A

MATHEMATICS
Class 10

AN
G
MATHEMATICS

N
LA
Class 10
TE
T,
A B
ABHYASA DEEPIKA
ER
C

State Council of Educational Research and Training, Government of Telangana

Telangana, Hyderabad.
TG Teachers info
 MATHEMATICS
CLASS - 10

A
AN
G
AN
ABHYASA DEEPIKA
L
TE
T,
ER
SC

State Council of Educational Research & Training Samagra Shiksha

Telangana, Hyderabad. Telangana, Hyderabad.

TG Teachers info
 INDEX
Chapter Page
Name of the Chapter
No. No.

01 Real Numbers 1

A
02 Sets 5

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03 Polynomials 13

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04 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables 17
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05 Quadratic Equations 23
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06 Progressions 30
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07 Coordinate Geometry 33
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08 Similar Triangles 38
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09 Tangents and Secants to a Circle 45

10 Mensuration 51
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11 Trigonometry 57

12 Applications of Trigonometry 64

13 Probability 68

14 Statistics 76

iii

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 INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS

· Focus on 14 units in Mathematics meant for evaluation in public examinations.

· This material is developed from the given 14 units meant for final examinations.

· Provide enough practice to students on key concepts and questions meant for practice.

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· Provide practice on variety of questions given in the material.

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· Focus on constructions (similar triangles, secants and tangents) and graphs
(polynomials, linear equations, statistics).

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· Explain the terms involved in the formulae and make the students to practice.

·
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Correlate with text books to clarify doubts in the Learning Material.

· Efforts should be made to make use of the learning material to the maximum extent
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for better result.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
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· Understand the key concepts - explanation unit-wise to answer questions in the

public examinations.
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· Correlate with text books to clarify doubts in the reading material and approach
your teachers.

· Good practice of the learning material helps you to achieve best results.

iv

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 Chapter

1 Real Numbers
1. Division Algorithm:

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For any two given positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists a unique whole

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numbers “q” and “r” such that
a = bq+r where 0 < r < b

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Here “a” is dividend , “b” is divisor, “q” is quotient and “r” is remainder.
So that Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient ) + Remainder.
AN
2. Euclid’s Division Algorithm:
It is a technique to calculate the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of the two given
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positive integers.
TE

To obtain the HCF of two positive integers c and d, with c > d, follow the steps
below.
Step 1: Apply Division algorithm to c and d we find whole numbers q and r
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such that
c = dq + r, 0 < r <d
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Step 2 : If r = 0, d is the H.C.F. of c and d.

If r ¹ 0, apply division algorithm to d and r .
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Step 3: Continue this process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this
stage will be the required H.C.F

3. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmatic / Unique Prime Factorization Theorem:

Every Composite number (positive) can be expressed as product of primes in a
unique manner irrespective of their order.
Example: 24 = 2x2x2x3 = 23x3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [1]

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 4. Rational number and their Decimal Expansion:

i) If a = p / q where p and q are co-primes and q = 2m x 5n (where m and n are

whole numbers) then the rational number has terminating decimal expansion.

7 7
Example : = = 0.7
10 2 ´ 5

ii) If a= p/q, where p and q are Co-Primes and ‘q’ cannot be written in the form

A
of 2m x 5n (where m and n are whole numbers) then the rational number has

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a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.

7 7
Example : = = 1.166666 ……..
6 2´3

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5. Relationship between L.C.M and H.C.F of two numbers.
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For any two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’

H.C.F of a and b ´ L.C.M of a and b = a ´ b

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Example : Let the numbers be 4 and 6 ,
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their H.C.F = 2 and L.C.M =12

H.C.F ´ L.C.M = 2 ´ 12 = 24

Product of numbers = 4 ´ 6 =24.

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6. Proving irrationality of numbers:

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i) is irrational if ‘a’ is not perfect square.

ii) a± is irrational if ‘b’ is not perfect square.

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iii) ± is irrational if ‘a’ and ‘b’ are not perfect squares.

iv) ‘p’ is prime number, ‘p’ is a divisor of a2 ==> p is a divisor of ‘a’.

7. Logarithms:

ax = N <===> loga N = x Where a and N are positive real numbers, a > 0

(Exponential form) ( Logarithmic form)

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [2]

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 8. Properties of Logarithms:

i) The Product Rule :

loga xy = loga x + loga y

ii) The Quotient Rule :

loga ( x/y ) = loga x - loga y

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iii) The Power Rule :

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loga xm = m loga x.

iv) loga 1 = 0

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v) loga a = 1

vi)
m
logban =
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m a
n
log b
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Practice problems

1. Using Division Algorithm if 25 is expressed as, 25 = (4 x q) + r, then the value of ‘r’ is

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[ ]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
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441
2. The decimal expression of the number is [ ]
2 ´ 53 ´ 7
2

a) a terminating decimal
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b) non terminating but repeating decimal

c) non terminating, non repeating decimal
d) terminating after 2 decimal places
3. Among the following, the number which is not irrational is [ ]

2 7
a) (2-Ö3)2 b) (Ö2+Ö3)2 c)(Ö2-Ö3) (Ö2+Ö3) d)
7

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [3]

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 4. HCF of 26 and 91 is [ ]
a) 15 b) 13 c) 19 c) 11
5. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 5 is [ ]
a) 15 b) 80 c) 70 c) 60
6. Find the value of log5 125.
7. Find the value of logÖ2 64.

A
8. Is log4 64 rational or irrational? Justify.

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9. Find the HCF of 36 and 48 by using Euclid’s Division Algorithm.
10. Find HCF and LCM of 80, 120 by Prime Factorization Method.
11. If HCF of 90 and 144 is 18, then find their LCM.

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12. Convert the following into logarithmic form. AN
1
i) 3y = 25 ii) = 7z
49
13. Write the following in the exponential form.
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i) log327 = 3 ii) 5 log2 32
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14. Expand the following:

125
i) log (200) ii) log( )
64
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15. Express as a single logarithm.

i) 2 log x + 3 log y - 5 log z
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ii) 5 log 3 + 7 log 2 - 3 log 11 - 4 log 5

16. Show that 5+3Ö2 is an irrational number.
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17. If x2 + y2 = 27 xy, then show that 2 log (x-y) = 2 log 5 + log x + log y.
18. Show that the square of any positive integer is of the form 5m or 5m+1 or 5m+4 where ‘m’
is a whole number.
19. Express 225 as product of prime factors.
20. Show that Ö2 +Ö3 is an irrational number.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [4]

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 Chapter

2 Sets

A
A Set is a collection of well defined distinct objects and the objects in a set are

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called elements.

Elements in a set are written in a curly bracket { } separated by commas and set
can be represented by using capital letters of English alphabets such as A,B,C etc.

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Example: N={1,2,3,...} AN
“1 is in the set N” is represented symbolically as 1 Î N and “0 is not in the set N” is
represented as 0 Ï N. x Î A is read as “x belongs to A” and xÏ A is read as “x does not belong
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to A”
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If a set is written by showing elements in it separated by commas, the form of

writing the set is called “roster form” of the set and if a Set is written by ‘defining
elements in it by a common property’, then that form of writing the set is called “set
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builder form” of the set.

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Example: A={3,6,9,12,15} is in the roster form and the same set A={x: x is a multiple
of 3 less than 16} is called set builder form of the set.

Sometimes a set with a common property could not have any element. Then, a
SC

set with no elements in it is called a null set.

Example: A={x: x is an odd number which is divisible by 2} does not contain any
element and this is a null set. A null set is denoted by Ø. Ø={ }

If a set contains an infinite number of elements, then it is called an ‘infinite set’

and if a set contains a finite number of elements, then it is called a ‘finite set’’.

Example: A={3,6,9,12} is a finite set and B={3,6,9,12,...} is an infinite set

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [5]

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 Subset
If ‘all elements of set A are also present in another set B’, then “A is a subset of B”
and is represented symbolically as A Ì B.

If A and B are any non-empty sets such that AÌB, then

i) n (AÈB) = n (B)

ii) n (AÇB) = n (A)

A
iii) n (B – A) = n (B) – n (A)

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iv) n (A – B) = 0
Example: If A={1,3,5} and B={1,2,3,4,5}, then we say that ‘A is subset of B’, and

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symbolically A Ì B.
When some sets are taken and analysed, the set from which these sets are taken
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is called a universal set. A universal set is generally represented as U or µ. Every set is
a subset of the universal set.
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When two sets have the same elements, the sets are called ‘Equal sets’.
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Example: If P={x: x is multiple 12} and Q:{x: x is a multiple of both 3 and 4}, then
P={12,24,36,48,...} and also Q={12,24,36,48,...}. Hence P and Q are equal sets.
Operations on sets:
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Union ( È ): A È B is a set of elements which contains the which are in A or B or both A and B
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Intersection ( Ç ): A Ç B is a set of elements which are in both A and B.

Difference ( - ): A - B is set of elements which are only in A but not in the set B.
Disjoint Sets
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If two non-empty sets have no element in common, then the two sets are called Disjoint
Sets.

