REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

Ministry of Water and Environment

Directorate of Water Resources Management
Upper Nile Water Management Zone

Albert Nile
Catchment Management Plan
 FOREWORD

Water resources support key sectors of the economy namely hydropower generation,
agriculture, fisheries, domestic water supply, industry, navigation etc. However, efficiency
and sustainability of intervention under these sectors has recently been a concern in
Uganda mainly due to inadequate sectoral collaboration in planning and implementation,
increasing frequency of floods and droughts, environmental degradation and pollution of
water resources. This situation therefore calls for development of mechanisms for promoting
integrated planning, development and management of water resources so as to create
synergy among various sectors, promote efficiency in utilization of available resources,
reduce water and environmental degradation and ensure more efficient utilization of water
resources to meet various social and economic demands.

In 2011, my Ministry embarked on preparation of Catchment Management Plans (CMPs) as

Hon. Sam Cheptoris
Minister of Water and Environment
tools for ensuring equitable access to, and use of water resources, and safeguard of key
The Republic of Uganda natural resources for sustainable socio-economic development of the country.

A CMP provides a long-term strategy for sustainable development and utilization of water
and related resource. Catchment based water resources planning and management is in line
with the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) paradigm, which ensures that
land, water, and related resources are developed and managed in a coordinated manner
without compromising sustainability of vital ecosystems. As the lead agency for
implementation of Catchment based Water Resources Management (CbWRM) in Uganda, my
ministry through the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) is
operationalizing the CbWRM framework through the four Water Management Zones of
Albert, Kyoga, Upper Nile and Victoria WMZ.

In order to develop this CMP, a number of studies were undertaken which included an
assessment of the existing catchment knowledge base, the current and projected water
resources situation, the catchment's social and environmental assessment, and stakeholder
engagement. The CMP identifies critical issues, challenges, opportunities, and threats within
the catchment which need to be addressed to ensure the socio-economic development of
the people

Guided by the key issues, challenges, threats, opportunities, key water resources planning
principles and national strategies, the stakeholders developed a vision for the catchment. To
achieve the vision, stakeholders came up with a number of strategic objectives, options and
actions that need to be pursued in the short, medium and long term up to the year 2040.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan was developed in 2016 following the
Uganda Catchment Planning Guidelines of 2014 and was endorsed by the Albert Nile
Catchment Management Committee (CMC) in the same year.
My Ministry is therefore pleased to formally make this CMP available for use by various
stakeholders. It will enormously help and guide all developers and users of water and related
resources at the national and local levels. I therefore wish to call upon all the relevant
government ministries and agencies at both national and local levels, the civil society, the
private sector, academia and research institutions, cultural institutions, religious institutions
and the local communities to utilize this plan in order to optimally plan for the development
and management of water and related resources for prosperity.

In line with the provisions of Section 5 of the Water Act, Cap 152 I therefore formally
approve this Catchment Management Plan for use by various stakeholders.

For God and My Country

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the Directorate of Water Resources Management for

spearheading the preparing of Catchment Management Plans in Uganda. This
is a stakeholders' driven process that is key in ensuring that water resources are
effectively planned for and sustainably developed and managed so as to
support the achievement of the country’s vision 2040.

Special thanks go to all the stakeholders at the national, regional and local
levels for their active participation and involvement in preparation of this plan.
Special appreciation goes to the Upper Nile Water Management Zone for
coordinating the plan preparation process and the Albert Nile Catchment
Management Organisation through the Albert Catchment Management
Committee for ensuring that the plan is stakeholders’ driven and addresses the
needs of the people in the catchment.
Alfred Okot Okidi
Finally, I wish to thank the World Bank through the Water Management and
Permanent Secretary,
Development Project for providing the funding that enabled preparation and
printing of this CMP. Ministry of Water and Environment

ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is a Catchment Management Plan (CMP) for the Albert Nile Catchment, which is part of the Upper Nile
Water Management Zone. The Albert Nile starts at the outlet of Lake Albert and runs through the northern part
of Uganda up to the South Sudan border. It drains an area of 21,234 square kilometres (km2) from the West Nile
and Northern Uganda, covering 11 districts of Adjumani, Amuru, Arua, Gulu, Koboko, Ma-racha, Moyo, Nebbi,
Nwoya, Yumbe, and Zombo in part or whole. The estimated population of all the 11 districts covered by the
Albert Nile Catchment, based on the provisional results of the 2014 Population and Housing Census, is 2,979,610
(UBOS, 2014), and using the available spatial and statistical data, 95.79% (2,854,030 people) of these live within
the catchment.

The CMP is intended to provide, as a long term strategy, a number of agreed investments in infrastructure and
other interventions and actions meant to help resolve conflict, conserve and protect the catchment and its natural
resources, and ensure equitable access to and sustainable use of water resources within the Albert Nile Catchment.
The approach for development of the CMP is in line with the catchment planning guidelines, 2014, which sequen-
tially included the following key processes:

• Catchment Description and Building a Planning Knowledge Base, from which a wealth of information is
gathered which informs, influences, and drives sustainable catchment management and development
• Water Resource Planning Analysis, which analyses the current and projected water availability, uses, and
demand and related projections
• Stakeholder Engagement, which ensures effective stakeholder participation, issues identification and
mapping and eases implementation of the CMP
• Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment, which identifies social and environmental issues that
inform development and/or management measures
• Framework of Catchment Water Planning sets the scene for development and/or management
interventions in light of the catchment threats, demands or opportunities
• The Options and Scenario Analysis provides an analysis of the options and the alternative sets of options
that form scenarios. These scenarios are evaluated to get the best scenario, which informs the investment and
management interventions or agreed infrastructure investments and interventions within the catchment
management plan. These interventions are sequenced, costed and this forms the catchment implementation plan.

From a wealth of information gathered, assessments were conducted which revealed key facts and issues within
the catchment. The Water Resource Analysis (WRA) indicates that in the mean and drought hydrological year, the
current (net) water demands are satisfied for all sub-catchments in Albert Nile. In the scenarios with climate change
and future (net) water demands in 2030 and 2040, there is always a sustainable use of water resources during the
wet season, while environmental requirements are not met during dry period. This is projected to happen for six
of the 22 sub-catchments in 2030 and 14 in 2040 with exception of Panyango, Ome, Laropi, Ayugi, and Unyama
sub-catchments.

The Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment (SSEA) indicates that there are many issues concerning the
management of natural and environmental resources such as wetlands and forests encroachment for fuel wood
and cultivation, timber harvesting, illegal grazing, unclear boundary demarcation of forest reserves, increasing
human-wildlife conflicts, refugee settlements, and many others. From the socio-economic profile, the main issues
— vulnerabilities and challenges that emerged — are related to high population density, especially in north-west-
ern districts, heavy dependence on rain fed agriculture,climate change and variability in seasonal rainfall, refugee
hotspots and related social conflicts, social conflicts related to land availability, cattle rustling, human-
wildlife conflicts, and high poverty levels.

To sustainably manage and utilise the water resources within this catchment taking note of the prevailing
threats, demands, and opportunities, the stakeholders set the vision for the catchment;

“A sustainable, equitable and effective water resources management and development for socio-economic
trans-formation by 2040 for the Albert Nile Catchment.”

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 The vision has five sub-categories below from which strategic objectives were developed.

Water Governance is the sub-strategy that addresses the development of in-

tegrated water resources management capacity and decision making at the
WMZ level including allocation, planning, regulation, monitoring, and control
of water resources in a participatory and inclusive management framework

Water for People is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring the provision of
adequate water supply and sanitation and hygiene services to all the urban
and rural population of the Upper Nile WMZ

Water for Production is the sub-strategy that aims at allocating water resources
to productive uses for the economic development of the Upper Nile WMZ within
the national framework of sectoral development goals and objectives

Water for Energy is the sub-strategy that focuses on the increase of renewable
energy production through development of hydropower capacity and manage-
ment of water demand for energy production

Water for Environment is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring conservation of

water related ecosystems and sustainable use natural resources within the Upper
Nile WMZ

From these sub-categories, the formulated strategic objectives were:

Water Governance 1. Equitable, participatory, and accountable water governance for sustainable and
inclusive growth and development

Water for People 2. Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply
3. Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation and hygiene

Water for Production 4. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in agriculture,
livestock, aquaculture, and forestry
5. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Agro-indus
try, industrial production, oil and gas
6. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for other
sectors (Tourism, Transportation, Security)

Water for Energy 7. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for renewable
energy production

Water for Environment 8. Conservation of ecosystem services and functions

9. Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events.

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Development and/or management measures/options were identified for the issues under each sub-category, sce-
narios formulated based on infrastructure development levels, and the best scenario chosen using Multi-Criteria
Analysis.

Most of the investment and management actions in the CMP are common to all scenarios identified in the option
analysis, while some actions are directly related to best ranked scenario including:

• Development of 49 large multipurpose storages (dam higher than 10 m)

• Development of large irrigation schemes linked to the implementation of the large multipurpose dams
• Rehabilitation of existing silted storages
• Adequate facilities for 2,198,000 Livestock Topical Unit (LTU) watering provided in order to avoid water
pollution, erosion on the shores of water bodies and degradation of water quality
• Small artificial ponds for aquaculture (with different extend for each scenario), considering that a part of
aquaculture can be practiced in wetlands and multipurpose storages
• Hydropower production linked to the multipurpose storages construction.
Management and investment actions were organised into 10 programme areas —“areas withrelated projects man-
aged in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.”

No. Program Summary interventions

Create a GIS infrastructure to support data storage, exchange, and information

Geo-database and GIS management of the Albert Nile Catchment. Develop technical guidelines,
1 (Geo-Information System) protocols and specifications for GIS-database population and management of
Atlas spatial information.

2 Information Management System Collect, access, analyse and share a wide range of information for the purposes
of evaluating water resources and operational management.

3 Water Resource Monitoring

Collect, access, analyse and share a wide range of information for the purposes of
monitoring water resources and operational management. Expand and upgrade
the hydro-meteorological monitoring network, hydrogeological monitoring system
and Water Quality (WQ) monitoring system. Develop an Environmental Monitoring
Program on water bodies (SW and GW) to determine their ecological state.

4 Water Resource Knowledge Base Implement and maintain a comprehensive knowledge base on water resources and
water resources management through the archival of reference documents and
information (paper and digital document).

5 Water Resource Planning Establish and maintain the Upper Nile WMZ Modelling Unit, improve and expand
and Regulation System the water permit management system in the WMZ/Albert Nile Catchment.
Develop water source protection plans and promote integrated pollution prevention
and control in the Upper Nile WMZ.

6 Water Sector Infrastructure & Expand the water supply infrastructures for full coverage of urban and rural pop-
Facilities ulation and increase water storage capacity for domestic water supply in areas
with seasonal deficits. Rehabilitate and improve functionality of existing water
for production storage facilities and develop underground water storage for pro-
duction in areas with water deficit. Expand irrigation schemes. Improve sanitation
and hygiene facilities and implement Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) or
alternative wastewater treatment method. Develop water supply facilities using
groundwater sources in areas with good potentialities for ground water resources
exploitation.

7 Multipurpose Water Storage Define and operationalise a Technical Standard for design, implementation and
Facilities management of multipurpose water for production storage facilities, storage
facilities including recreational functions and including hydropower.

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No. Program Summary interventions
Promote water efficiency practices (water conservation, reuse, recycling),
promote irrigation water efficiency and water conservation agricultural prac-
8 Integrated Water and Land
tices, and promote optimisation of water for production uses and reuse of
Management
treated wastewater for landscaping, green areas and other uses. Ensure ap-
propriate environmental flows in water bodies, establish and maintain a water
demand management system, promote integrated land and water manage-
ment and enforce riverbanks protection zones. Increase preparedness to se-
vere climate events (flood/drought).

9 Stakeholder engagement and Stakeholder engagement mechanism developed and established at the WMZ/
participatory IWRM Catchment level. Raising awareness on wise use of water resource and on
waste management.

10 Technical Capacity Building Training activities of Catchment/WMZ technical staff, organisations and
stakeholder engagement at local/community

The prioritisation and sequencing of these interventions is detailed in the implementation plan and the overall
Programmes’ CMP costs (thousands US dollars) are indicated in below.

Programme 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2040 Total cost

US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000
Programme 1: Geo-database and GIS 310 19 58 388

Programme 2: Information Management System on 464 29 87 580

Water Resources
Programme 3: Water Resources Monitoring 4,838 302 907 6,048

Programme 4: Water Resources Knowledge Base 4,330 271 812 5,412

Programme 5: Water Resources Planning and 1,229 77 230 1,537

Regulation System
Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure and 86,972 528,450 1,585,350 2,200,772
Facilities
Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage Facilities 7,936 97,215 291,646 396,797

Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land Manage- 1,351 8,104 24,313 33,769
ment
Programme 9: Stakeholder Engagement and 50 302 905 1,257
Participatory IWRM
Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building 69 413 1,240 1,722

Programs 6, geared to expanding the water supply infrastructures for full coverage of urban and rural population,
increasing water storage capacity for domestic water supply in areas with seasonal deficits, rehabilitating and
improving functionality of existing water for production storage facilities, developing groundwater storage for pro-
duction in areas with water deficit, expanding irrigation schemes, improving sanitation, and hygiene facilities and
implement WWTP or alternative wastewater treatment method is seen to require much more than the rest followed
by Program 7. The plan, however, not be phased depending on availability of funds for implementation and as such
may require update from time to time.

Pre-feasibility studies for the 49 multipurpose dams identified in the “Best Scenario” have been conducted and
are provided in a separate document. The pre-feasibility detail includes technical description of the infrastructure
like dam height and length, level at crest, maximum and minimum operating level, impounded area and reservoir
capacity. The infrastructure is also characterised by the population served (if water supply use is provided), gross
irrigated and aquaculture area (if it supports irrigation), and installed capacity of hydropower project (if hydropow-
er use is provided). Related costs for construction and operation and maintenance, but also benefits are estimated
in order to conduct a financial evaluation and a multi-criteria analysis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD .............. ................................................................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................... x
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... xi
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND TO CATCHMENT PLANNING ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE CMP ............................................................................................................... 2
1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................... 2

2 APPROACH TO CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING ................................................................................... 3

3 LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 5
3.1 POLICY AND LEGAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA (1995)...................................................................................... 5
3.3 NATIONAL POLICIES .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3.1 National Water Policy (1999) ....................................................................................................... 5
3.3.2 National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995) .......................... 6
3.3.3 Uganda National Land Policy ........................................................................................................ 6
3.3.4 National Forestry Policy ................................................................................................................ 6
3.3.5 The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda ....................................................................................... 6
3.4 NATIONAL LEGISLATION ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.4.1 Water Act Cap 152 (1997) .......................................................................................................... 6
3.4.2 National Environment Act (1995) ................................................................................................... 7
3.5 TRANSBOUNDARY CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.1 Legal Framework for the Sustainable Management of the Nile Waters: ............................................... 8
3.5.2 Agreed Curve for the Lake Victoria Release: .................................................................................... 8
3.5.3 Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement ................................................................................ 8
3.5.4 The Lake Victoria Basin Commission ............................................................................................... 8
3.6 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.6.1 Ramsar Convention (1971) ........................................................................................................... 8
3.6.2 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and related Kyoto Protocol ....................... 9
3.6.3 UN Convention on Biological Diversity .......................................................................................... 9
3.6.4 International conventions for shared water resources ........................................................................ 9
3.7 THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT.............................................................................................................................. 9
3.7.1 National Level ............................................................................................................................ 9
3.7.2 Regional Level............................................................................................................................ 11
3.7.3 Catchment Level ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.7.4 Institutional Issues ....................................................................................................................... 14
4 STATUS OF THE CATCHMENT ........................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 CATCHMENT PHYSIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.1.1 Description ................................................................................................................................ 15
4.1.2 Sub-catchments .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.3 Land cover ................................................................................................................................ 17
4.1.4 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.5 Geology and Soils ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.2.1 River systems, lakes and wetlands ................................................................................................ 19
4.2.2 Climate Change ......................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.3 Water availability ...................................................................................................................... 20

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 4.2.4 Water Quality ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.5 Floods and Droughts ................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 WATER DEMAND............................................................................................................................................ 23
4.3.1 Current water demand ................................................................................................................ 23
4.3.2 Projected water demand ............................................................................................................. 24
4.4 WATER BALANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 24
4.5 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATE ................................................................................................................. 26
4.5.1 Population and demography ....................................................................................................... 26
4.5.2 Social-economic profile ............................................................................................................... 27
4.5.3 Poverty Status ............................................................................................................................ 28
4.5.4 Key Social issues and implications ............................................................................................... 28
4.6 STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................... 29
4.6.1 Stakeholders identified ................................................................................................................ 29
4.6.2 Stakeholder Issues’ mapping........................................................................................................ 31
5 VISION, OBJECTIVES, AND ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS ......................................................................................... 33
5.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 VISION AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.1 Vision ....................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.2 Strategic Objectives ................................................................................................................... 34
5.3 KEY CATCHMENT ISSUES................................................................................................................................... 35
5.4 IDENTIFICATION OF OPPORTUNITIES AND OPTIONS ............................................................................................... 38
5.4.1 Potential opportunities ................................................................................................................. 38
5.4.2 Potential Options ........................................................................................................................ 39
5.5 OPTIONS TO SCENARIOS ................................................................................................................................. 42
5.5.1 Scenario definition ..................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.2 Scenario comparison .................................................................................................................. 47
[Link] Approach to Cost and Benefit Estimation ............................................................................... 47
[Link] Multi-Criteria Analysis ......................................................................................................... 48
[Link] Results and Final Considerations .......................................................................................... 49
6 MANAGEMENT AND INVESTMENT ACTIONS ................................................................................................... 52
6.1 GENERAL/COMMON INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT ACTIONS .......................................................................... 53
6.2 SPECIFIC INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 62
6.3 LOCATIONS OF WATER STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 66
6.4 PILOT AREAS FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION AND EXPLOITATION ..................................................................... 68

7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND FINANCING ...................................................................................................... 69

7.1 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .................................................................................................................................... 69
7.2 REQUIRED FINANCING ..................................................................................................................................... 69
7.3 FINANCING SOURCES .....................................................................................................................................71
7.3.1 Review of Financing Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 71
7.3.2 Main Financing Sources for CMP ................................................................................................. 72
7.3.3 Preliminary Strategy for Investment Interventions ............................................................................. 73
7.4 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR MULTI-PURPOSE DAMS ................................................................................................ 73

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................ 76
NATIONAL REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 76
REFERENCE WEBSITES .................................................................................................................................................. 76
OTHER REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 76

ANNEXES............................................................................................................................................................... 78
ANNEX 1 – ESTIMATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS ............................................................................................ 78
ANNEX 2 – IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .................................................................................................................... 83

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Water Management Zones in Uganda ............................................................................................... 1
Figure 2.1: Overview of the catchment management planning process ................................................................... 3
Figure 3.1: Institutional Setup at a National Level (MWE, 2009) .......................................................................... 10
Figure 3.2: Catchment Management Organisation Structure (DWRM 2016) .......................................................... 12
Figure 3.3: An Overview of Uganda's Water and Environment Sector (MWE, 2009) ............................................. 13
Figure 4.1: Administrative Units in Albert Nile Catchment ................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.2: Primary and Secondary sub-catchments for Albert Nile Catchment ....................................................... 16
Figure 4.3: Land cover in Albert Nile Catchment ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall Pattern ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.5: Wetlands in the Albert Nile catchment ............................................................................................. 20
Figure 5.1: Categories and symbols of issues divided into strategic areas ............................................................. 36
Figure 5.2: Matrix of Criticality of Issues in the Catchment ................................................................................... 37
Figure 5.3: Opportunities within the catchment .................................................................................................. 38
Figure 5.4: Map with main infrastructures of scenario A of Albert Nile Catchment.................................................. 43
Figure 5.5: Map with main infrastructures of Scenario B of the Albert Nile Catchment ............................................ 45
Figure 5.6: Map with main infrastructures of Scenario C of the Albert Nile Catchment ............................................ 46
Figure 6.1: Map of potential sites for water storage implementation ..................................................................... 66
Figure 6.2: Potential for groundwater exploitation for Albert Nile River sub-cat ..................................................... 68

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Institutional issues and implications ................................................................................................... 14
Table 4.1: Primary and secondary sub-catchments in the Albert Nile Catchment..................................................... 17
Table 4.2: Surface Water Availability and Groundwater Recharge ...................................................................... 21
Table 4.3: Sub-Catchment water availability ...................................................................................................... 21
Table 4.4: Variation of Groundwater Recharge from the Current Scenario ............................................................ 22
Table 4.5: Current Gross water demand ........................................................................................................... 24
Table 4.6: Water Balance for the Mean and Drought Hydrological Years ............................................................. 25
Table 4.7: Water Balance for the Mean Hydrological Year under climate Change Projections for 2030 and 2040 ... 25
Table 4.8: Comparison of water demand and availability ................................................................................... 26
Table 4.9: Summary of Demographic Characteristics of the Albert Nile districts ..................................................... 27
Table 4.10: Key Social Issue and Implications ................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.11: Stakeholders Engaged ................................................................................................................... 30
Table 5.1: Strategic Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 34
Table 5.2: Water Governance Issues ................................................................................................................ 35
Table 5.3: Potential Options identified for availability and access to water resources ............................................. 39
Table 5.4: Potential Options identified for environmental and social sustainability and resilience ............................. 41
Table 5.5: Potential Options identified for water governance ............................................................................... 41
Table 5.6: Benefits obtained in Scenario A. ....................................................................................................... 44
Table 5.7: Benefits obtained in Scenario B. ....................................................................................................... 45
Table 5.8: Benefits obtained in Scenario C. ....................................................................................................... 47
Table 5.9: NB-DSS indicators used for scenario evaluation .................................................................................. 48
Table 5.10: Criteria weighting used for scenario evaluation ................................................................................ 49
Table 5.11: Net volume of water storage for different scenarios. .......................................................................... 49
Table 5.12: Benefits for the different scenarios. .................................................................................................. 50
Table 5.13: Capital Cost (Million US dollars) estimation for each scenario for Albert Nile catchment. ....................... 50
Table 5.14: Results Benefit Cost ratio (Million US dollars) of each scenario for Albert Nile Catchment. ..................... 50
Table 5.15: Indicator values calculated for the scenarios of Albert Nile Catchment................................................. 51
Table 5.16: Scenario score and ranks assessment from different factors ................................................................ 51
Table 6.1: Common Investment and Management actions ................................................................................... 53
Table 6.2: Specific Investment and Management Actions .................................................................................... 63
Table 6.3: Locations of Water Storage Infrastructure ........................................................................................... 67
Table 7.1: Overall Programmes’ and sub-programmes’ CMP costs (thousands US Dollars). ...................................... 69
Table 7.2: Overall Programmes’ and sub-programmes’ CMP costs (millions shillings). ............................................. 70
Table 7.3: Multi-Criteria Analysis score and costs (Million US Dollars) of multipurpose dams ................................... 74
Table 7.4: High priority multipurpose storage projects with relative achievable development objectives. ................... 75

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACF Action Contre le Faim (Action Against Hunger)
ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development
ARC2 African Rainfall Climatology model version 2
asl Above Sea Level
ASM Artisanal and small-scale mining
AWMZ Albert Water Management Zone
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
CAO Chief Administrative Officer
CBO Community Based Organization
CBWRM Catchment Based Water Resources Management
CCU Climate Change Unit
CFM Collaborative Forest Management
CIS Community Information System
cm Centimetre
CMC Catchment Management Committee
CMO Catchment Management Organisation
CMP Catchment Management Plan
CMS Catchment Management Secretariat
CSF Catchment Stakeholder Forum
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CTC Catchment Technical Committee
DCDO District Community Development Office
DDP District Development Plan
DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs
DEC District Environment Committee
DESS Department of Environmental Support Services
DFO District Forestry Office
DHD District Health Department
DIO District Information Officer
DOM Department of Meteorology
DPO District Production Officer
DPs Development Partners
DPU District Planning Unit
DWD Directorate of Water Development
DWO District Water Officer
DWRM Directorate of Water Resources Management
DWSSC District Water and Sanitation Coordination Committee
ENRM Environmental Natural Resources Management
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDGs Focus Group Discussion
FEWS Flood Early Warning System
FIETS Financial, Institutional, Environmental Technical and Social
FSSD Forestry Sector Support Department
FY Financial Year
GDP Gross Domestic Product

xi
GIS Geo-Information System
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GoU Government of Uganda
ha Hectare
IDA International Development Association
IFIs International Financial Institutions
IP Implementation Plan
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JPF Joint Partnership Fund
JWESSP JWRSP Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme
KIDDP Karamoja Integrated Disarmament and Development Programme
km2 Square Kilometre
KUWS Karamoja Umbrella of Water and Sanitation
KWMZ Kyoga Water Management Zone
l Litre
LC Local Council
LCB Local Capacity Builders
LED Local Economic Development
LLG Lower Local Government
LSM Large-scale mining
LTU Livestock Topical Unit
M&E Monitoring and evaluation
MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries
masl Metres Above Sea Level
MCA Multi-Criteria Analysis
MCM Million Cubic Meter
MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
MLG Ministry of Local Government
mm Millimetre
Mm3 Million cubic meters
MOFED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
MOH Ministry of Health
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
Mt Metric ton
MTI Ministry of Tourism and Industry
MTTI Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry
MW Mega Watt
MWE Ministry of Water and Environment
MWT Ministry of Works and Transport
n.a. not applicable
NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services
NaFORRI National Forestry Resources Research Institute
NDPs National Development Programs
NELSAP Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority

xii
NFA National Forest Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPA National Planning Authority
NRDs Natural Resources Departments
NRM Natural Resources Management
NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund
NWRA National Water Resources Assessment
NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation
O&M Operation &Maintenance
OPM Office of the Prime Minister
PME Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
PPPs Public Private Partnerships
RDCs Resident District Commissioners
RWTSUs Regional Wetlands Technical Support Units
SBS Sector Budget Support
SCMC Sub-catchment Management Committee
SME Small and Medium Enterprises
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
SSEA Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment
SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool
SWOT Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
TLU tropical livestock units
TSU Technical Support Unit
UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics
UGX Ugandan Shilling
UNMA Uganda National Meteorological Authority
UNRA Uganda National Roads Authority
UNWMZ Upper Nile Water Management Zone
UOs Umbrella Organisation
UWA Ugandan Wildlife Authority
UWASNET Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network
UWS-E Umbrella of Water and Sanitation East
VSLA Village Saving and Loan Association
VWMZ Victoria Water Management Zone
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WESWG Water and Environment Sector Working Group
WfP Water for Production
WMD Wetlands Management Department
WMZ Water Management Zone
WQ Water Quality
WRA Water Resources Assessment
WRDM Water Resources Development and Management
WSDF-E Water Sector Development Facility East
WSS Water Supply Scheme
WSSBs Water Supply and Sanitation Boards
WUC Water Users Committee
WWTPs Waste Water Treatment Plants

xiii
 01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to Catchment Planning

The National Water Policy in Uganda is based on the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach
with implementation at the catchment level and provides an overall policy framework and defines the
Government’s policy objective as:
“To manage and develop the water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure
and provide water of adequate quantity and quality for all social and economic needs of the present and future
generations and with the full participation of all stakeholders.”
As part of the realisation of this objective, the National Water Policy has been based on the implementation of
the objectives for water management within the IWRM framework. IWRM in a river-basin context is defined as “a
process that enables the coordinated management of water, land and related resources within the limits of a basin
so as to optimise and equitably share the resulting socio-economic well-being without compromising the long term
health of vital ecosystems.”

A key feature of the implementation of

IWRM in Uganda by the Ministry of Water
and Environment (MWE) through the
Directorate of Water Resources
Management (DWRM) was to provide for
the de-concentrated management of water
resources to the local catchment level with
the participation of all stakeholders.
Following the recommendations of the
National Water Policy, the Water Sector
Reform Study (2005), the Joint Sector
Review (2006) and other national and
regional policies as well as steps already
taken for
implementation purposes, the country was
delineated into fourWater Management
Zones (WMZs) along hydrological
boundaries.

Thus, the northern parts of the country are

covered by the Upper Nile Water Manage-
ment Zone (UNWMZ), the western parts
by the Albert Water Management Zone
(AWMZ), the south by the Victoria Water
Management Zone (VWMZ) and the east
by the Kyoga Water Management Zone
(KWMZ) as Figure 1.1 shows.
Figure 1.1: Water Management Zones in Uganda

Within each WMZ, there exists a number of smaller hydrological units called catchments for which tools and
capacity for management of water resources have to be developed. Catchment Management Plans (CMPs) are
to be developed for respective catchments in the WMZs to enable planning of water resources development and
management at a catchment level.

In line with this, a Catchment Management Plan for Upper Nile, presented in this report, has been developed
to mainly identify infrastructure investmentsand water management interventions and actions for sustainable
management of the catchment. The Albert Nile, which is part of the main Nile, starts at the outlet of Lake
Albert and runs through the northern part of Uganda up to the South Sudan border. It drains an area of
21,234km2 from the West Nile and Northern Uganda, covering 11 districts of Adjumani, Amuru, Arua, Gulu, Koboko,
Maracha, Moyo, Nebbi, Nwoya, Yumbe, and Zombo in part or [Link] preparation of this CMP is in line with
the catchment man-agement planning guidelines, (MWE, 2014).

1 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

1.2 Objectives and Purpose of the CMP

The purpose of this CMP is to provide anumber of agreed investments in infrastructure and other interventions and
actions meant to help resolve conflict, conserve and protect the catchment and its natural resources, and ensure
equitable access to and use of water resources.

Following the guidelines for catchment management planning in Uganda, the CMP also purposes to:
• Assess all catchment conditions and characteristics (physical, social, economic, environmental, political,
trans-boundary etc.) in an integrated manner
• Raise awareness on the understanding and importance of as well as the responsibility for water resources
management and environmental conservation among all stakeholders and how this will be of benefit to the sus-
tainable economic growth and livelihoods in the catchment as a learning process
• Clarify the interdependence of all activities in the catchment and even the effects on neighbouring catch-
ments
• Engage the stakeholders at all levels in the integrated planning process and help them decide on the best
options and scenarios for the development of their catchment as well as in the development and implementation
processes
• Motivate the stakeholders and put them into the position to play an active role in preserving their water
resources and the environment
• Present the potential financing for the fully costed prioritised and sequenced investments, as well as a pre-
liminary strategy for sourcing financing.

