deficiency) and rickets (vitamin D deficiency).
Degenerative diseases: Degenerative diseases involve
the gradual deterioration of cells, tissues, or organs
over time. Examples include Alzheimer's disease and
osteoarthritis.
Communicable diseases: Communicable diseases are
infectious diseases that can be transmitted from one
person to another. Examples include flu, tuberculosis,
and COVID-19.
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What is
nutrition
Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize the
nutrients necessary for growth, energy, and overall health. It involves the intake
of food and how the body uses it to maintain vital functions. Nutrients are
substances that provide energy, promote growth, and help in the repair and
maintenance of body tissues. The six essential classes of nutrients are
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Each plays a specific
role in supporting the body's functions.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary sources of energy for the body.
Carbohydrates, found in foods like bread and fruits, are broken down into
glucose, which provides quick energy. Proteins, found in meat, beans, and nuts,
help in the growth and repair of tissues. Fats, present in oils, butter, and
avocados, provide long-lasting energy and support cell structure. Vitamins and
minerals are needed in smaller amounts but are equally crucial for maintaining
proper metabolic functions and overall health, like supporting the immune
system and promoting bone health.
Water is also a vital component of nutrition, as it facilitates nearly all bodily
functions, including digestion, temperature regulation, and waste removal. A
balanced diet, which includes a variety of these nutrients in appropriate
amounts, is essential for maintaining good health and preventing nutrient
deficiencies. Proper nutrition plays a key role in disease prevention, energy
levels,
3 and physical and mental well-being.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when the
body does not receive enough nutrients or receives
an imbalance of nutrients. It can be caused by
inadequate intake of food, poor absorption of
nutrients, or an inability to use the nutrients
properly. Malnutrition can lead to deficiencies,
excesses, or imbalances of essential nutrients,
affecting growth, development, and overall health.
Malnutrition can affect people of all ages but is
especially harmful to children, pregnant women, and
the elderly. It can result from poverty, lack of access
to healthy food, medical conditions, or poor dietary
choices. Treatment involves improving nutrition
through a balanced diet, supplements, and
addressing underlying health issues.
3
Over
nutrition
Overnutrition is a form of malnutrition that occurs when an individual consumes
excessive amounts of nutrients, particularly calories, fats, sugars, or salt. This leads
to an imbalance, where the body receives more nutrients than it needs, often
resulting in health problems. Common causes of overnutrition include consuming
large quantities of processed foods, sugary drinks, and high-calorie snacks, along
with a sedentary lifestyle.
The most common consequence of overnutrition is obesity, which increases the
risk of several chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood
pressure, and certain cancers. Overnutrition can also lead to nutrient imbalances,
where excessive intake of one nutrient may interfere with the absorption or use of
others, causing further health complications.
Preventing overnutrition involves maintaining a balanced diet, portion control, and
regular physical activity to support overall health and well-being. It’s essential to
focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains,
and lean proteins, to avoid excess calorie intake.
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UNDER
NUTRITION
Undernutrition is a condition that occurs when the body does not
receive enough nutrients or calories to maintain optimal health. It
can result from insufficient intake of food, poor absorption of
nutrients, or an inability to utilize the nutrients effectively. This
condition can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals,
proteins, and energy, affecting various body functions.
The main forms of undernutrition include protein-energy
malnutrition, where the body lacks adequate calories and protein,
leading to conditions like kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and
marasmus (calorie deficiency). Symptoms of undernutrition may
include stunted growth, fatigue, weakened immunity, and an
increased risk of infections. In severe cases, it can lead to organ
failure or even death if left untreated.
Undernutrition is often seen in impoverished populations with
limited access to a balanced diet, but it can also occur due to poor
dietary choices, medical conditions, or eating disorders. Addressing
undernutrition involves improving food security, providing
nutritional supplements, and treating underlying medical issues to
ensure the body receives the necessary nutrients for growth and
repair.