Ex: A = {1, 3, 9} and B = {2, 4, 8} are disjoint sets.

Note: If A and B are disjoint sets, then

i) A Ç B = Ø ii) A – B = A iii) B – A = B

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [6]

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 Cardinality of a Finite Set
The number of elements in a finite set is called the cardinal number of the set (or)
the cardinality of the set.
The cardinal number or the cardinality of the Set A is denoted by n (A).
Ex:
1. If A = {x : x is a prime factor of 4}, then n (A) = 1

A
2. If A = {x : x is even prime and x>2 }, then n (A) = 0

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3. n (Ø) = 0
Note:
i) The cardinal number or cardinality of the finite set is a whole number.

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ii) I f A and B are any tw o non-empty f i ni te sets, then n (A ÈB)=n(A)+n(B) – n(AÇB)
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iii) n (AÈB) = n (A–B) + n (AÇB) + n (B – A)
iv) If A and B are two disjoint sets, then
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a) n (AÇB) = 0
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b) n (AÈB) = n (A) + n (B)

c) n (A – B) = n (A)
d) n (B – A) = n (B) Practice problems
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1. Which of the following is a set? [ ]

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• A is a list of any five prime numbers

• B is a list of first five prime numbers
• C is a list of intelligent people in India
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a) B b) C c) A d) None of these
2. Which of the following is not a set builder form of A={2,4,6,8,10}? [ ]
a) A={x: x is an even number}
b) A={x:x=2n, n<5,n Î N}
c) A={x: x Î group of first five even numbers}
d) A={x:x is an even number, x<12}
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [7]

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 3. Which of the following is a roster form of B={x: x=2n, x<10, n Î W}? [ ]
a) B={2,4,6,8} b) B={2,4,8,16,32}
c) B={1,2,4,8} d) B={2,4,8}
4. If R={2,3,5,7}, then which of the following is not true? [ ]
a) 6 Ï R b) 7 Î R c) 2 Ï R d) 3 Î R
5. Statement-A: 11 Î P and Statement-B: P={x:x is a prime number}, then which of the

A
following is true? [ ]

AN
a) statement A is always true
b) statement A is always false
c) statement A is true, if statement B is true

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d) statement A is false, even if statement B is true

6. Match the following.

AN [ ]
List-1 List-2
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A. P={1,3,5,7} 1. set of prime numbers which end with zero
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B. Q={2} 2. set of first four prime numbers

C. R=Ø 3. set of first four odd numbers
D. S={2,3,5,7} 4. set of even prime numbers
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a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 b) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-3

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c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

7. If µ is universal set and Ø is null set, then which of the following is true? [ ]
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a) ØÎ µ b) Ø Ì µ c) µ Ì Ø d) Ø Ë µ
8. If Ø is a null set, then which of the following is true [ ]
a) Ø={0} b) Ø={Ø} c) Ø={ } d) Ø={{ }}
9. Which of the following are not infinite sets? [ ]
A= {x: x Î N}: B={x: x is a multiple of 5}, C={x:x is a factor of 15}
a) Only A b) Only B c) Only C d) Only B and C

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [8]

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 10. If A={x: x is a multiple of 2}, then which of the following is not a subset of A? [ ]
a) {x:x is a multiple of 4, x<40} b) {x:x is a multiple of 6, x<60}
c) {x:x is a multiple of 8, x<80} d) {x:x is a multiple of 9, x<90}
11. Which of the following are not equal sets [ ]
a) {x: x is a letter from the word MADAM} and {x: x is a letter from the word DAM}
b) {x: x is even number} and {x: x is a number divisible by 2}

A
c) {x: x is a square number, x<16} and {x: x is a square number, x<15}

AN
d) {x: x is a prime number, x<8} and {x:x is an odd number, x<8}
12. What does the shaded region represent in the Venn diagram? [ ]

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a) A-B b) B-A c) A È B d) A Ç B
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13. If A={2,3,5,7,11} and B={1,3,5,7,9} then A È B is [ ]

a) {3,5,7} b) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11}
c) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11} d) {1,2,3,5,7,9,11}
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14. If A={2,3,5,7,11} and B={1,3,5,7,9} then A Ç B is [ ]

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a) {3,5,7} b) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11}
c) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11} d) {1,2,3,5,7,9,11}
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15. If A={2,3,5,7,11} and B={1,3,5,7,9} then A-B is [ ]

a) {3,5,7} b) {2,11} c) {1,7,9} d) {1,2,3,5,7,9,11}

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Write roster form of (i) A={x: x is a multiple of 5 and x<30} (ii) B={x: x=n2+1, n<5,
n Î N}.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [9]

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 1 1 1 1
2. Write set builder form of (i) P= {1,2,3,4,6,12} (ii) Q={ , , , }.
2 4 8 16
3. Write any two examples of null set and write them in set builder form.
4. A null set is represented by Rama as { Ø } and Sridhar as { 0 }. Who is correct? Justify
your answer.
5. Write all the subsets of K={1,3,5,7}
6. If A={1,2,3,4,5} and B={1,3,5,7,9}, then represent sets in a Venn diagram.

A
7. If A={2,4,6,8,10} and B={1,3,5,7,9}, then represent sets in a Venn diagram.

AN
8. If A={1,2,3,4,5,7,9} and B={1,3,5,7,9}, then represent these sets in a Venn diagram.
9. Given that A and B are non-empty disjoint sets and they are not subsets to each other.
Represent A È B in a Venn diagram by shaded region.

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10. Given that A and B are non-empty disjoint sets and they are not subsets to each other.
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Represent A Ç B in a Venn diagram by shaded region.
11. Given that A and B are non-empty disjoint sets and they are not subsets to each other.
Represent A–B in a Venn diagram by shaded region.
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12. If D={x: x is odd prime number less than 10} and S={x: x is prime number, 1<x<9},
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then can you say D and S are equal sets? Justify your answer.
13. If A={2,4,8,16,32} and B={0,2,4,6,8} then find A È B.
14. If A={a,b,c,d,e,f} and B={a,e,i,o,u} then find A Ç B.
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15. If A={1,2,3,4,5,6,} and B={1,3,5,7,9} then find A-B.

ER

16. A and B are non-empty sets and A Ì B, is it correct to say A È B=B? Why?
17. A and B are non-empty sets and A Ì B, is it correct to say A Ç B=A? Why?
18. A and B are non-empty sets and A Ì B, what would be A-B and why?
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19. Is it correct to say Ø È A=A? Justify your answer..

20. Is it correct to say Ø Ç A=Ø? Justify your answer..
21. If n (A) = 26; n (B) = 5, then find n (A – B) and n (B – A), where BÌA

22. If A, B are non-empty sets, n (A – B) = 25; n (B – A) = 15 and n (AÈB) = 60, then

find
i) n (A) ii) n (B) iii) n (AÇB)

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [10]

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 Short Answer Questions
1. If A={x:x is a multiple of 3 which is less than 15} and B={x:x is a factor of 12}.
Represent A and B in a Venn diagram.
2. If A={x:x is a factor of 24} and B={x:x is a factor of 120}. Represent A and B in a
Venn diagram.
3. If A={x:x is a prime number less than 20} and B={x:x is a multiple of 4}. Represent
A and B in a Venn diagram.

A
4. A={x:x is a name of the quadrilateral whose opposite sides are equal} and B={x:x is

AN
a name of the quadrilateral whose diagonals are equal}. Represent this information in
a Venn diagram.
5. Given P={x:x is a prime number less than 7} and Q={x:x is a prime factor of 30}.

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Check the equality of P and Q. AN
6. If A={x:x is a multiple of 4 and x<20} and B={x:x=2n, n<5, n Î W}, then find A È B,
A Ç B and A-B.
7. If A={x:x is a factor of 36} and B={x:x=n2, -5<n<5, n Î Z}, then find A È B, A Ç B and
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A-B.
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8. If A={x:x=6n, x<30 and n Î W} and B={x:x=n(n+1), n<6, n Î W}, then find A È B,

A Ç B and A-B.
9. Write any two non-empty sets A and B such that A Ì B and verify the relationship
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A È B=B.
10. Write any two non-empty sets A and B such that A Ì B and verify the relationship
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A Ç B=A.
11. Write any two non-empty sets A and B such that A Ì B and verify the relationship
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A-B=Ø.
12. Write any two non-empty sets A and B such that A and B are disjoint sets. Prove that
A-B=A
13. Write any two non-empty sets such that A and B are disjoint sets. Prove that B-A=B
14. Write any two non-empty sets such that A and B are disjoint sets. Prove that n(A Ç B)=0
15. Write any two non-empty sets A and B such that A and B are disjoint sets. Prove that
n(A È B)=n(A)+n(B)

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [11]

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 Essay Type Qeustions

1. If A={x:x is a factor of 12} and B={x: x is a factor of 30}, then verify the relation
between n(A), n(B), n(A Ç B) and n(A È B) .

