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The document discusses the concept of roots of unity, defining them as complex numbers that satisfy a specific equation related to natural numbers. It provides examples of roots of unity and illustrates their representation in the Gauss-Argand plane as vertices of regular polygons inscribed in the unit circle. Additionally, it mentions De Moivre's formula and propositions regarding the sum of roots and their applications in computing roots of complex numbers.

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10 views4 pages

CLASE5 Node9 Node10

The document discusses the concept of roots of unity, defining them as complex numbers that satisfy a specific equation related to natural numbers. It provides examples of roots of unity and illustrates their representation in the Gauss-Argand plane as vertices of regular polygons inscribed in the unit circle. Additionally, it mentions De Moivre's formula and propositions regarding the sum of roots and their applications in computing roots of complex numbers.

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hola3000o0z
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Roots of unity.

Página 1 de 3

Next: Algebraic form. Up: Roots of a complex Previous: Polar form. Contents

Roots of unity.
Definition 1.5.4 Let be a natural number such that . A complex number such that
is called an root of unity.

Example 1.5.5

1. is a root of unity, as .
2. is a root of unity. Please check this.

By the method of the previous section 5.1, we compute all the roots of unity:

For , we have the following roots:

The images in Gauss-Argand plane of the roots of unity are the vertices of a regular polygone
inscribed in the unit circle.

Example 1.5.6

(i) The square roots of unity ( ) are and (see Figure 8(a).

(ii) For , the roots of unity are , and (see Figure 8(b).

(iii) For , the roots of unity are , , and (see Figure 8(c).

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Roots of unity. Página 2 de 3

Figure 8: The images of the roots of unity.

By De Moivre's formula De Moivre's formula, the following holds:

An immediate consequence is as follows:

Proposition 1.5.7 Let be a natural number such that . The sum of all roots of unity is
equal to 0.

Proof. We have:

Now, let us see a nice application of these roots of unity.

Proposition 1.5.8 Let be a natural number such that . Suppose that and are two

complex numbers such that . Then we obtain all the roots of by separate
multiplication of by all the roots of unity.

Example 1.5.9 Take the number

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Roots of unity. Página 3 de 3

Squarring twice, we obtain

By Proposition 5.8, the roots of are given by:

An additional result of this example is the following: compute polar forms for the roots of .
Theses roots have arguments , , and . They fit exactly the order of the roots
given above.

Next: Algebraic form. Up: Roots of a complex Previous: Polar form. Contents
Noah Dana-Picard 2003-12-03

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Algebraic form. Página 1 de 1

Next: Equations of degree 2. Up: Roots of a complex Previous: Roots of unity. Contents

Algebraic form.
The computation of roots of a given complex number is performed using the algebraic
representation of a complex number only when is a power of 2.

Let and , with real .

The extra equation is equivalent to . Solving this system for and , we have

or . This means that has two square roots, namely and


.

Using this method (more than once!), we can solve equations like , .

Noah Dana-Picard 2003-12-03

[Link] and Settings\JOSE LUIS GONZALEZ\Escritorio\LAPTOPJLUIS... 02/02/2008

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