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Causes of
diseases
Diseases can be caused by:
Infections: Caused by harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, or parasites (e.g.,
flu, malaria).
Genetic Factors: Inherited mutations in genes that lead to conditions like sickle cell
anemia or cystic fibrosis.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to harmful substances such as pollution or toxins,
leading to diseases like asthma or cancer.
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Effects of
diseases
1. Weakened Immunity: Increased vulnerability to infections.
2. Physical Disability: Loss of function in limbs, organs, or body systems.
3. Chronic Pain: Persistent discomfort or soreness due to certain diseases.
4. Reduced Quality of Life: Limited ability to carry out daily activities and enjoy
life.
5. Mental Health Impact: Stress, anxiety, or depression resulting from the disease
or its symptoms.
3
Facts
Prevention plays a key role in maintaining health by reducing the risk of chronic
diseases like heart disease and diabetes. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and
avoiding smoking or excessive drinking are essential habits to adopt for overall
well-being.
Mental health is just as important as physical health. Conditions like anxiety and
depression can significantly impact a person's quality of life, requiring therapy,
support, and, in some cases, medication to manage and improve mental health.
While chronic diseases are on the rise globally, infectious diseases continue to pose
a significant threat, especially in regions with limited access to healthcare.
Addressing both through prevention, treatment, and improved healthcare access is
vital for global health.
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Fun facts
Did you know your body has more bacterial cells than human cells? For every
human cell, about 1.3 bacterial cells live in and on your body! Laughter is another
fun fact—it actually improves your heart health by increasing blood flow and
reducing stress. The human stomach also regenerates its lining every few days
to protect itself from digestive acids.
Interestingly, humans are the only species that can develop heart disease, mainly
due to lifestyle factors. Additionally, babies are born with 270 bones, but this
number reduces to 206 in adulthood as bones fuse over time.
Your body is full of fascinating facts that show how unique and complex it is!
From bacterial colonies to bone transformations, there's so much going on
inside you that we often take for granted.
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Preventive
health
care
What is preventive health care?
Measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries rather than
treating them after they occur
Eg.
Vaccination
Healthy Eating
Regular Eating
Regular Screnings. eg: blood pressure, cholestrol levels
Why preventive health care is important?
Cost effective
Improves quality of health care
Reduces burden of healthcare
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Access to
health
care
The ability of individuals to obtain necessary health
services
Why Access To Health Care is important?
Health Equity
Early diagnosis and treatment
Economic productivity
Barriers to accessing healthcare
Cost
Lack of insurance
Limited health care facilities
Language or cultural disorders
3
Funding
health
care
The financial resources used to provide health care services to the population.
Sources of funding:
Government funding
Private health insurance
Out of pocket payment payments
Different health care systems:
Public health care system
Private health care system
Mixed health care system
Challenges in funding health care
Rising Costs
Equity distribution
Sustainability
Options to increase funding:
Government can give higher priority to health in their budget allocations ,
collecting taxes more efficiently, including compulsory insurance
contributions,
3
Importance
on healthy
lifestyle
choices
Individual level: Healthy lifestyle choices such as eating well and exercising can
prevent chronic diseases like diabetics, heart disease and obesity.
Social level:Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce health care costs in communities
iimprove quality of life and enhance productivity at school and work
National level: A. Healthier population is more capable of contributing to society
and the workforce
Global level: Promoting healthy lifestyle can reduce the spread of diseases ,
improve life expectancy and contribute to global health goals.
Eg: World Health Organization(WHO)
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IMPORTANT
HEALTH TIPS
Dont take your medicine in cold water
Dont eat heavy meals after 8 pm
Best sleeping time is from 10 pm to 4 am
Dont lie down after taking meal
Answer phone calls from left ear
Drink more water at morning less at night
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conclusion
The concepts of human health and disease have been
central to medicine for centuries, shaping medical practices
and policies with significant social, political, and moral
implications. Despite extensive historical and philosophical
discourse, no universal definitions exist.
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THANK YOU