2. If A={x:x is a multiple of 4, x<50} and B={x:x=6n, n<10, n Î Z}, then show that
n(A-B)= n(A)-n(A Ç B).

3. If A={x:x=n2, -3<n<5, n Î Z} and B={x:x=3n+1, -3<n<2, n Î Z}, then show that

A
n(B-A)= n(B)-n(A Ç B).

AN
4. If A={x:x= log n, n=10m, m<6, mÎ N}and B={x: -5<x<5, xÎ Z} then represent sets A
and B in a Venn diagram and write A Ç B, A-B and B-A.

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5. If P={x: x is a composite number, x<15} and Q={x:x=3n, n<10, n Î N}then represent
sets P and Q in a Venn diagram and write P Ç Q, P-Q and Q-P..
AN
6. From the Venn diagram given below, write the sets A and B and verify.

n(AÇB) = n(AÈB) – n(A–B) – n (B–A)

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TE

μ
A B
3
6 1
7
T,

12 2
8
24 4
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [12]

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 Chapter

3 Polynomials

A
1. Polynomial: An algebriac expression becomes a polynomial if the powers of variable(s)
1
are whole numbers. A polynomial does not contain the terms like Öx, x-2, , x 3/ 4 etc.

AN
x
2. Value of a polynomial at a specific value of the variable:

For finding the value of P(x) = x2+2x+3 at x=1, we have to substitute x = 1 in the given

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polynomial.

P(x) = x2 + 2x + 3 AN
P(1) = (1)2 + 2(1) + 3

=1+2+3=6
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The value of the polynomial P(x) at x=1 is 6 i.e. P(1) = 6
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3. Degree of polynomial:

The highest power of the variable of the all the terms of the given polynomial is the degree
of that polynomial.
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Ex: P(x) = x2 + 2x + 4x3 - 5

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Degree of term 2 1 3 0

Degree of P(x) = 3 (Q It is the highest power of all terms of the polynomial)

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4. Zero of a polynomial:
For a polynomial P(x), if P(k) = 0, then ‘k’ is called zero of the polynomial P(x).

Ex: P(x) = x2 - 2x + 1

P(1) = (1)2 - 2(1) + 1

=1-2+1
=0
So ‘1’ is zero of a polynomial P(x).
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [13]

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 5. Relation between zeroes and coefficients:

i) For a quadratic polynomial P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, let a , b be the zeroes,

-b - coefficient of x
Sum of the zeroes = a +b = =
a coefficient of x 2

c constant term
Product of the zeroes = a ´ b = =
a coefficient of x 2

A
ii) For a cubic polynomial P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d, let a , b , g are zeroes.

AN
- coefficient of x 2 -b
a + b +g = =
coefficient of x 3 a

coefficient x c
ab + bg + ga = =

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coefficient x 3 a

abg =
-constant term
=
-d
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3
coefficient of x a

6. If a and b are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial P(x), = k [x2-(a+b)x+ab], where k¹0

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then, we write the same as
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P(x) = k[x2 - x (sum of zeroes) + (product of zeroes)]; k¹0

7. The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a Parabola.
i) If this cuts X-axis at two points (x1, 0) and (x2, 0) then x1, x2 are zeroes of P(x).
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Further the two zeroes are real and distinct.

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ii) If this touches X-axis at only one point (x1, 0), then the two zeroes are x1, x1, they
are real and equal.
iii) If it does not cut X-axis, we understand that it has no real zeroes.
SC

8. Division Algorithm for polynomials: If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
g(x)¹0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) ´ q(x) + r(x)
where either r(x)=0 or degree of r(x)<degree of g(x), if r(x)¹0.
Results:
i) g(x) is a linear polynomial, then r(x)=r is a constant.

ii) If the degree of g(x)=1, then the degree of p(x)=1+degree of q(x).

iii) If r=0, we say q(x) divides p(x) exactly or q(x) is a factor of p(x).

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [14]

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 Practice problems

1. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial P(x) = 2x3 - 3kx2 + 4x -5 is 6, then the value of ‘k’
is
[ ]
a) 2 b) 4 c) -2 d) -4
2. Among the following, is not a polynomial [ ]

A
3 3 1
a) Ö3x2 - 2Ö3x + 3 b) x - 5 x2 - x -1
2 2

AN
1
c) x + (x¹0) d) 5x2 - 3x + Ö2
x
3. If P(x) = 3x4 - 5x3 + x2 + 8, then the value of P(-1) is [ ]

G
a) 2 b) 15 c) 17 d) -17
1
4.
3 2
AN
Degree of the polynomial P(x) = x - 2 x - 3 x +
2
is [ ]
1
a) b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
2
L
5. If the sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are ‘2’ and ‘-15’ respectively,
TE

then one of the form of the quadratic polynomial is [ ]

a) x2 - 2x + 15 b) x2 - 2x - 15 c) x2 + 2x - 15 d) x2 + 2x + 15
5
6. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 -8x -k is , then the value ‘k’ is [ ]
2
T,

15 5 45 -15
a) b) c) d)
2 2 2 2
ER

7. The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial P(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 - 3x + 7 is [ ]

a) 2 b) -5 c) -3 d) 7
SC

8. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial P(x) = x2 - 9.

9. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial P(x) = x2 - 7 and verify the relation between
zeroes and its coefficients.
10. If P(x) = x2 - 5x + 6, then find the values of P(-1), P(0) and P(1).
11. Write quadratic polynomials with the given numbers as sum and product of its zeroes
respectively.
1
i) , -1 ii) 0, 5
4
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [15]

TG Teachers info
 12. Write quadratic polynomials with given numbers as their zeroes.
1
i) 2, 3 ii) ,1 iii) –Ö2, Ö2
4
iv) 4+Ö5, 4–Ö5 v) -3, 3
-1
13. Verify that 3, -1 and are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial P(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 –111x – 3 or not.
3
14. Complete the following table to draw graph of polynomial P(x) = 6x2 -13x+6.

A
x -2 -1 0 1 2

AN
x2
6x2
–13x

G
6 AN
y

15. Draw the graphs of the following polynomials and find their zeroes from the graph.
L
i) x2 + 4x + 4 ii) 5x – x2 – 6 iii) x2 – 3x + 2
TE

iv) x2 + x + 1 v) x3 – 3x vi) x2 – 16

16. Prove that 2x4 - 3x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 2 is exactly divisable by x2 – 2.

T,

17. Find the remainder, when 3x3 + x2 + 3x + 5 is divided by x2 + 2x + 1.

ER

18. If the volume of the cuboid is given by a polynomial x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24 and one of its
dimensions is x+3, then find remaining dimensions.
SC

19. Obtain all other zeroes of 2x4 – 3x3 – 5x2 + 9x – 3, if two of the zeroes are –Ö3 and Ö3.

20. If the zeroes of x3 - 9x2 + 23x – 15 are in arithmetic progression, then find its zeroes.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [16]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter
Pair of Linear Equations
4 in Two Variables

A
1. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c are real numbers

AN
(a2 + b2 ¹ 0 ) is called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
2. In general, the system of pair of linear equations are represented by
a 1 x +b 1 y +c 1 = 0 and a 2 x +b 2 y +c 2 = 0 where a 1 2 +b 12 ¹ 0 and

G
a22 +b22 ¹ 0 AN
3. A pair of linear equations in two variables can be solved by

• Algebraic method
L
a) Substitution method
TE

b) Elimination method

c) Graphical method

a) Substitution method:
T,

Step 1: Let the equation be a1x +b1y +c1 = 0 …….. (1) and
ER

a2x +b2y +c2 = 0………. (2)

Step 2 : Select either of the two equations, say ( 1 ) and find the value of one
variable , say “y” in terms of other variable i.e “x”.
SC

Step 3 : Substitute the value of “ y”, obtained in step (2) in the equation (2) to get
a linear equation in “x”.

Step 4 : Solve the equation obtained in step (3) to get the value of “x”.

Step 5: Substitute the value of “ x”, obtained in step (4) in the expression for ‘y’
in terms of ‘x’ obtained in step (2) to get the value of ‘y’.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [17]

TG Teachers info
 b) Elimination method:

Step 1: Obtain the two equations

Step 2: Multiply the equations so as to make the coefficients of the variable

to be eliminated equal.

Step 3: Add or subtract the equations obtained in step (2) according as the
terms having the same coefficients are of opposite or of the same

A
sign.

AN
Step 4: Solve the equation in one variable obtained in step(3)

Step 5: Substitute the value obtained in step(4) in any one of the given

G
equations and find the value of other variable.

c) Graphical method:
AN
For graphical representation of a Linear equation in two variables, we require
minimu three solutions of the equation. For this we express ‘y’ in terms of ‘x’ from the
L
given equation. Then corresponding to any three convenient values of ‘x’, we find the
TE

corresponding value of ‘y’. We then plot these three points obtained on a graph paper and
join by a ruler. The line thus obtained represents the graph of the given linear equations.
T,

Note: A pair of Linear Equations in two Variables is represented by two lines.

4. Equations reducible to a pair of linear equations in two variables

ER

Solution of such pairs of equations that are not linear but can be reduced to linear
form by making some suitable substitutions. The following are the steps to solve a pair
SC

of equations.

