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1. What are the key features of Python ?
Python is:
Interpreted and dynamically typed
Easy to read and write
Open-source and cross-platform
Supports multiple paradigms (OOP, functional, procedural)
Has extensive libraries and frameworks
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2. What is the difference between a list and a
tuple ?
List : Mutable (can be modified), defined using [].
Tuple : Immutable (cannot be modified), defined using ().
my_list = [1, 2, 3] # Mutable
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) # Immutable
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3. How do you swap two variables in Python
without using a third variable ?
Python allows swapping in a single line:
a, b = b, a
print(a, b)
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4. What is the difference between is and == in
Python ?
== compares values (checks if two objects have the same value).
is compares identity (checks if two variables point to the same object in memory).
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]
print(x == y) # True (same values)
print(x is y) # False (different objects)
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5. What is PEP 8, and why is it important?
PEP 8 is the official Python Style Guide that provides best
practices for writing clean and readable code.
Example rule:
Use 4 spaces per indentation level.
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6. What are mutable and immutable types in
Python?
Mutable : Can be changed (Lists, Dictionaries, Sets).
Immutable : Cannot be changed (Tuples, Strings, Integers).
x = "hello" x[0] = "H"
# Error! Strings are immutable.
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7. How does Python handle memory
management?
Uses reference counting and garbage collection.
Objects with zero references are automatically
deleted.
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8. What is the difference between break,
continue, and pass?
break → Exits the loop completely.
continue → Skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.
pass → Does nothing (used as a placeholder).
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue # Skips 2
print(i)
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9. What are *args and **kwargs in Python?
*args: Allows a function to take any number of positional arguments.
**kwargs: Allows a function to take any number of keyword arguments.
def func(*args, **kwargs):
print(args, kwargs)
func(1, 2, 3, name="Python", age=30)
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10. What is a lambda function?
A lambda function is an anonymous, one-line function
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(3, 4)) # Output: 7
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11. How do you handle exceptions in Python?
Using try-except:
try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
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12. What is the difference between deepcopy
and shallow copy?
Shallow copy : Creates a new object but copies references
to nested objects.
Deep copy : Recursively copies all objects.
import copy
a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
b = copy.deepcopy(a) # Creates a full copy
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13. How do you generate random numbers in
Python?
# Using the random module:
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))
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14. How do you reverse a string in Python?
# Using slicing:
s = "hello"
print(s[::-1]) # Output: "olleh"
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15. How do you remove duplicates from a list?
lst = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4]
unique_lst = list(set(lst))
print(unique_lst) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
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16. What is the difference between sorted()
and .sort()?
sorted(lst): # Returns a new sorted list.
lst.sort(): # Sorts the list in place.
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17. How do you check if a string contains a
substring?
text = "Hello, World!"
print("World" in text) # Output: True
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18. How do you read a file in Python?
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()
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19. How do you write to a file in Python?
with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello, World!")
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20. What is the difference between
@staticmethod and @classmethod?
class MyClass: @staticmethod: Does not access class
@staticmethod attributes.
def static_method():
@classmethod: Takes cls as an
return "Static method"
argument and can modify class
@classmethod attributes.
def class_method(cls):
return "Class method"
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21. What is the difference between del, .pop(),
and .remove() in lists?
del lst[i] → Removes item at index i without returning it.
lst.pop(i) → Removes item at index i and returns it.
lst.remove(x) → Removes the first occurrence of x.
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22. What is a Python generator?
A generator is an iterable that yields values lazily using yield.
def my_gen():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
gen = my_gen()
print(next(gen)) # Output: 1
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23. What is the difference between map(),
filter(), and reduce()?
map(func, iterable): Applies func to all elements.
filter(func, iterable): Returns elements where func is True.
reduce(func, iterable): Reduces elements to a single value.
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24. What is list comprehension in Python?
A concise and efficient way to create lists.
nums = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
print(nums) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
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25. What is a Python decorator?
A function that modifies another function without changing its structure.
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function call")
func()
print("After function call")
return wrapper
@decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")
say_hello()
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26. How do you check for memory usage of
an object?
# Using sys.getsizeof():
import sys x = [1, 2, 3]
print(sys.getsizeof(x)) #
Output: Size in bytes
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27. How do you sort a dictionary by values?
data = {"a": 3, "b": 1, "c": 2}
sorted_data = dict(sorted(data.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]))
print(sorted_data) # {'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'a': 3}
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28. What is monkey patching in Python?
Dynamically modifying a class or module at runtime.
class A:
def hello(self):
return "Hello"
def new_hello(self):
return "Patched Hello"
A.hello = new_hello
print(A().hello()) # "Patched Hello"
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29. How do you merge two dictionaries in
Python 3.9+?
dict1 = {"a": 1}
dict2 = {"b": 2}
merged = dict1 | dict2
print(merged) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
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30. What is Duck Typing in Python?
Duck typing is a concept in Python where an object's behavior determines its type, rather than its explicit class. If
an object implements the necessary methods, it can be used as that type—regardless of its actual class.
class Bird:
def quack(self):
return "Quack!"
def make_quack(duck):
return duck.quack() # No need to check if it's a 'duck'
print(make_quack(Bird())) # Output: "Quack!"
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31. How do you create a virtual environment?
It ensures that the script runs only when executed directly, not when imported.
python -m venv myenv
source myenv/bin/activate # Mac/Linux
myenv\Scripts\activate # Windows
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32. What is the difference between deepcopy()
and copy()?
copy() → Creates a shallow copy (references inner objects).
deepcopy() → Recursively copies all objects.
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33. What is self in Python?
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its
attributes and methods.
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34. What are Python's built-in modules?
Examples:
math,
random,
os,
sys,
datetime,
collections,
re,
json.
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35. What is the purpose of enumerate()?
Adds an index while iterating.
for i, val in enumerate(["a", "b", "c"]):
print(i, val) # 0 a, 1 b, 2 c
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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36. What is zip() used for?
Merging iterables into pairs.
names = ["Alice", "Bob"]
ages = [25, 30]
print(list(zip(names, ages)))
# [('Alice', 25), ('Bob', 30)]
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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37. What is a named tuple?
A tuple with named fields.
from collections import namedtuple
Person = namedtuple("Person", ["name", "age"])
p = Person("Alice", 30)
print(p.name) # Alice
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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38. How do you convert JSON to a Python
dictionary?
import json
data = '{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}'
print(json.loads(data))
# {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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39. What is the use of re.match()?
Finds a pattern at the beginning of a string.
import re
print(re.match(r"\d+", "123abc"))
# Match object
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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40. What is dataclass in Python?
A lightweight class for data storage.
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Point:
x: int
y: int
self refers to the instance of a class and allows access to its attributes and methods.
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