Arrays in PHP

An array is a special variable that can hold many values

under a single name, and you can access the values by
referring to an index number or name.

There are 3 types of array

Indexed Arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or
more arrays
Arrays in PHP
 Array items can be of any data type
type.

 The most common are strings and numbers ((int,

float), but array items can also be objects, functions or
even arrays.

 You can have different data types in the same array.

array
Arrays in PHP
 We can create arrays by using the array() function:

$mobile= array(“samsung",
", ““nokia", “oneplus");

 You can also use a shorter syntax by using

the [] brackets:

$mobile = [“samsung", “nokia

nokia", “oneplus“];
Array Keys
 When creating indexed arrays the keys are given
automatically, starting at 0 and increased by 1 for each
item, so the array could also be created with keys
keys:

 $mobile= [ 0 => “samsung",

", 1 => “nokia",
2 =>“oneplus" ];
Access Array items
 To access an array item, you can refer to the index
number for indexed arrays, and the key name for
associative arrays.

$mobile= array(“samsung",
", “nokia",
“ “oneplus");
echo $mobile[0];
echo $mobile[1];

The first item always has index value as zero.

Update/Change Array items
 To update an existing array item, you can refer to the
index number for indexed arrays, and the key name
for associative arrays.

$mobile= array(“samsung",
", “nokia",
“ “oneplus");
echo $mobile[1];
$mobile[1]=“motorola”;”;
echo $mobile[1];
foreach loop
$mobile= array(“samsung", “nokia", “oneplus");
foreach( $mobile as $x)
{
echo “$x”;
echo “<br>”;
}

The foreach loop - Loops through a block of code for

each element in an array
count function
The count() function returns the number of elements in
an array.

<?php
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>
Display array using for loop
$mobile= array("samsung", "nokia", "oneplus");

for($n=0; $n<count($mobile); $n++)

{
echo "$mobile[$n]";
echo "<br>";
}
Display array elements
<?php
$mobile= array("samsung", "nokia", "oneplus");
echo "<pre>";
var_dump($mobile);
print_r($mobile);
echo "</pre>";
?>

The print_r()() function prints the information about a

variable in a more human-readable
readable way
PHP Associative arrays
 Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that
you assign to them.

<?php
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",
"year"=>1964);
var_dump($car);
?>
Access Associative arrays
 To access an array item you can refer to the key name
name.

$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",

"year"=>1964);

echo $car["model"];
Change Value
 To change the value of an array item, use the key
name:

$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",

"year"=>1964);

$car["year"] = 2024;
var_dump($car);
Foreach loop
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",
"year"=>1964);

foreach ($car as $x => $y)

{
echo "$x: $y <br>";
}
 array_flip() function in PHP
 It will flip all the keys with their associated values in an array
array:

$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang", "year"=>1964);

echo "<pre>";
print_r($car);
$car=array_flip($car);
print_r($car);
echo "</pre>";
Multidimensional arrays
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or
more arrays.
Consider a table: (3 rows and 3 columns)

Abc 10 20
Pqr 55 65
Xyz 67 97
Multidimensional arrays
Abc 10 20
Pqr 55 65
Xyz 67 97

$value = array (
array ("Abc","10","20"),
array ("Pqr","55","65"),
array ("Xyz","67","97")
);
<?php
$value = array (
array ("Abc","10","20"),
array ("Pqr","55","65"),
array ("Xyz","67","97")
);

echo $value[0][0].' '.$value[0][1].''.$value[0][2];

echo $value[1][0].''.$value[1][1].''.$value[1][2];
echo $value[2][0].''.$value[2][1].''.$value[2][2];

echo "<pre>";
var_dump($value);
print_r($value);
echo "</pre>";
?>
Using for loop
for ($r=0; $r<3 ; $r++)
{
for($c=0; $c<3 ; $c++)
{
echo $value[$r][$c];
}
echo "<br>";
}
Using foreach loop
foreach ($value as $v1)
{
foreach ($v1 as $v2)
{
echo "$v2 ";
}
echo "<br>";
}
Program to find sum of array elements
<?php
$value = array(10,20,30);
$sum=0;

for($i=0; $i<count($value); $i++)

{
$sum=$sum + $value[$i];
}

echo "Sum of array elements is $sum";

?>
Sorting functions
 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order,
according to the value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order,
according to the key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order,
according to the value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order,
according to the key
<?php
$value = array(67,10,5,98);

echo "<pre>";
print_r($value);
sort($value);

print_r($value);
echo "</pre>";

?>
<?php
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",
"color"=>"black");

echo "<pre>";
print_r($car);
krsort($car);

print_r($car);
echo "</pre>";

?>
PHP explode() Function
 The explode() function breaks a string into an array
array.