Step 1: Find the expressions that are common in both equations. Substitute them with
suitable variables, say p and q.

Step 2: Find the solution of the new pair of linear equations for the new variables p and q.

Step 3: Substitute back the values of the new variables and solve for the initial variables.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [18]

TG Teachers info
 Examples:

2 2 10 2
+ = 13 + =4
x y x + y = 2 xy x+ y x- y
i) 5 4 ii) x - y = 6 xy iii) 15 5
+ =2 + = -2
x y x+ y x- y
5. Nature of the Solution

Let a1x +b1y +c1 = 0 and a2x +b2y +c2 = 0 form a pair of Linear Equations, then the

A
following situations can be arrived.

AN
a1 b1
Case 1: ¹
a 2 b 2 Pair of linear equations is consistent.

G
a1 b1 c1
Case 2: = ¹
a 2 b 2 c 2 Pair of linear equations is inconsistent
AN
a1 b1 c1
Case 3 : = =
a 2 b 2 c 2 Pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent

Above can be remembered as follows:

L
Sl.No. Condition Graphical Algebraic
TE

representation representation
a1 b1
1. ¹ Intersecting lines Unique solution
a 2 b2
T,

a1 b1 c1
2. = ¹ Parallel lines No solution
a 2 b2 c2
ER

a1 b1 c1
3. = = Coincident lines Infinetely many solutions
a 2 b2 c2
or dependent lines
SC

Practice problems

1. Which of the following is not linear equation? [ ]

A) x + 2y =5 B) x – y = 5
B) x2 +2y = 5 D) 2x + y = 5
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [19]

TG Teachers info
 2. One of the solutions of x + y = 5 is [ ]
A) (3,1) B) (4,0) C) (1, 4) D) (0, -5)
3. If x = log28 and y = log749 is the solution of x + y = a, then value of ‘a’ is
[ ]
A) 3 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5
4. If the equations 3x – y + 8 = 0 and 6x – ky + 16 = 0 represent coincident lines ,

A
then the value of ‘k’ is [ ]
A) 1 / 2 B) -1 / 2 C) 2 D) -2

AN
5. If the lines 3x + 2ky = 2 and 2x + 5y + 1= 0 are parallel, then the value of ‘k’ is
[ ]

G
A) -5 / 4 B) 2 / 5 C) 15 / 4 D) 3 / 2
6. One equation of a pair of dependent lines equations -5x +7y - 2= 0. The second
AN
equation can be [ ]
A) 10x + 14y + 4= 0 B) -10x - 14y + 4 = 0
L
C) -10x + 14y + 4= 0 D) 10x - 14y = -4
TE

7. Of the following line is parallel to 3x-2y+7=0 is [ ]

A) 6x-4y+8=0 B) 6x-4y+14=0
C) 9x-6y+21=0 D) 2x+3y+7=0
T,

8. Solve the following system of equations by using method of substitution.

ER

i) 3x – 5y = -1 ii) x + 2y = -1
x – y = -1 2x – 3y =12
iii) x+y=9 iv) 2x + 3y = 9
SC

x–y =5 3x + 4y = 5
9. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using elimination method.
i) 8x + 5y = 9 ii) 11x - 5y + 61 = 0
3x + 2y = 4 3x –20y – 2 =0
x 2y
iii) 3x + 2y = 14 iv) + = -1
2 3
y
-x + 4y = 7 x - =3
3
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [20]

TG Teachers info
 10. Solve the following equations graphically:

i) x–y +1=0 ii) x – 5y = 6

3x +2y – 12 = 0 2x – 10y =12

iii) 3x + y – 5 = 0 iv) 2x + 3y = 9

2x – y – 5 = 0 –10x + 6y = –22

A
11. Solve the following equations:

AN
2 3 20 3 2 3
i) x + y = 2 ii) x + y + x - y = 7 iii) + =2
x y

G
1 1 1 8 15 4 9
- = - =5 + =5
x 2y 3 x-y x+ yAN x y

12. A student says “ The system of linear equations 2x +3y = 9 and 4x +6y = 18 are
Consistent “. Do you agree with him? Justify your answer.
L
13. Check whether the pair of linear equations 3x +2y = 8 and 6x - 4y = 9 are parallel
TE

or intersecting lines.

14. If the system of equations kx +3y = 1 and 12x + ky = 2 has no solution, then find
the value of ‘k’.
T,

15. In the figure ABCDE is a pentagon with BE // CD and

ER

E
BC // DE, BC is perpendicular to CD, AB=5cm, AE=5cm,
BE=7cm BC = x – y and CD = x + y. If the perimeter of
the ABCDE is 27cm. Find the value of x and y given
SC

x, y ¹ 0

16. Sum of the ages of a father and the son is 48 years. If the father’s age is three times
that of his son, then find their respective ages.

17. Seven times a two digit number is equal to four times the number obtained by
reversing the order of its digits. If the difference of the digits is 3. Find the number.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [21]

TG Teachers info
 18. In the given rectangle ABCD. Find the values of x and y.

A
AN
19. If 2 is subtracted from the numerator and 1is added to the denominator, a fraction
1
becomes , but when 4 is added to the numerator and 3 is subtracted from the
2

G
3
denominator it becomes . Find the fraction.
2 AN
9
20. A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both numerator and denominator. If 3 is
11
5
added to both numerator and denominator it becomes . Find the fraction.
L
6
21. 4 Chairs and 3 tables cost Rs.2100/- where as the cost of 5 chairs and 2 tables of
TE

same kind is Rs1750. Find the cost of one chair and one table separately.

22. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 5 is added to each number, the ratio becomes
T,

5:7. Find the numbers.

23. The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 180 . Find them.
ER

24. A boat goes 30km upstream and 44km downstream in 10 hours. In 13 hours, it can
go 40km upstream and 55km downstream. Determine the speed of the stream and
SC

that of the boat in still water.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [22]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

5 Quadratic Equations

1. ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a¹0) is called the general form of a quadratic equation.

A
Note: Here ‘a’ is called coefficient of x2, ‘b’ is called coefficient of x and ‘c’ is called

AN
the constant term.

2. If aa2+ba+c=0 and ab2+bb+c=0 (a¹0) then a and b are called the roots or solutions of

G
the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Note: In general, the roots of quadratic equation are denoted by Greek letters a and
b(a- Alpha and b- Beeta).
AN
3. The quadratic equation formed by the roots a and b is x2-(a+b)x + ab= 0
L
4. If a and b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a¹0), then
TE

-b
i) Sum of the roots =a+b=
a
c
ii) Product of the roots = ab=
a
T,

5. Methods of solving a quadratic equation:

ER

i) By factorization method ii) By complementing the square method

iii) By quadratic formula
i) By factorization method
SC

In this method, we first express the quadratic polynomial into product of linear
factor by using middle term splitting method or different identities and equate it to zero.

Note: Let us consider (x -a) (x -b) = 0

(x -a) = 0 (x -b) = 0
x=a x=b
x = a and x = b are the solutions of quadratic equation.
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [23]

TG Teachers info
 ii) By completing the square method

This method consists following steps.

Step-1: Divide the Quadratic Equation by ax² + bx + c = 0 (a¹0) by coefficient of x² i.e. ‘a’.
c
Step 2: Rearrange the equation so that constant term is on the Right Hand Side (RHS) i.e.
a
b -c
x² + x=
a a

A
2
é 1 æ b öù
Step-3: Add ê ç ÷ ú to both sides to make Left Hand Side (LHS) as a perfect square.

AN
ë 2 è a øû
Step-4: Write the L.H.S. as a square and simplify the RH.S.

Step-5: Take the square root on both sides then get the roots of the given quadratic equation.

G
iii) By quadratic formula AN
-b ± b 2 -4ac
The roots of equation ax2+bx+c=0 (a¹0) is given by x =
2a
L
-b+ b 2 -4ac
Where α=
TE

2a

-b- b2 -4ac
β=
2a
T,

6. Nature of the roots

ER

The value of b2-4ac is called the discriminant of quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0,

(a¹0). It is denoted by ‘D’.

SC

D = b2-4ac

Note: The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation can be found, with the help of

the value of its discriminant.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [24]

TG Teachers info
 S.No. D = b2-4ac Nature of the roots

1 D>0 Distinct real roots

2 D=0 Two equal real roots

3 D<0 No real roots (imaginary)

Practice problems

A
AN
1. The sum of the roots of the equation 3x2–7 = 0 is [ ]

7 -7 3
a) 0 b) c) d)
3 3 7

G
2. The product of the roots of the equation x2+x+1=0 is [ ]
a) – 1 b) 1
ANc) 0 d) 3

3. If α and β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0), then the value of
1 1
L
+ = [ ]
α β
TE

-b c -a -b
a) b) c) d)
a a c c

4. If sinα and cosα are the zeroes of px 2+qx+r=0 (p ¹ 0), then the relationship
T,

among p, q and r is [ ]
a) q2 – p2 = 2pr b) p2 – q2 = 2pr c) p2 – r2 = 2qr d) p2 + q2 = 2qr
ER

5. If 3 is a solution of 3x2+(k-1)x+9=0, then k = [ ]

a) 11 b) -11 c) 13 d) -13
SC

6. The roots of the equation x2-2x+1=0 are [ ]

a) 1, 1 b) 1, 7 c) -1, 7 d) -1, -7
7. The roots of the equation 3(x+3)2=48 are [ ]
a) 1, -7 b) 1, 7 c) -1, 7 d) -1, -7
8. The roots of the equation x2+7x=0 are [ ]
a) 0, -7 b) 0, 7 c) 7, -7 d) -7, -7

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [25]

TG Teachers info
 9. The quadratic equation having one of the roots is 3+ 5 is [ ]
a) x2-6x+4=0 b) x2-6x-4=0
c) x2+6x+4=0 d) x2+6x+5=0
10. If the roots of kx2+2x+3=0 are equal, then k = [ ]
1 -1
a) b) c) 3 d) -3
3 3

A
11. If the equation x2-4x+a=0 has no real roots, then [ ]
a) a<4 b) a<4 c) a<2 d) a>4

AN
12. If the roots of x2-bx+c=0 are two consecutive integers, then [ ]
a) b2-4c=0 b) b2-4c=1 c) b2-4c=2 d) b2+4c=1

G
13. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2+x-4=0, then
quadratic equation α2β+αβ² = ......
AN [ ]
a) 1 b) -1 c) 2 d) -2
14. The number of real roots of the quadratic equation 9x²+4=0 is
L
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) has no real roots
TE

15. Which of the following quadratic equations does not

have real roots? [ ]
T,

a) x²+6x+9=0 b) x²+9x +20=0

c) x²-5x+6 d) x²-5x+7=0
ER

16. Check whether the following are quadratic equations.

a) x(2x+3) = x+2 b) y (8y+5) = y2+3
SC

c) (x-2)2+1 = 2x-3 d) x(x+1) = 6

17. The product of two consecutive positive odd integers is 63. Represent the data in
the form of a quadratic equation.
18. Laxmi says “(2x-1) (x-3) = (2x+5) (x-1) is a quadratic equation”. Do you agree with
her? Justify your answer.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [26]

TG Teachers info
 19. The area of a rectangular plot is 528m2. The length of the plot (in meters) is one
more than twice its breadth. Represent the data in the form of quadratic equation.

2
20. Check whether 1 and are the roots of 3x2-5x+2=0 or not.
3

21. If 2 is the root of x2-5x+k=0, then find the value of ‘k’.

22. Write a quadratic equation whose roots are -2 and -3.

A
23. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are 4 + 15 and 4 - 15 .

AN
24. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations.
a) x2-3x-10=0 b) x2-5x+6=0

G
c) x2+5x+6=0 d) x2-5x-6=0
e) x2+5x+6=0
AN f) 100x2-20x+1=0
1
g) 2 x2+7x+5 2 =0 h) 2x2-x+ =0
8
L
25. Find the roots of the following equations by quadratic formula
TE

a) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0 b) 2x2- 3x - 5 = 0

c) 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 d) 3x2 - 4 3 x + 4 = 0

26. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations.
T,

a) 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 b) x2 + x + 1 = 0
ER

1
c) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 d) x + = 3 ( x ¹ 0)
x

27. Dattu says “The equation x2+1=0 has real roots”. Do you agree with him? Justify
SC

your answer.

28. If the roots of (b-c)x2+(c-a)x+(a-b) = 0 (b ¹ c) are equal then prove that 2b=a+c.

29. The sum of two numbers is 18 and their product is 56. Find the numbers.

10
30. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is . Find the numbers.
3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [27]

TG Teachers info
 31. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is 6m more than the twice the shortest
side. If the third side is 2m less than the hypotenuse, find the sides of the triangle.

32. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is 365.

33. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2+5x+2=0, then find the value
of (α–β)α–1 where (α > β)

A
6
34. Fi nd the roots of the quadrati c equati on 5 x - = 7 (x¹0)
x

AN
35. Find two consecutive positive odd integers whose product is 323

36. Find the numerical difference of the roots of x²-5x+5=0.

G
37. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x²-3x-304=0, then find the
AN
quadratic equation, whose roots are (α+β) and (α-β) [where α>β]

38. For what Value of ‘k’ the quadratic equation 2kx²+(k+2)Ö3x+3=0 has coincident
L
roots?
TE

39. Find the nature of the roots of quadratic equation (x+3) (x+4)+(x+6)(x-7)=0

40. Find the roots of quadratic equation 2x²-2Ö2x+1=0 by the Method of Completing
the Square.
T,

41. Find the roots of 4x²+4Ö3x+3=0 by the Method of Completing the Square.
ER

1 1 11
42. Find the roots of - = , where (x¹ -4 and 7)
x + 4 x - 7 30
43. Find the roots of 3(x-3)² - 5(x-3)+2=0, where (x¹3)
SC

44. A train travels 720km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5km/h less, it
would have taken 2 hours more for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.

45. In a stream running at 2km/h, a motor boat goes 10km upstream and back again to
the starting point in 55 minutes. Find the speed of the motor boat in still water.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [28]

TG Teachers info
 46. Two water taps can together fill a tank in 20 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes
9 hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which
each tap can separate fill the tank.

47. In a class of 45 students each boy contributed money equal to twice the number of
girls and each girl contributed money equal to the half of the number of boys. If the
total money then collected was Rs.1125/-. How much money contributed by the

A
boys?

AN
48. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 40m more than the shorter side. If the longer
side is 20m more than the shorter side. Find the area of the field.

G
49. The difference of square of two numbers is 768. The square of the smaller number
is 8 times the larger number. Find the larger number.
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [29]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

6 Progressions
• An arithmetic progression is list of numbers in which each term, except the first

A
term is obtained by adding or subtracting a fixed number to the preceding term.

AN
• The fixed number is called the common difference of the Arithmetic Progression
(A.P). It is denoted by ‘d’.
• If a1, a2, a3,……….. an is an Arithmetic Progression then a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ———

G
— = an – an-1 = d, where ‘d’ is the common difference.
AN
• The nth term of an A.P. with the first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is given by
an = a + (n-1)d, an is also called the general term of the A.P.
L
• If the first and last term of an A.P. are given and the common difference is not
TE

n n
given then S n = [a + an ] or S n = [a + l ] . Where an is the last term, l is the last
2 2
term.
n
Sum of the first ‘n’ terms of an A.P. is S n = [2a + (n - 1)d ] , where
T,

•
2
a – first term, n – number of terms, d – common difference.
ER

• The nth term of Geometric Progression (G.P.) with first term ‘a’ and common ratio
‘r’ is given by an= a´rn-1
SC

Practice problems

1. The sum of the first 100 natural numbers is [ ]

A) 4050 B) 10100 C) 55 D) 5050

2. If x-1, x +3, 3x – 1, are in A.P, then x is equal [ ]

A) 5 B) 8 C) 6 D) 4

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [30]

TG Teachers info
 3. Which term of the A.P 125, 120, 115, . . . . . . is the first negative? [ ]

A) 25th B) 26th C) 24th D) 27th

4. If a26 – a25 = 15, then the common difference of the A.P. is [ ]

A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 15

5. The numbers which are divisible by 4 lying between

A
101 and 250? [ ]

AN
A) 40 B) 62 C) 38 D) 37

6. The sum of the first 15 terms of the A.P . 4, 7, 10, ...... is [ ]

G
A) 315 B) 475 D) 375 D) 325

7. In an A.P 1, -1, -2, -5, . . . . then d = _____ [ ]

AN
A) -2 B) 1 C) 2 D) 10

8. In an A.P. a1 = -4, a6 = 6 then a2 = _________ [ ]

L
TE

A) 3 B) 6 C) 1 D) -2

9. The 17th term of 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 . . . . . is [ ]

A) 18.7 B) 19.8 C) 17.6 D) 17.17

T,

10. Which term of the A.P. 100, 90, 80, . . . . . is zero? [ ]

ER

A) 10th B) 9th C) 11th D) 12th

11. The common ratio of G.P. 4, 16, 64, 256 . . . . . . . is [ ]

SC

1
A) 16 B) 4 C) D) 2
4
1 1
12. The 6th term of the G.P. 5, 1, , . . . . . is [ ]
5 25
1 1
A) 25 B) 125 C) D)
225 625
13. How many terms are there in the A.P. 3, 6, 9, 12, . . . . . . . 111?

14. Check whether -150 is a term of the A.P. 11, 8, 5, 2, . . . . . .?

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [31]

TG Teachers info
 15. Find the sum of two digit numbers which are multiple of 5.

16. Which term of the sequence -1, 3, 7, 11, . . . . . . is 95?

17. Find the 30th term of the A.P. 10, 7, 4, . . . . .

18. If in an A.P. 7 times of 7th term is equal to 11 times of 11th term. Then show that 18th
term is equal to zero.

A
19. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of the A.P. is 24, and the sum of the 6th and 10th
terms is 44, find the first three terms of the A.P.