1.3 Report Structure

This report mainly has seven chapters prepared to ensure logical and consistent flow of information throughout the
document as highlighted here below:

Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter presents the background to catchment management planning in Uganda,
objectives of the CMP, and general layout of the report.

Chapter 2: Approach to Catchment anagement Planning. This chapter describes the general approach to
catchment management planning in Uganda, which is in line with the catchment management
planning guidelines.

Chapter 3: Legislative and Institutional Framework. The existing policy, legal, and institutional arrangements,
their linkages with catchment management planning and implementation, as well as the existing
gaps are presented in this chapter.

Chapter 4: Status of the Catchment. This chapter discusses the main characteristics and features of the
catchment, which ultimately leads to identification of the major social, environmental, and water
resources assessment issues together with the stakeholder engagement and issues’ mapping.

Chapter 5: Vision, Objectives, and Analysis of Options. Catchment visioning and strategic analysis is presented
and discussed in this chapter. The prioritisation of issues identified within the catchment, analysis of
the options to manage the identified issues, as well as configuration of scenario and their evaluation.

Chapter 6: Management and Investment Actions. This chapter presents an agreed set of interventions resulting
from the options for the best-ranked scenario.

Chapter 7: Implementation Plan and Financing. This chapter presents the prioritised and sequenced
development and management actions together with their costing.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 2

 02 APPROACH TO CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING

The development of this CMP was solely based on the guidelines for Uganda's Catchment-based Water
Resources Planning (MWE, 2014). The process stipulated in these guidelines provides for various steps including
development of a knowledge base, water resources planning analysis, stakeholders’ participation, and social and
environmental context as indicated in Figure 2.1. From these thematic assessments, major issues/challenges
within the catchment, the available opportunities, potential threats and risks are identified, options for
managing the identified issues also identified, and this forms the basis for strategic analysis in order to meet the
catchment vision and objective.A set of agreed interventions are then mapped and an implementation plan laid,
constituting of the associated tim-ing and costs, to form the main body of a Catchment Management Plan and
the Implementation Plan.

Describe the Catchment STEP

and build the planning 1
knowledge base

Water Catchment Stakeholder STEP Strategic Social and STEP

STEP participation 2.2
Resources Planning Environmental Assessment 2.3
2.1 framework
Analysis (SSEA)

Framework for STEP

Catchment Water Planning 3

Options and Scenario STEP

Analysis Agreement on 4
Catchment Plan

Implemntation Plan STEP

Preparation of technical 5
briefs for investment projects
preparation of management
actions

Figure 2.1: Overview of the catchment management planning process

3 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Stakeholder consultation was done at almost all stages in the development process. The roadmap for the develop-
ment of the Albert Nile CMP, therefore, sequentially included the following key processes:

• Catchment Description and Building a Planning Knowledge Base from which a wealth of information ema-
nating from all available Policies, Strategies and Plans, Water Sector data and information on existing and planned
water resources development and management, water infrastructure, institutional arrangements all of which will
inform, influence, and drive sustainable catchment management and development
• Water Resource Planning Analysis, which presents an analysis of current and projected water availability,
uses, and demand and related projections to 2030 and 2040 for three key sub-sectors; water for people, water for
production, and water for energy. Water for environment was evaluated considering low flow and dry season flow
in order to estimate environmental flow
• Stakeholder Engagement, which highlights the stakeholder participation framework and interactions at all
levels in the process of developing the CMP. Field visits, informal and formal meetings as well as the proceedings
of joint stakeholder forum workshops were highlighted and their input of water resources issues captured
• Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment, which presents the identified social and environmental is-
sues and were taken into account in the planning process to ensure they are integrated into the plan and for which
sound measures for social and environmental protection were proposed
• Framework of Catchment Water Planning sets the scene for options by identifying all the issues and con-
ditions in the catchment related to water and natural resources that are likely to be a major influence, or present
themselves as risks, needs or opportunities. These mainly come from the Strategic Social Environmental Assess-
ment and the Water Resources Assessment
• The Options and Scenario Analysis provides an analysis of the options and the alternative sets of options
that form scenarios. These scenarios are evaluated to get the best scenario, which informs the investment and
management interventions or agreed infrastructure investments and interventions within the Catchment Manage-
ment Plan.

The agreed infrastructure investments and management interventions were then costed, prioritised and sequenced
thereby forming the main body of the CMP.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 4

 03 LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Policy and legal context

The Africa Water Vision 2025 states its goal as "an Africa where there is an equitable and sustainable use and
management of water resources for poverty alleviation, socio-economic development, regional cooperation, and
the environment" and the water policy reform initiative is aimed at realising this vision for water management in
Uganda within the IWRM framework. Worth noting is the fact that sustainable management of water resources is
not limited to physical management but also incorporates legislation, policies, economic tools, institutions, and
stakeholders involved in management, regulation, and utilisation of water resources. Whilst water is essential to
livelihoods, and always provides for subsistence and survival, it does not solely drive economic development. Many
other factors also have to be in place if the provision of water is to have its full beneficial impact on society. A
strong cooperative approach between role-players and especially governmental institutions is, therefore, essential
to work together within their respective legislative and policy mandates to promote the approach to IWRM and to
ensure the best economic, social and environmental development.

A synopsis of the legal context in Uganda under which IWRM will be implemented and managed is provided by:
• The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda
• National Policies
• National Legislation
• Trans-boundary considerations, and
• International Conventions

3.2 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda (1995)

The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda sets a number of national guiding principles relating to, and supporting
the principles of sustainable development including having balanced and equitable development, which requires
that the State adopts an integrated and coordinated planning approach. It further stipulates that the State en-
sures balanced development between different areas of Uganda and between the rural and urban areas with
special measures employed to favour of the development of the least developed areas.
Through the constitution, the State is entrusted to protect important natural resources including land, water,
wetlands, minerals, oil, and fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Uganda. The state must further endeavour
to fulfil the fundamental rights of all Ugandans to social justice and economic development, with all developmental
efforts directed at ensuring the maximum social and cultural well-being of the people. In terms of the Constitu-
tion, all Ugandans have a right to education, health services, clean and safe water, work, decent shelter, adequate
clothing, food security, and pension and retirement benefits.
The State must promote sustainable development and public awareness of the need to manage land, air, water
resources, as well as use of natural resources, in a balanced and sustainable manner for the present and future
generations. All possible measures must be taken to prevent or minimise damage to land, air, and water resources
resulting from pollution or other causes. The Constitution entrusts the State to ensure the conservation of natural
resources and promote the rational use of natural resources to safeguard and protect the biodiversity of Uganda.
Through all this, the Constitution sets the scene for Integrated Water Resource Management in Uganda.

3.3 National Policies

3.3.1 National Water Policy (1999)

The 1999 National Water Policy provides an overall policy framework that defines the Government’s policy objec-
tive as managing and developing water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, to secure
and provide water of adequate quantity and quality for all social and economic needs sustainably, with the full
participation of all stakeholders,”(Directorate of Water Resources Management, 2012).
According to the National Water Policy and the Water Act Cap 152, the responsibilities to provide water services
and to maintain facilities were devolved to local councils in districts and urban centres. The role of the Central
Government’s Agencies is that of guiding and supporting as required. The Act thus emphasises the shared respon-
sibilities in development and management of water resources among stakeholders, including the Private Sector
and non-Government organisations (NGOs) to regulate human activities that can pose risks to water resources. It
also provides for pollution control measures with associated penalties and fines.

5 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

The existing policy and legal framework promotes wise use of water resources from the lowest possible level, while
considering roles to be played by different stakeholders at different levels. This offers an opportunity to ensure
that communities can actively participate in the development and maintenance of water sources within a given
catchment.

3.3.2 National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995)
The national policy for the conservation and management of wetland resources (1995) is aimed at restricting the
continued loss of wetlands and their associated resources and aims to ensure that benefits derived from wetlands
are sustainably and equitably distributed to all people of Uganda. The wetlands policy calls for:

• No drainage of wetlands unless more important environmental management requirements supersede

• Sustainable use to ensure that benefits of wetlands are maintained for the foreseeable future
• Environmentally sound management of wetlands to ensure that other aspects of the environment are not
adversely affected
• Equitable distribution of wetland benefits
• The application of Environmental Impact Assessment procedures on all activities to be carried out in a
wetland to ensure that wetland development is well planned and managed.

Wetland related issues have been incorporated into the National Environmental Statute, 1995. The Wetlands Policy
is strengthened by a supplementary law specifically addressing wetland concerns. Wetland resources are regarded
as forming an integral part of the environment and is recognised that present attitudes and perceptions of Ugan-
dans regarding wetlands be changed. Wetland conservation requires a coordinated and cooperative approach
involving all the concerned people and organisations in the country, including the local communities.
Within the context of the guiding principles, the National Wetlands Policy set five goals:

• To establish the principles by which wetland resources can be optimally used over time
• To end practices, which reduce wetland productivity
• To maintain the biological diversity of natural or semi-natural wetlands
• To maintain wetland functions and values
• To integrate wetland concerns into the planning and decision making of other sectors.

3.3.3 Uganda National Land Policy

The policy provides a framework for articulating the role of land in national development, land ownership, distribu-
tion, utilisation, alienability, management, and control of land. The Land Policy has a specific objective that seeks
to ensure sustainable utilisation, protection and management of environmental, natural and cultural resources on
land for national socio-economic development. It seeks to ensure that all land use practices and plans conform to
principles of sound environmental management, including biodiversity, preservation, soil and water conservation,
and sustainable land management. Section 6.7, item 140 promotes optimal and sustainable use and management
of environment and natural resources for the present and future generations.

3.3.4 National Forestry Policy

It provides for the establishment, rehabilitation and conservation of watershed protection forests. It aims
at promoting the rehabilitation and conservation of forests that protect the soil and water in Uganda's key
water-sheds and river systems.

3.3.5 The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda

The overall goal of the Renewable Energy policy is to increase the use of modern renewable energy, from the
current 4% to 61% of the total energy consumption by the year 2017. Renewable sources of energy include solar
energy, hydropower, biomass, wind, and geothermal as well as peat and wastes. For hydropower, the policy targets
1,200MW of installed capacity by 2017 for large hydropower plants and 85MW of installed capacity by 2017 for
small and micro hydropower plants.

3.4 National legislation

3.4.1 Water Act Cap 152 (1997)
Uganda’s Water Act Cap 152 provides for the use, protection, and management of water resources and supply; and
facilitates the devolution of water supply and sewerage undertakings. Its objectives are:

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 6

i) To promote the rational management and use of the water resources of Uganda by:
• Use of appropriate standards and techniques for the investigation, use, control, protection, management
and administration of water resources
• Coordinating all public and private activities which may influence the quality, quantity, distribution, use or
management of water resources
• Coordinating, allocating and delegating responsibilities for the investigation, use, control, protection,
management or administration of water resources
ii) To promote the provision of a clean, safe and sufficient supply of water for domestic purposes
iii) To ensure appropriate development and use of water resources other than for domestic use, e.g. water-
ing of stock, irrigation and agriculture, industrial, commercial and mining uses, generation of energy, navigation,
fishing, preservation of flora and fauna, and recreation in ways which minimise damage to the environment

iv) To control pollution and promote the safe storage, treatment, discharge and disposal of waste, which may
pollute water or otherwise harm the environment and human health.
According to the National Water Policy (1999) and the Water Act Cap 152, the responsibilities to provide water ser-
vices and to maintain facilities are devolved to local councils in districts and urban centres, with full mandates to
construct, acquire or alter any water supply work. The role of the Central Government’s Agencies is that of guiding
and supporting as required. The Act thus emphasises the shared responsibilities in development and management
of water resources among stakeholders (including the Private Sector and NGOs) to regulate human activities that
can pose risks to water resources. It also provides for pollution control measures with associated penalties and
fines.

Other Water Sector related policies form synergies with the Water Policy include:

• The National Gender Policy of 1999, which recognises women and children as the key stakeholders of water
• The Local Government Act of 1997, which underscores the role of Local Government in provision and man-
agement of water and sanitation, empowering the local authorities to plan and to implement development inter-
ventions according to local needs
• The 1998 Land Act, which stipulates the responsibility of the Central and Local Government in protecting
environmentally sensitive areas such as natural lakes, rivers, groundwater, natural ponds, natural streams, wet-
lands, forest reserves, national parks and any other land reserved for ecological and tourist purposes
• The 1998 Water Abstraction and Wastewater Discharge Regulations for controlling water abstraction and
wastewater discharge, to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly development and use of water resourc-
es. Some issues feature at the level of the policy and regulatory framework while others are crucial at catchment
level. For instance, plans to develop irrigation schemes necessitate the development of a proper mechanism to
protect water use rights and to settle disputes, especially between upstream and downstream water users. Issues
of equity exist, whereby some users, often powerful up-stream users, put their interests first. In establishing the
mechanism to handle user rights and conflict resolution, issues of active participation of all concerned stakehold-
ers, including women, livestock keepers, and youths, should be taken into consideration.

The existing policy and legal framework promotes wise use of water resources from the lowest possible level, while
considering roles to be played by different stakeholders at different levels. This offers an opportunity to ensure
communities actively participate in development and maintenance of water sources.

3.4.2 National Environment Act (1995)

The National Environmental Act provides for “sustainable management of the environment; to establish an au-
thority as a coordinating, monitoring, and supervisory body for that purpose; and for other matters incidental to
or connected with the foregoing.”
The Act makes provision for a tiered approach to environmental planning, commencing with a National Environ-
mental Management Plan to be prepared and reviewed every five years. Each district is required to compile a
district environmental action plan every three years that compliments the National Environmental Management
Plan. Both of these plans are made available to the public. At a project scale, the Act stipulates that developments
of a certain nature (as determined under Section 19(7) of the Act) are required to undertake detailed Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) process in a prescribed manner.

The Act also makes provision for the monitoring of air and water quality and makes provision for the establishment
and implementation of minimum standards pertaining to emissions and effluent.
Section 34 of the Act deals specifically with limitations in the use of rivers and lake systems and aims to minimise
the negative impacts and control activities that have the potential to be detrimental to these systems. The Act
goes on to make specific provisions for the protection of river banks and lake shores in Section 35 and protection
and management of wetland systems in Section 36 and 37 respectively.

7 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Hilly and mountainous areas have also been identified as areas requiring special attention and protection by the
Act. The Act makes provision for the restoration of vegetative cover in these areas. This Act coupled with the
provisions made in the Prohibition of the Burning of Grass Act (1974) and the Forest Act (1947) and the Cattle Graz-
ing Act (1945) provides a good basis for restoration, protection and management of vegetative cover in hilly and
mountainous areas.

3.5 Trans-boundary considerations

The trans-boundary nature of Uganda’s water resources are such that there are a number of international conven-
tions relating to management of water resources with which Uganda must comply. Currently, the key conventions/
organisations to which Uganda is party are; theProtocol for Sustainable Development of Lake Victoria Basin and
Nile Basin Initiative.

3.5.1 Legal Framework for the Sustainable Management of the Nile Waters

Treaties regarding the management of the waters of the Nile basin date back to 1929 when Great Britain and
Egypt signed an agreement under which no irrigation, power works or other measures were to be constructed or
undertaken on the Nile, and its branches, or on lakes from which it flows in the Sudan, or in countries under British
administration except with the previous agreement of the Egyptian government. The Agreement was followed by
the 1959 Agreement on the Full Utilisation of the Nile Waters, which was signed between Egypt and Sudan. The
1959 Agreement allocates the waters of the Nile between the two signatory states.

3.5.2 Agreed Curve for the Lake Victoria Release:

Before the construction of the Nalubale (Owen Falls) Dam, which began in 1951, the outflows from Lake Victoria
were controlled naturally by the Ripon Falls some 3km upstream of the dam site. After study of the discharge mea-
surements, which had been made since 1923at Namasagali, about 80km downstream of the lake outfall, an Agreed
Curve was established, which described the natural relation between lake levels measured at the Jinja gauge and
simultaneous measured outflows from the lake. Since 1954 (when the Nalubale Dam was completed), water flow
from the lake has been constrained to mimic the natural outflows from the lake using a rating “Agreed Curve” that
correlates the flow of the Nile at the source with Lake Victoria water level.

3.5.3 Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement

The Nile Basin countries embarked on the process of negotiating and developing a new agreement for the sustain-
able management and development of the shared Nile water resourcesin the 1990s. This process is still on-going
and it is envisaged that once these negotiations are successfully concluded, the resulting agreement will supersede
all the existing Nile water agreements (NELSAP, 2012).

3.5.4 The Lake Victoria Basin Commission

The Lake Victoria Basin Commission, which was established under article 33 of the “Protocol for Sustainable De-
velopment of Lake Victoria Basin” has a broad function of promoting, facilitating and coordinating activities of dif-
ferent actors towards sustainable development and poverty eradication of the Lake Victoria Basin. These activities
include catchment management interventions among others.

3.6 International Conventions

3.6.1 Ramsar Convention (1971)

The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) is an intergovernmental treaty that commits member countries to
maintain the ecological character of Wetlands of International Importance and to plan for the "wise use", or sus-
tainable use, of all of the wetlands in their territories. The Convention's mission is "the conservation and wise use of
all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving
sustainable development throughout the world. “The wise use of wetlands is defined as "the maintenance of their
ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sus-
tainable development." Uganda signed the Convention on the 4thJuly 1988. It currently has 12 Ramsar registered
wetland systems, representing a combined area of 454,303ha.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 8

3.6.2 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and related Kyoto Protocol

Uganda ratified the UNFCCC in 1993 and is one of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs).The First National Com-
munication to the UNFCCC was developed in 2002. A Climate Change Policy was launched in 2012, with a related
prioritisation of outputs under a short (1-5 years), medium (6-10 years) and long-term (10-15 years) timeframes. The
priorities in the National Climate Change Policy have been integrated in the Second National Development Plan
(NDP II) 2015/16 – 2019/2020.

3.6.3 UN Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention’s main objective is to ensure the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its
components. The study process should undertake thorough investigation of the sites and come up with lists of bio-
diversity in the areas and available information indicate that none of the groups are threatened, rare or vulnerable,
hence no impact of the project on such groups.

3.6.4 International conventions for shared water resources

There are a number of international conventions relating to management of shared water resources with which
Uganda must comply. Currently, the key conventions/organisations to which Uganda is party are; the Protocol for
Sustainable Development of Lake Victoria Basinand Nile Basin Initiative referred to in section 3.5.3 above.

3.7 Institutional setup

3.7.1 National Level

The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) plans and coordinates all water and environmental sector activi-
ties and is the ultimate authority responsible for water resources and environmental management in Uganda. The
MWE has the overall responsibility for setting national policies and standards related to water and the environ-
ment, managing and regulating all water resources and determining priorities for water development and man-
agement. The MWE is divided into three directorates: Directorate of Water Resource Management (DWRM), the
Directorate of Water Development (DWD), and the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA).

The DWD has the responsibility for providing overall technical oversight for the planning, implementation, and
supervision of the delivery of urban and rural water and sanitation services across the country including water for
production. It is responsible for regulating the provision of water supply and sanitation and the provision of capac-
ity development and other support services to Local Governments, Private Operators and other service providers.
The Directorate comprises of three Departments: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Urban Water Supply and
Sanitation, and Water for Production.

The DEA is responsible for environmental policy, regulation, coordination, inspection, supervision and monitoring
of the environment and natural resources as well as the restoration of degraded ecosystems and mitigating and
adapting to climate change. The DEA comprises of four departments of Environmental Support Services (DESS),
Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD), Wetlands Management (WMD), and the Department of Meteorology
(DOM), recently turned into an Authority.

The MWE further works closely with the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), which is mandated
with the coordination, monitoring, regulation, and supervision of environmental management; the National Water
and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) — with the mandate to operate and provide water and sewerage services in
the larger urban centers; and the National Forest Authority (NFA), whose mandate is to manage Central
Forest Reserves and to supply high quality forestry-related products and services (see Figure 3.1).
Other national entities significantly impacted by technical water management issues are the Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF); the Ministry of Tourism and Industry (MTI); and the Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Development (MEMD). The Ministry of Education and Sports (MES) is responsible for the implemen-
tation of Water and Sanitation in schools, and the Ministry of Health (MOH) is responsible for sanitation via the
environmental health department.

The Ministry of Local Government (MLG) oversees the implementation of Local Government Development Plans,
which include water supply and programmes for the improvement of hygiene and sanitation in institutions and
public places. There are a number of development partners, private sector, and NGOs that also act in the water

9 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

sector providing services, advice, and facilitation. A number of NGOs active in the water sector are coordinated at
the national level through the Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network (UWASNET), an umbrella
organisation largely funded by development partners and the MWE. An outline of organisations directly or
indirectly involved in water management is indicated in Figure 3.3.

Authorities and
Agencies
(Reporting to the Minister)
Ministry of Water and • National Forestry
Authority (NFA)
Environment • National Water and
Sewage Corporation
(NWSC)
• National Environment
Management Authority
Directorate of Directorate of Water Directorate of (NEMA)
Water Development ( Resources Management Environment Affairs
DWD) (DWRM) (DEA)

Departments Departments Departments Departments,

• Urban Water Supply • Water Resource Monitoring • Environment Support Divisions and Units
and Sewerage and Assessment • Wetlands Management (Reporting to IPS)
• Rural Water Supply • Water Resource Planning • Forestry Support • Finance and
and Sanitation and Regulation Administration Dept
• Water for Production • Water Quality Management o Procurement Unit
o Internal Audit Unit
• Planning Division
o Policy Analysis Unit
• Department of Meteorology
• Climate Change Unit
Figure 3.1: Institutional Setup at a National Level (MWE, 2009)

Coordination is a key process for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which involves multiple stake-
holders from different sectors, on different scales, and with different structures and interests. At the national level,
the following committees are relevant to integrated water resources management:

• The Policy Committee on Environment: chaired by the Prime Minister, at the highest level of political
decision-making
• The Water Policy Committee, which is composed of directors, and enables high-level and strategic
dialogue specifically in the water sector
• The IWRM Working group, which is an informal working group enabling technicians to coordinate
• The Water and Environment Sector Working Group (WESWG)
• The Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee regarding Water for Production, comprising members from the
MWE, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Office of the Prime Minister, National Planning
Authority, and Ministry of Finance. It meets on a quarterly basis to coordinate investments and works regarding
water for production
• The Wetlands Advisory Group (WAG), which is a technical group dedicated to wetlands. The WAG improves
coordination on wetlands issues, particularly on the issue of dry land rice
• The MWE-DWRM has created Water Net, a network for building capacities of stakeholders connected to
the water sector.
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the apex body for environmental law enforcement in
Uganda. However, several functions have been delegated to other institutions as lead agencies in their respective
fields. NEMA is in charge of:
• Review and administrative clearance of environmental evaluations, in conjunction with other lead agencies
• Delivery of permits (for instance, permits for activities within the legal buffer zones of water bodies). The
responsibility of delivering permits is vested into the different lead institutions
• Monitoring compliance. The responsibility of control is distributed over 375 gazetted inspectors (2014) dis-
tributed in many Ugandan institutions (including the MWE). Only 30 of them belong to NEMA.
An Environmental Police has been formed at NEMA, comprising 25 officers. Only five regional Environmental Po-
lice officers (liaison officers) have been designated, among which one is based in Mbale (for the eastern region: his
area covers 52 districts corresponding to a quarter of the country) and one in Jinja (for the south-eastern region).
The liaison officers belong to the regular police but are specifically trained in environmental issues. They are under
the command of the territorial police (Regional Police Commander/District Police Commander). Their functions
include sensitisation, demarcation, control, issuing warnings, following up of cases, eviction, and prosecution.
Within each district, there are offices that are in charge of the environment, forestry, wetlands, agriculture, fisheries,
planning among others. However, the structure varies from district to district.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 10

3.7.2 Regional Level

As a result of the deconcentration of the management of water resources, DWRM created four Water Management
Zones (WMZ) following hydrological boundaries. They operate on regional level with the objective of bringing the
central services closer to the stakeholders. Their primary role is to facilitate sustainable development of the water
resources for the economic and social benefit of the people in the catchment and to implement the water man-
agement measures needed to protect and conserve the catchment and its water resources, ensure sustainability
and reduce or resolve conflicts over resource use.
The DWD established the Water and Sanitation Development Facility (WSDF) as a mechanism for supporting water
supply and sanitation facilities for rural growth centres and small towns, intended to promote a demand-responsive
approach where Water Authorities/Town Councils or Town Boards apply for funding. The successful applicant is
assisted by the WSDF to develop piped water supply systems.
Technical Support Units (TSU) established by DWD at the regional level have the mandate to support capacity
building of district-based structures. This involves training, technical advice and support supervision of districts to
enable them to effectively implement their roles in the rural sub-sector. The mandate also covers water for produc-
tion.
Umbrella Organisations (UO) are also regional organisations constituted as associations of the local Water Supply
and Sanitation Boards (WSSB) with the principal objective of providing operation and maintenance (O&M) back-up
support (training, technical, legal and organisational support, supervision of rehabilitation and extension works as
well as water quality monitoring).
The DWD has further deployed staff from its Department of Water for Production to the regions while DEA has also
established offices for its Wetlands Department on regional level.

These deconcentrated units in the regions are based together for improved cooperation and integration and
represent the MWE on regional level.

During the catchment management planning process, an institutional framework has to be created, which brings
the stakeholders together to present and exchange their views and thus give the process legitimacy. Hence, the
WMZ establishes Catchment Management Organisations (CMOs), which builds on and utilises to the maximum
practicable extent existing structures and relationships. The CMOs consists of several bodies Figure 3 2:

 The Catchment Stakeholder Forum (CSF) brings together all actors on catchment management. The CSF
defines key issues related to water resources in the catchment that require consideration in order to effectively
protect, manage, and develop water resources. It provides input to the CMP for coordinated, integrated and sus-
tainable development and management of water and related resources in the catchment, including their imple-
mentation status

 The Catchment Management Committee (CMC) is composed of representatives of all relevant stakehold-
er groups (government, politicians, and community based organisations, NGOs, water users, media, academic
institutions, and private sector) and collaborates with the WMZ during the formulation of a Catchment Manage-
ment Plan and plays a steering role during its implementation. The CMC responsibilities include: coordination of
stakeholder-driven definition of key issues related to water resources, promotion of coordinated planning, and
implementation as well as stakeholder-driven decision making related to integrated and sustainable development
and management of water and related resources, development of plans for coordinated, integrated and sustain-
able development and management of water and related resources. It endorses the CMP and presents it to the
Catchment Stakeholder Forum for information purposes. The CMC acts as an Executive Board for the Catchment
Management Organisation.

 The Catchment Management Secretariat (CMS) provides support to the Catchment Management Com-
mittee in coordinating the planning and implementation of activities in the catchment as well as following up of
recommended actions by the stakeholders. The CMS acts as an administrative secretariat for the Catchment Man-
agement Committee as well as the Catchment Technical Committee.

 The Catchment Technical Committee (CTC) forms the technical arm of the CMO and supports the CMC in
their tasks. The CTC brings technical expertise and knowledge during the formulation of the Catchment
Management Plan, operationalises and sometimes implements programmes and projects from the plan, and
generally ensures that the different districts collaborate to implement the plan. It comprises of technical people
from government, NGOs, private sector, development agencies, and other relevant organisations in the catchment.

11 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Tasks, Requests,
CSF Activities
Broad representation of Reports and
catchmentstakeholders Feedback

Catchment Level

CMC
Executive arm of the
CMS
CMO, strategic guidance CTC Lean secretariat for
day-to-day operations
Technical arm of the
CMO, bringing
technical experience
and knowledge

Sub - CMC Sub-Catchment

Operations on sub- Level
catchment level

Micro - CMC Micro-Catchment

Operations on micro- Level
catchment level

Figure 3.2: Catchment Management Organisation Structure (DWRM, 2016)

Other relevant institutions on the catchment level are:

 At the District Level, the District Natural Resources Department (including the District Environment Office,
District Forestry Office, and District Wetlands Office), District Works or Engineering Department under which the
District Water Office falls, District Production Department with the District Agricultural Office, District Veterinary
Office, and District Fisheries Office, District Planning Department, Department of Community Based Services, Dis-
trict Information Department, and District Health Department are key in the implementation of the CMP. However,
the structure varies from district to district according to the natural conditions in the district

 Policies at national level are translated into Sector Development Plans, which are implemented at district
level under the Decentralisation Policy. Most districts have 5-year district development plans in which all sector
plans are integrated. Natural Resources Management activities are mandated to be implemented by every district,
Sub-counties, CBOs and CSOs,Water User Associations etc.

Additionally, there are a number of private sector and NGOs, which also act in the water sector, providing services,
advice, and facilitation. They work on catchment and regional level or sometimes combine the two.
Many of these NGOs are coordinated at the national level through the Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Net-
work (UWASNET), an umbrella organisation largely funded by development partners and the MWE.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 12

 Overall coordination
MoLG MoEMD MoTI MAAIF MWE MoES MFPED MoH MGLSD between government
Natioanl Level: development partners
and NGOs
Monitoring and assessment
Planuing and regulation Parastal WESWG
advice and facilition Organisations
MWE MoEMD
quality assurance and guidance DWRM DWD DEA NEMA
NEMA MoLG
capacity development MWSC
NAAIF MWSC Sub - groups
financial assistance and funding NFA
MoTI
ENR
WSS
Regional Level:
Monitoring of assessment Decentralised Reginal Facilitaion:
planning and Regulation Technical Support Units (TSUs) Private
Advice and Facilitation Umbrella Organisations (UOs) sector
Quality assurance and guidance Water Management Zones (WMZs)
capacity development Constractors and
Water and Sanitation Dveloment Fcility (WSDF)
financial assistance and funding consutants providing
services at natioanl
regional and
Community Level: community levels
Cordination of management District Local Government Community Based Organisation (CBO’s)
and development activities
District Water office (DWO) Catchment based management Organisation
Implementation of infrastracture NGOs
District Environment Office (DEO) (CMOs)
project and programmes
District Forestry Office (DFO) Water User Associations (WUAs)
operations and maintence Represented
District Directorate Health Services (DDHS) District Water and Sanitations Copordination
community mobilisation and nationally by
District Education Office (DEO) Commitees (DWSCCs)
stakeholders participation ensuring UWASNET
demand- driven implementation
Communications and awareness numerous CBOs as required
raising
accountability advice and facilitation

Figure 3.3: An Overview of Uganda's Water and Environment Sector (MWE, 2009)

13 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

3.7.4 Institutional Issues

Water resources management in Uganda continues to face some institutional challenges, mainly related with
tech-nical capacity, coordination, and enforcement of rules. Table 3.1 highlights some of these challenges.