 Syntax
explode(separator,
separator, string, limit)
limit

Where limit is optional. It specifies

pecifies the number of array
elements to return.
PHP explode() Function
<?php
$input="abc,def,ghi,jkl";
$output=explode("," , $input );

echo "<pre>";
print_r($output);
echo "</pre>";
//print_r(explode("," ,$input ));
?>
PHP implode() Function
The implode() function returns a string from the
elements of an array.

Syntax
implode(separator,array
separator,array)
The separator parameter of implode() is optional
and by default it is an empty string.
PHP implode() Function
<?php
$input=array("abc","def","ghi","jkl");

$output=implode(" ",$input);

echo "$output";
?>
PHP string Functions
strlen() Function
: This function takes a string as argument
and returns and integer value representing
the length of string. It calculates the length
of the string including all the whitespaces
and special characters.

Syntax: strlen( $string )

PHP string Functions
 str_word_count()
() Function
: The str_word_count()
() function counts the
number of words in a string.
string

strrev() Function
: The strrev()
() function reverses a string.
string
PHP string Functions
 strtoupper() Function
:The strtoupper()
() function takes a string as
argument and returns the string with all
characters in Upper Case.
Case

strtolower()() Function
:This
This function takes a string as argument ans
returns the string with all of the characters in
Lower Case.
PHP string Functions
 ucwords()
() Function
This function takes a string as argument and
returns the string with the first character of
every word in Upper Case and all other
characters remains unchanged.
unchanged
PHP string Functions
 strpos() Function:
This function helps us to find the position of
the first occurrence of a string in another
string. This returns an integer value of the
position of the first occurrence of the string.
This function is case-sensitive
sensitive.
Syntax: strpos(original_str
original_str, search_str,
start_pos);
PHP string Functions
 str_replace()
() Function
The str_replace()
() function replaces some
characters with some other characters in a
string.
Syntax:
str_replace(find,replace,string,count
find,replace,string,count)
Count is optional
PHP string Functions
 strcmp() Function
The strcmp() () function compares two strings
strings.
It is case sensitive.
PHP Functions
 PHP has more than 1000 built
built-in functions, and
in addition you can create your own custom
functions / user defined functions.
 A function is a block of statements that can be
used repeatedly in a program.
 A function will not execute automatically.
 A function will be executed by a call to the
function.
Create a user defined Function
 A user-defined
defined function declaration starts with
the keyword function, followed by the name of
the function:

function hello()
{
echo “hello”;
}
Call a user defined Function
 To call the function, just write its name followed
by parentheses ()

function hello()
{
echo “hello world”;
}
hello();
hello();
Function parameters/Arguments
 Information can be passed to functions through
arguments. An argument is just like a variable
variable.

 Arguments are specified after the function name,

inside the parentheses. You can add as many
arguments as you want, just separate them with a
comma.
Function parameters/Arguments
function display( $x )
{
echo “value is $x”;
}

display(10);
display(20);
Default parameters/Arguments
function display( $x=20 )
{
echo “value is $x”;
}

display(); //it will use default value as 20

display(50);
Function with return values
function input( $x )
{
return $x;
}

$value= input(40);
echo $value;
//echo input(50);
Function with return values
function sum( $x, $y )
{
$z=$x+$y;
return $z;
}
$value= sum(40,50)
echo $value;

In this examples, the function is called by passing

values of variables.
Call by reference
When a function argument is passed by reference,
changes to the argument also change the variable
that was passed in.