AN
20. The first and last terms of an A.P. are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common
difference is 9, how many terms are there? Find their sum.

G
21. The angles of a quadrilateral are in an A.P. The least angle is one – fourth of the
AN
greatest angle. Find the angles of the quadrilateral.

22. In a G.P. 10th term is 9 and 4th term is 4, then find its 7th term.
L
23. If the 3rd term of a G.P. is 9, then find the product of its first five terms.
TE

-2 -7
24. If , x, are in G.P., then find the value of ‘x’.
7 2

25. Find the 8th term of the G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24, .....................
T,

26. Determine the 12th term of the G.P. whose 1st term is -4 and the common ratio
ER

is 2.

27. What is the 10th term of the G.P. 8, 4, 2, 1, .....................?

SC

28. Find the first three terms of the G.P. whose 1st term and common ratio are 2 and 4
respectively.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [32]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

7 Coordinate Geometry

A
1. Distance Formula:

AN
The distance betwen any two points A(x 1, y 1) and B (x 2, y 2) is given by

AB= ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2

G
Note: The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O (0, 0) is given by
OP= x 2 + y 2
AN
2. Problems based on geometrical figures

To show that a given figure is a

L
TE

i) Parallelogram - Prove that the opposite sides are equal.

ii) Rectangle - Prove that the opposite sides are equal and diagonals are
equal.
T,

iii) Rhombus - Prove that four sides are equal.

iv) Square - Prove that four sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
ER

v) Isosceless triangle - Prove that any two sides are equal.

vi) Equilateral triangle - Prove that all three sides are equal.
SC

vii) Right angle triangle - Prove that sides of a triangle satisfies Pythagoras theorem

3. Section formula

The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining the
points A(x 1 , y 1 ) and B(x 2 , y 2 ) internally in the ratio m 1 :m 2 are
æ m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 ö
ç , ÷
è m1 + m2 m1 + m2 ø

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [33]

TG Teachers info
 4. Mid point formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is a mid point of the line segment joining
æ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ö
the points A(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) is ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
5. Centroid
The Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are A(x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) is
æ x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 ö

A
G(x, y) = ç , ÷
è 3 3 ø

AN
6. Points of trisection

Points which divide the line segment either in the ratio 1:2 and 2:1 are called Points

G
of trisection.

7. Area of triangle AN
The area of DABC whose vertices are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) is given by
1
DABC = | x1 ( y2 - y3 ) + x2 ( y3 - y1 ) + x3 ( y1 - y2 ) |
2
L
Note: As the area can not be negative, we have to consider absolute value.
TE

8. To prove the given three points in a plane are collinear, it is enough to prove that the
area of the triangle formed by those points as vertices is zero. (OR)

If the area of a triangle formed by three vertices is zero, then the vertices lies on the
T,

same line and they are called collinear points.

ER

9. Area of triangle - Heron’s Formula

The area of triangle formed by points A, B and C as vertices BC=a, CA=b, AB=C is
SC

a+b+c
A= s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) . (Q s= )
2

y2 -y1
10. The slope of a line passing through A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) is m= tan θ = x -x (‘ θ ’ lies
2 1

betwen 0 and 900). A

c b

B a C
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [34]

TG Teachers info
 Practice problems

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The distance of a point P(4, -3) from the origin is [ ]
a) 1 unit b) 7 units c) 5 units d) 3 units
2. The distance between the points A(2, -3) and B(2, 2) is [ ]
a) 2 units b) 4 units c) 5 units d) 3 units

A
3. The midpoint of line segment with end points (-3, 4) and (10, -5) is [ ]

AN
a) (-13, -9) b) (-6.5, -4.5)
c) (3.5, 0.5) d) (3.5, -0.5)
4. If the origin is midpoint of the line segment joining the points (2, 3) and

G
(x, y), then the value of (x, y) is [ ]
a) (2, -3) b) (2, 3) c) (-2, 3) d) (-2, -3)
AN
5. The distance of the point P(2, 3) from the X-axis is [ ]
a) 2 units b) 3 units c) 1 units d) 5 units
L
6. Among the points which lie on the X-axis is [ ]
TE

a) (a, 0) b) (0, a) c) (-a, a) d) (a, -a)

7. Among the points which lie on the Y-axis is [ ]

T,

a) (-a, 0) b) (a, 0) c) (0, b) d) (-a, -b)

8. The slope of the line joining the points (5, 3) and (6, 3) is [ ]
ER

a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) not define

9. The ratio in which the centroid divides the median from the vertex of the
SC

triangle is [ ]

a) 1:3 b) 2:1 c) 3:1 d) 1:1

10. The coordinates of the centroid of triangle whose vertices are (0, 6), (8, 12), and
(8, 0) is [ ]

16
a) (4, 6) b) (16, 6) c) (8, 6) d) ( ,6 )
3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [35]

TG Teachers info
 Very Short Answer Questions

1. Find the distance between points A(-3, 3) and B(3, -3)

2. Find the slope of the line which makes the angle 600 with X-axis.
3. What is the other end of the diameter of the circle whose center is (1, 2) and one end
point is (3, 4)?
4. Find the value of x, if the distance between two points (8, x) and (x, 8) is 2 2 units.

A
5. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are A(0, 0), B(1, 4) and C(2, -2).

AN
6. Find the coordinates of the point which divides line segments joining the points
(4, -3), (8, 5) in the ratio 3:1 internally.

G
7. Show that the points A(-3, 3), B(0, 0), C(3, -3) are collinear. (Use AB+BC=AC ).
8. If the slope of a line PQ with points P(2, 5), Q(x, 3) is 2, then find ‘x’?
AN
Short Answer Questions
L
1. Find the ratio in which Y-axis divides the line segment joining the points A(3, 2), B(-1, 2).
TE

2. Find the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from A(2, -5) and B(-2, 9).
3. Find the value of ‘k’, if (7, -2), (5, 1), (3, k) are collinear.
4. A(3, 6), B(3, 2), C(8, 2) are the vertices of a rectangle ABCD, then find the fourth
T,

vertex.
5. Name the shape of the quadrilateral formed by joining the points A(-1, 2), B(1, 0),
ER

C(-1, 2) and D(-3, 0). Justify your answer.

6. Show that A(a, 0), B(-a, 0), C(0, a 3 ) are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
SC

7. Show that (-4, -7), (-1, 2), (8, 5), (5, -4) are vertices of a rhombus.
8. At what ratio does the point (-4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points (-6, 6)
and (2, 6).
9. Find a point on the Y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and
B(-4, 3).
10. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points
(4, -3) and (8, 5) in the ratio 3:1 internally.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [36]

TG Teachers info
 Essay Type Questions

1. Prove that the points A(1, 2), B(5, 4), C(3, 8) and D(-1, 6) are vertices of a square.

2. Prove that the points A(-2, -1), B(1, 0), C(4, 3) and D(1, 2) are vertices of parallelogram.

3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, -1) and
(-2, -3).

A
æ -17 19 ö
4. The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are (-8, 4), (P, 6) and (-3, 9) is ç , ÷,
è 3 3ø

AN
then find the value of ‘P’.

5. Find the value of ‘m’ if the points (5, 1), (-2, -3) and (8, 2m) are collinear.

G
6. Prove that the points (2, -3) (5, -1) and (8, 1) are collinear.

7.
AN
If (-5, 3), (-8, 5) and (k, 7) are collinear, then find the value of ‘k’.

8. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices (1, 2), (5, 2) and (1, 5) and verify using
L
Heron’s formula.
TE

9. If the area of the triangle having the vertices (2, 3), (2, 6) and (6, k) is 6 sq.units, then
find the value of ‘k’.
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [37]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

8 Similar Triangles

A
1. Similar Figures : Two geometrical figures having the same shape but not necessarily
the same size are called similar figures.

AN
2. Similar Polygons : Two polygons of the same number of sides are said to be similar if

i) Their corresponding angles are equal.

G
ii) Their corresponding sides are in proportion(same ratio)

3.
AN
For similar polygons both conditions are essential.

i) Corresponding angles of rectangle and a square are equal but their corresponding
sides are not in same, so they are not similar
L
ii) For a square and a rhombus corresponding sides are in same proportion but
TE

corresponding angles are not equal, so they are not similar

iii) All regular polygons of the same number of sides are always similar
T,

iv) All equilateral triangles, squares and all circles are always similar

4. Similar Triangles : Two triangles are said to be similar if

ER

i) Their corresponding angles are equal.

P
ii) Their corresponding sides are in proportion(same ratio)
SC

B CQ R

DABC~DPQR Û i)ÐA = ÐP, ÐB = ÐQ, ÐC = ÐR

AB BC AC
ii) = =
PQ QR PR

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [38]

TG Teachers info
 5. Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem)

If a straight line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two
sides, then it divides the two sides in the same ratio. A

AD AE D E
In DABC, DE / /BC Þ =
DB EC

Corollary

A
B C

AN
AD AE DB EC
i) = ii) =
DB EC AD AE

AD AE AB AC
iii) = iv) =

G
AB AC AD AE

v)
DB EC
=
AN vi)
AB AC
=
AB AC DB EC

6. Converse of Basic Proportianality Theorem

L
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel
TE

to the third side. A

AD AE
In DABC, = Þ DE / /BC D
DB EC E
T,

7. Criterion for similarity

B C
ER

i) AAA Criterion for similarity (Corrolary AA Similariy)

ii) SAS Criterion for similarity

iii) SSS Criterion for similarity

SC

8. If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of their sides is equal to the ratio of

i) their corresponding altitudes

ii) their corresponding medians

iii) their corresponding angle bisector segments

iv) their corresponding perimeters

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [39]

TG Teachers info
 9. If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of their areas is equal to the ratio of
squares of their
i) corresponding sides
ii) corresponding altitudes
iii) corresponding medians
iv) corresponding angle bisector segments
v) corresponding perimeters

A
10. Pythagoras Theorem

AN
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
A
squares of the other two sides.

G
AC2 = AB2 + BC2

11. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem

AN C B
In a triangle the square of one side is equal to the sum of squares of the other
two sides, then it is a right triangle, right-angled opposite to the first side.
L
Practice problems
TE

1. If ‘a’ is a side of an equilateral triangle then what is its altitude? [ ]

T,

3 2 3
A) a B) a C) 3a D) 2a
4 2
ER

2. In DABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2, then Ð B = ....... [ ]

A) 300 B) 600 C) 480 D) 900

SC

3. Which of the following is true from the given figure? [ ]

B
A) DABC ~ DADB

B) DABC ~ DBDC

C) DADB ~ DBDC
D) All the above A C

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [40]

TG Teachers info
 4. DABC ~ DPQR; if Ð A + Ð B = 1000 then, Ð R= [ ]

A) 1000 B) 800 C) 900 D) 500

5. If Ð A=500, Ð B=600, Ð C=700 and Ð P=600, Ð Q=500 Ð R=700 then, which of

the following is ture? [ ]

A) DABC ~ DPQR B) DABC ~ DQPR

A
C) DABC ~ DPRQ D) all the above

AN
6. Which of the following is true from the given figure? [ ]

A) pc = ab
A

G
1 1 1 c
B) 2
+ 2= 2 D
a b p b
AN p

B a C
a 2b 2
C) p 2 =
a 2 +b 2
L
D) all the above
TE

7. In a right angle DABC, Ð B=900, AB=20, BC=15, then AC= ......[ ]

T,

A) 20 B) 10 C) 25 D) 225
ER

8. If DE || BC, then the value of ‘x’ from the given figure is [ ]

A
x
2
SC

D E
4 2x

B C

A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [41]

TG Teachers info
 Very Short Answer Questions

1. Koushik walks 12m due East and turns left and walks another 5m, how far is he
from the place started?

2. ABC is an isosceles triangle and ÐB=900 , then show that AC2=2AB2.

3. In a triangle DEW, AB || EW, if AD=4cm, DE=12cm and DW=24cm then find the
value of ‘DB’?

A
AN
4. If in triangle ABC, AB=6cm, BC=12cm and CA=6 3 cm, then the measure of Ð A.
Justify your answer.

5. DABC ~ DDEF, if DE=2AB and BC=3cm, then EF is equal to 3cm. Do you agree

G
this? Justify your answer with appropriate reasons.
AN
6. From the figure, find the length of AE?
A
L
E
TE

8cm
4cm

B 6cm C 3cm D
T,

Short Answer Questions

ER

PS
1. In figure if ST||QR, PT=8cm and PR=10cm, then what is the value of ?
SQ
P

8cm 10cm
SC

S T

Q R

2. In the figure, find AE if DE||BC. A

3cm x cm
D
4cm E
2cm
B
C

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [42]

TG Teachers info
 3. In the figure name the similar triangles
A

18cm 10cm 15 cm
D 50°
E
12cm
50°
B
C

4. An isosceles triangle ABC similar to triangle PQR. AC=AB=4cm, PQ=10cm and

A
BC=6cm. What is the length of the PR? Which type of triangle is DPQR?

AN
5. In the adjoining figure, DE||BC. What is the value of DE?
A

G
10 cm
D
E AN
2cm

B 3cm C

AB BC 1
6. In triangles ABC and PQR if Ð B = Ð Q and = = , then what is the value
PQ QR 2
L
PR
of QR ?
TE

7. In a D ABC, a line DE is drawn such that AD=8cm, DB=6cm, AE=12cm, EC=9cm.

Is DE || BC? Justify.
T,

8. In given DPQR, a line AB is drawn such that RA=4cm, RB=4cm, AP=2cm and
ER

BQ=8cm. Is AB || PQ? Justify.

9. If D ABC~DDEF such that AB = 1.2cm, and DE=1.4cm. Find the ratio of areas of
SC

D ABC and D DEF.

Essay Type Questions

1. Construct a triangle of sides 5cm, 6cm and 7cm. Then construct a triangle similar
2
to it, whose sides are times of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [43]

TG Teachers info
 PX 5
2. In DPQR, if XY|| PQ and = and QR=7.2cm, then find the lenght of RY..
XR 3
P Q

X Y

R
3. In the figure AB, CD, PQ are perpendicular to BD, AB=x, CD=y and PQ=z. Prove that

A
1 1 1 A
+ = .

AN
x y z
C
P
z y
B

G
Q D

4. In figure, Ð M= Ð N=460 , express x in terms of a, b and c, where a, b and c are

lengths of LM, MN and NK respectively.
AN
L
L
a P
x
TE

M 46° 46° K
b N c

5. In DABC, DE || BC as shown in the figure. If BC=8cm, AB=6cm and DA=1.5cm.

T,

Find DE.

B C
ER

D E

A
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [44]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter
Tangents and
9 Secants to a Circle
Introduction

A
• A tangent to circle is a line which

AN
touches the circle at only one point.

• The tangent at any point of a circle is A

G
perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
AN O P

• The lengths of two tangents from an

external point to a circle are equal. B
L
A
• We can construct a tangent to a circle
TE

at a given point on the circumference of

P O
a circle. M
T,

• We can construct a tangent to a circle at

B
a given point, when the centre of the A
ER

circle is known.

• We can construct the pair of tangents O P

from an external point to a circle.

SC

B
• A secant is a line which intersects the
circle at two distinct points and the line Q
segment between the points is a chord.

• Area of the segment of a circle = Area O

r x r
of the corresponding sector – Area of
A B
the corresponding triangle.
P
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [45]

TG Teachers info
 Practice problems

1. From a point B, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24cm and the distance of B
from the centre is 25cm. The radius of the circle is [ ]
A
24cm
B
O

A
25cm

AN
A) 7 cm B) 12 cm C) 15 cm D) 24.5 cm

2. If AP and AQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre ‘O’ so that ÐQOP =1100 then,

G
then Ð PAQ=? AN P [ ]
A

O 1100
L
Q
TE

A) 600 B) 700 C) 800 D) 900

3. The angle between a tangent to a circle and the radius drawn at point of contact is
T,

[ ]
A) 600 B) 300 C) 450 D) 900
ER

4. The number of tangents drawn from the external point of circle is [ ]

A) 2 B) 3 C) 1 D) infinite
SC

5. A tangent to a circle touches it in ............... points [ ]

A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) infinite
6. We can draw .................. tangents to a given circle [ ]
A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) infinite
7. The length of tangent from a point 15 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius
9 cm is [ ]
A) 10cm B) 13cm C) 12cm D) 14cm

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [46]

TG Teachers info
 8. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called ……… [ ]

A) tangent B) chord C) secant D) normal

9. DABC is a right angled triangle, right angle at B such that BC=6cm and AB=8cm. A
circle with centre ‘O’ is inscribed in DABC. The radius of circle is .… [ ]

A) 1cm B) 2cm C) 3cm D) 4cm

A
10. The length of the tangent from a point 8cm away from the centre of a circle of raidus
6cm is ……… [ ]

AN
A) 7 cm B) 2 7 cm C) 10cm D) 5cm

11. PA is a tangent to a circle from a point ‘P’ with centre ‘O’. Find the raidus OA if

G
PA=4cm and OP=5cm ......... AN [ ]

A) 2cm B) 3cm C) 1.5cm D) 9cm

12. If the angle between two radii of a circle is 1300. The angle between the tangents at
L
the ends of the radii is ........... [ ]
TE

A) 900 B) 500 C) 700 D) 400

13. The distance between the points of contact of two parallel tangents to a given circle
T,

of raidus 6cm is ............ [ ]

A) 6cm B) 12cm C) 9cm D) 18cm

ER

14. Tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are ............ [ ]

A) intersecting B) parallel C) perpendicular D) coincident

SC

15. Two concentric circles of a radii a and b, where a>b are given. The length of the
chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle is ............ [ ]

A) a 2 -b 2 B) 2 a 2 -b 2 C) a 2 +b2 D) 2 a 2 +b 2
16. The area of a circle that can be inscribed in a square of a side 10cm is.... [ ]
A) 40p cm2 B) 30p cm2 C) 100p cm2 D) 35p cm2

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [47]

TG Teachers info
 17. The perimeter of a square circumscribing a circle of radius ‘a’ units is ..... [ ]

A) 2a units B) 4a units C) 8a units D) 16a units

18. The perimeter of the sector with radius 10.5cm and sector angle 600 is ....... [ ]

A) 32cm B) 23cm C) 41cm D) 11cm

19. The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle of

A
AN
radius ‘r’ ............ [ ]

A) r2 B) 2r2 C) r3 D) 2r3

G
20. The perimeter of a sector of a circle whose central angle is 90 0 and
radius 7cm ............. [ ]
AN
A) 35cm B) 25cm C) 77cm D) 7cm
L
Very Short Answer Questions
TE

1. “If a chord AB subtends an angle 600 at the centre of a circle, then angle between the
tangents at A and B is also 600”, whether the statement is true or false? Justify.
T,

2. Prove that the length of a tangent from an external point ‘P’ on a circle with centre
‘O’ is always less than OP.
ER

3. A point P is 13cm away from the centre of the circle, the length of the tangent drawn
from P to the circle is 12cm, then find the radius of the circle.
SC

4. Find the length of the tangent drawn from a point whose distance from the centre of
the circle is 25cm. Given that the radius of the circle is 7cm.

5. A bicycle wheel makes 5000 revolutions in moving 22km. Find the diameter the
22
wheel. (Use P = )
7

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [48]

TG Teachers info
 C
Short Answer Questions
D
1. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle (see
figure). Prove that AB+CD=AD+BC.

2. In the given figure, TP and TQ are tangents from ‘T’ to the

A
B
circle with centre ‘O’ and ‘R’ is any point on the circle. If AB
is tangent to the circle at ‘R’, prove that TA+AR=TB+BR.

A
P

AN
A

O R T

G
B
Q

3.
AN
From ‘O’ point ‘P’, which is at a distance of
Q

5cm
13cm from the centre of circle of radius 5cm,
13cm
O P
L
the pair of tangents PQ and PR are drawn to
the circle, then find the area of the quadrilateral
TE

PQOR (in cm2) R

4. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle. If

T,

AB= 13cm, BC=14 cm, AE=7cm then find AC.

A
ER

F E

B C
D
SC

5. Prove that the parallelogram circuscribing a

circle is rhombus.

6. The tangents making an angle of 600 between 0 Q

O 60
them are drawn to a circle of radius 3 cm, 3 cm
then find the length of each tangent. A

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [49]

TG Teachers info
 Essay Type Answer Questions

1. Draw a circle of diameter 7cm. Mark a point ‘M’ at a distance of 9cm from its centre.
Through ‘M’ draw tangents to the circle. Measure the length of tangents.

2. Draw a circle of radius 6cm. From a point 10cm away from its centre, construct the
pair of tangents to the circle.

3. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of a radius 3cm, which are inclined to each other

A
at an angle of 600.

AN
4. OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre ‘O’ and radius 7cm. If OD=4cm, find the
area of shaded region. B

G
D
C AN
L
O
A
TE

5. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 21cm
sweeping through an angle 1200. Find the total area cleaned at each swipe of the
22
T,

blades. (Use P = )
7
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [50]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

10 Mensuration

A
AN
Surface areas and volumes of different solid shapes.

S. Name of Figure Lateral / Curved Total surface Volume Nomen-

G
No. the solid surface area area clature
1. Cuboid 2h(l+b) AN 2(lb+bh+hl) lbh l:length
h
b:breadth
l b
h:height

2. Cube a 4a2 6a2 a3 a:side of

L
a a the cube
2
pr h
TE

3. Right 2prh 2pr(r+h) r:radius of

circular h the base
cylinder r h:height
1
4. Right prl pr(l+r) 3 pr2h r:radius of
T,

circular h
l the base
cone h:height
r
ER

l:slant height

4
5. Sphere 4pr 2 4pr 2 3 pr3 r:radius
r
SC

2
6. Hemisphere r 2pr 2 3pr 2 3 pr3 r:radius
r

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [51]

TG Teachers info
 Some solid figures and their combination shapes
Name of the solid Figure Shape

Its shape is a combination of

Tanker a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends.

Its shape is a combination of

Toy (Lattu)/ Water cone and hemisphere

A
drop

AN
Its shape is a combination of a
Box cubiod and a semi circular

G
cylinder.
AN Its shape is a cylinder with a
Sharpened pencil cone at one end and a
hemisphere at the other end.
L
Its shape is a combination of
TE

Ice-cream cone cone and a hemisphere.

T,

Its shape is a combination of

Funnel cone and a cylinder.
ER

Test tube The shape is a combination of

a cylinder and a hemisphere.

Its shape is cylindrical with

SC

two hemispherical ends; used

Capsule
as medicine.

Its shape is a combination of

a cone and a cylinder.
Rocket

Note: When a solid converts from one shape to another shape, there is no change in
volume.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [52]

TG Teachers info
 Practice problems

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The surface areas of two spheres are in the ratio 4:9 then,
ratio of their volumes [ ]
A) 27 : 8 B) 8:27 C) 1:9 D) 2:3
2. If radius, height and slant height of a cone are r, h, and l respectively then which of the

A
following is true [ ]

AN
A) l > r + h
2 2 2
B) l 2 < r 2 + h 2 C) l 2 = r 2 + h 2 D) l 2 = h 2 - r 2
3. The ratio of volume of a cylinder and cone of equal diameter and height is [ ]
A) 1:3 B) 3:1 C) 2:3 D) 3:2

G
4. Total surface area of a hemisphere whose radius ‘r’ [ ]

A) 2 p r 2 B) 3p r 2
AN
C) 4 p r 2 D) p r
43

3
5. The total surface area of cube is 864cm2 then, its side is [ ]
L
A) 10cm B) 12cm C) 14cm D) 16cm
TE

6. The base diameter and height are 8cm and 3cm of a cone, then the slant height .............
............ cm [ ]
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7
T,

7. The diameter of a sphere which is inscribed in a cube of side ‘a’ units is [ ]

A) 2a B) 3a C) 2a D) a
ER

8. Volume of a cylindrical shaped bowl is 125p cm 3 and its height is 5cm

then its radius is [ ]
A) 25 B) 625 C) 5 D) 125
SC

9. The shape formed by rotating a right angled triangle about non hypotenuse non
side is ................ [ ]

A) sphere B) cone C) hemisphere D) pyramid

10. If ‘a’ is length, ‘b’ is breadth and ‘c’ is height of a cubiod, then lateral surface area is
............. units. [ ]
A) 2a(b+c) B) 2b(a+c) C) 2c(a+b) D) 2a+2b+2c

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [53]

TG Teachers info
 11. By melting a solid sphere of radius 5cm, a solid right circular cone of the same
circular base is made. The height of the cone is [ ]
A) 20cm B) 10cm C) 5cm D) 12cm
12. How many balls of radius 1cm each can be made from a solid sphere of lead of radius
8cm is [ ]
A) 64 B) 216 C) 512 D) 16

A
13. The surface areas of the two spheres are in ratio 1 : 4, then the ratio of
volume is [ ]

AN
A) 2 :1 B) 1: 2 C) 1:8 D) 1:4
14. A cone and a hemi-sphere have equal basis and equal volumes. The ratio of their heights

G
[ ]
A) 2:1 B) 3:1
AN C) 4:1 D) 1:1
15. The radius of a wire is decreased to one third. If volume remains the same the length will
become [ ]
L
A) 3 times B) 6 times C) 9 times D) 27 times
TE

16. The diameter of a metallic sphere is 6cm. It has melted and drawn into a wire of
diameter 2mm, then the length of the wire is [ ]
A) 12m B) 18m C) 36m D) 6.6m
T,

Very Short Answer Questions

ER

1. Write the formula to find the curved surface area of a right circular cone and
explain each term.

2. Write the formula to find the total surface area of a right circular cylinder and
SC

explain each term.

3. Write the formula to find the total surface area of a hemisphere and explain each
term.

4. The base diameter and height of a cone is 12cm and 8cm, then find the curved
surface area of the cone.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [54]

TG Teachers info
 5. If the radius of a hemispherical bowl is 21cm, then find the volume of the bowl.

6. The largest sphere is carved out of a cube of side 7cm. Find the volume of the
sphere.

7. A solid metallic sphere of radius 3cm is melted and recast into small spherical balls
of radius 0.3cm. Find the number of balls formed.

Short Answer Questions

A
1. A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere have same base and same height, then show

AN
that the ratio of their volumes is 3 : 1 : 2.

2. Two cubes each of volume 27cm3 are joined end to end together. Find the total

G
surface area of the resulting cuboid.

3. The curved surface area of a cylinder is 264m2 and its volume is 924m3. Find the
AN
ratio of its base diameter to its height.

4. “The Total Surface Area (TSA) of a sphere is 16p sq.units and the TSA of a
L
hemisphere with same radius is 8p.” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your
TE

answer with a reason.

5. