Plot Mathematical Functions – How to

Plot Math Functions in Python?

By Sanjay Kumar / August 28, 2021

Hello folks! In this tutorial, we are going to learn how we can plot mathematical
functions using Python. So let’s get started.

Prerequisites
For plotting different mathematical functions using Python, we require the following
two Python libraries:
1. NumPy

NumPy is a Python library that supports multi-dimensional arrays & matrices and
offers a wide range of mathematical functions to operate on the NumPy arrays &
matrices. It is one of the most fundamental libraries for scientific computation. We
can install NumPy on our local computer using the following command.

> python -m pip install numpy

2. Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python library that is widely used for various types of plotting. Using
Matplotlib, We can plot static and interactive visualizations very easily. We can install
Matplotlib on our local computer using the following command.

> python -m pip install matplotlib

Steps to Plot Mathematical Functions

First import the numpy and matplotlib.pyplot module in the main Python program
(.py) or Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) using the following Python commands.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
For all the plottings, we will follow almost the same steps apart from using the
specific NumPy mathematical function in the respective plots.

1. Plot (y = x) Identity function

x = np.arange(0, 11, 1)
y = x
print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Identity Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]
Values of y: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]

Identity Function Plot

2 2
2. Plot (y = a.x + b.x + c) Quadratic function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 1)
a = 2
b = 9
 c = 10
y = a*(x**2) + b*x + c

print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Quadratic Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Values of y: [153 120 91 66 45 28 15 6 1 0 3 10 21 36 55

Quadratic Function Plot

3. Plot (y = a.x3 + b.x2 + c.x + d) Cubic function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 1)
a = 2
b = 3
c = 4
d = 9
y = a*(x**3) + b*(x**2) + c*x + d
 print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Cubic Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]
-3 6 9 18 45 102 201 354 573 870 1257 1746 2349]

Cubic Function Plot

4. Plot (y = ln(x) or loge(x)) Natural logarithm function

x = np.arange(1, 11, 0.001)

y = np.log(x)
print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Natural logarithm Function")

 plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [ 1. 1.001 1.002 ... 10.997 10.998 10.999]

Values of y: [0.00000000e+00 9.99500333e-04 1.99800266e-03 ... 2.39762251e

Natural Logarithm Function Plot

5. Plot (y = log10x) Common/Decimal logarithm function

x = np.arange(1, 11, 0.001)

y = np.log10(x)
print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Common logarithm Function")

plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:
 Values of x: [ 1. 1.001 1.002 ... 10.997 10.998 10.999]
Values of y: [0.00000000e+00 4.34077479e-04 8.67721531e-04 ... 1.04127423e

Common Logarithm Function Plot

x
6. Plot (y = e ) Natural Exponential function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.01)

y = np.exp(x)
print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Natural exponential Function")

plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11. -10.99 -10.98 ... 10.97 10.98 10.99]

Values of y: [1.67017008e-05 1.68695557e-05 1.70390975e-05 ... 5.81045934e
 Natural Exponential Function Plot
x
7. Plot (y = a ) General Exponential function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.01)

a = 8
y = a**x
print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("General exponential Function")

plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")
plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11. -10.99 -10.98 ... 10.97 10.98 10.99]

Values of y: [1.16415322e-10 1.18861455e-10 1.21358987e-10 ... 8.07043896e
 General Exponential Function Plot
8. Plot (y = sign(x)) Signum function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.001)

y = np.sign(x)

print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Signum Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y)")

plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11. -10.999 -10.998 ... 10.997 10.998 10.999]

Values of y: [-1. -1. -1. ... 1. 1. 1.]
 Signum Function Plot
9. Plot (y = a.sin(b.x + c)) Sinusoidal function in Python

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.001)

a = 5
b = 3
c = 2
y = a*np.sin(b*x + c)

print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Sinusoidal Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")

plt.show()

Output:

[-11. -10.999 -10.998 ... 10.997 10.998 10.999]

[ 2.02018823 2.03390025 2.04759397 ... -2.10016104 -2.11376421 -2.12734835]
 Sinusoidal Function Plot
10. Plot (y = sinc(x)) Sinc function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.01)

y = np.sinc(x)

print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Sinc function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")

plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11. -10.99 -10.98 ... 10.97 10.98 10.99]

Values of y: [1.41787526e-16 9.09768439e-04 1.82029537e-03 ... 2.73068428e
1.82029537e-03 9.09768439e-04]
 Sinc Function Plot
11. Plot (y = cosh(x)) Hyperbolic function

x = np.arange(-11, 11, 0.001)

y = np.cosh(x)

print('Values of x: ', x)
print('Values of y: ', y)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Hyperbolic Function")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of y")

plt.show()

Output:

Values of x: [-11. -10.999 -10.998 ... 10.997 10.998 10.999]

Values of y: [29937.07086595 29907.14875865 29877.2565585 ... 29847.394235
 Hyperbolic Cosine Function Plot

Summing-up
In this tutorial, we have learned how to plot different types of mathematical
functions using Numpy and Matplotlib libraries. Hope you have understood the
plotting process of different mathematical functions and are ready to experiment on
your own. Thanks for reading! Stay tuned with us for amazing learning resources on
Python programming.

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