Table 3.1: Institutional issues and implications

Issues Background and Implications

Technical Capacity in Limited capacity in institutions on local level with limited knowledge base.
local authorities This has an impact on development and service delivery.

Coordination and Development initiatives by respective institutions are planned independently.

cooperation between Lack of coordination leads to inefficient use of water resources and lack of
institutions resource protection.

New institutional CMOs are being established. More direct interaction on local level with
framework in water institutions will create more awareness and integration. Required capacities are
management being transferred to the zones.

Water user participation Formal stakeholder forums are not established yet. Some water sector
committees such as water and sanitation advocacy committees need to be
expanded. Water sector user groups lack capacity and information on good
management practices.

Law enforcement Limited capacity and political will to enforce legislation leads to degradation of
natural resources.

Development of It is vital that CMPs are implemented to achieve sustainability. All parties need
Catchment to reach agreement on actual accountability, actual monitoring and actual
Management Plans enforcement as it is here where success or failure of initiatives will be
determined.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 14

 04 STATUS OF THE CATCHMENT

4.1 Catchment Physiography

4.1.1 Description

The Albert Nile, which is part of the main Nile, starts at the outlet of Lake Albert and runs through the northern
part of Uganda up to the South Sudan border. It drains an area of 21,234km2 from West Nile and Northern
Uganda, covering 11 districts of Adjumani, Amuru, Arua, Gulu, Koboko, Maracha, Moyo, Nebbi, Nwoya, Yumbe,
and Zombo in part or whole.

The estimated population of all the 11 districts covered by the Albert Nile Catchment, based on the provisional
results of the 2014 Population and Housing census, is 2,979,610 (UBOS, 2014), and using the available spatial and
statistical data, 95.79% (2,854,030 people) of these live within the catchment.

Arua is the largest district and the most densely populated, and it is wholly in the catchment area while Maracha
District is currently the smallest district of the catchment. Amuru District, as compared to its area, is the least
densely populated of the Albert Nile Catchment.

The districts of Arua, Adjumani, and Maracha, are wholly in the catchment area while those of, Amuru, Gulu, Ko-
boko, Moyo, Nebbi, Nwoya, Yumbe, and Zombo are partially in the catchment area.

Figure 4.1: Administrative Units in Albert Nile Catchment

15 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

4.1.2 Sub-catchments

The Albert Nile Catchment was delineated into 11 primary sub-catchments and 22 secondary sub-catchments as
shown in Figure 4.2. These primary and secondary sub-catchments are shared among various districts; therefore
the management plan and criteria for allocation of water resources to different areas and uses shall follow a
shared and coordinated approach.

Figure 4.2: Primary and Secondary sub-catchments for Albert Nile Catchment

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 16

Table 4.1: Primary and secondary sub-catchments in the Albert Nile Catchment

Primary sub-catchment name Secondary sub-catchment Secondary sub-catchment code Area (Km²)
name
1 Pakwach Pakwach AN1a 1,306
2 Panyango Panyango AN2a 2,024
3 Ome Ome AN3a 1,518
4 Ora Upper Ora AN4a 861
Nyagak AN4b 746
Middle Ora AN4c 420
Lower Ora AN4d 582
5 AN_up_Enyau Ala AN5a 1,289
Acha AN5b 671
Oyo AN5c 1,022
6 Enyau Upper Enyau AN6a 243
Middle Enyau AN6b 479
Oru AN6c 437
Lower Enyau AN6d 1,023
7 AN_up_Kochi AN_up_Kochi AN7a 1,730
8 Kochi Upper Kochi AN8a 542
Lower Kochi AN8b 1,091
9 Laropi Laropi AN9a 1,149
10 Ayugi Ayugi AN10a 1,924
AN_Up_Ayugi AN10b 602
11 Unyama Upper Unyama AN11a 612
Lower Unyama AN11b 962

Albert Nile catchment area (Total) 21,234

4.1.3 Land cover

The Albert Nile Catchment is comprised of four main eco-regions (or broad ecological units); the East-Sudanian
Savanna which is dominant, the Victoria Basin forest Savanna mosaic extending in the central lower part of the
catchment, the Northern Congolian forest Savanna mosaic extending (north-south direction) over the western
most part of the catchment, and the Albertine Rift montane forest limited to a small area in the south-western
lower corner of the catchment and corresponding to the high altitude reliefs present in this [Link] dominant land
cover type of the Albert Nile is subsistence farmland, followed by natural forests and grasslands. Natural forests
include both woodlands and tropical high forests; wetlands are mainly distributed along the Albert Nile River and
its tributaries.

A dense wetland network (formed by both permanent and seasonal wetlands) is present along the river course;
bush land, thickets and woodland are dominating especially on the eastern side of the Nile; while on the western
side of the river up to the border with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the dominant vegetation coverage
is formed by small/subsistence croplands. The wetland area in Albert Nile amounts about 1,750km2, representing
about 8% of the total catchment area. Out of this 8%, 4.5% is formed by permanent wetlands and 3.5% by sea-
sonal/temporary wetlands.

Various protected areas are present along the Albert Nile and in particular on the eastern side, including a Sanc-
tuary (Otzi White Rhino sanctuary), Wildlife Reserves (WR), Central Forest Reserves (CFR), and the Murchison Falls
National Park to the southern end of the catchment area; the latter is designated as Ramsar [Link] forests
(includes the categories of NFA land cover tropical forest and woodlands) in Albert Nile cover about 5728 km2 con-
stituting about 26% of the total catchment area. Forest Plantations have a very limited coverage in the catchment
and represent the 0.2% of the catchment area.

17 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

The conservation of (fauna and flora) species is mostly confined to the measures and types of protection that can
be realised inside protected areas; considering that the legislation and management of biodiversity outside PAs
are largely inadequate (NEMA, 2012). For this reason, the extent of protected area inside the catchment can be
considered an adequate instrument to evaluate the most biodiversity rich hotspots or the areas where ecosys-
tems and the services they provide are conserved more intact. The total surface of protected territory amounts
to 2532km2, which is about 12% of the total catchment area

Figure 4.3: Land cover in Albert Nile Catchment

4.1.4 Climate

The Albert Nile Catchment registers a single rainfall peak with an average annual rainfall of about 1,200mm, the
highest singleannual amount being slightly more than 1,400mm and the lowest being about 1,100mm. Figure 4.4
shows the mean monthly rainfall pattern for the entire catchment.

Temperature analysis based on four meteorological stations of Arua, Gulu, Moyo, and Kitgum indicates that max-
imum has highest values between January and March (31 – 33 °C) and the lowest between July and August (27
– 29 °C). Minimum temperatures are generally more homogenous during the year (2°C of variation) and for the
four stations monthly means range between 17 and 21°C. The mean temperature during the year within the entire
catchment is about 24 °C. This area experiences high rates of evapotranspiration, which has a resultant effect on
runoff, groundwater recharge and dry season flows, increasing drought risks.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 18

 Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall Pattern

4.1.5 Geology and Soils

The central part of Upper Nile WMZ is underlain by Precambrian crystalline basement rocks, which were formed
some 3,000 million years ago and have been modified and altered by subsequent geological events including the
rifting and volcanic activity, as well as the deposition of associated sediments. Banded gneisses are present in the
western parts of the catchment in West Nile. Rocks are overlain by predominantly ferrallitic, and to a lesser extent
ferruginous soils. Some parts of this area are rich in iron and aluminium due to the leaching of other minerals. On
the left side on Albert Nile, mainly sandy yellowish loams soils are predominant.

4.2 Water Resources

The availability of water resources within the Albert Nile is spatially variable and dependent on both surface and
groundwater. This section of the CMP presents an assessment of water availability based on the mean hydrolog-
ical year and drought hydrological year for the current and projected situations for 2030 and 2040 under climate
change. The main sources of surface water in the Albert Nile Catchment are rivers, lakes, permanent and tempo-
rary wetlands while recharge is considered to be the main input to the groundwater resource. An assessment of
infrastructure utilising this water resource has been made and is presented in the water demand section.

4.2.1 River systems, lakes and wetlands

The Albert Nile, which is part of the River Nile system, serves as the main river within this catchment and has many
tributaries. Albert Nile River starts at the outflow of Lake Albert and follows the western arm of the East African
Rift Valley into South Sudan, where it joins the Aswa River and becomes the Bahr el Jebel or White Nile River.
There exists a dese network of wetlands along the river course, Figure 4.5. These wetlands in the Albert Nile
constitute about 7% of the catchment area, of which 4% is permanent and 3% seasonal/temporary wetlands.
Clearly, this is a resource that enhances social economic activity within the area.

19 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Figure 4.5: Wetlands in the Albert Nile catchment

4.2.2 Climate Change

Climate change is a major driver to water resources availability and, therefore, was analysed to assess its impact on
available water for the periods 2030 and 2040. This was done in order to assess water availability against demand
for water allocation purposes. In particular, data regarding future projections for 2010-2040 for the main climatic
variables (temperature and rainfall) was considered for the analysis. It was found that within the spectrum on tem-
peratures in Uganda, and in particular for the mean annual value (about 24°C), potential evapotranspiration shall
increase by about 7% in 2030 and 10% in 2040. Rainfall is seen to generally increase in intensity thereby causing
increased flooding. These results were included in the water resources assessment and water balance scenarios as
seen in the subsequent sections.

4.2.3 Water availability

The water resources assessment provides the water resources availability in the current mean hydrological year,
associated with the current condition on surface network and groundwater system in a pristine scenario, and the
characterisation of the drought year, including the impact of climate change in 2030 and 2040. A monthly wa-
ter-balance model was used to examine the various components of the hydrologic cycle (for example, precipitation,
evapotranspiration, and runoff). Surface flows were estimated using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model linking
climate to runoff and estimates of potential groundwater recharge were derived from water balance model. The
water balance study was conducted combining water resources and water uses in four water balance scenarios

• Scenario 1: mean hydrological year and water use for 2015

• Scenario 2: drought hydrological year and water use for 2015
• Scenario 3: mean hydrological year with climate change at 2030 and water use for 2030
• Scenario 4: mean hydrological year with climate change at 2030 and water use for 2040.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 20

Table 4.2 below shows the available surface water within the Albert Nile for each of the scenarios, together
with the recharge rates.
Table 4.2: Surface Water Availability and Groundwater Recharge

Scenario Scenario description/Name Resource (MCM/Yr)

Overall GW recharge
1 Mean hydrological year 4,764 2,257
2 Drought hydrological year 3,012 1,486
3 Mean hydrological year - climate change 2030 4,268 2,036
4 Mean hydrological year - climate change 2040 4,074 1,949

The distribution of the resources in the sub-catchments is as shown in Table 4.3 below,
together with a comparison of the variations from the mean hydrological year, 2015.

Table 4.3: Sub-Catchment water availability

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CURRENT SITUATION AND OTHER SCENARIOS –

OVERALL RESOURCES
Primary sub- Secondary Scenario 1 - Variation of overall Resources from Scenario 1
catchment sub-catch- CURRENT SIT-
ment UATION (MCM/ Scenario 2 - Scenario 3 - Scenario 4 -
Yr) Drought Mean, 2030 Mean, 2040
Pakwach AN1a 187 -43% -13% -18%
Panyango AN2a 507 -41% -11% -15%
Ome AN3a 334 -41% -11% -15%
Ora AN4a 242 -25% -9% -12%
AN4b 207 -26% -9% -12%
AN4c 77 -32% -10% -14%
AN4d 116 -30% -10% -14%
AN_up_ AN5a 234 -37% -11% -16%
Enyau
AN5b 125 -35% -11% -16%
AN5c 185 -41% -11% -16%
Enyau AN6a 72 -26% -9% -12%
AN6b 120 -26% -10% -13%
AN6c 101 -26% -10% -13%
AN6d 174 -36% -11% -15%
AN_up_ AN7a 313 -43% -12% -17%
Kochi
Kochi AN8a 127 -27% -10% -14%
AN8b 190 -39% -12% -16%
Laropi AN9a 195 -40% -11% -16%
Ayugi AN10a 565 -39% -9% -13%
AN10b 142 -40% -10% -14%
Unyama AN11a 278 -37% -8% -11%
AN11b 273 -38% -10% -13%
Albert Nile 4,764 -37% -10% -14%

21 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Overall, there is general reduction in resources available when compared with the current mean
hydrological year (2015) for both the dry hydrological year and the climate change projections
for 2030 and 2040. The variations also vary spatially across the sub-catchments. It must be not-
ed that contribution from neighbouring countries has been taken into account in the Albert Nile
Catchment analysis (secondary sub-catchments AN4b, AN4d, and AN9a).

Table 4.4 shows the variation of groundwater recharge for all the other scenarios from
the current hydrological year, Scenario 1.

Table 4.4: Variation of Groundwater Recharge from the Current Scenario

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CURRENT SITUATION AND OTHER SCENARIOS - GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Primary Secondary Variation of overall Resources from Scenario 1
sub-catch- sub-catchment
Scenario 2 - Scenario 3 - Scenario 4 -
ment
Drought Mean, 2030 Mean, 2040
Pakwach AN1a 93 -38 -11 -16
Panyango AN2a 304 -122 -32 -44
Ome AN3a 200 -81 -22 -30
Ora AN4a 145 -31 -11 -15
AN4b 124 -27 -10 -13
AN4c 46 -13 -4 -6
AN4d 70 -18 -6 -8
AN_up_Enyau AN5a 141 -50 -15 -21
AN5b 75 -25 -8 -11
AN5c 111 -43 -12 -17
Enyau AN6a 32 -7 -2 -3
AN6b 54 -11 -4 -6
AN6c 46 -9 -4 -5
AN6d 78 -23 -7 -10
AN_up_Kochi AN7a 188 -79 -23 -31
Kochi AN8a 38 -8 -3 -4
AN8b 57 -18 -5 -7
Laropi AN9a 78 -28 -8 -11
Ayugi AN10a 169 -63 -15 -21
AN10b 43 -16 -4 -6
Unyama AN11a 83 -30 -6 -9
AN11b 82 -30 -7 -10
Albert Nile 2,257 -770 -219 -304

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 22

4.2.4 Water Quality

Since the economy of Uganda is still predominantly agricultural, organic matter and nutrients are the major pollut-
ants of the aquatic environment, therefore the considered pollutants were organic matter, measured through the
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorous (TP).

The quality of a given water resource is determined by natural factors and impacts from human activities, which
can be regulated to some degree, therefore, anthropogenic pollution were considered to identify how human ac-
tivities can be regulated in order to manage water quality issues. The parameters used for estimation of pollutants
loads contained in the NWRA were the basis of the analysis. Population of 2014 Census was considered in order
to update pollution load estimates and future scenarios were created based on future population estimations and
future water demand. The main pollution sources from human activities considered were Population, Livestock,
Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Industry.

For each pollution source, the amount of pollutant was estimated based on the number and type of “polluters”,
through some parameters indicating how much pollutant is produced by a polluter.
It was observed that pollution related to agriculture, aquaculture, and industry is still quite low and negligible com-
pared to pollution from livestock and population. However, the expected increase of intensive systems in aquacul-
ture and the industrial development will lead to increases use of fertilizers and other chemicals in agriculture, which
are a potential threat to water quality.

4.2.5 Floods and Droughts

The topography of the Albert Nile Catchment coupled with a tropical climate’s rainfall intensity and/or local or re-
gional land degradation issues like deforestation and wetland drainage or the construction of hydraulic structures
that create flow blockage, increase the potential flood risk and vulnerability of local population, infrastructure,
and economic activities in flood-prone areas. Flood risk is exacerbated by the modifications to the runoff char-
acteristics due to deforestation resulting from the increased population pressure in the catchment areas close to
the water bodies such as river flood prone areas or wetlands. Apart from damage in the floodplain areas, direct
damage from floods in the Albert Nile is typically limited while indirect damage e.g. outbreaks of water borne dis-
eases among people and livestock, displacement of population, and cutting of key transport links, are reportedly
more significant. It appears that most of local flooding problems in the Albert Nile Catchment are associated with
water logging effects and increase in the inundation extent of seasonal wetlands. This type of flooding is difficult
to alleviate with the usual flood protection measures (detention storage, river course alignments, etc.), which are
more suited to river overbank flooding.

Drought episodes also continue to hit the Albert Nile Catchment and the analysis conducted for the drought hy-
drologic year shows a reduction in available water resources of about 37% from the mean hydrological year. This
poses a challenge of water allocation during these drought periods.

4.3 Water Demand

4.3.1 Current water demand

The current and projected water demand within the Albert Nile Catchment was categorised based on the user
category, with the main categories considered being;

1) Water for people/domestic water; this was estimated using population and per capita consumption relative
to each type of user
2) Water for production:
a) Crop; this was estimated using crop production, the cultivated area, and the crop water requirements
b) Livestock; this was estimated using the livestock density and the per capita consumption
c) Water for Industry; this was computed as a total of water demand for mining and quarrying, manufactur-
ing, construction, and food processing activities within the catchment.
3) Water for energy;this was computed as the total requirement for both the hydropower plants and thermal
plants.

The tables below summarise the gross water demand for these categories of water users at a sub-catchment level.

23 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Table 4.5: Current Gross water demand

WATER USE 2015

Catchment
Gross demand (m³/y)
Primary Secondary Water for people Water for production Water for energy
sub- Area
sub-
catchment (Km²) from SW from SW from SW from SW
catchment from SW from GW Total Total from SW
Industries Livestock Fishery Crops

Pakwach AN1a
An1a 1306 198,211 346,318 544,530 36,731 794,584 0.0 1,582,705 2,414,019 0
Panyango AN2a
AN2a 2024 150,437 319,694 470,130 32,410 913,866 0.0 871,824 1,818,100 0
Ome AN3a
AN3a 1518 117,123 266,544 383,667 26,803 687,057 0.0 554,762 1,268,622 1,123
AN4a
AN4a 861 620,583 192,062 812,645 53,086 784,958 0.0 2,355,238 3,193,282 5,904,718
AN4b
AN4b 533 445,811 114,445 560,257 35,567 486,048 0.0 1,050,274 1,571,889 5,018,934
Ora
AN4c
AN4c 420 198,211 127,519 325,730 22,109 383,321 0.0 1,598,156 2,003,586 650,777
AN4d
AN4d 505 428,287 352,123 780,410 55,948 1,058,717 0.0 4,654,016 5,768,681 108
AN5a
AN5a 1289 198,211 346,318 544,530 36,731 794,584 0.0 1,582,705 2,414,019 0
AN_up_Enyau
Albert Nile AN5b
AN5b 671 263,029 195,411 458,440 32,942 611,433 0.0 2,952,863 3,597,239 0
AN5c
AN5c 1022 206,833 269,370 476,203 33,947 875,419 0.0 2,116,991 3,026,357 12,167
AN6a
AN6a 243 97,679 73,038 170,717 12,255 226,099 0.0 1,054,903 1,293,257 0
AN6b
AN6b 479 330,054 282,107 612,161 43,154 710,291 0.0 788,919 1,542,364 0
Enyau
AN6c
AN6c 437 294,450 330,451 624,900 43,736 837,192 0.0 182,224 1,063,152 0
AN6d
AN6d 1023 346,697 388,282 734,979 53,812 1,279,256 0.0 3,680,618 5,013,686 0
AN_up_Kochi AN7a
AN7a 1730 107,428 628,596 736,024 53,687 2,241,717 0.0 865,338 3,160,742 40,132
AN8a
AN8a 542 191,115 430,426 621,541 45,315 1,319,542 0.0 0 1,364,857 0
Kochi
AN8b
AN8b 1091 106,821 657,486 764,307 59,133 2,501,053 0.0 660,941 3,221,127 16,675
Laropi AN9a
AN9a 953 73,344 238,305 311,649 22,636 1,148,735 0.0 1,432,605 2,603,976 41,465
AN10a
AN10a 1924 80,276 397,821 478,097 33,568 1,178,611 0.0 156,501 1,368,680 23,235
Ayugi
AN10b
AN10b 602 35,875 155,255 191,131 13,562 653,833 0.0 622,679 1,290,075 22,759
AN11a
AN11a 612 181,569 147,485 329,054 18,916 223,356 0.0 152,812 395,084 0
Unyama
AN11b
AN11b 962 130,852 170,500 301,352 19,193 351,304 0.0 82,864 453,361 10

4.3.2 Projected water demand

For each use, the future water demand was calculated through assumptions regarding future scenarios. The main
assumptions are related to the projected population growth, the planned increase of per capita water consumption
and the per capita income increase (GDP) according to the national planning framework objectives and develop-
ment trends. The population growth rates used for periods 2015-2030 and 2030-2040 are 3.2% and 2.4% respec-
tively, as derived from Uganda Vision 2040.

For domestic water, population growth rates were used along with per capita water consumption, which is expected
to increase, since current values are quite low and economic growth usually leads to increased water consumption.
In order to estimate per capita consumption for 2030 and 2040, a yearly domestic specific consumption growth of
6% (2015-2030) and 5.3% (2030-2040) was assumed.

For the Industrial and Tourism sector, most of parameters were directly related to the per capita income expected
growth that was assumed to be an annual increase of 10.3%; calculated based on the Uganda Vision 2040, where
the per capita income is expected to rise from a current baseline of US$506 in 2010 to a target of US$9,500 in 2040.
This growth rate was used to estimate the number of industrial and tourism water users. The per capita consump-
tion rates for tourists and public employees was also increased using the same growth rate.

4.4 Water Balance

The water balance is presented for all the four scenarios at primary sub-catchment level as shown in Table 4.6
and Table 4.7 below.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 24

Table 4.6: Water Balance for the Mean and Drought Hydrological Years

WATER BALANCE

MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR DROUGHT HYDROLOGICAL YEAR

Primary P (mm) AET (mm) Pnet (mm) BF (mm) P (mm) AET (mm) Pnet (mm) BF (mm)
Sub-catchment
Ora 1,336 1,091 245 147 1,155 992 164 98
Pakwach 1,160 1,017 143 71 969 890 78 39
Panyango 1,300 1,049 250 150 1,075 930 145 87
Ome 1,235 1,014 220 132 1,025 898 127 76
AN_up_Enyau 1,180 997 182 109 993 886 107 64
Enyau 1,246 1,032 214 96 1,073 934 139 63
AN_up_Kochi 1,168 987 181 109 973 872 101 61
Kochi 1,176 982 194 58 1,003 882 120 36
Laropi 1,128 958 170 68 942 845 97 39
Ayugi 1,193 914 280 84 987 817 170 51
Unyama 1,310 960 350 105 1,080 863 217 65

Table 4.7: Water Balance for the Mean Hydrological Year under climate Change Projections for 2030 and 2040

WATER BALANCE - MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR CLIMATE CHANCE

2030 2040

Primary P (mm) AET (mm) Pnet (mm) BF (mm) P (mm) AET (mm) Pnet (mm) BF (mm)
Sub-catchment
Ora 1,336 1,118 218 131 1,336 1,129 208 125
Pakwach 1,160 1,036 124 62 1,160 1,044 116 58
Panyango 1,300 1,077 223 134 1,300 1,088 212 127
Ome 1,235 1,040 195 117 1,235 1,049 185 111
AN_up_Enyau 1,180 1020 160 96 1,180 1028 151 91
Enyau 1,246 1,056 189 85 1,246 1,066 180 81
AN_up_Kochi 1,168 1010 158 95 1,168 1019 149 90
Kochi 1,176 1005 171 51 1,176 1014 162 49
Laropi 1,128 979 149 60 1,128 987 141 56
Ayugi 1,193 941 253 76 1,193 951 242 73
Unyama 1,310 991 319 96 1,310 1003 307 92

25 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

A comparison of the available water and demand indicates a very low ratio between water demand and
water availability for all the scenarios as shown in Table 4.8 below.

Table 4.8: Comparison of water demand and availability

Scenario Resource (MCM/Yr) Gross demand (MCM/ Net demand (MCM/Yr)

Yr)
Overall GW from from Total from from Total
recharge SW GW SW GW
MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR 4,764 2,257 175 6.3 182 31 4.7 36
DROUGHT HYDROLOGICAL YEAR 3,012 1,486 175 6.3 182 31 4.7 36

MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - 4,268 2,036 1,027 24.1 1,051 638 18.1 656
CLIMATE CHANGE 2030
MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - 4,074 1,949 1,757 51.2 1,808 1,078 38.4 1,117
CLIMATE CHANGE 2040

4.5 Social and Environmental State

The overall purpose of the Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment of the Albert Nile Catchment is to
identify major social and environmental issues that must be taken into account in the planning process and that
could inform the plans’ outcome. The social and socio-eco-nomic baseline of the Albert Nile emerge from the
demographic and population characteristics of the catchment, the socio-economic profile, the poverty status, an
analysis of the livelihoods at risk, and gender and vulnerable groups. From this analysis and from stakeholder
consulta-tions, the main issues — vulnerabilities and challenges that have emerged are:

• High population especially in north-western districts

• Refugee hotspots and related social conflicts
• Social conflicts related to land availability, cattle rustling, human-wildlife conflicts
• Poverty.

4.5.1 Population and demography

The estimated population of all the 11 districts covered by the Albert Nile Catchment, based on the provisional
results of the 2014 Population and Housing Census, is 2,979,610 (UBOS, 2014), and using the available spatial and
statistical data, 95.79% (2,854,030 people) of these live within the catchment. Arua and Yumbe are the two most
populous districts within the catchment (UBOS, 2014) while Maracha and Koboko are the most densely
populated having, comparatively, a far small surface area compared to the other districts. The majority of the
population in these two districts (Arua and Yumbe) and in the catchment in general is distributed in rural areas
and, therefore, depends directly on natural resources and systems for their livelihoods.

Although some of the districts reflect population growth rates between 2.7% to 3.3%, the basin has some areas
of high population growth of 9.4% (Nwoya), 7.9% (Yumbe), and 6.4% (Adjumani and Maracha respectively). For
populations that rely heavily on natural resources, this is likely to put a lot more pressure on the natural
resources with time. Table 4.9 shows a summary of the demographic characteristics of the districts within the
Albert Nile Catchment apart from Zombo, which was missing such data.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 26

 Table 4.9: Summary of Demographic Characteristics of the Albert Nile districts

4.5.2 Social-economic profile

The Albert Nile Catchment was affected by civil conflict and war in which an approximated 41,000 people
became internally displaced. During this time, households were largely unable to access land for cultivation
owing to the threat of attack. The internally displaced households suffered from malnutrition, high mortality
rates, low life expectancies, high primary school drop-out rates, and early pregnancies and marriages. But
generally, agriculture is the main source of livelihoods in this catchment.

Rain fed agriculture also remains the most practiced land use with the majority of the popula-tion depending on
it. Besides agriculture, the other socio economic activities that could take ad-vantage of the Water Resources
development within the catchment, which could also generate possible conflicts in terms of risks for livelihoods,
include:

- Forestry: forests are an important source of livelihoods; a special attention is devoted to this
issue in the future planning of the whole country (NDPs), in Albert Nile forests cover about 26% of
land area and there are a number of forest reserves that are managed both for conservation and
sustainable use purposes

- Industries: Particularly agro-processing industries (maize, oil seed, etc.) are found in major towns
and municipalities such as Arua, Nebbi, Gulu. An agro-processing hub is foreseen in Gulu

- Fishing: Fish often forms a large part of the diet of people living within the catchment most no-
tably along River Nile

- Water transport: People depend on water transport to carry goods for use and trade from
one re-gion to another, using boats, ferries and ship. There is a ferry service found on the River
Nile
- Environment and tourism: Development of tourism in Uganda is a high priority area especial-
ly within the vicinity of Pakwach. Some wildlife is found particularly along the River Nile within the
Albert Nile Catchment. Hippos, crocodiles, elephants, and sometime a variety of other wild animals
from the Murchison Falls National Park can be found

27 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 - Water Supply and Sanitation: Most of the water supply and sanitation systems found within
the towns and municipalities located in the basin use the vast water resources found within the ba-
sin. The sanitation schemes and facilities, however, both urban and rural are not well implemented
and this leads to a number of problems both from an environmental and health perspective

- Energy from Hydropower: The Nyagak Hydropower station is being established within
the basin

- Trade: The potential for developing trade as an important economic activity within the basin
are very high; and especially with a view to the strengthening and development of the
transportation and infrastructure corridor that stretches from Gulu to Arua and to the border
with DRC and, northwards, to South Sudan.

In general, there are very poor roads with districts connected through gravel murram roads, which are periodically
washed away by seasonal rains, hence rendering the region inaccessible. This scenario has hampered effective
delivery of social services and economic activities in the region.

4.5.3 Poverty Status

Poverty studies conducted by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, characterise poverty
as poor, non-poor insecure and the middle class . The catchment has a greater proportion of poor people com-
pared to other parts of the country. Poor people are in a range of 35.2% to 42.3% while the non-poor insecure pop-
ulation ranges from 40.4% to 41.4%, leaving a mere 17.3% to 23.2% of the population within the catchment in the
middle class. This presents a challenge but also an opportunity to water resources management and development.

4.5.4 Key Social issues and implications

High population density is seen to be the main driver to social-environmental issues since it creates pressures on
the environment and additional competition for land. In fact, competition over natural resources (land, oil, forests,
and minerals) is identified as one of the main drivers of social conflicts in Northern Uganda (Northern Uganda
Conflict Analysis, ACCS, 2013).
Through this assessment, a mapping of key social issues that needed to be considered in the planning process
included:

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 28

Table 4.10: Key Social Issue and Implications

Issue Implication

1 High population growth Increased pressure on water and related resources

2 Heavy dependence on rain fed agriculture Food insecurity leading to increased poverty levels and
rural-urban migration
Encroachment of wetlands in search of sustainable water
supplies

3 Increased urbanisation Increased pressure on water resources

4 Climate Change and variability in seasonal Food insecurity

rainfall
5 Refugee camps and resettlement issues Conflicts over land and related resources

6 Land ownership Conflicts and disputes over land, which ultimately ham-
pers development
7 Wetland and protected area encroachment Loss of wetlands and protected areas

8 High poverty levels Increased pressures on the environment and natural

resources
Social conflicts and disputes

4.6 Stakeholders

The involvement of Stakeholders in the planning process was fundamental for the accomplishment and implemen-
tation of the Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan.

4.6.1 Stakeholders identified

A wide spectrum of stakeholders at national, regional, district, and local levels within and outside the catchment
were identified and consulted during the development of the CMP. A broad array of stakeholders engaged are
indicated in Table 4.11.

29 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Table 4.11: Stakeholders Engaged

KEY STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

MWE Sustainable use of resources and Creating the enabling environment for
DWRM management the integration of social and environ-
DEA-WMD mental issues into catchment manage-
DWD ment, formulating guidelines, policies
NEMA and institutional frameworks, provide
NFA relevant information, and technical
support
WMZ Team Sustainable use and management Practical implementation and en-
of water resources in an integrated forcement of the IWRM approach and
manner integration with the local social and
environmental concerns
Upper Aswa Sub Catchment Sustainable use and allocation of Integration of planning about wa-
Management Committee water resources ter resources at sub-catchment and
(SCMC) catchment scale
District Water Office (DWO) Access to resources and services Information about water sources (GW/
that are essential to meet the needs SW), water supply system, water qual-
of the persons they represent ity, access to safe drinking water pro-
grammes, water source and catchment
conservation initiatives management
District Environment Committee State of environment information and
(DEC)/Office reports, including wetlands, forests,
and relevant by-laws enactment
District Forestry Office (DFO) Forest status and forestry manage-
ment plans, forest reserves information
District CAO District profiling and general informa-
tion
District Community Population records, community ser-
Development Office (DCDO) vices organisation and management,
welfare and poverty profiles, gender
and vulnerability issues
District Planning Unit (DPU) Planning and investments (district
investment profiles)
NGOs (social and Sustainable resources use liveli- Capacity building, awareness raising,
environmental) hoods and social development implementation of social and environ-
mental projects
Local water supply and sanita- Sustainable use of water resources Management of water supply systems,
tion NGOs under the UWASNET monitoring, capacity building technical
network and financial assistance
Private Companies and Use of natural and water resources Exploitation of natural and water
enterprises for profit resources, land and water limitation of
uses/constraints, financial assistance
for social and environmental projects

The identified stakeholders were analysed for their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) for
strategic and risk assessment reasons.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 30

4.6.2 Stakeholder Issues’ mapping

The identified stakeholders, through a number of consultative meetings, focused interviews, and questionnaires,
helped identify and map issues regarding water resources management and development within the catchment.
These issues are analysed and options for water resources management infrastructure development packaged in
this plan.

1) Water resources availability issues

- Water management and allocation
- Water infrastructure inefficiency
- Catchment protection, water retention, riverbanks protection
- Impacts on water resources from developments, settlements and encroachment inside PAs
- Lack of knowledge about Water Resources status
- Groundwater depletion
- Lack of capacity of technical staff especially at the district level
- Water quality testing constrained due to lack of capacity and financial allocation
- Poor or absent implementation of water collection technologies
- Chlorination of groundwater without proper studies on impacts
- Open defecation and contamination of water sources
- Floods from rivers and streams
- Water for production is poorly addressed and managed; many dams and storage reservoirs are silted
and unusable
- Lack of equipment and instruments
- Decommissioning of boreholes due to contamination of water
- Piped systems not mapped and damaged during roads construction

2) Environmental issues

- Wetland encroachment
- Water availability for natural ecosystems
- Poor sanitation coverage and pollution
- Siltation of rivers due to erosion and land degradation
- Encroachment on forests and forest reserves
- Impacts of extractive and productive activities (such as oil exploration in Murchison Falls National Park)
that are authorised inside PAs
- Lack of enforcement of policies, laws and guidelines concerning environment and wetlands
- Poor conservation efforts for the migratory route along the River Nile
- Spreading of invasive alien weed (Kariba) introduced to control the other invasive and problematic
water hyacinth
- River bank deforestation and following exposure to river bank erosion
- Bushland clear cutting and degradation
- Overgrazing and pastures degradation
- Car washing inside wetlands and rivers leading to deteriorating Water Quality
- Resistance to wetland demarcation, claim of ownership of land by communities
- Use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and insecticides (for tobacco and other cultures)
- Roads runoff leading to road destruction and siltation and pollution of swamps and rivers.
- Impacts from brick laying and sand mining activities.

3) Social issues

- Livelihoods depending on wetlands

- Constraints of access to water for vulnerable groups
- Long distances for water collection
- Limited access to irrigation technologies by women and vulnerable groups
- Poor coverage and use of sanitation facilities leading to the spreading of diseases and to open defecation
- Conflicts between Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) and local communities for land ownership and
use in and around protected areas
- Lack of community capacity about O&M activities
- Increase of Gender Based Sexual Violence (GBSV) during the water collection activities/situations
- Water conflicts between communities and schools, health facilities and/or refugee settlements: communi
ties want to access the water sources of these public institutions without sharing any burden on

31 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 maintenance
- Resistance of communities in sourcing water from one sub-county and serving the population of
other sub-counties
- Resistance from the owners of the land in using boreholes for shared use (markets, irrigation, other
members of the community)
- Need of directing communities towards alternative energy sources for their livelihoods (other than
charcoal)
- Destruction by communities of public water harvesting installations, hand washing facilities and other
sanitary facilities
- Spread of malaria caused by mismanagement of stagnant water and agricultural practices
- Operation and maintenance costs too high for communities that end up abandoning water sources
- Destruction and vandalism of water tanks in the schools by neighboring communities.

4) Institutional issues

- Mainstreaming the water management issues into various departments, no clear guidance perceived
from MWE
- Focus of water sector is on the daily provisioning of water without any strategy or planning for future
demands and catchment protection
- Lack of coordination and communication with district authorities from the MWE
- Lack of enforcement of policies, laws and guidelines concerning water management
- Understaffing especially at the district level
- MWE licensing groundwater abstraction but it is perceived by the district that this could be excessive
and damage the GW resources
- Lack of coordination in interventions, limited success and appreciation by stakeholders

Tree planting campaign in Pakwach Sub-catchment

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 32

 05 VISION, OBJECTIVES, AND ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS

5.1 Guiding Principles

The strategic planning of water resources development and management in the Albert Nile Catchment is rooted
in the Upper Nile Water Resources Development and Management Strategy, which was framed on three guiding
principles:

• Equity
• Sustainability
• Efficiency.

The Equity principle includes the social and institutional equity in allocation of resources across different social
and economic users and across different areas. The human right to safe water drives the prioritisation of water
allocation among different uses and sectors, in order to strengthen an equitable, participatory, and accountable
water governance in the catchment in line with the strategic goals and objectives established at the national level.
The Sustainability principle includes the environmental, social and economic sustainability of water use and man-
agement. Water is a finite and irreplaceable resource that is fundamental to human well-being. It is only renewable
if well managed and this requires that water is used and allocated in amounts such that the sources and sinks of
water remain within their regenerative capacity. Water sustainability refers to the recognition of the enabling role
of water resources in supporting and maintaining the integrity and resilience of social, economic and environmen-
tal systems over the long term.

The Efficiency principle entails wise and integrated management to promote technical efficiency, in the sense of
increasing outputs of available water resources, as well as allocative efficiency of scarce water resources for social
and economic development over the timeframe of the strategy.

5.2 Vision and strategic objectives

5.2.1 Vision

Acatchment vision is meant to present a collective, medium-to-long term desired future state of the catchment-
from which strategies that are realistic and locally attainable can be derived. The vision for the Albert Nile Catch-
ment was adopted from the Upper Nile WMZ Water Resources Development and Management Strategy, which
was developed with extensive stakeholder engagement. The vision for the catchment is:

Upper Nile WMZ/Catchment Vision

“A sustainable, equitable and effective water resources management and

development for socio-economic transformation by 2040 for the Albert Nile
Catchment.”

The Upper Nile Water Resources Development and Management Strategy, which is the origin of the catchment
vision, is structured in a suit of five sub-categories that provide the framework for setting strategic objectives and
related actions at the WMZ, catchment and primary sub-catchment levels.
The five sub-categories are:

33 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Table 5.1: Strategic Objectives

Water Governance is the sub-strategy that addresses the development of inte-

grated water resources management capacity and decision making at the WMZ
level including allocation, planning, regulation, monitoring, and control of water
resources in a participatory and inclusive management framework

Water for People is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring the provision of ade-
quate water supply and sanitation and hygiene services to all the urban and rural
population of the Upper Nile WMZ

Water for Production is the sub-strategy that aims at allocating water resources
to productive uses for the economic development of the Upper Nile WMZ within
the national framework of sectoral development goals and objectives

Water for Energy is the sub-strategy that focuses on the increase of renewable
energy production through development of hydropower capacity and manage-
ment of water demand for energy production

Water for Environment is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring conservation of

water related ecosystems and sustainable use natural resources within the Upper
Nile WMZ

Each sub-strategy is built on five structural components:

• Monitoring Systems and Information Management

• Water Allocation and Water Demand Management
• Water Infrastructure Development
• Water Resource Management and Environmental Protection
• Public engagement and capacity development

5.2.2 Strategic Objectives

The missionof the Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ and the
Albert Nile Catchment is to secure water for all needs up to 2040. In order to achieve this principal goal, the five
sub-strategies are coupled with nine strategic objectives, as outlined below.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 34

 Table 5.2: Water Governance Issues

1. Equitable, participatory and accountable water gover-

nance for sustainable and inclusive growth and develop-
Water Governance ment

2. Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply

Water for People 3. Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation

and hygiene

4. Sustainable use, development and management of

water resources in agriculture, livestock, aquaculture and
forestry

Water for Production 5. Sustainable use, development and management of

water resources for igro-industry, industrial production, oil
and gas

6. Sustainable use, development and management of

water resources for other sectors (tourism, transportation,
security)
7. Sustainable use, development and management of wa-
Water for Energy ter resources for renewable energy production

8. Conservation of ecosystem services and functions

Water for Environment
9. Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events

5.3 Key catchment issues

The identification of the issues is fundamental in the determination of options for infrastructure development and
water resources management interventions. Catchment issues in the Albert Nile weresourced from:

• The framework given from National Strategy and UN-WMZ Strategy

• The Water Resources Assessment, Strategic Social Environmental Assessment, and the Water Balance
results for the Albert Nile
• Stakeholder consultations.

The identified issues are divided into cross-cutting issues that involve the entire catchment or WMZ and specific
issues that are evaluated for each sub-catchment. Many water governance issues were identified in the UN-WMZ
Strategy and were categorised under five areas:

1) Strengthening of policy, legal and institutional framework for IWRM at WMZ and catchment level
2) Expand and improve the water resources knowledge base and information management system
3) Coordination and cooperation
4) Strengthening of institutional capacity for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level
5) Strengthening of financing mechanism for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level.

35 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Issued identified under each of the areas are:

Objective Issue
Strengthening of policy, legal and institutional frame- Limited enforcement of WRM regulation and lack of
work for IWRM at WMZ and catchment level compliance with existing standards
Weak operationalisation of IWRM at WMZ and catch-
ment levels
Limited integration of IWRM into sectoral and local
planning frameworks
Expand and improve the water resources knowledge Inadequate hydro-meteorological monitoring network
base and information management system
Inadequate water quality monitoring network and
laboratory facilities
Inadequate groundwater monitoring network

Inefficient WR/WQ information management system

Coordination and cooperation Limited harmonisation of institutional mandates

between national and local government bodies and
agencies
Limited inter-agency cooperation and collaboration

Weak stakeholder engagement

Strengthening of institutional capacity for IWRM im- Inadequate institutional capacity

plementation at WMZ and catchment level
Inadequate technical capacity and lack of tools for
water resources allocation
Low level of awareness

Strengthening of financing mechanism for IWRM im- Insufficient funding for Catchment Based Water Re-
plementation at WMZ and catchment level sources Management (CBWRM)
Limited effective criteria for water resources allocation
(high value water use)

Other issues are specific to catchments and are analysed in order to identify options aimed at getting their solu-
tions. Issues have been grouped into categories that are part of four strategic areas, namely Water for People,
Water for Production, Water for Energy and Water for Environment.

Figure 5.1: Categories and symbols of issues divided into strategic areas

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 36

For each category of issues identified, levels of how critical the issue is (criticality degree) in each sub-catchment
were assigned and subsequently, issues were prioritised. The criticality degree was given assigning values from 1
to 5, based on the results of water balance and on other parameters and specific characteristics of the sub-catch-
ments (e. g. land use, topography, existing infrastructures, human activities, etc.). The prioritisation of issues was
assessed by weighting issues amongst themselves and weighting issues among different sub-catchments. This
identification, assigning degree of criticality, and prioritisation of issues was done in consultation with the catch-
ment stakeholders.

Prioritised issues

The degree of criticality of issues in specific primary sub-catchments were given colour codes as;

• Green Medium criticality, issue value 1 or 2;

• Yellow High criticality, issue value 3;
• Red Very high criticality, issue value 4 or 5.

Figure 5 .2: Matrix of Criticality of Issues in the Catchment

37 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

5.4 Identification of Opportunities and Options

5.4.1 Potential opportunities

A range of opportunities exists within the catchment from which options to address the identified issues were iden-
tified. Some of the opportunities include:

• Rained agriculture can be practiced in the entire catchment during the wet season
• The eastern part of the catchment shows a surplus of water resources and the possibility to implement
large storages
• Ora sub-catchment and the northern part of the catchment have the possibility to implement large stor-
ages
• Eco-tourism is an important opportunity related to existing protected areas, especially along the Albert
Nile River
• Non-intensive fish farming can be practiced inside wetlands, according to law limitations, especially in
permanent wetlands along the Albert Nile River
• Good potential for groundwater resources exploitation areas far from the Albert Nile River, located in the
highest elevation zone.

Figure 5.3: Opportunities within the catchment

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 38

5.4.2 Potential Options

Options are understood to be possible measures/interventions used to address (a) given issue(s) in a catchment,
and they can be management and development in nature. Potential options were identified, primarily based on the
type and criticality of issues identified and they were organised in three main categories to solve/manage issues
related to:

• Availability and access to water resources

• Environmental and social sustainability and resilience
• Water governance.

The three categories of options, however, were mapped against the strategic objectives as seen in Table 5.1, Table
5.2, and Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Potential Options identified for availability and access to water resources

STRATEGIC AREA GENERAL OBJECTIVE POTENTIAL OPTIONS

WATER FOR Universal and Bulk water diversion and treatment for domestic use
PEOPLE sustainable access to Water treatment plants
safe water supply (urban Water supply schemes
and rural) Bulk water transfer schemes
Community water storage facilities:
o Tanks
o Valley tanks
o Small dams
Large multipurpose water storage facilities:
o Dams/Reservoirs
o Large storage tanks
Village point source water supply (boreholes with hand pump)
Small Town and Village small scale water supply schemes (shal-
low or deep boreholes with motorised pump) and piped distribu-
tion
Rainwater harvesting for supplemental water supply
Subsurface dams for preventing excessive sub-surface outflow
springs and water source protection
water conservation
Universal and sustain- Sewage collection and wastewater treatment plants in urban
able access to improved areas
sanitation and hygiene Monitoring and control of WWTP discharge in compliance with
(urban and rural) WQ standards
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment refinement
Improved sanitation in rural areas
Sewage sludge management
WWTP sludge management with energy/matter recovery
Monitoring and control of sanitation facilities
WATER FOR Sustainable use, devel- Bulk water diversion for large scale irrigation water supply
PRODUCTION opment and manage- (pumped)
ment of water resources Bulk water diversion for small scale irrigation water supply by
in agriculture, livestock, gravity
fishery and forestry Irrigation technologies for water conservation (sprinklers and
drip irrigation)

39 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Shallow groundwater withdrawal (boreholes with treadle pumps
or small pumps with low pressure pipe water distribution for
small scale irrigation
Sediment capture and water infiltration and storage (stone/sand
dams)
Water recycling and conservation technologies and best prac-
tices
Afforestation and agroforestry to restore forest cover and di-
versity, reduce soil exposure to erosion, reduce runoff rates and
increase groundwater recharge
Check dams to stop gully erosion
Sand mining and dredging for sedimentation control
Sustainable use, devel- Bulk water diversion and treatment for industrial use
opment and manage- Water treatment plants
ment of water resources Wastewater treatment (on site) before discharge to surface
for agro-industry, indus- water bodies
trial production, oil and Water conservation in industrial and production processes
gas Wastewater reuse in industrial processes
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment refinement
Sludge management and nutrient loads control
Pollution prevention and control
Sustainable use, devel- Reconstruction and stabilisation of degraded waterways
opment and manage- Water transport (tourism)
ment of water resources Drainage and collection of runoff water along road infrastruc-
for Other Sectors (tour- tures
ism, transportation, secu- Use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tourist
rity) facilities in national parks
Pollution prevention and control
WATER FOR Sustainable use, devel- Multipurpose water reservoirs, including hydropower(HP)
ENERGY opment and manage- Renewable energy from hydropower (small and micro hydro-
ment of water resources power plants[HPP])
for renewable energy Renewable energy recovery from sewage and WWTP sludge
production

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 40

Table 5.4: Potential Options identified for environmental and social sustainability and resilience

STRATEGIC AREA GENERAL OBJECTIVE POTENTIAL OPTIONS

WATER FOR Conservation of ecosystem Atlas of Water Resources (catchment level)
ENVIRONMENT services and functions River restoration to rehabilitate hydraulic and ecologic
functionality of surface water bodies
Regulation on environmental flows for water bodies and
wetlands
Use of riverine vegetation strips to slow runoff and prevent
nutrient and sediment loads
Groundwater recharge
Reconstruction, rehabilitation and stabilisation of degrad-
ed waterways (natural and artificial drains and waterways)
Wetland restoration, management and regulation
Pollution prevention and control
Water use efficiency and water conservation
Prevention and control of excessive nutrient loads through
integrated water & land management (agricultural best
practices, control and regulation of hazardous and per-
sistent chemicals and pollutants)
Climate Change adaptation Flood risk and vulnerability assessment at the catchment
and building of resilient com- level and mapping of flood prone areas
munities Land use planning and limitations in flood prone areas
Flood preparedness and response (flood proofing, mea-
sures flood warning and communications, relocation of
activities from flood risk zones)
Drought risk and vulnerability assessment at the catch-
ment level and mapping of drought prone areas
Landslide risk and vulnerability assessment at the catch-
ment level and mapping of landslide prone areas
Use of drought-enduring plants and native plants for re-
forestation/afforestation and gardening
Mitigation of effects of ex- Flood control and lamination areas
treme climatic events Flood harvesting using contour bunds to slow or stop sur-
face runoff of rainfall
Flood lamination and runoff slow down
Green growth in the Water Water efficiency
Sector Water economy
Use of renewable energy sources to mitigate GHG emis-
sions
Forest management, wetland management, afforestation
to increase carbon sink.

Table 5.5: Potential Options identified for water governance

STRATEGIC AREA STRATEGIC POTENTIAL OPTIONS

OBJECTIVE
WATER GOVERNANCE Equitable, participatory Water Resources monitoring network
and accountable water Water Resources Information System
governance for sustain- Water use efficiency
able and inclusive growth Affordable technologies for CbWRM
and development Community based management schemes for small water
supply schemes and point water sources
Community based management schemes for village water
storage facilities (valley dams, valley tanks)
Stakeholder engagement and involvement of community
based organisations.

41 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

5.5 Options to Scenarios

Catchment scenarios are especially useful to provide perspective on development prospects and their impacts.
Scenarios are, therefore, combinations of options. A Scenario is defined as "a combination of assumptions about
the options in place (which options are possible or assumed to be implemented), external factors that influence
their performance (climate, economic conditions etc.), projections or forecasts of the future (population growth
rate, urbanisation rate, agricultural productivity, water use or demand rates, economic parameters, etc.) and gov-
ernment policy effecting either selection or performance (priority, funding, regulations, institutional arrangements
etc.)." As such, combinations of options from all the strategic areas were formed to fit in the three development
scenarios as defined in the sections below, with governance options as cross-cutting.

5.5.1 Scenario definition

Three scenarios (A, B, C) were developed, each one with a different degree of infrastructure development and thus
with a different level of development of economic activities related to water use.
• Scenario A is the scenario with the lower degree of infrastructure development
• Scenario B is the intermediate one
• Scenario C is the one with the highest degree of infrastructure development.

In all the three scenarios, according to water balance at sub-catchment level, water for people is always ensured
with the construction of water storages for domestic water supply and is the investment action that has been con-
sidered to be the most urgent one. This is the reason for the choice to implement in all scenarios the large multi-
purpose dams that have the function of ensuring domestic water supply to larger towns.

The improvement of water supply infrastructures, namely piped schemes and point water sources, was implement-
ed in all scenarios, in order to reach 100% coverage of service. In parallel with water supply, also sanitation system
has to be improved in order to serve the entire population with an adequate service.
Another common feature to all scenarios is that the water for environment is always ensured.

The main differences among scenarios are mainly associated to water for production and water for energy, in par-
ticular the three scenarios have:

• A different volume of water storages, which implies a different cost (construction and O&M of large reser-
voirs, dams, etc..) and different opportunities for associated development of productive activities
• A variable extension of irrigated area during the dry season, which implies different cost (construction and
O&M of irrigation infrastructures) and different benefits (e.g. crops production)
• A variable number of livestock, considering the same number of grazing livestock in all scenarios (whose
number is limited by the carrying capacity of pastures) and a different number of livestock kept in
stables with consequent different benefits (e.g. LTU production)
• The variable extension of ponds for aquaculture and different type of fish farming technologies (e.g. sub-
sistence/commercial) and consequently different productivity and different benefits (e.g. fish yield)
• The same industrial water requirement since it is very small amount compared to other uses
• A different installed capacity for energy production due to the additional power (compared to the imple-
mentation of only MEMD sites that is envisaged in all scenarios) related to the implementation of large
multipur-pose water storages and possible peak production with storages (benefits both at water storage
location and for downstream MEMD sites).

It is important to highlight the fact that part of productive activities can be performed also without the necessity of
storage implementation. For example, irrigation schemes can be run-of-the river schemes, as well as hydropower
plants. Water storage could increase the development of productive activities and can ensure a higher reliability of
the systems, which resultsinto less dependence on climatic variability. For this reason, storages implementation is
fundamental to build more resilient economic activities and to develop a society that is less dependent on rainfall
seasonality and potential climatic change regarding rainfall pattern and intensity.

All the licensed and potential sites for hydropower production identified by the MEMD are supposed to be imple-
mented in all scenarios, while some additional sites that have been identified during the analysis are associated to
large multipurpose dams and are supposed to be implemented if the large storage is realised.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 42

The main benefits of each scenario for the four strategic areas are listed in Table 5.4, Table 5.5, and Table 5.6
for scenarios A, B, and C respectively.

Key Elements of Scenario A

• Development of three large multipurpose storages (dams supplying water to Gulu, Arua, and Koboko) be-
cause they are the only dams that ensure domestic water supply to larger towns

• Net water volumes

- About 15 MCM for domestic water supply
- About 11 MCM for production.

• Besides the three large multipurpose storages, development of large irrigation schemes according to wa-
ter availability. Part of irrigated area will be supplied through run-of-the river schemes, while another part will be
directly linked to the implementation of the large multipurpose dams. Total extension of irrigated area during dry
season will be around 145,000ha

• Facilities for livestock watering must be provided in order to avoid water pollution, erosion on the shores of
water bodies and degradation of water quality. In Scenario A, the livestock number has been limited by the carry-
ing capacity of existing pastures, thus a total number of 160,000LTU has been considered

• Small artificial ponds for aquaculture are envisaged for a total area of 2,700ha. These ponds can be im-
plemented both in impounded area by dams (hypothesis of around 20%) and in permanent wetland (10% of
their extent, excluding wetlands prescribed by SSSEA). Therefore, in this scenario, the small artificial ponds to be
constructed is around 1,000ha. For scenario A, it has been assumed that aquaculture is practiced at subsistence
level, with low fish productivity. The fish production can be increased taking advantages of opportunity to practice
non-intensive fish farming inside wetlands, according to law limits and also inside proposed storages, adopting
good practices in order to avoid pollution and degradation of water quality that is used for domestic water supply

Figure 5.4: Map with main infrastructures of scenario A of Albert Nile Catchment

43 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Table 5.6: Benefits obtained in Scenario A.

Strategic area Results/ benefits

Water for People ensuredEnsured

Water for Environment Ensured

Water for Production 145,000ha of irrigated area during dry season

160,000 grazing livestock (limited by carrying

capacity of pastures)

2,700ha for aquaculture with low productivity

(subsistence)

Water for Energy All sites from MEMD implemented, possibility for
energy peak production in sites downstream from
large multipurpose dams, additional power at
large multipurpose dam sites of 0.1MW

Key Elements of Scenario B

• Development of 19 large multipurpose storages, mainly on the left side of the Albert Nile River, since the
western part of the catchment is the most populated one. Besides, these are also the dams that are preliminarily
evaluated (before economical and multi-criteria analysis) as the prior, after having satisfied the potable water de-
mand. Their number is selected also considering a real intermediate scenario between A and C for what concerns
both volume of storage but also irrigated area, grazing livestock, HPP capacity, etc. Moreover, the rehabilitation of
existing silted storages is foreseen.

• The total amount of additional net water volume stored in large reservoirs that can be used during the
dry season has been calculated assessing both the volume of the storage infrastructures and the volume of water
losses due to evaporation. Net water volumes are:
- About 17 MCM for domestic water supply
- About 65 MCM for production.

• Besides the implementation of the large multipurpose storages, the scenario B foreseen the development
of large irrigation schemes according to water availability. Part of irrigated area will be supplied through run-of-
the river schemes, while another part will be directly linked to the implementation of the large multipurpose dams.
Total extension of irrigated area during the dry season will be around 155,000ha.

• Facilities for livestock watering must be provided in order to avoid water pollution, erosion on the shores
of water bodies, and degradation of water quality. In Scenario B, the grazing livestock number has been limited by
the carrying capacity of existing pastures (160,000 LTU), but also a part of livestock kept in stable has been added,
for a total number of 1,179,000 LTU.

• Small artificial ponds for aquaculture are envisaged for a total area of 4,000ha. These ponds can be im-
plemented both in impounded area by dams (hypothesis of around 20%) and in permanent wetland (10% of their
extent, excluding wetlands prescribed by SSSEA). Therefore, in this scenario, the small artificial ponds to be con-
structed is around 1,700ha. For Scenario B, it has been assumed that aquaculture is practiced both at subsistence
level and with commercial purposes, with a medium fish productivity.
The fish production can be increased taking advantages of opportunity to practice non-intensive fish farming in-
side wetlands, according to law limits and also inside proposed large multipurpose storages, adopting good prac-
tices in order to avoid pollution and degradation of water quality that is used for domestic water supply.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 44

Figure 5.5: Map with main infrastructures of Scenario B of the Albert Nile Catchment

Table 5.7: Benefits obtained in Scenario B.

Strategic area Results/ benefits

Water for People Ensured

Water for Environment Ensured

Water for Production 155,000ha of irrigated area during dry season

1,179,000 grazing livestock (limited by carrying capacity of

pastures)
4,000ha for aquaculture with medium productivity

Water for Energy All sites from MEMD implemented, possibility for energy peak
production in sites downstream from large multi-purpose
dams, additional power at large multipurpose dam sites of
10.5MW

45 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Key Elements of Scenario C

• Development of 49 large multipurpose storages. Moreover, the rehabilitation of existing silted storages is
foreseen. The total amount of additional net water volume stored in large and small reservoirs that can be used
during the dry season has been calculated assessing both the volume of the storage infrastructures and the volume
of water losses due to evaporation. Net water volumes are:

- About 17 MCM for domestic water supply

- About 198 MCM for production.
• Besides the large multipurpose storages, the Scenario C foreseen the development of large irrigation
schemes according to water availability. Part of irrigated area will be supplied through run-of-the river schemes,
while another part will be directly linked to the implementation of the large multipurpose dams. Total extension of
irrigated area during dry season will be around 173,000ha

• Facilities for livestock watering must be provided in order to avoid water pollution, erosion on the shores of
water bodies and degradation of water quality. In Scenario C, the grazing livestock number has been limited by the
carrying capacity of existing pastures (160,000 LTU), but also a part of livestock kept in stable has been added, for
a total number of 2,198,000 LTU

• Small artificial ponds for aquaculture are envisaged for a total area of 5,400ha. These ponds can be im-
plemented both in impounded area by dams (hypothesis of around 20%) and in permanent wetland (10% of their
extent, excluding wetlands prescribed by SSSEA). Therefore, in this scenario, the small artificial ponds to be con-
structed is around 2,400ha. For Scenario C, it has been assumed that aquaculture is practiced mainly for commer-
cial purposes, with a high fish productivity. The fish production can be increased taking advantages of opportunity
to practice non-intensive fish farming inside wetlands, according to law limits and also inside proposed large mul-
tipurpose storages, adopting good practices in order to avoid pollution and degradation of water quality that is
used for domestic water supply.

Figure 5.6: Map with main infrastructures of Scenario C of the Albert Nile Catchment

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 46

 Table 586: Benefits obtained in Scenario C.

Strategic area Results/ benefits

Water for People Ensured

Water for Environment Ensured

Water for Production 173,000ha of irrigated area during dry season

2,198,000 grazing livestock (limited by carrying

capacity of pastures)

5,400ha for aquaculture with high productivity

Water for Energy All sites from MEMD implemented, possibility

for energy peak production in sites downstream
from large multipurpose dams, additional power
at large multipurpose dam sites of 33MW

5.5.2 Scenario comparison

[Link] Approach to Cost and Benefit Estimation

After the definition of the scenarios and related benefits, a cost estimate was carried out through estimation of
costs and benefits of each scenario corresponding to set of investment and management actions, based on the
data and knowledge derived from similar initiatives in Uganda.

The identified scenarios include both general actions that are common among scenarios (e.g. actions for gover-
nance), and set of specific actions that characterised each scenario. Actions might be related to construction of
infrastructures (domestic water supply network, sanitation system, storages for one or more purposes, fish ponds,
etc.) or they are referred to implementation of actions on water governance, information systems, capacity build-
ing, etc.

The scenarios analysis is based on the output of the water resources assessment, with identification of issues, crit-
icalities and opportunities in the Albert Nile Catchment. The cost and benefit analysis is conducted by evaluating
for each option, the capital costs, operational and maintenance (O&M) cost, as well as benefits. In some cases, the
management actions might be directly related to the costs for design, construction, and O&M of all the infrastruc-
tures already described, but for mostly, implementation costs are estimated on the basis of personnel, consultants,
stakeholders’ meetings/conferences/ workshops and, if needed, also equipment.

Pre-feasibility costs were typically taken to be around 1.5% of capital costs and feasibility phase about 3%. Design
and construction supervision costs can be at 10%, therefore, for the proposed infrastructures the overall costs for
personnel, consultants and meetings were taken to be 14.5% of capital costs.

47 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

[Link] Multi-Criteria Analysis

Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) establishes preferences between scenarios by reference to an explicit set of objectives
identified, and for which were established measurable criteria/indicator to assess the extent to which the objectives
have been achieved.

The weighted average method was the proposed method. Where it is possible to describe the consequences of a
set of scenarios in terms of a single set of characteristics, their relative merits are expressed in numeric form, for
instance ranging from zero for very unfavourable characteristics to 100 for very favourable ones.

Using the weighted-average method, a table is set up where each competing scenario is listed and its scores
against each characteristic are tabulated. The scoring rule for each characteristic is the way in which the facts
about a scenario are converted into its merit score. Indicator/parameters can be mathematical, like a proportional
relationship between cost-benefit ratio or could use indicators and the related score, or they can be based on qual-
itative considerations, based on expert judgement. Each characteristic corresponds to a criterion, and its scoring
rule corresponds to the way the decision-makers want that criterion to be applied.

After these steps, the analysis is simple arithmetic: for each scenario an overall merit score is calculated as the
weighted average of its scores under the different criteria. At the end, a table with a ranking representing the results
of the multi-criteria analysis could easily represent the prioritisation of the scenarios.
The multi-criteria approach used to compare alternative/specific sets of options (i.e. scenario) includes economic,
social, environmental and institutional factors.

Table 5.7 below shows selected NB-DSS indicators, their group and their brief description. The values of these
indi-catorswere calculated through Mike Basin scenario model setup and then they were considered in MCA. It
should be noted that urban water supply and aquaculture demand were not used as criteria to differentiate the
scenarios since they are always satisfied in each scenario.

Table 5.9: NB-DSS indicators used for scenario evaluation

Indicator Group Description

Extent of irrigation area (Ha) SOCIAL Sum of the area irrigated in catchment (rath-
er than equivalent irrigation area for different
sub-catchment)
Livestock (LTU) SOCIAL Number of LTU

Energy production (MW) ECONOMIC Hydro Power Plant capacity

Extent of (increased) wetlands (Ha) ENVIRONMENTAL Extent of impounded area behind large dams/
small control dams realised
Ecological stress ENVIRONMENTAL Qualitative considerations based on expert
judgement (scale from 0-3) taking into account
number of large dam/control dam realised in
each scenario
Wet flow duration ENVIRONMENTAL Calculated as ratio between total storage
volume of large dam/small control dams and
water resource in dry semester
Floodplain inundation reduction ENVIRONMENTAL Calculated as ratio between number of large
dam/control dam realised in each scenario and
total number planned in Scenario C
Evaporation loss in dams (MCM/ ENVIRONMENTAL Yearly evaporation from storage dams
year)

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 48

The economic benefit-cost ratio for each scenario (CBA) was added as additional indicator; it was not calculated
through Mike Basin model but using an external spreadsheet.

The institutional factor was added in MCA based on expert judgement: qualitative considerations were made tak-
ing into account initial difficulties due to lack of water policy which have inter-sectoral linkage, presumable lack of
experience particularly at the initial stage in IWRM approach (e.g. management of potential conflicts to water use
of large multipurpose dam etc.).

On the other hand, an improved skill and efficiency, which can be acquired in medium - long term, have been con-
sidered. This factor was included in final step of MCA when final score was calculated.

Selected criteria/indicator must be weighted in order to reflect their relative importance to the decisions. The
weights were defined taking into account the relevance of each indicator from three different viewpoints: econom-
ic, environmental, and social factor.

Table 5.10: Criteria weighting used for scenario evaluation

Indicator Relative weighting of indicator for different factor

Economic Social Environmental
Ecological stress 10 5 40
Evaporation loss in dams 5 0 10
Wet flow duration 5 5 10
Extent of irrigation area 0 25 0
Extent of (increased) wet- 5 10 30
lands
Livestock 0 25 0
Energy production 5 10 10
Benefit-Cost 60 5 0
Floodplain inundation 10 15 0
reduction
Sum of weights 100 100 100

[Link] Results and Final Considerations

Table 5.9 - Table 5.14 below summarises results/benefits obtained in three different

scenarios.

Table 5.11: Net volume of water storage for different scenarios

Net volume of water storage Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C

For domestic water supply (MCM) 15 17 17

For production (MCM) 11 65 198

49 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Table 5.12: Benefits for the different scenarios.

Strategic area Results/ benefits Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C

Water for People Demandsatisfied 100% 100% 100%

Water for Environment Requirements satisfied Ensured Ensured Ensured
Water for Production Ha of irrigated area during dry 145,000 155,000 173,000
season
Livestock number 160,000 1,179,000 2,198,000
Ha for aquaculture 2,700 4,000 5,400
productivity Low Medium High
Water for Energy Energy peak production Yes Yes Yes
Additional power at large multi- 0.1 MW 10.5 MW 33 MW
purpose dam sites

The comparison from the economic point of view among ScenariosA, B, and C can be conducted calculating the
ratio between annual benefits and the sum of annual O&M costs and capital costs. Because these latter values
are referred to the construction of infrastructure, a time framework must be defined: in Table 5.11, 25 years are
cho-sen but it has to be noted that the scenarios with the highest Benefit/Cost ratio does not vary when this
duration changes.

Table 5.11 summarises the costs for each scenario related to storages (dams, livestock facilities, and
aquaculture ponds), distribution networks for people, irrigation and industry and sanitation systems.

Table 5.13: Capital Cost (Million US dollars) estimation for each scenario for Albert Nile catchment.

Scenario Dam Urban WS Rural WS Irrigation Livestock Aquaculture Industry TOTAL

& SAN & SAN Dry
A 12 337 946 310 8 103 50 1,765

B 40 331 54 168 1,927

C 86 370 102 238 2,128

Table 5.14: Results Benefit Cost ratio (Million US dollars) of each scenario for Albert Nile Catchment.

Scenario Capital costs O&M costs Benefits B/C

A 1,765 137 367 1.77

B 1,927 138 389 1.81
C 2,128 139 445 1.99

For the Albert Nile Catchment, the Scenario C is the favourable according to the cost benefit analysis of the
investment options.

To evaluate and compare three proposed scenarios, MCA has been applied to the Albert Nile Catchment. Table
below shows the values of selected indicator calculated through Mike Basin model and CBA.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 50

Table 5.15: Indicator values calculated for the scenarios of Albert Nile Catchment

Indicator Group SCENARIO

A B C

Extent of irrigation area (Ha) SOCIAL 315,769 326,224 363,558

Livestock (LTU) SOCIAL 160,306 1,179,058 2,197,810

Energy production (MW) ECONOMIC 0.14 10 33

Extent of (increased) wetlands (Ha) ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0 0

Ecological stress ENVIRONMENTAL 1 2 3

Wet flow duration (%) ENVIRONMENTAL 3 8 18

Floodplain inundation reduction ENVIRONMENTAL 0.1 0.42 1

Evaporation loss in dams (MCM/year) ENVIRONMENTAL 5 16 34

Benefit/Cost ECONOMIC 1.77 1.81 1.99

In all scenarios, the values of extent of (increased) wetlands are the same, therefore, the indicator was not used as
criteria to differentiate the scenarios.

In order to compare all indicators, they were normalised: using the “unit –vector” method, one of the techniques
included in NB-DSS, the values of different indicators were scaled to the range between zero and one. For each
scenario normalised values of indicators and weights were multiplied, add together and divided by 100 to obtain a
score and rank for each scenario.

At this stage, in MCA evaluation, an additional “institutional factor” was included. This factor has been evaluated
(range values from 0 to 1) based on expert judgement, with reference to methodology employed.

To calculate final score, the economic, social and environmental factors were considered with the same weight,
namely 30%, institutional factor was considered having a weight equal to 10%. Table below shows results obtained
in term of scores and ranking for each scenario.

Table 5.16: Scenario score and ranks assessment from different factors
Scenario
Scenario score and ranks assessment from different factors

Economics Environmental Social Institutional Final

score
Score Ranks Score Ranks Score Ranks Score Ranks
30% 30% 30% 10%
A 0.46 3 0.39 1 0.23 3 0 3 0.32
B 0.49 2 0.32 2 0.42 2 0.5 2 0.42
C 0.58 1 0.27 3 0.70 1 1 1 0.57

MCA analysis shows that Scenario C has a highest value of final score. This scenario is, therefore, considered
“best scenario” to be implemented. Scenario C is the scenario having a highest degree of development for the
sub-catchments in term of extent of irrigated area during dry season, number of livestock (LTU) grazing, and water
storage obtained through multipurpose dam [Link] “best” scenario was also chosen by the stakeholders
during the capacity building held in Gulu in June 2016.

The benefits arising from implementation of several multipurpose dams are obviously high and countless, but at
the same time, also the costs involved will be high. An important recommendation which may be done is to consid-
er that the multipurpose dams will be carried out in short, medium or long time taking into account a prioritisation
of interventions (e.g. multipurpose dam for urban water supply have priority): this way, it will be possible to plan and
efficiently manage the available financial resources. The prioritisation of interventions and sequenced investments,
up to the year 2040, was developed and presented in the sections that follow.

51 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 06 MANAGEMENT AND INVESTMENT ACTIONS

This section of the report presents the agreed investments in infrastructure and various water management inter-
ventions and actions meant to help resolve conflict, conserve and protect natural resources, and ensure equitable
access to and use of water resources within the catchment. These actions are sequenced and prioritised up to the
implementation year 2040 and this forms the main body of the Albert Nile Catchment Management [Link] is im-
portant to note that some actions that are common at the WMZ level are presented and discussed in the Upper
Nile WMZ strategy and action plan. While many investment and management actions in this plan are common to
all the scenarios discussed in the previous sections, the actions that are directly related to the best ranked scenario;
Scenario C are:

• Development of 49 large multipurpose storages (dam higher than 10m)

• Development of large irrigation schemes linked to the implementation of the large multipurpose dams
• Rehabilitation of existing silted storages
• Adequate facilities for 2,198,000 LTU watering provided in order to avoid water pollution, erosion on the
shores of water bodies and degradation of water quality
• Small artificial ponds for aquaculture (with different extend for each scenario), considering that a part of
aquaculture can be practiced in wetlands and multipurpose storages
• Hydropower production linked to the multipurpose storages construction.

Management and investment actions were organised into 10 programme areas, “A programme being defined as a
group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from man-
aging them individually. Programmes may include elements of related work outside of the scope of the discrete
projects in the programme” . These programs are:

• Programme 1: Geo-database and GIS Atlas

• Programme 2: Information Management System
• Programme 3: Water Resource Monitoring
• Programme 4: Water Resource Knowledge Base
• Programme 5: Water Resource Planning and Regulation System
• Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure & Facilities
• Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage Facilities
• Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land Management
• Programme 9: Stakeholder engagement and participatory IWRM
• Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building

The detailed actions in each program are presented for the general investment and management actions; those
that are common to the whole catchment, and to those that are specific in terms of areas as presented in the sec-
tions below:

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 52

6.1 General /Common Investment And Management

Having organised the actions into 10 programmes as discussed in the previous section of this report, the de-
tailed implementation actions are presented for each programme in the tables below:

Table 6.1: Common Investment and Management actions

Program 1: Geo-database and GIS Atlas

Create a GIS infrastructure to support data storage, exchange, and information management of the Albert
Nile Catchment. Develop technical guidelines, protocols and specifications for GIS-database population and
management of spatial information, including management of metadata of the Albert Nile Catchment. Create
and implement a web-GIS database for publication of relevant information on water resources, water permits,
and water source protection. Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS database of areas with integrat-
ed land and water management measures in the Albert Nile Catchment level, including: reforestation/
afforesta-tion, river corridors and ecologic corridors, wetland res-toration and protection, riverbanks and
aquatic ecosys-tem restoration, water scenic landscape protection, and protected areas.

Programme
Sub-Programme Support Institutions Action To Be Implemented
Leader

Establish and maintain a

GIS based knowledge and
Upper Nile WMZ, UBOS,
DWRM information management
NPA, Districts
system for the Albert Nile
Catchment

Establish and maintain a

GIS Infrastructure of the Albert Web-GIS database of wa-
DWRM Upper Nile WMZ, Districts
Nile Catchment ter resources, water permits,
water source protection

Establish and maintain a

Web-GIS database of areas
DWRM Upper Nile WMZ, Districts with integrated land and
water management mea-
sures

Programme 2: Information Management System

Collect, access, analyse, and share a wide range of in-formation for the purposes of evaluating water
resourc-es and operational management. Establish and main-tain a GIS based Inventory of Water
Discharge Points, existing and planned sanitation facilities (sewerage and WWTPs) in urban areas, Water
Permits on water bodies that are used for domestic/livelihood water supply, water for production facilities of
Production, Industrial and Agricultural Sectors and hydropower plants (exist-ing and planned). Create a GIS
based inventory of water bodies in the catchment, based on the assessment of their hydrological, geo-
morphological and ecological state (SW and GW bodies).

53 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Programme Support
Sub-Programme Action To Be Implemented
Leader Institutions
DWRM, DWD, Collection, storage, elaboration and management of
Upper Nile
Upper Nile WMZ DEA, NEMA, integrated data on water resources in the Albert Nile
WMZ
Information Man- NFA, Districts Catchment
agement System on DWRM, DWD, Create a GIS based inventory of water bodies, based on
Upper Nile Water Bodies DEA, NEMA, the assessment of their hydrological, geo-morphologi-
WMZ
NFA, Districts cal and ecological state (SW and GW bodies)
Create a databank of WS and establish a mechanism
for sharing information produced and elaborated by
Upper Nile Upper Nile WMZ DWD, NWSC,
WS scheme operators (public and private) with other
WMZ Information Man- Districts
involved institutions in formats compatible with the na-
agement System on tional standards
Water Supply and
Sanitation facilities Establish and maintain a GIS based inventory of Wa-
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC,
ter Permits on water bodies that are used for domestic/
WMZ Districts
livelihood water supply
Establish and maintain a GIS based Inventory of Water
Upper Nile Upper Nile WMZ DWD, NWSC,
Discharge Points (from public and private facilities or
WMZ Information Man- Districts
infrastructures) to the surface water bodies
agement System on
Water Supply and Develop a GIS based inventory of existing and planned
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC,
Sanitation facilities sanitation facilities (sewerage and WWTPs) in urban ar-
WMZ Districts
eas
Upper Nile WMZ Create a GIS based inventory of water for production
Upper Nile MAAIF, MEMD,
Information Man- facilities of Industrial Sectors, Agricultural Sectors and
WMZ MIT, Districts
agement System on production for Other Sectors
Upper Nile Water for Production MAAIF, MEMD, Create a GIS based inventory of hydropower plants (ex-
WMZ Facilities MIT, Districts isting and planned)

Programme 3: Water Resource Monitoring

Collect, access, analyse, and share a wide range of in-formation for the purposes of monitoring water resourc-
es and operational management. Expand and upgrade the hydro-meteorological monitoring network, hydro-
geological monitoring system, and WQ monitoring sys-tem. Develop an Environmental Monitoring
Programme on water bodies (SW and GW) to determine their eco-logical state. Training activities of
Catchment/WMZ technical staff by Consultants (Hydrologist and Environmental expert), implementation of
maps, Capacity building organization and stakeholder engagement at local/community level, will be
developed in eight years. Two training activities/technical support to Catchment/WMZ staff are foreseen per
year: Two Consultants to assist three technical employees, duration of 20 hours. Total cost include also
additional 15 hours/training of Catchment/WMZ staff to train, coordinate and assist technical local staff (e.g.
employees of local offices, lo-cal technicians etc.). One Stakeholder meeting is fore-seen, every two years.

Programme Suppor
Sub-Progeamme Action to be Implemented
Leader Institutions
DWRM, Dis- Expand and upgrade the hydro-meteorological monitoring
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, network i.e. rehabilitation and upgrading of existing hy-
WMZ
DEA, UNMA dro-meteorological monitoring stations
DWRM, Dis- Rehabilitation and upgrading of existing GW and hydrogeo-
Upper Nile Upper Nile WMZ
tricts, NEMA, logical monitoring system, the WQ monitoring network and
WMZ Water Resources
DEA, UNMA laboratory facilities for surface and groundwater bodies
Monitoring
Develop and implement a multi-year Programme for En-
DWRM, Dis-
Upper Nile vironmental Monitoring of water bodies (SW and GW) to
tricts, NEMA,
WMZ determine the baseline ecological state and evolution trend
DEA, UNMA
over time

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 54

Programme 4: Water Resource Knowledge Base

Implement and maintain a comprehensive knowledge base on Water Resources and Water Resources
Management through the achieve of reference documents and information (paper and digital document) and
implementation of GIS Atlas and Web-GIS Database on Water Resources and on Water Infrastructure and
Facilities (existing and planned)

Programme
Sub-Programme Support Institutions Action to be Implemented
Leader
Develop detailed hydrogeological studies
DWRM, DWD, Dis- on aquifers and subsurface groundwater po-
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, DEA, tential resources; evaluation of potential for
WMZ
UNMA groundwater recharge (Managed Water Re-
Improve and expand charge MAR), GIS database and water balance
the knowledge base on Develop a Flood Risk assessment in the catch-
Water Resources ment considering flood events with different
DWRM, DWD, Dis-
Upper Nile return periods (2, 10, 20, 100, 200 years) for the
tricts, NEMA, DEA,
WMZ main rivers, including GIS mapping of flood
UNMA
prone areas and related vulnerability of pop-
ulation and assets
Develop a Drought Risk Assessment consider-
DWRM, DWD, Dis- ing drought events with different return peri-
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, DEA, ods, including GIS mapping of drought prone
WMZ
UNMA areas and related vulnerability of population
and assets and ecosystems

Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS

DWRM, DWD, Dis- database of facilities with approved/regulat-
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, DEA, ed environmental flows and reserve including:
WMZ
UNMA dams, water abstraction facilities on rivers, hy-
draulic works, regulated wetlands
Improve and expand
the knowledge base on Create and maintain a comprehensive library
Water Resources and archive of reference documents (paper
DWRM, DWD, Dis- and digital documents) related to water re-
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, DEA, sources management in the Albert Nile Catch-
WMZ
UNMA ment, including: research and studies on wa-
ter resources, cartography, database and GIS,
field research and monitoring data

Create and implement the GIS database of

DWRM, DWD, Dis- Wetlands, updating the baseline on wetland
Upper Nile
tricts, NEMA, DEA, status and values, in line with the National
WMZ
UNMA Wetland Strategy and proceeding from Dis-
trict Wetland Inventories

Create a GIS based inventory of vulnerable

water bodies, based on the assessment of the
vulnerability assessment (SW and GW bodies).
Improve and expand DWRM, DWD, Dis-
Upper Nile Create a real-time data sharing web-database
the knowledge base on tricts, NEMA, DEA,
WMZ of meteo-climatic and hydrological informa-
Water Resources UNMA
tion to enable hydrologic drought/flood pre-
diction and warning systems, including regular
publication of bulletins and reports

55 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis- water supply and sanitation service coverage
WMZ tricts (population served, urban and rural areas cov-
ered)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
water supply and sanitation facilities (sources
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
of water, facilities by type, distribution systems,
WMZ tricts
sewerage networks, WWTPs, efficiency levels,
performance of operators, etc.)
Create and maintain a GIS based invento-
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis- ry of water supply projects for water supply
WMZ tricts (planned, pipeline, under development and
completed projects)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
water for production supply coverage (popu-
WMZ tricts
lation served, uses)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
water for production facilities (sources of wa-
ter, facilities by type, uses by type, WFP stor-
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
age capacity, performance of operators, etc.)
WMZ tricts
including irrigation water supply, livestock wa-
tering facilities, aquaculture, other productive
uses
Improve and expand
the knowledge base on Create and maintain a GIS based inventory
Water Infrastructure and of industrial water supply facilities (sources of
Facilities water, facilities by type, uses by type, WWTP
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
capacity, performance of operators, etc.) and
WMZ tricts
industrial water supply projects ((planned,
pipeline, under development and completed
projects)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
oil and gas water facilities (sources of water -
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis- SW and GW, facilities by type, uses by type,
WMZ tricts WWTP capacity) and oil and gas water facili-
ties projects (planned, pipeline, under develop-
ment and completed projects)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory
of hydropower facilities (sources of water, fa-
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
cilities by type, installed capacity) and Hydro-
WMZ tricts
power projects (planned, pipeline, under devel-
opment and completed projects)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory of
multipurpose facilities (sources of water, facil-
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
ities by type, uses by type, storage capacity)
WMZ tricts
and projects (planned, pipeline, under devel-
opment and completed projects)
Create and maintain a GIS based inventory
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
hydraulic works, sediment control interven-
WMZ tricts
tions, drainage facilities

Develop a GIS based detailed land use map-

Improve and expand ping of urban areas and agglomerates aimed
Upper Nile the knowledge base on DWD, NWSC, Dis- at developing a Master Plan for design, con-
WMZ Water Infrastructure and tricts struction and operationalisation of sewerage
Facilities systems and WWTPs in major towns, small
towns and RDCs

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 56

 Develop a GIS based detailed land use map-
Improve and expand the ping of industrial areas and related WFP fa-
Upper Nile knowledge base on Wa- DWD, NWSC, Dis- cilities aimed at developing a Master Plan for
WMZ ter Infrastructure and Fa- tricts design, construction and operationalisation of
cilities Industrial Water for Production Facilities based
on industrial water demand
Improve and expand the Develop a GIS based detailed land use map-
Upper Nile knowledge base on Wa- DWD, NWSC, Dis- ping of road infrastructure aimed at devel-
WMZ ter Infrastructure and Fa- tricts oping a Programme for Road Infrastructure
cilities drainage and storm water management
Define and operationalise a Technical Stan-
Improve and expand the
dard for management of hydropower plants
Upper Nile knowledge base on Wa- DWD, NWSC, Dis-
associated with reservoirs to accommodate
WMZ ter Infrastructure and Fa- tricts
the peak energy demand (pumped hydroelec-
cilities
tric storage)
Develop a GIS based detailed mapping of road
infrastructures aimed at preparing a Master
Upper Nile DWD, NWSC, Dis-
Plan for design, construction and operalisation
WMZ tricts
of an adequate drainage systems along main
roads, including culverts
Develop a GIS inventory of pollution sources
Integrated Knowledge for DWRM, DWD, DEA, (point and non-point sources) aimed at de-
Upper Nile
Management of Water NEMA, NFA, MAAIF, veloping an Integrated Pollution Prevention
WMZ
Resources MEMD, MIT, Districts Programme to protect and conserve water re-
sources
Develop a GIS Inventory and Atlas of pollution
DWRM, DWD, DEA, and sediment loads (from point and non-point
Upper Nile
NEMA, NFA, MAAIF, sources) aimed at developing an Integrated
WMZ
MEMD, MIT, Districts Pollution Prevention and Sediment Manage-
ment Programme
Develop a GIS inventory and Atlas of degrad-
DWRM, DWD, DEA, ed areas and areas at risk of erosion (moun-
Upper Nile
NEMA, NFA, MAAIF, tain slopes, riverbanks, linear infrastructures)
WMZ
MEMD, MIT, Districts aimed at developing an Integrated Land &
Water Management Programme
Develop a GIS based detailed land use map-
DWRM, DWD, DEA,
Upper Nile ping of scenic water landscapes aimed at de-
NEMA, NFA, MAAIF,
WMZ veloping a Programme for touristic valorisa-
MEMD, MIT, Districts
tion of water bodies
Publication of a comprehensive GIS Atlas of
DWRM, DWD, Dis- Water Resources (web-GIS) including surface
Upper Nile Knowledge management
tricts, CMO, MSE, water bodies, groundwater bodies, water qual-
WMZ and exchange
MLG ity and health of water bodies, water related
ecosystems

57 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Programme 5: Water Resource Planning and Regulation System

Establish and maintain the Upper Nile WMZ Modelling Unit, improve and expand the water permit
management system in the WMZ/Albert Nile Catchment. Establish and operationalise the Catchment
Management Organisa-tions in the Upper Nile WMZ; develop Water Sector funding mechanisms for
decentralised IWRM implementation at the WMZ and catchment levels. Develop water source protection plans
and promote integrated pollution prevention and control in the Upper Nile WMZ.
Programme Support Institu-
Sub-Programme Action to be Implemented
Leader tions
Set up a modelling unit coordinated with the central
DWRM, DWD, DWRM Hydrologic Department. Develop technical
Upper Nile
DEA, WESWG, guidelines and specifications for WR modelling and
WMZ
Water Resources CMO scenario development and analysis at the WMZ and
Planning and Regu- catchment level
lation System Develop and implement a multi-year Water Resources
DWRM, DWD,
Upper Nile Inspection and Control Programme, harmonised and
DEA, WESWG,
WMZ coordinated with the central DWRM operational pro-
CMO
grammes
Development of targeted Water Sector funding mech-
Water Resources DWRM, DWD,
Upper Nile anisms (proposed fee of 3% of investment projects) for
Planning and Regu- DEA, WESWG,
WMZ supporting decentralised IWRM implementation at the
lation System CMO
WMZ and catchment level
Establish a cross-sectoral coordination platform for
IWRM implementation between WMZ and Regional
Water Resources DWRM, DWD, Agencies, CMO and Local Government at the catch-
Upper Nile
Planning and Regu- DEA, WESWG, ment level, private sectors, including specific rules and
WMZ
lation System CMO procedures for cooperation. Develop a register of insti-
tutional competences, references, procedures, agree-
ments
Develop and implement water source protection
plans according to the framework WSP guidelines
(source-catchment level). Promote community-based
DWRM, DWD, management of point water sources through establish-
Upper Nile
DEA, WESWG, ment of WSP Committees at local level (village). De-
WMZ
CMO velop and operationalise a technical guideline for ap-
Water Resources
plying disinfection technologies and practices to small
Planning and Regu-
water supply schemes and point sources in rural areas
lation System
in case of emergency

DWRM, DWD, Develop and operationalise technical standards to im-

Upper Nile
DEA, WESWG, plement an integrated pollution prevention and control
WMZ
CMO system to protect and conserve water resources

Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure & Facilities

Expand the water supply infrastructures for full coverage of urban and rural population and increase water storage
capacity for domestic water supply in areas with seasonal deficits. Rehabilitate and improve functionality of ex-
isting water for production storage facilities and develop underground water storage for production in areas with
water deficit. Expand irrigation schemes (e.g. large irrigation scheme served by Multi-purpose, run-of-the River
schemes), improve water for production facilities in aquaculture and fishery, expand rainwater harvesting facilities
and increase water for production storage capacity in areas with seasonal deficits. Improve sanitation and hygiene
facilities and implement WWTP or alternative wastewater treatment method (e.g. lagoon). Develop water supply
facilities using groundwater sources in areas with good potentialities for groundwater resources exploitation.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 58

Programme Leader Sub-Programme Support Institutions Action to be Implemented

Develop and implement a multi-year Pro-

Water Supply infrastructure DWRM, WSDF, TSU, UO, gramme of WQ monitoring for SW and GW
DWD
and service Districts sources and WS schemes, in line with the
National WQ Strategy
Develop and operationalise technical stan-
dards for developing improved sanitation
DWD NWSC, Districts
and hygiene facilities for public institutions
Sanitation infrastructure and and schools
service Develop and operationalise a technical
standard for collection, treatment, and
DWD NWSC, Districts
management of sludge from sewage and
sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas
Develop and implement a multi-year Pro-
gramme for WQ monitoring for SW and
DWRM, MAAIF, MEMD,
DWD GW sources and WFP storage facilities of
MIT, OPM
agricultural sectors, in line with the National
WQ Strategy
Water for Production facilities
Define and operationalise a technical stan-
dard for water for production storage facil-
DWRM, MAAIF, MEMD,
DWD ities and infrastructure design, construction
MIT, OPM
and management, including multipurpose
facilities
Develop and implement a multi-year Pro-
gramme for WQ monitoring for SW and GW
DWRM, MAAIF, MEMD,
DWD Water for Production facilities sources and WFP storage facilities of indus-
MIT, OPM
trial sectors, in line with the National WQ
Strategy

Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage Facilities

Define and operationalise a technical standard for design, implementation and management of multipurpose water for
produc-tion storage facilities, storage facilities including recreational functions and hydropower. Establish a responsible
authority for multipurpose storages integrated planning and coordination at catchment level (e.g. institutional authority to
ensure prioritisa-tion of dam’s implementation); establish a responsible authority for multipurpose storage which manages
and is responsible for balancing competing demands (e.g. institutional authority); establish a team responsible for efficient
operation and management of multipurpose dam (e.g. technical staff, O&M guidelines).

Programme Leader Sub-programme Support Institutions Action to be Implemented

Define and operationalise a tech-

Multipurpose Programme Unit DWRM, DWD, DEA, OPM, nical standard for design, imple-
Multipurpose Water
(to be established under the WESWG, MEMD, MIT, MAAIF, mentation and management of
Storage Facilities
MWE) NFA multipurpose water for production
storage facilities
Define and operationalise a tech-
nical standard for design, imple-
Multipurpose Programme Unit DWRM, DWD, DEA, OPM,
mentation and management of
(to be established under the WESWG, MEMD, MIT, MAAIF,
multipurpose water storage facil-
MWE) NFA
ities including recreational func-
Multipurpose Water tions
Storage Facilities
Develop study for detail design,
Multipurpose Programme Unit DWRM, DWD, DEA, OPM, construction, operationalisation
(to be established under the WESWG, MEMD, MIT, MAAIF, and management of multipurpose
MWE) NFA water storage facilities including
hydropower

59 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land Management

Promote water efficiency practices (water conservation, reuse, recycling) in the Albert Nile Catchment, promote
irrigation water efficiency and water conservation agricultural practices, promote optimisation of water for pro-
duction uses and reuse of treated wastewater for landscaping, green areas and other uses. Ensure appropriate
environmental flows in water bodies, establish and maintain a water demand management system, promote
integrated land and water management and enforce riverbanks protection zones. Increase preparedness to
severe climate events (flood/drought).
Programme Support Institu-
Sub-Programme Action to be Implemented
Leader tions
Develop and operationalise techni-
cal guidelines to promote implementa-
tion of technologies and best practices
for efficient use of water (conservation, re-
Upper Nile DWD, DEA, NEMA,
Water Efficiency use, recycling) in urban and rural areas.
WMZ NFA
Develop and operationalise a technical stan-
dard for leakage detection in WS schemes
and regular assessment of piped water distri-
bution networks
Define and operationalise a technical stan-
dard for design, implementation and man-
Upper Nile DWD, DEA, NEMA,
Water Efficiency agement of irrigation schemes, including pro-
WMZ NFA
visions for water efficiency, water quality and
integrated land management
Define and operationalise a set of technical
Upper Nile DWD, DEA, NEMA, standards for water efficiency (conservation,
WMZ NFA reuse, recycling) in industrial sectors based on
best practices
Define and operationalise a set of technical
Upper Nile DWD, DEA, NEMA,
standards for reuse of treated wastewater for
WMZ NFA
landscaping, green areas, and other uses
Define and operationalise a set of technical
Upper Nile DWRM, DEA,
standards for determination, implementation
WMZ CMO
and management of environmental flows
Environmental flows and
reserve management sys- Update and expand the knowledge base on
tem water resources and maintain the water bal-
Upper Nile DWRM, DEA,
ance updated at the catchment level based
WMZ CMO
on the evolution of water demand and li-
censed permits over time
Define and operationalise a set of technical
guidelines for improving agricultural and for-
Upper Nile Integrated Water and Land
NEMA, NFA estry practices, including provisions for as-
WMZ Management
sessment and management of the land car-
rying capacity for livestock
Develop and operationalise a set of technical
Upper Nile Integrated Water and Land guidelines for delineating and enforcing river-
NEMA, NFA
WMZ Management bank protection zones along all the rivers of
Albert Nile catchment
Develop a GIS based Flood/Drought Re-
DWRM, DEA,
Upper Nile Resilience to climate vari- sponse and Management Plan, including
NEMA, UCC,
WMZ ability and change regulatory and management procedures for
UNMA
hydraulic structures

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 60

Programme 9: Stakeholder engagement and participatory IWRM
Stakeholder engagement mechanism developed and established at the WMZ/Catchment level. Raising
awareness on wise use of water resources and on waste management. Raising awareness on water efficiency
in agriculture, water efficiency in industry, renewable energy potential and energy efficiency,, water for
environment and management of natural resources.

Pro-
Support
gramme Sub-Programme Action to be Implemented
Institutions
Leader
Stakeholder
Develop and implement a multi-year Stakeholder Engagement
Upper Nile engagement and CMO, Dis-
Programme, including specific procedures, means and tools for
WMZ participatory tricts
stakeholder consultation
IWRM
DWRM, Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme to promote
Upper Nile
DWD, DEA, protection, conservation and efficient use of water resources, in-
WMZ
CMO cluding preparation of targeted communication materials
Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme on im-
DWRM,
Upper Nile portance of waste and sludge management in the Upper Nile
DWD, DEA,
WMZ WMZ, including preparation of targeted communication mate-
CMO
rials
DWRM, Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme on impor-
Upper Nile
DWD, DEA, tance of water efficiency in agriculture, including preparation of
WMZ
CMO targeted communication materials
Awareness Raising DWRM, Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme on im-
Upper Nile
DWD, DEA, portance of water efficiency in industrial processes, including
WMZ
CMO preparation of targeted communication materials
Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme on impor-
DWRM,
Upper Nile tance of development of renewable energy and energy efficien-
DWD, DEA,
WMZ cy, as well as integrated land and water management, including
CMO
preparation of targeted communication materials
Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Programme on impor-
DWRM,
Upper Nile tance of sustainable development of water resources and man-
DWD, DEA,
WMZ agement of natural resources, including preparation of targeted
CMO
communication materials

61 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building
Training activities of catchment/WMZ technical staff by consultants (hydraulic engineer and/or hydrologist,
envi-ronmental expert, institutional representative), implementation of manuals, capacity building
organisation, and stakeholder engagement at local/community level, will be developed in eight years. Two
training activities and technical support to catchment/WMZ staff are foreseen per year: Two consultants to
assist three technical em-ployees, duration of 20 hours. Total cost includes also additional 10-15 hours of
catchment/WMZ staff to train, co-ordinate and assist stakeholders involved at local level (e.g. farmers,
employees in industrial sectors, cattle farmers etc.). One stakeholder meeting is foreseen every two years.
Total cost of multi-year Capacity Building Programme for technical evaluation of hydropower projects
considers three training activities and technical support to catch-ment/WMZ staff each lasting 20 hours and
additional 20 hours of catchment/WMZ staff to train technical em-ployees of hydropower plants. During the
first four years, one stakeholder meeting is foreseen per year, then one stakeholder meeting every two years.
Pro-
Sub-Pro- Support Institu-
gramme Action to be implemented
gramme tions
Leader
Develop a multi-year programme of capacity building of local
Technical WESWG, DWD,
governments and stakeholders, to create the Enabling Environ-
DWRM Capacity DEA, Upper
ment for decentralized IWRM implementation at the WMZ and
Building Nile WMZ
catchment levels
WESWG, DWD,
Plan and provide regular training and capacity building to tech-
DWRM DEA, Upper
nical staff for enforcement of regulations at the catchment level
Nile WMZ
Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for apply-
WESWG, DWD,
ing disinfection technologies and practices to small water supply
DWRM DEA, Upper
schemes and point sources in rural areas, including preparation of
Nile WMZ
training manuals in local languages
Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for applying
WESWG, DWD,
improved sanitation and hygiene technologies in minor urban ar-
DWRM DEA, Upper
eas and rural areas, including preparation of training manuals in
Nile WMZ
local languages
WESWG, DWD, Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for develop-
DWRM DEA, Upper ing an Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control system, includ-
Technical Nile WMZ ing preparation of training manuals in local languages
Capacity
Building WESWG, DWD, Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for applying
DWRM DEA, Upper water efficiency practices and technologies in agricultural sectors,
Nile WMZ including preparation of training manuals in local languages
WESWG, DWD, Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for applying
DWRM DEA, Upper water efficiency practices and technologies in industrial sectors,
Nile WMZ including preparation of training manuals in local languages
Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for technical
WESWG, DWD,
evaluation of hydropower projects and for applying the best en-
DWRM DEA, Upper
ergy efficiency practices and technologies, including preparation
Nile WMZ
of training manuals
Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Programme for determi-
WESWG, DWD,
nation and implementation of environmental flows and water re-
DWRM DEA, Upper
serves, based on best practices, including preparation of training
Nile WMZ
manuals

6.2 Specific Investment and Management Actions

These are actions that are associated with specific areas and they were also organised in terms of the broader
programmes under which they lie.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 62

Table 6.2: Specific Investment and Management Actions

Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure and Facilities

Expand the water supply infrastructures for full coverage of urban and rural population and increase water stor-
age capacity for domestic water supply in areas with seasonal deficits. Rehabilitate and improve functionality
of existing water for production storage facilities and develop underground water storage for production in areas
with water deficit. Expand irrigation schemes (e.g. large irrigation scheme served by multi-purpose, run-of-the river
schemes), improve water for production facilities in aquaculture and fishery, expand rainwater harvesting facilities,
and increase water for production storage capacity in areas with seasonal deficits. Improve sanitation and hygiene
facilities and implement WWTP or alternative wastewater treatment method (e.g. lagoon). Develop water supply
facilities using groundwater sources in areas with good potential for groundwater resources exploitation.
Pro-
Sub-Pro- Support Insti-
gramme Action to be Implemented Prioritised Area
Leader
gramme tutions

Develop a programme for design, con-

DWRM, WSDF,
struction and operationalisation of new Large urban centres of Arua, Koboko,
DWD TSU, UO, Dis-
piped water supply schemes to cover Nebbi
tricts
100% of urban population

Water Sup- Develop a pre-feasibility study for design,

AN_up_Enyau and Enyau (main
ply infra- DWRM, WSDF, construction and operationalisation of
towns Arua), Kochi (main towns Ko-
DWD structure and TSU, UO, Dis- new water storage facilities for drinking
boko and Yumbe) and Unyama (main
service tricts water supply in sub-catchments with sea-
town Gulu)
sonal water deficit

DWRM, WSDF, Develop a detailed hydrogeological study

Maracha, Arua, Zombo, Gulu, Amu-
DWD TSU, UO, Dis- for assessment of potential capacity for
ru, Districts
tricts water supply from groundwater

Develop and implement a GIS based

DWRM, MAAIF,
programme for rehabilitation and man-
DWD MEMD, MIT, Nebbi, Zombo, and Arua Districts
agement of existing water for production
OPM
storage facilities and infrastructure

DWRM, MAAIF, Develop a pre-feasibility study for design, Ora, Enyau and Kochi sub-catch-
DWD MEMD, MIT, construction and operationalisation of ments in the eastern part of the
OPM new irrigation schemes in suitable areas Albert Nile Catchment

Define and operationalise a set of tech-

nical standards for developing intensive
Water for DWRM, MAAIF, and semi-intensive aquaculture facilities, Ora, AN_up_Enyau, Enyau, AN_up_
DWD P r o d u c t i o n MEMD, MIT, including provisions for water efficiency, Kochi, Kochi sub-catchment
facilities OPM
water quality and protection of biodiver-
sity

Develop study for detail design, construc-

DWRM, MAAIF, tion and operationalisation of new wa- Ora, AN_up_Enyau, Enyau, AN_up_
DWD MEMD, MIT, ter for large production storage facilities Kochi, Kochi, Pakwach sub-catch-
OPM (multipurpose) in sub-catchments with ment
seasonal deficit

Develop and operationalise a technical

DWRM, WSDF, Ora, AN_up_Enyau, Enyau, AN_up_
standard for installation and operation
DWD TSU, UO, Dis- Kochi, Kochi, Pakwach sub-catch-
of rainwater harvesting installations at
tricts ment
village and household level

Improve sanitation and hygiene facilities Arua and its surroundings, Maracha
NWSC, Dis- in rural and urban areas, mainly in the District, Koboko Trading Centre (TC)
DWD
tricts areas with highest population density in and Yumbe TC and their surround-
Sanitation
Albert Nile Catchment ings, Paidha TC, Nebbi TC
infrastruc-
ture and
service Implementation of WWTP or alterna- Pakwach, Nebbi TC and Paidha TC,
NWSC, Dis-
DWD tive wastewater treatment method (e.g. Arua, Koboko TC and Yumbe TC,
tricts
lagoon) Gulu, Adjumani

63 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage Facilities
Promote integrated development of agro-tourism and agro-industrial processing facilities; promote
integrated development of eco-tourism facilities in the Albert Nile Catchment.

Programme Support
Sub-Programme Action to be Implemented Prioritised Area
Leader Institutions
Multi-
DWRM,
purpose
DWD, Define and operationalise a set of technical
Programme Multipurpose Areas of the Albert
DEA, OPM, standards for developing integrated tour-
Unit (to be Water Storage Nile Catchment
WESWG, ism and fresh fish-processing and market
established Facilities along River Nile
MEMD, MIT, facilities along the River Nile
under the
MAAIF, NFA
MWE)
Multi- Protected areas
DWRM,
purpose of Albert Nile (in
DWD,
Programme Multipurpose Define and operationalise a set of techni- AN_up_Kochi, AN_
DEA, OPM,
Unit (to be Water Storage cal standards for developing eco-tourism UP_Enyau, Laropi
WESWG,
established Facilities facilities sub-catchment)
MEMD, MIT,
under the especially along the
MAAIF, NFA
MWE) Albert Nile River

Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land Management

Promote optimisation of water for recreation and other uses. Create a green infrastructure system to establish and
protect ecologic corridors along water bodies and create a green infrastructure system in the cattle corridor in the
Albert Nile Catchment.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 64

Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building
Build technical capacity for wetland management, for ecosystem assessment and for determining and
implement-ing environmental flows and water reserves. Training activities of catchment/WMZ technical staff
by consultants (hydraulic engineer and/or hydrologist, environmental expert), implementation of manuals,
capacity building or-ganisation and stakeholder engagement at local/community level, will be developed in
eight years. Two training activities and technical support to catchment/WMZ staff are foreseen per year: Two
consultants to assist three technical employees for duration of 20 hours. Total cost include also additional 15
hours of catchment/WMZ staff to train, coordinate and assist stakeholders involved at local level (e.g. local
people living near protected areas, farmers, cattle farmers, etc.). One Stakeholder meeting is foreseen, every
two years.

Programme Sub-Pro- Support

Action to be Implemented Prioritised Area
Leader geamme Institutions

Protected wetland
area of AN_Up_Ko-
Define and operationalise a set of techni- chi, Kochi, AN_Up_
Upper Nile DWD, DEA, cal standards for water efficiency (conser- enyau, Ora, Ome
Water Efficiency
WMZ NEMA, NFA vation, reuse, recycling) for recreation and Sub-catchments,
other uses based on best practices impounded area of
large multipurpose
to be implement
Protected wetland
Based on the updated land cover of NFA,
area (land cover of
develop and implement a programme for
Upper Nile NFA) of AN_Up_Ko-
NEMA, NFA creating a green infrastructure system to
WMZ chi, Kochi, AN_Up_
protect ecosystems, ecologic corridors and
enyau, Ora, Ome
natural landscapes in the water bodies
Sub-catchment
Integrated Areas of cattle cor-
Water and Land ridor (Land Cover of
Management Based on the updated Land Cover of NFA,
NFA) in Albert Nile
develop and implement a programme for
i.e in AN_Up_Kochi,
Upper Nile creating a green infrastructure system to
NEMA, NFA Kochi, AN_Up_en-
WMZ protect ecosystems, ecologic corridors and
yau, Enyau, Ora,
natural landscapes and support liveli-
Panyango, Pack-
hoods in the cattle corridor
wak and Laropi
sub-catchment

65 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

6.3 Locations of Water Storage Infrastructure
The topography of the entire catchment was analysed in order to identify sites for large multipurpose storage
implementation as most areas were seen to be favourable for large water storages. Once suitable sites from a
topographical point of view were identified, hydrological characteristics of the sub-catchment were analysed at
each large water storage location. The availability of water resources was assessed in order to evaluate also the
hydrological feasibility of the reservoir. This assessment identified 49 sites suitable to realise large dams within
the Albert Nile Catchment. Figure 6.1 below shows the locations of the identified sites.

Figure 6.1: Map of potential sites for water storage implementation

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 66

Table 6.3: Locations of Water Storage Infrastructure
Name x y District Sub-county
PANYANGO II 362,790 292,195 Nwoya Alero-Purongo
PANYANGO III 338,311 288,513 Nwoya Alero-Purongo
PANYANGO I 384,450 289,597 Nwoya Anaka TC
OME I 365,215 316,379 Amuru Amuru
OME II 351,928 309,481 Amuru-Nwoya Amuru-Alero
OME III 341,426 306,448 Amuru-Nwoya Amuru-Alero
ORA I 254,618 279,758 Zombo Zeu-Kango
ORA VII 259,598 284,606 Zombo Warr-Kango
ORA IV 272,268 299,752 Zombo-Arua Atyak-Logiri
ORA V 260,524 268,820 Zombo Jangokoro-Zeu
ORA VI 275,794 275,020 Zombo Paidha-Nyapea
ORA VIII 277,931 282,817 Zombo-Nebbi Paidha-Atyak-Nebbi
ORA II 282,217 263,072 Nebbi Nebbi-Erussi
ORA III 284,202 266,615 Nebbi Nebbi-Erussi
UP ENYAU VIII 272,618 337,289 Arua Manibe
UP ENYAU I 280,630 336,106 Arua Oluko-Bileafe
UP ENYAU VII 293,439 333,196 Arua Ajia-Bileafe
UP ENYAU II 268,347 324,459 Arua Vurra
UP ENYAU V 275,729 319,685 Arua Arivu
UP ENYAU VI 287,984 321,589 Arua Ajia
UP ENYAU III 268,567 309,061 Arua Logiri-Vurra
UP ENYAU IX 289,542 313,099 Arua Uleppi-Ogoko
UP ENYAU IV 289,489 306,985 Arua Uleppi
ENYAU I 271,482 346,939 Aura-Maracha Katrini-Kijomoro
ENYAU II 276,500 352,564 Aura-Maracha Katrini-Yivu
ENYAU IV 295,656 357,140 Arua Omugo-Udupi
ENYAU V 298,129 356,942 Arua Omugo-Udupi
ENYAU III 290,961 363,882 Arua Omugo
UP KOCHI I 351,500 367,082 Adjumani Ciforo-Okusijoni
UP KOCHI II 347,644 357,608 Adjumani Okusijoni
UP KOCHI III 309,820 371,792 Yumbe Odravu
KOCHI I 280,612 383,522 Koboko Abuku-Ludara
KOCHI II 300,357 387,987 Yumbe Apo-Kuru-Kei
KOCHI III 331,973 388,861 Yumbe Romogi-Kochi
KOCHI IV 278,970 382,819 Koboko Midia
LAROPI II 355,195 400,771 Moyo Moyo
LAROPI III 347,945 397,402 Moyo Moyo
LAROPI IV 351,888 403,576 Moyo Moyo
LAROPI I 368,405 405,741 Moyo Metu
LAROPI V 363,579 396,375 Moyo Laropi-Metu
AYUGI II 393,454 370,112 Adjumani-Amuru Dzaipi-Atiak-Pabo
AYUGI I 380,898 363,500 Adjumani Pakele-Dzaipi
AYUGI III 368,346 398,452 Moyo Laropi-Metu
UNYAMA I 423,614 315,837 Gulu Bungatira-Unyama
UNYAMA II 416,717 311,011 Gulu Bungatira
UNYAMA III 414,624 339,237 Amuru-Gulu Atiak-Patiko
UNYAMA IV 413,538 350,289 Amuru Atiak
UNYAMA V 401,862 383,107 Amuru Atiak

67 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

According to the International Committee on Large In the upper part of western watershed of Albert Nile,
Dams Guidelines (ICOLD), all the above listed dams are especially within the catchments of Enyau and Kochi
“large”, except PANYANGO I, UP ENYAU VIII, UP KOCHI Rivers, the water table is relatively close to the ground
II, UP KOCHI III, LAROPI III, LAROPI IV, LAROPI I and (less than 10m deep). This closeness is found also for
UNYAMA II, which are “medium”. UP ENYAU III is “small”. large portion of eastern basin of Albert Nile and highest
This evaluation is done with reference to height and zones of Ayugi and Unyama. For most part of the main
storage volume of a dam. In particular, these two pa- course of Albert Nile, the water table is more than 30m
rameters are combined as and define the extreme of deep.
the three categories: “large” if higher than 200, “small” if
lower than 20. High percentage success rates (more than 75% of hav-
ing at least 0.5 m²/s) are found in eastern part of Pa-
nyango and Ome sub-catchments and in large portion
6.4 Pilot Areas for Groundwater Investigation of Enyau and Kochi River basins. This rate is low (25 –
and Exploitation 50%) in the eastern watershed of lower Albert Nile. Most
of Albert Nile groundwater system has a good quality.
The analysis of hydrogeological conditions is important Limited zones with poor water quality are in the Ora
because groundwater is the most widely used source River basin and along the middle course of Albert Nile.
of water supply in rural areas due to its wider spatial
distribution, perennial availability, and reasonably good All the above mentioned parameters provide a first
quality. Groundwater is usually abstracted through assessment on feasibility (from the hydrological point
boreholes, springs, shallow wells, and traditional wells. of view, in terms of cost, etc.) of groundwater exploita-
The conducted evaluation of potential groundwater re- tion. Positive and negative aspects related to them are
charge on the basis of a hydrological study allows iden- considered to identify sub-catchment where poten-
tifying theoretically areas where potential for exploita- tially optimal and critical for wells withdrawal: these
tion seems to be higher within the catchment. Further sub-catchments are represented with darker colour in
considerations are based upon information gathered the following image.
from the Groundwater Mapping (DWRM, 2012).

Figure 6.2: Potential for groundwater exploitation for Albert Nile River sub-catchments

From this analysis, the Albert Nile upper parts of En- then included in the map of opportunity.
yau, Kochi, and Unyama River basins are the most fa-
vourable areas for groundwater exploitation. Ora, Pa- Finally, it has to be noted the sustainable withdrawal is
nyango, and Ome sub-catchments have good potential; generally identified as a portion of the annual ground-
while in the remaining part of Albert Nile the potential is water recharge in order to prevent the aquifer from be-
low. Therefore, in the above mentioned favourable por- ing depleted. A conservative estimate of sustainable
tion of Albert Nile River basin, hydrogeological investi- yield would be 10% of recharge, while less conservative
gations and pilot areas should be conducted prior to percentages may exceed 70% (Ponce V.M., 2007). Ex-
exploitation. More specifically the knowledge base on perience indicates that other factors need to be consid-
groundwater resources and aquifers should be expand- ered, besides conservation, encouraging clean artificial
ed and upgraded through the development of detailed recharge and optimise groundwater exploitation. Gen-
hydrogeological studies on shallow aquifers and subsur- erally, a reasonable sustainable yield would be about
face groundwater potential resources. These areas are 30-40% of recharge.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 68

 07 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND FINANCING

1.1 7.1 Implementation Plan

The Catchment Implementation Plan is composed of a series of proposed investment and management actions.
The prioritisation and sequence of investment and management actions is based on activities related to stake-
holders’ consultation, identification of issues and opportunities, review of institutional arrangements, policies, and
financing mechanism, etc. Annex 2 presents the detailed implementation plan including the costs associated with
the actions for the three time frames: the short term (2017-2020), the medium term (2020-2025), and the long term
(2025- 2040).

7.2 Required Financing

Result of prioritisation and sequencing of investment and management actions presented in Annex 2 was costed to
establish the required financing. The overall cost of an action is got by considering its preliminary cost estimate of
each action and the scheduling of the cash flows. The approach used for costing is detailed in Annex 1.
According to the planning process, the CMP provides a sequenced implementation plan in three time periods,
namely the short term (2017-2020), the medium term (2020-2025), and the long term (2025- 2040).

The sequenced and overall costs for each action are reported in Annex 2, while in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 provide
a summary of the overall sequenced costs by programme and sub-programme. Costs are provided both in US
Dol-lars (US$) and Ugandan Shillings (UGX). An exchange rate of US$1 to UGX3,350 was used.

Table 7.1: Overall Programmes’ and sub-programmes’ CMP costs (thousands US Dollars).

Programme/ 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2040 Total cost

Sub-programme US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000
Programme 1: Geo-database and GIS 310 19 58 388

464 29 87 580
Programme 2: Information Management System on WR
Sub-Programme 2.01: Information Management System 69 4 13 86
on Water Bodies
Sub-Programme 2.02: Information Management System
277 17 52 347
on Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities

Sub-Programme 2.03: Information Management System 117 7 22 147

on Water for Production Facilities
Programme 3: Water Resources Monitoring 4,838 302 907 6,048

4,330 271 812 5,412

Programme 4: Water Resources Knowledge Base
Sub-Programme 4.01: Improve and Expand the Knowl- 1,038 65 195 1,297
edge Base on Water Resources

Sub-Programme 4.02: Improve and Expand the Knowl- 2,640 165 495 3,300
edge Base on Water Infrastructures and Facilities
Sub-Programme 4.03: Integrated Knowledge for Manage- 526 33 99 657
ment of Water Resources
Sub-Programme 4.04: Knowledge Management and Ex- 126 8 24 158
change
Programme 5: Water Resources Planning and Regulation 1,229 77 230 1,537
System

69 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Programme/ 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2040 Total cost
Sub-programme US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000 US$ ‘000

86,972 528,450 1,585,350 2,200,772

Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure and Facilities
Sub-Programme 6.01: Water Supply Infrastructure and 21,271 127,626 382,877 531,774
Service
Sub-Programme 6.02: Sanitation Infrastructure and Ser- 36,754 220,526 661,579 918,860
vice

28,946 180,298 540,893 750,138

Sub-Programme 6.03: Water for Production Facilities

7,936 97,215 291,646 396,797

Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage Facilities

1,351 8,104 24,313 33,769

Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land Management
Sub-Programme 8.01: Water Efficiency 26 156 469 651
Sub-Programme 8.02: Environmental Flows and Reserve 19 112 336 467
Management System
Sub-Programme 8.03: Integrated Water and Land Man- 1,284 7,704 23,112 32,101
agement
Sub-Programme 8.04: Resilience to Climate Variability 22 132 396 550
and Change
Programme 9: Stakeholder Engagement and Participato- 50 302 905 1,257
ry IWRM
Sub-Programme 9.01: Stakeholder Engagement and Par- 12 69 207 288
ticipatory IWRM
Sub-Programme 9.02: Awareness Raising 39 233 698 970
Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building 69 413 1,240 1,722

Table 7.2: Overall Programmes’ and sub-programmes’ CMP costs (millions shillings).

Total cost
Programme/ 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2040
UGX 000 000
Sub-programme UGX ‘000 000 UGX 000 000 UGX 000 000

Programme 1: Geo-database and GIS 1,039 65 195 1,299

Programme 2: Information Management
1,554 97 291 1,942
System on WR
Sub-Programme 2.01: Information Manage-
232 14 43 290
ment System on Water Bodies
Sub-Programme 2.02: Information Manage-
ment System on Water Supply and Sanitation 929 58 174 1,161
Facilities
Sub-Programme 2.03: Information Manage-
ment System on Water for Production Facil- 393 25 74 491
ities
Programme 3: Water Resources Monitoring 16,209 1,013 3,039 20,261
Programme 4: Water Resources Knowledge
14,505 907 2,720 18,131
Base
Sub-Programme 4.01: Improve and Expand
3,476 217 652 4,345
the Knowledge Base on Water Resources
Sub-Programme 4.02: Improve and Expand
the Knowledge Base on Water Infrastructures 8,845 553 1,658 11,056
and Facilities

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 70

 Total cost
Programme/ 2017-2020 2020-2025 2025-2040
UGX 000 000
Sub-programme UGX ‘000 000 UGX 000 000 UGX 000 000

Sub-Programme 4.03: Integrated Knowledge

1,762 110 330 2,202
for Management of Water Resources
Sub-Programme 4.04: Knowledge Manage-
422 26 79 528
ment and Exchange
Programme 5: Water Resources Planning
4,118 257 772 5,148
and Regulation System
Programme 6: Water Sector Infrastructure
291,355 1,770,308 5,310,923 7,372,585
and Facilities
Sub-Programme 6.01: Water Supply Infra-
71,258 427,547 1,282,640 1,781,444
structure and Service
Sub-Programme 6.02: Sanitation Infrastruc-
123,127 738,763 2,216,290 3,078,181
ture and Service
Sub-Programme 6.03: Water for Production
96,970 603,998 1,811,993 2,512,961
Facilities
Programme 7: Multipurpose Water Storage
26,585 325,671 977,014 1,329,270
Facilities
Programme 8: Integrated Water and Land
4,525 27,150 81,450 113,125
Management
Sub-Programme 8.01: Water Efficiency 87 523 1,570 2,181
Sub-Programme 8.02: Environmental Flows
63 376 1,127 1,565
and Reserve Management System
Sub-Programme 8.03: Integrated Water and
4,301 25,809 77,427 107,537
Land Management
Sub-Programme 8.04: Resilience to Climate
74 442 1,326 1,842
Variability and Change
Programme 9: Stakeholder Engagement and
168 1,011 3,033 4,212
Participatory IWRM
Sub-Programme 9.01: Stakeholder Engage-
39 231 694 964
ment and Participatory IWRM
Sub-Programme 9.02: Awareness Raising 130 780 2,339 3,248
Programme 10: Technical Capacity Building 231 1,384 4,153 5,768

7.3 Financing Sources

An overview of the main investment programmes and projects in the Water Sector has been carried out in order
to evaluate the progress of relevant investment projects. At the local scale, regional and local government projects
are undertaken by regional agencies and local government institutions and are funded through the local govern-
ment financing mechanism (conditional grants). These projects are not included in the evaluation of main invest-
ment programmes and projects in the Water Sector. Local projects carried out by NGOs are also not included in
the evaluation of main investment programmes and projects in the Water Sector.

7.3.1 Review of Financing Mechanisms

The key sources of financing currently include the Government of Uganda (GoU), the World Bank and the Joint
Partnership Fund (Austrian Development Cooperation, DANIDA, and others).
Some donors also finance catchment-based WRM interventions through NGOs e.g. Austria Development Coopera-
tion funding to IUCN for interventions in the Upper Aswa sub-catchment. The key concern is that existing financial
resources are insufficient, sometimes characterised by budget cuts. For example, the Joint Partnership Fund for the
UNWMZ reduced by 25% from about UGX1 billion in FY2013/2014 to about UGX0.75 billion in FY2014/2015.

71 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Often, what is budgeted is also not actually realised, An important potential funder of water and environ-
demonstrating inconsistency and unreliability in flow. mental projects is the Office of the Prime Minister
The releases usually delay, and even once received, through the Third Northern Uganda Social Action Fund
sometimes processing of funds takes longer than an- (NUSAF-3) that has a budget of US$130m for the peri-
ticipated owing to internal processes. The GoU funding od 2016-2021. The NUSAF-3 develops projects aiming at
contribution has also not yet been realised at zone level improving productive growth, human development, mi-
because of lack of a dedicated bank account. The phas- cro-economics, business skills, and commercial produc-
ing out of donor-funded projects (e.g. Phase 1 of IUCN’s tion. About 38% of the funds (US$49m) are allocated for
project in 2014) also often adversely affects the momen- labour-intensive public works, 9% (US$12m) for disaster
tum already built in catchment-based WRM at the zone. risk financing and 33% (US$43m) for livelihood invest-
ment support, including an Improved Household Income
The impact is that service delivery cannot be achieved Support Programme and Sustainable Livelihoods Pilot.
at targeted scale and in a timely fashion. The oppor-
tunity is that government and development partners The Sector Budget Support is used to channel funds to
seem to be committed to funding catchment-based the local governments for activities to be implement-
WRM, and that this is only the beginning. Many other ed at the de-concentrated level, through conditional
partners’ interventions (e.g. NFA, WSDF, TSUs, Umbrella grants, directly from the treasury/MoFPED to the Local
Organisation, NUSAF, etc.) could also leverage resourc- Governments, in line with Uganda’s fiscal de-concentra-
es if good collaboration and networking arrangements tion policy. Sector Budget Support is intended to be the
are put in place. Fund processing time also seems to preferred channel to contribute to the core funding of
have improved with the opening of the zone’s bank ac- regulatory, water resources management, and environ-
count in Lira. ment management activities.

7.3.2 Main Financing Sources for CMP Off-budget operations are forms of government opera-
tions that are not fully reconciled with the national bud-
The implementation of the CMP plan will require fund- get and sector budget. The main forms of off-budget
ing from different sources, according to the type of ac- expenditures are off-budget funds, direct loans, guar-
tion/intervention and of the relevant sectors involved in antees, and public-private partnerships (PPPs). Other
the implementation. These include mainly five sources: forms of off-budget expenditures are the budgetary
Water and Environment Sector Budget, Joint Partner- funds and quasi-fiscal operations conducted through
ship Fund (JPF), Sector Budget Support (SBS), off budget the public enterprises and sometimes the private sec-
operations, and Private sector investments. tor, which are not covered by transfers from the national
budget.
The Ministry of Water and Environment shall support
implementation of the CMP and related programmes The engagement of the private sector in the manage-
and sub-programmes through the Water and Environ- ment and development of water infrastructure and ser-
ment Sector Budget, including direct field investments vices is a key factor for the successful implementation
or promotion of investments from other institutions and of the CMP. Private actors might include either interna-
development partners, enabling and coordination ac- tional or national, regional and local operators, as well
tivities, training and capacity building, communications/ as joint ventures among private operators with public
awareness and stakeholder outreach and engagement institutions or utilities. The private sector can develop
activities, as well as procuring the recommended equip- and implement a wide range of projects and activities
ment, facilities and human resources. in the Water and Environment Sector.
The Government of Uganda (GoU) and Development Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are considered as
Partners (DPs) are implementing the new Joint Water an important tool in Uganda’s plan to bridge the infra-
and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP) structure financing gap in the next years. The PPP Act,
2013-2018 with the Ministry of Water and Environment passed in 2015, provides methods for procurement and
(MWE) as the lead agency. The JPF is the main mo- the engagement of private partners in PPPs. It also reg-
dality for harmonised sector funding of the majority ulates the roles and responsibilities of government bod-
of the JWESSP components. The JPF is a pooled fund ies during the development and implementation of PPP
managed by MWE that includes both non-earmarked projects. The PPP Act established two PPP agencies: the
funding and earmarked funding based on the different Public-Private Partnerships Committee as well as the
bilateral agreements between the GoU and sector De- Public-Private Partnerships Unit (within the Ministry of
velopment Partners and other relevant documentation. Finance).
The operations of the JPF are aligned to government Furthermore, the vital role of not-for-profit systems
procedures in terms of financial management, auditing, (CBOs and NGOs) shall be included in the private sector
reporting and procurement but funds are kept separate contribution to the implementation of the catchment
from the treasury funds. The Water and Environment WRDM plan.
Sector Working Group (WESWG) ensures coordination
between national authorities and Development Part-
ners.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 72

 7.3.3 Preliminary Strategy for Investment
Interventions loans (around 35–40 years), with long grace periods (up
to 10 years) and with no interest payment, which is re-
The harmonisation, mainstreaming and accountabil- placed by an annual servicing fee (0.75%).
ity of the implementation of the CMP will be inte-
grated within the existing cross-sectoral coordination As already indicated in the “Water for Production Strat-
framework for Water and Environment Sector funding. egy and Investment Plan” (DWMR, 2009), it is foreseen
The Water and Environment Sector Working Group that for livestock facilities 30% of the investments are
(WESWG) shall supervise the development of cross-sec- carried out by commercial ranches directly and/or as
toral programmes and sub-programmes of the WRDM subsistence livestock owners’ contributions. For irriga-
Strategy and ensure harmonised implementation in tion facilities, the off-farm investments in water supply
line with the JWESSP objectives where non earmarked infrastructure are carried out by the water sector, while
funding is provided through the JPF. all on-farm investments are done by the farmers or
commercial enterprises. For aquaculture, only 1% of the
The government and the Ministry of Water and Environ- total investment in aquaculture facilities is financed by
ment shall be responsible for defining and establishing the water sector.
the institutional and financial framework for enabling
the participation of the private sector in the implemen- Differently for hydropower, because of marked intrinsic
tation of CMP, overseeing its functioning and ensuring attractiveness, a large participation of the private sec-
the provision of water-related public goods and ser- tor is still ongoing (Renewable Energy Policy, REFit and
vices. In view of the monopolistic character of the water GEFit programmes of GoU supported by the IFIs).
sector, regulation and oversight of tariff setting is par- Hydropower projects including large dams and multi-
amount. purpose reservoirs have to be developed under the tra-
Because of the great amount of financial requirements, ditional model of a governmental agency or a public
it is advisable to suppose the key sources of financing utility managing the various phases of the project life
will be the GoU, through general taxation, supported by cycle. Multipurpose reservoirs and other storages facili-
International Financial Institutions (IFIs). Investments ties can have significant objectives and associated ben-
from private sector would require higher discount rates. efits in many sectors: besides water supply, irrigation,
hydroelectric production, and aquaculture, they help the
For domestic water supply interventions, the larger part maintenance of water quality and environmental flows,
of financial need is expected to be provided by IFIs and flood and climate change mitigation, but also tourism
in particular by the International Development Associa- and leisure facilities. Therefore, multipurpose hydro
tion (IDA), one of the agency of World Bank Group sup- projects need to be funded by public resources, drawing
porting developing countries. The development finance on IFIs aid when needed. The hydropower component
support given by IDA is in the form of very long-term could be room for private involvement in partnership
with the public sector in multipurpose projects where an
acceptable balance between risks and rewards can be
achieved between the various stakeholders.

1.1 7. 4 Pre- Feasibility studies for multi-Purpose Dams

A pre-feasibility study of each multipurpose dam identified in “Best scenario” (namely Scenario C) was carried
out, the details of which are provided in a separate report. The costs associated with the implantation of each
multi-purpose dam were computed, and the dams were given scores using multi-criteria analysis. They were then
prioritised based on the MCA scores.

73 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

Table 7.3: Multi-Criteria Analysis score and costs (Million US Dollars) of multipurpose dams
Overall Cost (US$ ‘000 000)
Multipurpose Storage ID Name Score Priority

Multi_1101 UNYAMA I 483 67

Multi_1003 AYUGI I 209 34
Multi_802 KOCHI II 205 66
Multi_406 ORA VI 188 8
Multi_206 PANYANGO III 185 14
Multi_601 ENYAU I 183 42
Multi_606 ENYAU V 163 8
High
Multi_1005 AYUGI III 147 10
Multi_1108 UNYAMA IV 143 34
Multi_209 PANYANGO I 140 12
Multi_806 KOCHI IV 139 21
Multi_801 KOCHI I 129 21
Multi_405 ORA V 122 51
Multi_409 ORA III 122 24
Multi_903 LAROPI IV 107 14
Multi_901 LAROPI II 103 9
Multi_904 LAROPI I 100 9
Multi_605 ENYAU IV 99 9
Multi_1107 UNYAMA III 91 21
Multi_603 ENYAU II 87 15
Medium
Multi_907 LAROPI V 86 18
Multi_302 OME II 84 33
Multi_403 ORA VII 84 23
Multi_303 OME III 83 12
Multi_407 ORA VIII 82 8
Multi_301 OME I 80 11
Multi_504 UP_ENYAU II 78 11
Multi_610 ENYAU III 74 8
Multi_902 LAROPI III 71 3
Multi_511 UP_ENYAU IV 65 7
Multi_506 UP ENYAU VI 65 12
Multi_404 ORA IV 64 10
Multi_503 UP ENYAU VII 60 7
Multi_1110 UNYAMA V 59 8
Multi_401 ORA I 57 15
Multi_805 KOCHI III 54 9
Multi_1103 UNYAMA II 53 8
Low
Multi_1001 AYUGI II 48 11
Multi_703 UP KOCHI III 40 9
Multi_202 PANYANGO II 40 8
Multi_510 UP ENYAU IX 40 1
Multi_701 UP KOCHI I 35 7
Multi_501 UP ENYAU VIII 33 2
Multi_502 UP_ENYAU I 31 7
Multi_505 UP ENYAU V 26 5
Multi_408 ORA II 26 5
Multi_702 UP KOCHI II 17 7
Multi_508 UP ENYAU III 9 2

In Table 7.4: High priority multipurpose storage projects with relative achievable development objectives., the
iden-tified multipurpose storage projects with high priority are summarised with relative development objectives
that can be achieved through their implementation.

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 74

Table 7.4: High priority multipurpose storage projects with relative achievable development objectives.

Served
Served Hydropower
Volume Towns Irrigable Aquaculture
Name River Name Population generation
(MCM) (domestic area (ha) (ha)
(inhab.) (MW)
WS)
Unyama
UNYAMA I 18.9 Gulu 310,000 1,025 75 -
River
AYUGI I Iraji River 7.1 IDP 120,000 1,115 20 -
KOCHI II Kochi River 32.8 Yumbe 70,000 5,630 100 -
Nyagak
ORA VI 1.5 - - 285 5 5.2
River
PANYANGO
Aswa River 5.7 - - 1,105 20 5
III (Tegot)
ENYAU I Enyau River 9.5 Arua 130,000 980 30
ENYAU V Enyau River 1.3 - - 255 5 4.2
Meturu
AYUGI III 2.2 Laropi 20,000 365 7 0.1
River
Unyama
UNYAMA IV 2.8 - - 2,615 55 4
River
PANYANGO I Anaka,
Ceke River 2.8 30,000 390 20 -
(Ceke) Nwoya
KOCHI IV Kochi River 3.5 Koboko 80,000 170 10 0.1
KOCHI I Kochi River 3.2 Koboko 80,000 110 10 0.1
Nyagak
ORA V 29.3 - - 5,460 100 -
River
Nyarwodo
ORA III 3.2 Nebbi 70,000 500 10 0.1
River

75 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

REFERENCES

National Reference Documents

1. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Catchment
Planning Guidelines, 2014

2. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Water
Resources Assessment report, 2013

3. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Water
Resources Strategy (draft), October 2014

4. Ministry of Water and Environment, Strategic Sector Investment Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector
in Uganda (2010-2035) Final, July 2009

5. Ministry of Water and Environment, A National Irrigation Master Plan for Uganda (2010-2035) Final
Report, November 2011

6. Ministry of Water and Environment, Water and Sanitation Sector Sectoral Specific Schedules/Guidelines
- 2012/13 - Final, May 2012

7. NBI –Nile Basin Decision Support System Analysis Manager Training Module

Reference Websites
8. Government of Uganda web-Portal [Link]
9. District Local Government websites [Link]
10. Ministry of Water and Environment [Link]

11. MWE, Water Supply Database [Link]

12. MWE, Public Sanitation Database [Link]

13. MWE, Water and Sanitation Development Facility (WSDF) [Link]

14. National Water and Sewage Corporation [Link]

15. National Environmental Management authority [Link]

16. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fishery [Link]
17. Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development [Link]
18. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives [Link]
19. Ministry of Local Government [Link]
20. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities [Link]
21. Ministry of Energy and Minerals Development [Link]
22. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development [Link]
23. Ministry of Health [Link]
24. Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development [Link]
25. Ministry of Defence [Link]

Other References

26. Conradin, K, et al, 2010, The SSWM Toolbox, Basel: Second international gmbh, URL: [Link]

27. G. Karavokyris & Partners Consulting Engineers S.A., Z&A P. Antonaropoulos & Associates S.A., URS,
Identification of a Multipurpose Water Resources Management and Development Project in Aswa Basin
(Uganda/South Sudan), NBI, 2012

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 76

28. Planted Forests in Sustainable Forest Management, FAO, 2010

29. Prepared by WOCAT Coordinated by the FAO of the UN, A TerrAfrica Partnership Publication, Sustainable
Land Management in Practise, 2011

30. Tilley, E. et al, 2008. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technology

31. W. Critchley, K. Siegert, A Manual for the Design and Construction of Water Harvesting Schemes for Plant
Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1991. [Link]
docrep/u3160e/[Link]#Contents

77 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 – Estimation of Costs and Benefits

Estimation of costs and benefits considers mainly references, assumptions, and parameterisation already
presented and used for comparison of scenarios in the option evaluation. However, further details are here
included in order to assess a specific economic analysis of identified projects especially introducing more detailed
unit costs.

The cost and benefit analysis is conducted evaluating parametric capital costs, operational and maintenance cost
and benefits. The costs are presented in €, are generally related to m³ or ha, are escalated to equivalent 2016
prices and include design costs and implementation costs. Final cost has been converted to US$, applying the
conversion rate 1 € = 1.13 US$.

It has to be underlined in the present work the implementation of various development options is related to typical
capital costs; more reliable cost estimates would be obtained identifying specific locations and undertaking
additional investigations. Here below some tables where all unit costs are summarised.

Cost for infrastructure are distinguished for adduction and distribution and they change according to the
magnitude of served population, irrigated hectares, installed capacity of hydropower. In particular, cost of
infrastructures are estimated making reference to the following formula:

𝐶"## = 𝐿& ∙ 𝑄 ) ∙ 𝑧 for adduction

𝐶#+, = 𝐴 . ∙ ℎ for distribution

where L is the length of pipeline (m), Q is the flow (l/s) and A is the number of served people or irrigated hectares.
Discharge Q is calculated for potable use considering 80 l/d per capita, while for irrigation 0.54 l/s/ha.

All the other parameters must be specifically set up in a calibration procedure or rather taking into account
gathered information on cost evaluation for analogous works in Uganda and consultant’s experience. The
following tables resume the values assigned to the calibration parameters.

ADDUCTION / PENSTOCK In case of hydropower plants the cost of penstock pipes is estimated as above,
except for the parameter z that changes according the diameter D: it is 0.1 for D <
Parameter Value
2 m, 0.14 for 2 < D < 4.5 and 0.165 D > 4.5 m. The diameter D is calculated
x 0.988 approximately as 1.5 𝑄.
y 0.2883
z 0.05

In case of power stations, the calculation implements the following equation:

𝐶345 = 𝑃 7 ∙ 𝐻 9 ∙ 𝑤

ADDUCTION
Parameter Value where P is the nominal power in kW and H is the hydraulic drop in m.
As for adduction and distribution all the other parameters are chosen
Potable Irrigation during a calibration process. Because of the range of characteristics of
j 0.8907 0.95 hydropower plants (nominal power, hydraulic drop and discharge) is
very wide the evaluation makes reference to Francis turbine.
h 0.5 8.0

POWER STATION
For the concerns the dams the reference is the Term or Reference where parametric Parameter Value
costs are indicated according to the different magnitude of storage volume. On the
n 0.481
basis of this the curve representing relationship between unit cost (€ per cubic meter)
and volume (V in MCM) is found: k -0.2858

𝐶,;4 = 0.7664 ∙ 𝑉 ABCDD w 33.676

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 78

The operation and management (O&M) costs are related to capital cost: in particular, the percentage of O&M is
0.35% for storages and 1.1% for irrigation schemes. In case of domestic water supply, it is considered 10%. This
latter value is elaborated from figures redacted in the “Uganda Water Supply and Sanitation - Country Status
Overviews” (AMCOW, 2011);
Parametric values of benefit are estimated through some intermediate non-financial parameter in order to trans-
form hectares for irrigation and aquaculture to tons of harvesting and fish. It is assumed the two main products
from irrigation would be beans and groundnuts (equal portion).
Production rate for beans and groundnuts is from “Production and marketed surplus of Uganda 1999-2006 (USSP-
WP9)” by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and for fish from “Aquaculture Technical Manual
USSPB05” by MAAIF.

INTERMEDIATE NON-FINANCIAL BENEFITS

Item Unit Benefit (t/ha)
Beans 2
Groundnuts 2.7
Fish 2.7
For domestic water supply unit benefit makes reference to NWSC tariff structure for 2013/2014 (“Water & Environ-
ment Sector Performance Report” by MWE, 2014). The other unit benefits are taken from Awoja CMP (2013).

FINANCIAL BENEFITS
Item Unit reference Benefit value
Domestic water supply US$/m³ 0.61
Livestock US$/TLU 5.48
Irrigation - beans US$/t 322
Irrigation - groundnuts US$/t 401
Fish US$/t 605
The applicable tariff for hydropower are taken from the ERA1: tariff is 0.115 USD/kWh if installed capacity is between
500 kW and 1 MW, it is 0.085 for hydropower higher than 9 MW and it varies linearly between 1 MW and 9 MW.
Taking into account the above mentioned criteria, capital cost, operational and maintenance costs and benefits
are calculated for the identified Multipurpose Projects. The results of this evaluation is included in Annex 3.
It is believed this analysis has included any kind of the main potential cost and benefit that can be foreseen in this
preliminary project phase. Costs that are not explicitly considered are assumed to be negligible. This is the case,
for instance, of expenses related to people living in the impounded areas: the proposed sites are selected also con-
sidering to minimise the needs to resettlement. Besides, aiming at a conservative evaluation of benefits, only the
most relevant incomes are considered. Finally, it has to be noted that all negative and positive impact not relate to
financial analysis are included in the following multi-criteria analysis.

[Link]

Multi-Criteria Analysis
Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) establishes preferences between options by reference to an explicit set of objectives
identified, and for which were established measurable criteria/indicator to assess the extent to which the objectives
have been achieved.
The weighted average method is the proposed method. Where it is possible to describe the consequences of a
certain project in terms of a single set of characteristics, their relative merits are expressed in numeric form, for
instance ranging from zero for very unfavourable characteristics to 100 for very favourable ones.
Using the weighted-average method, a table is set up where each competing project is listed and its scores against
each characteristic are tabulated. The scoring rule for each characteristic is the way in which the facts about a
project are converted into its merit score. Indicator/parameters can be mathematical, like a proportional relation-
ship between cost-benefit ratio or could use indicators and the related score, or they can be based on qualitative
considerations, based on expert judgement. Each characteristic corresponds to a criterion, and its scoring rule

79 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

corresponds to the way the decision-makers want that criterion to be applied.
In addition to the set of scoring rules and the set of scores for various projects, the applied method needs a set
of criterion importance weights. As already mentioned, these weights are shared with DWRM and stakeholders in
order to have a feedback to refine the list of criteria and their weights, and then set of scoring rules, in an iterative
discussion.
After these steps, the analysis is simple arithmetic: for each project an overall merit score is calculated as the
weighted average of its scores under the different criteria. At the end a table with a ranking representing the results
of the multi-criteria analysis could easily represent the prioritization of the scenarios.
Multi-criteria approach used to compare alternative projects (i.e. multipurpose dams) includes economic, social
and environmental factors. Table below shows selected NB-DSS indicators used, their group and their brief de-
scription.
It should be noted the same approach has been implemented during the comparison of scenarios in the previous
phase “Option Evaluation”, while indicators are slightly different because this now the multi-criteria analysis is re-
lated specifically to a single project.

Table A: NB-DSS indicators used for scenario evaluation

Indicator Description Group

Served people (habitant) Population that can be water supplied by reservoir

SOCIAL
Extent of irrigation area
Irrigable area that can be water supplied by reservoir
(Ha)
Ratio between yearly benefit and the sum of capital
Benefit – Cost ratio
costs (divided in 25 years) and yearly O$M costs
ECONOMIC
Energy production (MW) Hydro Power Plant capacity

Calculated as ratio between total storage volume and

Wet flow duration
water resource in dry semester

ENVIRONMENTAL

Calculated as the sum of dam height (multiplied by

10), dam length and impounded area (in km², mul-
Ecological stress
tiplied by 1000); the resulting value can be used to
evaluate impact of the infrastructure on environment

In Annex 3 the values of indicators for each projects are reported. Then, in order to compare all indicators, they
were normalized: using the “unit –vector” method, one of the techniques included in NB-DSS, the values of different
indicators were scaled to the range between 0 and 1. The “unit-vector” formula is:

with:
a : the measurement of a criterion;
ai : the criterion measurement for any given project; and
vi : normalised value of ai.

Selected criteria/indicator must be weighted in order to reflect their relative importance to the decisions.
The weights were defined taking into account the relevance of each indicator from three different viewpoints:
economic, environmental and social factor

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 80

Table B: Criteria weighting used for scenario evaluation

Indicator Weight (%) Group

Served people (habitant) 30
SOCIAL
Extent of irrigation area (Ha) 15
Benefit – Cost ratio 20
ECONOMIC
Energy production (MW) 10
Wet flow duration 15
ENVIRONMENTAL
Ecological stress 10

For each project, normalised values of indicators and weights were multiplied, add together (except the indicator
on ecological stress that is subtracted being negative). The final score of each project is divided by the average
score of all projects and then multiplied by 100: this leads to identify project that are better than the average (val-
ues higher than 100) and project worst (lower than 100).
The values assigned to each indicator are reported in Table 22, while the final score of each project is quoted in
paragraph 6.

Table C: Value of Indicators in Multipurpose Multi-Criteria Analysis

Multipurpose Financial Social Environment

Power Served Irrigation Wet flow duration
ID Name B/C
(MW) people (ha) %
Ecostress

PANYAN-
Multi_202 2.3 0.0 0 517 6 740
GO II
PANYAN-
Multi_206 6.1 5.0 0 1,105 9 1,356
GO III
PANYAN-
Multi_209_10 1.0 0.0 31,493 389 362 1,101
GO I
Multi_301 OME I 3.8 0.0 0 1,233 57 1,407
Multi_302 OME II 3.2 0.0 0 2,966 78 3,237
Multi_303 OME III 2.9 2.0 0 572 9 1,002
Multi_401_20 ORA I 1.0 0.1 14,092 452 90 874
Multi_403 ORA VII 2.7 0.1 0 1,740 129 1,848
Multi_404 ORA IV 2.4 1.5 0 349 5 654
Multi_405 ORA V 3.8 0.0 0 5,457 140 5,650
Multi_406 ORA VI 6.5 5.2 0 284 4 583
Multi_407 ORA VIII 3.6 1.5 0 389 5 696
Multi_408_20 ORA II 1.3 0.3 0 118 12 463
Multi_409_20 ORA III 0.9 0.1 71,114 499 61 847
Multi_410 6.8 0.4 0 0 0 0
UP ENYAU
Multi_501_10 0.3 0.0 0 21 123 183
VIII
UP_EN-
Multi_502_20 1.4 0.2 0 222 30 483
YAU I
UP ENYAU
Multi_503 2.9 0.5 0 438 14 671
VII
UP_EN-
Multi_504_20 1.9 0.2 0 581 186 829
YAU II
UP ENYAU
Multi_505_20 1.4 0.1 0 140 18 506
V

81 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 Multipurpose Financial Social Environment
Power Served Irrigation Wet flow duration
ID Name B/C
(MW) people (ha) %
Ecostress

UP ENYAU
Multi_506_20 3.1 0.3 0 973 36 1,412
VI
UP ENYAU
Multi_508_10 0.5 0.1 0 5 3 180
III
UP ENYAU
Multi_510 2.3 0.1 0 77 16 413
IX
UP_EN-
Multi_511_20 1.3 0.0 0 242 187 560
YAU IV
Multi_601_20 ENYAU I 0.9 0.0 127,399 977 47 2,254
Multi_603_20 ENYAU II 3.4 1.6 0 1,055 14 1,459
Multi_605_20 ENYAU IV 3.7 2.4 0 366 2 531
Multi_606_20 ENYAU V 6.0 4.2 0 255 2 493
Multi_610_20 ENYAU III 3.7 0.6 0 709 20 1,063
UP KOCHI
Multi_701 1.5 0.6 0 121 10 441
I
UP KOCHI
Multi_702 1.0 0.0 0 175 12 582
II
UP KOCHI
Multi_703 1.6 0.3 0 336 53 1,148
III
Multi_801_20 KOCHI I 0.7 0.1 76,908 110 106 1,150
Multi_802_20 KOCHI II 2.5 0.0 72,397 5,628 179 5,625
Multi_805_20 KOCHI III 3.1 0.0 0 746 10 954
Multi_806_20 KOCHI IV 0.7 0.1 76,908 168 134 787
Multi_901 LAROPI II 0.8 0.0 21,364 184 289 1,104
Multi_902 LAROPI III 2.9 0.1 0 270 118 991
Multi_903 LAROPI IV 1.1 0.0 21,364 467 289 1,631
Multi_904_10 LAROPI I 0.7 0.0 17,223 128 289 467
Multi_905 0.8 0.0 0 0 0 0
Multi_906 3.0 0.1 0 0 0 0
Multi_907 LAROPI V 1.2 0.3 19,336 690 154 1,135
Multi_1001 AYUGI II 2.7 0.0 0 885 10 1,117
Multi_1003_20 AYUGI I 1.1 0.0 121,996 1,116 144 1,591
Multi_1004 1.8 0.0 0 0 0 0
Multi_1005 AYUGI III 1.1 0.1 19,336 364 429 735
Multi_1006 4.4 0.1 0 0 0 0
Multi_1101_20 UNYAMA I 1.0 0.0 309,618 1,026 408 4,715
UNYAMA
Multi_1103_10 1.2 0.0 0 265 154 1,021
II
UNYAMA
Multi_1107 4.0 0.8 0 2,222 32 2,923
III
UNYAMA
Multi_1108 3.8 4.0 0 2,614 30 3,269
IV
UNYAMA
Multi_1110 3.6 0.0 0 729 6 1,102
V

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 82

 ANNEX 2 – Implementation Plan

Albert Nile Catchment: Investment and Management Actions

PROGRAMME 1: Create a GIS infrastructure to support data storage, elaboration, exchange, and information man-
Upper Nile WMZ agement of the Albert Nile Catchment. Develop technical guidelines, protocols and specifications
Geo-database and for GIS-database population and management of spatial information, including management of
GIS Atlas metadata of Albert Nile Catchment. Create and implement a web-GIS database for publication
Programme Leader: of relevant information on water resources, water permits and water source protection measures.
DWRM Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS database of areas with integrated land and water
management measures in the Albert Nile catchment, including: reforestation / afforestation, river
corridors and ecologic corridors, wetland restoration and protection, riverbanks and aquatic ecosys-
tem restoration, water scenic landscape protection, and protected areas.
Support Action Action to be Pri- Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost
Institutions ID implemented ority 2020 2025 2040 Cost for Imple-
Area (K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority Area
(K$)

Upper Nile 1.1.2 Establish and Number of GIS layers 42 3 8 52

WMZ, UBOS, maintain a GIS implemented, %
NPA, Dis- based knowl- coverage, %integra-
tricts edge and tion achieved, Number
information of users, Number of
management documents issued, by
system for the type
Albert Nile
catchment
Upper Nile 1.1.3 Establish and Number of GIS layers 42 3 8 52
WMZ, Dis- maintain a implemented, % cov-
tricts Web-GIS erage
database of
water resourc-
es
Upper Nile 1.4.1 Establish and Number of GIS layers 227 14 43 284
WMZ, Dis- 1.4.2 maintain a implemented, %
tricts 1.4.3 Web-GIS coverage, Number of
database of permits registered, by
water permits, type, Number of water
water source sources with WSP
protection measures, Number
measures and of areas mapped, by
areas with in- type
tegrated land
and water
management
measures

K$ means one thousand Dollars

83 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

K$ means one thousand Dollars

PROGRAMME 2: Collect, access, analyse and share a wide range of information for the purposes of evaluating water
Upper Nile WMZ resources and operational management.
Information Manage- Establish and maintain a GIS based Inventory of Water Discharge Points, existing and planned
ment System on WR sanitation facilities (sewerage and WWTPs) in urban areas, Water Permits on water bodies that are
Programme Leader: used for domestic/livelihood water supply, water for production facilities of Production, Industrial
UN-WMZ and Agricultural Sectors and hydropower plants (existing and planned). Create a GIS based inven-
tory of water bodies in Catchment, based on the assessment of their hydrological, geo- morpholog-
ical and ecological state (SW and GW bodies).
Support Action Action to be implemented Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost
Institutions ID Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost for Imple-
(K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)

SUB-PROGRAMME: Upper Nile WMZ Information Management System on Water Bodies

Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, 1.1.1 Collection, storage, elabo- Collection 35 2 6 43
DWD, DEA, ration and management of of data: n.
NEMA, NFA, integrated data on water of doc-
Districts resources in the Albert Nile uments
catchment issued, by
type
DWRM, 8.1.1 Improve information Number of 35 2 6 43
DWD, DEA, management on function- GIS layers
NEMA, NFA, al and ecological state of imple-
Districts water bodies mented,%
coverage,
Number of
water bod-
ies mapped
(by type, lo-
cation, WQ,
ecological
state),
Number of
water bod-
ies mapped
(by type,
location,
severity of
degrada-
tion state)

SUB-PROGRAMME: Upper Nile WMZ Information Management System on Water Supply and Sani-
tation Facilities
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWD, 2.1.1 Improve information Number of 50 3 9 63
NWSC, management on WQ GIS layers,
Districts for Water supply % cover-
age, Num-
ber of WS
facilities
(by type,
location,
source of
water, use)
K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 84

 DWD, 2.2.1 Improve information man- Number of 50 3 9 63
NWSC, Dis- agement on Water Permits GIS layers
tricts for Water Supply (SW and imple-
GW) mented, %
coverage,
Number
of water
permits (by
type, loca-
tion, water
body, user)
DWD, 3.1.1 Improve information man- % cov- 50 3 9 63
NWSC, Dis- agement on wastewater erage,
tricts discharge Number
points of water
discharge
points (by
type, lo-
cation, fa-
cility, WQ,
recipient
water body)
DWD, 3.1.2 Improve information Number of 126 8 24 158
NWSC, Dis- management on sanitation GIS layers
tricts facilities imple-
mented, %
coverage,
Number of
sanitation
facilities
(by type,
capacity,
location)
SUB-PROGRAMME: Upper Nile WMZ Information Management System on Water for Production
Facilities
Sub-Programme Leader: DWD
MAAIF, 4.1.1 Improve information Number of 46 3 9 57
MEMD, MIT, 5.1.1 management on Water GIS layers
Districts 6.1.1 for Production facilities for imple-
agricultural, industrial and mented, %
other sectors coverage,
Number
of WfP
facilities
(by type,
location,
capacity,
use)
MAAIF, 7.1.1 Improve information man- Number of 72 4 13 90
MEMD, MIT, agement on hydropower GIS layers
Districts plants imple-
mented, %
coverage,
Number of
HP facilities
(by type,
location,
capacity,
status)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

85 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 PROGRAMME 3: Upper Collect, access, analyse and share a wide range of information for the purposes of monitoring water resources
Nile WMZ Water Re- and operational management. Expand and upgrade the hydro-meteorological monitoring network, hydrogeolog-
sources Monitoring ical monitoring
system and WQ monitoring system. Develop an Environmental Monitoring Program on water bodies (SW and
GW) to determine their ecological state. Training activities of Catchment/WMZ technical staff by Consultants
Programme Leader: (Hydrologist and Environmental expert), implementation of maps, Capacity building organization and stakehold-
UN-WMZ er engagement at local/community level, will be developed in 8 year. N.2 training activities/technical support to
Catchment/WMZ staff are foreseen per year: 2 Consultants to assist 3 technical employees, duration of 20 hours.
Total cost include also additional 15 hours/training of Catchment/WMZ staff to train, coordinate and assist tech-
nical local staff (e.g. employees of local offices, local technicians etc.). One Stakeholder meeting is foreseen, every
two years.
Support Insti- Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Cost Total
tutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 2040 (K$) Cost for
(K$) (K$) (K$) Imple-
menta-
tion
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)
DWRM, Dis- 1.1.4 Expand and Number of hydro-meteoro- 1,374 86 258 1,718
tricts, NEMA upgrade the hy- logical stations
DEA, UNMA dro-meteorolog- operational, % coverage
ical monitoring
network
DWRM, Dis- 1.1.5 Expand and Number of GW stations 1,374 86 258 1,718
tricts, NEMA upgrade the GW operational
DEA, UNMA and hydrogeo- % coverage
logical moni-
toring
system
DWRM, Dis- 1.1.7 Expand and Number of WQ stations 2,003 125 376 2,504
tricts, NEMA upgrade the operational, WQ samples
DEA, UNMA WQ monitoring tested
network and lab-
oratory facilities
for surface and
groundwater
bodies
DWRM, 8.1.2 Develop an % of Albert Nile cov- 86 5 16 108
Districts, Environmen- ered, Number of water
NEMA tal Moni- bodies mapped (by
DEA, toring Pro- type, location, WQ,
UNMA gramme on ecological state and
water bodies trend)
(SW and GW)
to determine
their ecologi-
cal state

PROGRAMME 4: Upper Implement and maintain a comprehensive knowledge base on Water Resources and
Nile WMZ Water Re- Water Resources management through the achieve of reference documents and in-
sources Knowledge Base formation (paper and digital document) and implementation of GIS Atlas and Web-
Programme Leader: UN- Gis Database on Water Resources and on Water Infrastructure and Facilities (existing
WMZ and planned).
Support Insti- Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total
tutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost Cost for
(K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) Imple-
menta-
tion
ONLY in
Priority
Area
(K$)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 86

 SUB-PROGRAMME: Improve and Expand the Knowledge Base on Water Resources
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, DWD, 1.1.6 Expand and Number of 86 5 16 108
Districts, upgrade the GIS layers
NEMA, DEA, knowledge base implemented,
UNMA on groundwater % coverage,
resources and Number
aquifers of aquifers
mapped
DWRM, DWD, 1.4.4 Improve knowl- Number of 252 16 47 315
Districts, 9.1.2 edge base GIS layers
NEMA, DEA, on flood risk, implemented,
UNMA create and % coverage,
maintain an in- Number of ar-
ventory of flood eas mapped,
prone areas by type, %
population at
risk
DWRM, DWD, 1.4.5 Improve knowl- Number of 252 16 47 315
Districts, 9.1.3 edge base on GIS layers
NEMA, DEA, drought risk, implemented,
UNMA create and % coverage,
maintain an Number of
inventory of areas
drought prone mapped, by
areas type, % popu-
lation at risk
DWRM, DWD, 1.4.8 Improve the Number of 35 2 6 43
Districts, knowledge GIS layers
NEMA, DEA, base on en- implemented,
UNMA vironmental % coverage
flows and water Number of
reserve facilities, by
type
DWRM, DWD, 1.4.9 Implement Number of 35 2 6 43
Districts, and maintain documents is-
NEMA, DEA, a comprehen- sued, by type
UNMA sive knowledge
base, includ-
ing a library
and archive
of reference
documents (i.e.
research and
studies, car-
tography, field
surveys, mon-
itoring data,
etc.)
DWRM, DWD, 8.4.1 Expand the Number of 291 18 55 364
Districts, knowledge base GIS layers
NEMA, DEA, on wetlands implemented,
UNMA for improving % coverage,
wetland man- Number of
agement and wetlands
protection mapped (by
type, location,
area, ecologi-
cal state, uses)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

87 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 DWRM, DWD, 9.1.1 Create a knowl- Web-da- 86 5 16 108
Districts, edge base on tabase, %
NEMA DEA, vulnerability of coverage
UNMA water resources Number of
and user access
land to climate
variability and
change
SUB-PROGRAMME: Improve and Expand the Knowledge Base on Water Infrastructures and Facili-
ties
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.1 Improve the Number of 50 3 9 63
Districts knowledge GIS layers
base on the implemented,
water supply % coverage,
and sanitation % population
service cover- covered, n.
age WSS facilities
mapped, by
type
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.2 Improve the Number of 101 6 19 126
Districts 1.3.3 knowledge base WSS facilities
on the state of mapped, by
water supply type n. WSS
and sanitation projects, by
(WSS) existing type
infrastructures
and projects
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.4 Improve the Number of 57 4 11 71
Districts knowledge GIS layers im-
base on the plemented, %
water for pro- coverage, %
duction supply population, %
coverage demand met,
water uses, by
type
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.5 Improve the Number of 199 12 37 249
Districts 1.3.6 knowledge WfP facilities
base on the mapped, by
state of water type
for production Number of
existing facili- WfP projects,
ties and proj- by type
ects
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.7 Improve the Number of 89 6 17 112
Districts 1.3.8 knowledge base Industrial
on the industri- Water Sup-
al water supply ply facilities
facilities and mapped, by
on the state of type, Number
industrial water of Industrial
supply projects Water Supply
Projects, by
type

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 88

DWD, NWSC, 1.3.9 Improve the Number of Oil 425 27 80 531
Districts 1.3.10 knowledge and Gas Wa-
base on the oil ter Facilities
and gas water mapped, by
facilities and on type, Number
the state of oil of Oil and Gas
and gas proj- Water Facili-
ects ties Projects,
by type
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.11 Improve the Number of 144 9 27 179
Districts 1.3.12 knowledge HP Facilities
base on the mapped,
hydropower by type, n.
facilities and Hydropower
on the state Projects, by
of hydropower type
projects
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.13 Improve the Number of 245 15 46 307
Districts 1.3.14 knowledge Multipurpose
base on the Facilities
multipurpose mapped, by
facilities and type, Number
on the state of of Multipur-
multipurpose pose Facilities
projects Projects, by
type
DWD, NWSC, 1.3.15 Improve the Number of 86 5 16 108
Districts knowledge GIS layers
base on the implemented.
water works % coverage.
Number of
water
works
mapped, by
type
DWD, NWSC, 3.3.1 Develop the Number of 440 27 82 550
Districts knowledge base aquifers.
for a Water Number of
and Sanitation GIS layers
Programme implemented.
% coverage

DWD, NWSC, 5.3.1 Develop the Number of 112 7 21 140

Districts knowledge GIS layers
base for an implemented.
Industrial Water % coverage.
for Production Number of
Programme WfP facilities
planned (by
type, location,
source water
body, capaci-
ty, use)

DWD, NWSC, 6.4.1 Develop the Number of 126 8 24 158

Districts knowledge GIS layers
base for a Road implemented.
Infrastructure % cover-
Drainage Pro- age. Num-
gramme ber of roads
mapped (by
type)

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

89 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan
 DWD, NWSC, 7.2.1 Develop the Technical 126 8 24 158
Districts knowledge base Standard on
for establish- hydropower
ing an Energy and pumped
Peak Demand hydroelec-
Management tric storage
System / Number of
documents is-
sued, by type
DWD, NWSC, 9.3.1 Develop the Number GIS 440 27 82 550
Districts knowledge base layers im-
to increase plemented.
infrastructure % coverage.
resilience to cli- Km roads
mate variability mapped (by
and change type)
SUB-PROGRAMME: Integrated Knowledge for Management of Water Resources
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, DWD, 3.1.3 Develop the Number GIS 353 22 66 441
DEA, NEMA, 3.4.1 knowledge layers im-
NFA, MAAIF, 4.4.1 base for an In- plemented,
MEMD, MIT, 5.4.4 tegrated Pollu- % coverage,
Districts tion Prevention Number of
and Control pollution and
Programme sediment load
(including sources (by
also industrial type, location,
pollution) and WQ, priority
a Sediment pollutants,
Management sediment
Programme load, recipient
water body)
DWRM, DWD, 4.4.3 Develop the Number of 86 5 16 108
DEA, NEMA, knowledge GIS layers
NFA, MAAIF, base for an implemented,
MEMD, MIT, Integrated Land % coverage,
Districts & Water Number of
Management land deg-
Programme radation
hotspots (by
type, location,
WQ, pollution
load, recipient
water body)
DWRM, DWD, 6.4.2 Develop the Number of 86 5 16 108
DEA, NEMA, knowledge water bod-
NFA, MAAIF, base for a Wa- ies mapped,
MEMD, MIT, ter Landscapes Number of
Districts Valorisation GIS layers
Programme implemented,
% coverage
SUB-PROGRAMME: Knowledge Management and Exchange
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, DWD, 1.1.9 Disseminate Number of 126 8 24 158
Districts, knowledge on publications
CMO, MSE, water resources produced, by
MLG type

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 90

 PROGRAMME 5: Water Establish and maintain Upper Nile WMZ Modelling Unit, improve and expand the water permit
Resources management system in the WMZ/Albert Nile Catchment. Establish and operationalize the Catch-
Planning and Regula- ment Management Organizations in the Upper Nile WMZ; develop Water Sector funding mech-
tion System anisms for deconcentrated IWRM implementation at the WMZ and catchment levels. Develop
Programme Leader: water source protection plans and promote integrated pollution prevention and control in the
UN-WMZ Upper Nile WMZ.

Support Insti- Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020-2025 2025-2040 Total Total
tutions ID implemented Area 2020 (K$) (K$) Cost Cost for
(K$) (K$) Imple-
menta-
tion
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)

DWRM, 1.1.8 Establish Number 259 16 49 324

DWD, DEA, and main- of staff
WESWG, tain a Mod- assigned
CMO elling Unit Number of
documents
issued, by
type
DWRM, 1.2.1 Strengthen Number of 42 3 8 52
DWD, DEA, and enforce documents
WESWG, the IWRM issued, by
CMO regulatory type
framework
DWRM, 1.2.2 Improve Number 50 3 9 63
DWD, DEA, and expand of inspec-
WESWG, the water tions and
CMO permit man- controls
agement planned
system % cover-
age
DWRM, 1.2.5 Establish % cov- 104 7 20 130
DWD, DEA, and opera- erage.
WESWG, tionalize the Capital
CMO Catchment Investment
Manage- per capita
ment per year
Organiza-
tions
DWRM, 1.2.6 Develop Number of 104 7 20 130
DWD, DEA, Water Sec- documents
WESWG, tor funding issued, by
CMO mechanisms type
for decon-
centrated
IWRM
implemen-
tation
DWRM, 1.4.10 Establish a Number of 104 7 20 130
DWD, DEA, cross-sec- documents
WESWG, toral and issued, by
CMO cross-level type
coordina-
tion plat-
form
for WRMD
planning

K$ means one thousand Dollars

91 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 DWRM, 2.4.2 Develop Number of 440 27 82 550
DWD, DEA, Water WSP Plans
WESWG, Source developed
CMO Protection and imple-
Plans mented, by
sub-catch-
ment
Number
of water
sources
with WSP
Boards/
Commit-
tees estab-
lished
Number of
documents
issued, by
type
DWRM, DWD, 3.2.2 Promote Number of 126 8 24 158
DEA, Integrated documents
WESWG, Pollution issued, by
CMO Prevention type
and Control

PROGRAMME 6: Water Ensure adequate water quality control on water supplied for domestic/household use (SW and
Sector Infrastructure GW sources), water supplied for production (SW and GW) for Agricultural Production and for
and Facilities Industrial production. Define and operationalize a Technical Standard for water for production
Programme Leader: storage facilities and infrastructure design, construction and management, including multipurpose
DWD facilities. Improve management of sludge from sewage and sanitation facilities.
Support Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025-2040 Total Total Cost
Institutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 (K$) Cost for Imple-
(K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)
SUB-PROGRAMME: Water Supply Infrastructure and Service
Sub-Programme Leader: DWD
DWRM, 2.1.2 Ensure ade- % of 100 601 1,803 2,504
WSDF, TSU, quate water Albert Nile
UO, Districts quality con- catchment
trol on water covered
supplied for Number
domestic/ of WQ
household controls (by
use (SW and type, loca-
GW sources), tion, source
including the of water,
provision of use), n. kits
WQ testing provided
kits

DWRM, 2.3.1 Expand the Large % pop- 20,488 122,926 368,779 512,193 17,927
WSDF, TSU, water supply urban ulation
UO, Districts infrastruc- centres covered,
tures for full of Gulu, Number
coverage of Arua, of WSS
urban and Koboko, facilities
rural popula- Nebbi, planned
tion Yumbe (type, ca-
pacity)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 92

 DWRM, 2.3.4 Develop Maracha, Towns 667 4,003 12,008 16,678 8,339
WSDF, TSU, water supply Arua, served by
UO, Districts facili- Zombo, ground-
ties using Gulu, water
groundwater Amuru, schemes
sources in Nwoya imple-
areas with Districts mented.
water deficit Number of
boreholes
construct-
ed

DWRM, 2.3.6 Expand Catch- Number of 16 96 288 400 200

WSDF, TSU, rainwater ment on documents
UO, harvesting the left issued, by
Districts facilities in side of type
areas with Nile River
seasonal
water deficit

SUB-PROGRAMME: Sanitation Infrastructure and Service

Sub-Programme Leader: DWD

NWSC, Dis- 3.3.2 Improve Large Number of 36,203 217,218 651,655 905,077 181,015
tricts manage- urban documents
ment of centres issued,
sludge from (Gulu, by type,
sewage and Arua, Number
sanitation Adjumani, of plans
facilities Koboko, for sludge
Yumbe, manage-
Nebbi, ment,
Paidha, Number of
Pakwach), treatment
areas with plants with
increasing relative
popu- treatment
lation capacity,
density sewerage
(towns, extension
RGCs) and cover-
age

NWSC, Dis- 3.3.3 Improve Large Number of 551 3,308 9,924 13,783 2,757
tricts sanitation urban documents
and hygiene centres issued,
facilities in (Gulu, by type,
public build- Arua, Number of
ings Adjumani, improved
Koboko, sanitation
Yumbe, facilities
Nebbi,
Paidha,
Pakwach),
areas with
increasing
popu-
lation
density
(towns,
RGCs)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

93 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 SUB-PROGRAMME: Water for Production Facilities
Sub-Programme Leader: DWD
DWRM, 4.1.2 Ensure % of 11 68 205 284
MAAIF, 5.1.2 adequate Catch-
MEMD, MIT, 6.1.2 quality ment
OPM control on covered
water sup- Number
plied for of WQ
produc- controls
tion (SW (by type,
and GW), location,
including water
agricultural source,
production, use)
industrial
sector and
tourism
DWRM, 4.3.1 Improve Yumbe, Number 3 17 51 71 36
MAAIF, water for Arua, of doc-
MEMD, MIT, production Adjumani uments
OPM facilities districts issued, by
type
DWRM, 4.3.2 Rehabili- Nebbi, Number 37 221 663 920 460
MAAIF, tate and Zombo of WfP
MEMD, improve and Arua storage
MIT, OPM function- Districts facilities
ality of rehabili-
existing tated (by
water for type,
production location,
storage water
facilities source,
use)
DWRM, 4.3.6 Expand Catch- Number 17,380 104,278 312,835 434,493 217,247
MAAIF, irrigation ment on of irri-
MEMD, MIT, schemes the left gation
OPM side of schemes
Nile planned
River, and con-
especial- structed
ly Ora, (by type,
Enyau area, wa-
and Ko- ter source,
chi sub- capacity,
catch- use), areas
ments under
irrigation
DWRM, 4.3.8 Improve Areas of Number 10,450 62,700 188,099 261,249 52,250
MAAIF, water for Albert of doc-
MEMD, MIT, production Nile uments
OPM facilities for Catch- with
aquacul- ment Technical
ture along the Standards
Nile River on aqua-
culture,
n. and
extent
of aqua-
culture
ponds by
district

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 94

 DWRM, 5.3.2 Develop Large n. of doc- 1,059 12,976 38,928 52,963 26,482
DWD, DEA, adequate urban uments
OPM, supply centres issued,
WESWG, network of Gulu by type
MEMD, MIT, infrastruc- and Arua coverage
MAAIF, NFA ture for of indus-
industrial trial water
production supply
DWRM, 5.3.3 Promote Areas of Number 5 31 94 130 104
DWD, DEA, integrated Albert of doc-
OPM, develop- Nile uments
WESWG, ment of Catch- issued,
MEMD, MIT, agro-tour- ment by type,
MAAIF, NFA ism and along the Number
agro- in- Nile River of tour-
dustrial ists/year,
processing n. market
facilities facilities
realized
DWRM, 6.3.1 Promote Protect- Number 1 6 19 26 21
DWD, DEA, integrated ed areas of doc-
OPM, develop- of Albert uments
WESWG, ment of Nile, issued,
MEMD, MIT, eco-tour- espe- by type,
MAAIF, NFA ism facili- cially Num-
ties along the ber of
Albert eco-tour-
Nile ism
River facilities
realized
PROGRAMME 7: Define and operationalize a Technical Standard for design, implementation and man-
Multipurpose Water agement of multipurpose water for production storage facilities, storage facilities includ-
Storage Facilities ing recreational functions and including hydropower. Establish a responsible authority
for multipurpose storages integrated planning and coordination at catchment level
Programme Leader: (e.g. institutional authority which manage priority of dam’s implementation); establish
Multipurpose Pro- a responsible authority for multipurpose storage which manage and is responsible for
gramme Unit (to be balancing competing demands (e.g. institutional authority); establish a team responsible
established under for efficient operation and management of multipurpose dam (e.g. technical staff, O&M
MWE) guidelines).
Support Action Action to Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost
Institutions ID be imple- Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost for Imple-
mented (K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)
DWRM, 2.3.2 Increased Water Number 438 5,361 16,082 21,880 16,410
WSDF, TSU, water storages of water
UO, Dis- storage to supply storage
tricts capacity water planned
for domes- to Gulu, and con-
tic water Arua, structed
supply in and (type,
areas with Koboko capacity,
seasonal towns n. pop-
deficits ulation
served)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

95 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 DWRM, 2.3.3 Devel- Adduc- Number 567 6,951 20,852 28,370 21,277
WSDF, TSU, op bulk tion of water
UO, Dis- diversion linked transfer
tricts schemes to water schemes
for water storages planned
supply to supply (type,
in areas water capacity,
with water to Gulu, n. pop-
deficit Arua and ulation
Koboko served)
towns
DWRM, 4.3.3.A Increase Catch- Number 1,717 21,029 63,087 85,833 27,731
MAAIF, water for ment on of WfP
MEMD, MIT, production the left large
OPM storage side of storage
capacity in Nile River built (type,
areas with capacity,
seasonal location,
deficits of water
Upper Nile source,
WMZ (large use)
multi-
purpose
storages)
DWRM, 4.3.4 Devel- Catch- Number 3,971 48,640 145,921 198,532 64,141
MAAIF, op bulk ment on of water
MEMD, MIT, diversion the left transfer
OPM schemes side of schemes
for water Nile River planned
for pro- (adduc- (by type,
duction tion capaci-
in areas linked ty, water
with water to water source,
deficit storages) use)
DWRM, 6.3.3 Include Catch- Number 2 19 56 77 25
DWD, DEA, recreation- ment on of doc-
OPM, al func- the left uments
WESWG, tions in the side of issued, by
MEMD, MIT, multipur- Nile River type
MAAIF, NFA pose water
storages
facilities
develop-
ment
DWRM, 7.3.1 Develop Catch- Number 1,242 15,216 45,647 62,105 20,065
DWD, DEA, adequate ment on of HPP
OPM, multipur- the left planned
WESWG, pose water side of and real-
MEMD, MIT, storage Nile River ized (by
MAAIF, NFA facilities type, wa-
including ter body,
hydropower capacity,
generation use)

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 96

 PROGRAMME 8: Promote water efficiency practices (water conservation, reuse, recycling) in the Albert
Integrated Water and Nile catchment, promote irrigation water efficiency and water conservation agricultur-
Land Management al practices, promote optimization of water for production uses and reuse of treated
Programme Leader: wastewater for landscaping, green areas and other uses. Ensure appropriate environ-
UN-WMZ mental flows in water bodies, establish and maintain a water demand management sys-
tem, promote integrated land and water management and enforce riverbanks protec-
tion zones. Increase preparedness to severe climate events (flood / drought).
Support Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost
Institutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost for Imple-
(K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)
SUB-PROGRAMME: Water Efficiency
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWD, DEA, 2.4.1 Promote water Number 11 68 204 284
NEMA, NFA 3.2.1 efficiency prac- of doc-
4.2.1 tices (water con- uments
5.2.1 servation, reuse, issued, by
6.2.1 recycling) and type
optimization of
water uses in all
the sectors
DWD, DEA, 4.3.7 Promote the Number 8 50 151 210
NEMA, NFA adoption of of doc-
water saving uments
technologies for issued, by
irrigation infra- type
structures
DWD, DEA, 6.3.4 Promote the Number 6 38 113 158
NEMA, NFA reuse of treat- of doc-
ed wastewater uments
for irrigation of issued, by
landscaping, type
green areas and
other uses
SUB-PROGRAMME: Environmental Flows and Reserve Management System
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, 1.2.3 Ensure appropri- Number 14 87 260 361
DEA, CMO 2.2.2 ate environmen- of doc-
4.2.2 tal flows in water uments
5.2.2 bodies issued, by
6.3.2 type
7.4.1
8.2.1
DWRM, 1.4.6 Establish and Number 3 15 45 63
DEA, CMO maintain a water of doc-
demand man- uments
agement system published,
by type
% cover-
age
DWRM, 1.4.7 Establish and Number 2 10 31 43
DEA, CMO maintain an en- of doc-
vironmental flow uments
and reserve published,
management by type
system % cover-
age

K$ means one thousand Dollar

97 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 SUB-PROGRAMME: Integrated Water and Land Management
Sub-Programme Leader: DEA
NEMA, NFA 1.2.4 Promote inte- Number 27 164 492 684
4.4.2 grated land and of doc-
8.4.3 water manage- uments
9.4.1 ment issued, by
type
NEMA, NFA 8.3.1 Create a green Areas of % of 324 1,945 5,834 8,102 6,482
infrastructure Albert Nile Catch-
system to estab- Catch- ment
lish and protect ment covered
ecologic corri- along the
dors along water Nile River Area of
bodies green
infra-
structure
created
(by type,
extension,
water
body,
function)
NEMA, NFA 8.3.2 Create a green Yumbe, % of 284 1,706 5,119 7,109 3,555
infrastructure Arua, Catch-
system in the Adjumani ment
cattle corridor districts covered
Area of
green
infra-
structure
created
(by type,
extension,
cattle cor-
ridor area,
use)
NEMA, NFA 8.4.2 Enforce river- Catch- Number 648 3,889 11,668 16,205 8,102
banks protection ment on of doc-
zones the left uments
side of issued,
Nile River by type,
length
of river
banks
protected
SUB-PROGRAMME: Resilience to Climate Variability and Change
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, 9.2.1 Increase pre- Number 22 132 396 550
DEA, paredness to of flood
NEMA, severe climate area
UCC, events (flood / covered,
UNMA drought) by water
body, n.
drought
area cov-
ered, pop-
ulation
covered

K$ means one thousand Dollar

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 98

 PROGRAMME 9: Stakeholder engagement mechanism developed and established at the WMZ/Catch-
Stakeholder ment level. Awareness raising on wise use of water resource and on waste management.
Engagement and Awareness raising on water efficiency in agriculture, on water efficiency in industry, on
Participatory IWRM renewable energy potential and energy efficiency, on water for environment and man-
Programme Leader: agement of natural resources.
UN-WMZ
Support Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost for
Institutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost Implementa-
(K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) tion
ONLY in Priori-
ty Area (K$)
SUB-PROGRAMME: Stakeholder Engagement and Participatory IWRM Sub-Programme Leader: UN-
WMZ
CMO, Dis- 1.5.1 Develop and Number 6 38 113 158
tricts implement a of stake-
stakeholder holder en-
engagement gagement
mechanism activities
planned
DWRM, 1.5.4 Promote Number 5 31 94 130
CMO, Dis- trans-boundary of events
tricts cooperation on planned
IWRM and orga-
nized
Number
of partici-
pants
SUB-PROGRAMME: Awareness Raising
Sub-Programme Leader: UN-WMZ
DWRM, 2.5.1 Awareness Number 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, raising on wise of aware-
CMO use of water ness
resources raising
activities
planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced
DWRM, 3.5.1 Awareness rais- Number 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, ing on waste- of aware-
CMO water, faecal ness
sludge and raising
waste activities
management planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced

K$ means one thousand Dollars

99 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 DWRM, 4.5.1 Awareness rais- Number 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, ing on water of aware-
CMO efficiency in ness
agriculture raising
activities
planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced
DWRM, 5.5.1 Awareness rais- Number 2 13 40 56
DWD, DEA, ing on water of aware-
CMO efficiency in ness
industry raising
activities
planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced
DWRM, 6.5.1 Awareness Number 3 15 45 63
DWD, DEA, raising on wa- of aware-
CMO ter efficiency ness
in tourism and raising
other activities
sectors planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced
DWRM, 7.5.1 Awareness rais- Number 3 15 45 63
DWD, DEA, ing on renew- of aware-
CMO able energy ness
potential and raising
energy activities
efficiency planned,
Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced
DWRM, 8.5.1 Awareness rais- Number 13 76 227 315
DWD, DEA, 9.5.1 ing on water, of aware-
CMO environment ness
and manage- raising
ment of activities
natural re- planned,
sources Num-
ber of
commu-
nication
materials
produced

K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 100

 PROGRAMME 10: Techni- Training activities of Catchment/WMZ technical staff by Consultants (Hydraulic En-
cal gineer and/or hydrologist, Environmental expert, Institutional Representative), imple-
Capacity Building mentation of manuals, Capacity building organization and stakeholder engagement
at local/community level, will be developed in 8 year. N.2 training activities and tech-
Programme Leader: nical support to Catchment/WMZ staff are foreseen per year: 2 Consultants to assist 3
DWRM technical employees, duration of 20 hours. Total cost include also additional 10-15 hours
of Catchment/WMZ staff to train, coordinate and assist stakeholders involved at local
level (e.g. farmers, employees in industrial sectors, cattle farmers etc.). One Stakeholder
meeting is foreseen, every two years. Total cost of multi-year Capacity Building Pro-
gramme for technical evaluation of hydropower projects considers 3 training activities
and technical support to Catchment/WMZ staff each lasting 20 hours and additional
20 hours of Catchment/WMZ staff to train technical employees of hydropower plants.
During the first 4 year, one Stakeholder meeting is foreseen per year, then one stake-
holder meeting every two years.
Support Action Action to be Priority Indicator 2017- 2020- 2025- Total Total Cost
Institutions ID implemented Area 2020 2025 2040 Cost for Imple-
(K$) (K$) (K$) (K$) mentation
ONLY in
Priority
Area (K$)
WESWG, 1.5.2 Institutional Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, Capacity training activi-
Upper Building at ties planned
Nile WMZ the local % of Albert
level, includ- Nile catch-
ing local ment covered
governments n. of trained
and urban people
authorities
WESWG, 1.5.3 Build techni- Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for imple- ties planned
Nile WMZ mentation Number of
increased training man-
through uals produced
specific
training
programmes,
including
GIS and
modelling
training and
promotion of
research and
innovation to
identify
suitable
technologies
WESWG, 2.5.2 Build techni- Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for improving ties planned
Nile WMZ water supply Number of
services in training man-
rural areas uals produced
WESWG, 3.5.2 Build techni- Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for improving ties planned
Nile WMZ sanitation Number of
and hygiene training man-
services in uals produced
minor urban
areas and
rural areas
K$ means one thousand Dollars

101 Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan

 WESWG, 3.5.3 Build techni- Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for integrat- ties planned
Nile WMZ ed pollution Number of
prevention training man-
and uals produced
control
WESWG, 4.5.2 Build techni- Number of 6 38 113 158
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for improving ties planned
Nile WMZ efficient use Number of
of water training man-
resources for uals produced
production in
agricultural
sectors
WESWG, 5.5.2 Build techni- Number of 2 13 40 56
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for improving ties planned
Nile WMZ efficient use Number of
of water training man-
resources for uals produced
production
in industrial
sectors
WESWG, 7.5.2 Build tech- Number of 9 54 161 224
DWD, DEA, nical capac- training activi-
Upper ity for full ties planned
Nile WMZ development Number of
of the hydro- training man-
power uals produced
potential
WESWG, 8.5.2 Build techni- Sub-catch- Number of 8 50 150 209 146
DWD, DEA, 9.5.2 cal capacity ments with training activi-
Upper for wetland more ties planned
Nile WMZ manage- wetland Number of
ment extension training man-
(Ayugi, uals produced
AN_Up_ % of Catch-
Kochi, ment covered
Enyau,
Laropi
sub-catch-
ments)
WESWG, 8.5.3 Build techni- In areas Number of 6 38 113 158 126
DWD, DEA, cal capacity with PAs, training activi-
Upper for ecosys- wetlands ties planned
Nile WMZ tem assess- and along Number of
ment Nile River training man-
uals produced
% of Catch-
ment covered
WESWG, 8.5.4 Build techni- Number of 5 31 94 130
DWD, DEA, cal capacity training activi-
Upper for deter- ties planned
Nile WMZ mining and Number of
implement- training man-
ing environ- uals produced
mental flows % of Catch-
and water ment covered
reserves
K$ means one thousand Dollars

Albert Nile Catchment Management Plan 102