To turn a function argument into a reference,

the & operator is used:
Call by reference
function input(&$x)
{
$x=$x+10;
}
$n=10;
echo $n; //it will print 10
input($n);
echo $n; //it will print 20
Pass an array as an parameter
<?php
$value=array(10,20,30);
function sum($x)
{
$sum=0;
foreach($x as $y)
{
$sum= $sum + $y;
}
echo "sum is $sum";
}
sum($value);
?>
Scope of variables (global / local)
<?php
$x=10;
function test()
{
global $x;
echo "<br>inside a function $x";
}
test ();
echo "<br>outside a function $x";
?>
Practice Programs
Write php program to find greatest of two
numbers using user defined function.

Write php program to check a given number is

even or odd using user defined function.

Write php program to find a given number is

prime or not using user defined function
Anonymous function in php
an anonymous function is a function that
doesn’t have any name specified at the time of
definition. Such a function is also
called closure or lambda function
function.

$anonymousFunction = function($arg1, $arg2, ...) {

// Function body
};
Anonymous function in php
// Define and use an anonymous function

$sum = function($a, $b) {

return $a + $b;
};
// Output: 5
echo $sum(2, 3);
Anonymous function in php
Note that there is no function name between
the function keyword and the opening
parenthesis, and the fact that there is a semicolon
after the function definition.

This implies that anonymous function definitions

are expressions. When assigned to a variable, the
anonymous function can be called later using the
variable’s name.
Iterators in php
 Every PHP array keep track of current element.
 The pointer to the current element is known as
Iterator.
current()
reset()
next()
prev()
end()
Key()
pos()
$choice=array("CO","EE","ET","CE","ME");

echo current($choice)."<br>";
echo next($choice)."<br>";
echo prev($choice)."<br>";
echo end($choice)."<br>";
echo reset($choice)."<br>";
echo key($choice)."<br>";
echo pos($choice)."<br>";
echo next($choice)."<br>";
echo pos($choice)."<br>";
<?php
$input="Govt poly khamgaon";
$op=explode(" ",$input);

$c=count($op);
echo "number of words = $c";
?>
<?php
$im=imagecreate(500,500);
imagecolorallocate($im,0,0,100);
$c=imagecolorallocate($im,255,255,255);
imagestring($im,5,200,0,"GP Khamgaon",$c);
imagefilledrectangle($im, 40, 90,450 , 25, $c);
header("Content-Type:
Type: image/png");
imagepng($im);
imagedestroy($im);
?>
Basics graphics in php
 imagecreate(( $width, $height )
used to create a new image.

In general imagecreatetruecolor()
imagecreatetruecolor function is
used instead of imagecreate()
imagecreate function
because imagecreatetruecolor()
imagecreatetruecolor function creates
high quality images.
Basics graphics in php
imagecolorallocate ( $image, $red, $green, $blue);

imagestring( $image, $font, $x, $y, $string, $color )

The imagepng() function is an inbuilt function

in PHP which is used to display image to browser
or file
Pdf files in php
FPDF is a class used to create pdf files in php.

Use fpdf.org to download this.

Use require() function to include fpdf.php file

require("fpdf.php");
Pdf files in php
Create object of FPDF

$pdf= new FPDF(); //memory allocation to object

Call or invoke various methods/functions provided

by FPDF class/library by using created object $pdf

To add a page, $pdf->AddPage();

>AddPage();
Pdf files in php
SetFont() method is used to set the font, style, and
size of the text that is added to a PDF using
the Cell() method.
The first parameter sets the font family, the second
parameter sets the font style, and the third
parameter sets the font size.
size

 $pdf->SetFont('Arial','UIB',
'UIB',20);
 $pdf->cell(80,10,"GP Khamgaon");
Khamgaon
//x and y coordinages along with text in cell()
method
Pdf files in php
Use output() method to get the output

It may takes two parameters

Ex: pdf->output(“filename”,
>output(“filename”, “mode I/D”);

D mode will download the pdf file automatically

in the browser
Pdf files in php
<?php

require("fpdf.php");
$pdf=new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetTextColor(255,0,0);
>SetTextColor(255,0,0);
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','UIB',20);
>SetFont('Arial','UIB',20);
$pdf->cell(80,10,"GP
>cell(80,10,"GP Khamgaon");
$pdf->output();

?>
THANK YOU