EXPERIMENT 3
COURSE : SKO 3033 (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2) GROUP : B LECTURERS NAME : EN. MOHAMAD SYAHRIZAL BIN AHMAD STUDENTS NAME AND ID : 1. NURUL HANA BALQIS BT BAHAROM D20101037312 2. NAPSIAH BT ABDUL RAHMAN D20101037298
OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT: 1. Students should have learned the chemical tests to identify the existence of alcohol. 2. Students should know to differentiate different classes of compound.
RESULTS: A. SOLUBILITY TEST COMPOUND OBSERVATION
Acetone Benzaldehyde Alcohol A Alcohol B Alcohol C
Soluble Slightly soluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
B. LUCAS TEST COMPOUND OBSERVATION (time for homogenous solution to turn cloudy)
Alcohol A Alcohol B Alcohol C
Fast Very slow Instantaneously
C. TOLLENS TEST COMPOUND OBSERVATION (Formation of silver mirror)
Acetone Benzaldehyde Alcohol A Alcohol B Alcohol C
No Yes No No No
D. CHROMIC ACID TEST COMPOUND OBSERVATION (occurrence of precipitate)
Acetone Benzaldehyde Alcohol A Alcohol B Alcohol C
No No No No No
DISCUSSION: 1. In solubility test, all three alcohols (A, B, and C) are insoluble in water. From the physical properties of alcohols, only lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol are completely miscible in water. Solubility of alcohols in water decreases as hydrocarbon chain of the molecules get longer. Alcohols with long carbon chain are more alkane-like (insoluble in water). Acetone is soluble in water. This is because, acetone is a simple carbonyl compound. They are very soluble in water. Benzaldehyde is slightly soluble in water. 2. Lucas test involves adding the Lucas reagent to an unknown alcohol and watch the time taken for the mixture of alcohol and lucas reagent to turn cloudy. Tertiary alcohols react almost instantaneously because they form relatively stable tertiary carbocations. Secondary alcohols react in about 1 to 5 minutes because their secondary carbocations are less stable than tertiary ones. Primary alcohols react very slowly. Alcohol A fastly turn cloudy after mixing with lucas reagent, alcohol B turn the solution cloudy very slowly and alcohol C turn the solution cloudy just after mixing. From the result obtain in the experiment, we can conclude that alcohol C is a tertiary alcohol(2-methyl-2-pentanol) , alcohol A is a secondary alcohol(4-methyl-2-pentanol) and alcohol B is a primary alcohol (1-hexanol). 3. Tollens test involves adding a solution of silver-ammonia complex (tollen reagent) to the unknown compound. If an aldehyde is present, its oxidation reduces silver ion to metallic silver in the form of a black suspension or a silver mirror deposited on the inside of the container. Simple hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones and alcohols do not react with Tollens reagent. This is the reason why only benzaldehyde form silver mirror.
4. The chromic acid test for primary and secondary alcohols makes use of tertiary alcohols resistance to oxidation. When a primary or secondary alcohol is added to the chromic acid reagent, the orange colour of changes to green or blue. But from the result of experiment, all of the liquid compounds show negative results. This is maybe due to the contamination of the chromic acid solution given.
QUESTION : Write the complete chemical equations for the liquid compound that gave the positive test in Lucas test, Tollens and chromic acid test.
DISCUSSION: 1. Solubility test is used to determine the solubility of liquid compounds in water. Acetone is very soluble in water, benzaldehyde is slightly soluble and all the three alcohols (1hexanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol and 2-methyl-2-pentanol) is insoluble in water.
2. Lucas test is used to determine the class of the unknown alcohol. From the result obtain from Lucas test, we can conclude that alcohol C is a tertiary alcohol(2-methyl-2pentanol) , alcohol A is a secondary alcohol(4-methyl-2-pentanol) and alcohol B is a primary alcohol (1-hexanol). 3. Tollens test is used to identifying the presence of aldehyde. If aldehyde is present, silver mirror will form. Ketones and alcohols do not react with Tollens [Link] test cannot be used to determine the presence of alcohol and ketones. 4. Chromic acid test is used to differentiate tertiary alcohol from primary and secondary. Tertiary alcohol show negative result by this test while primary and secondary test give positive result toward this test.
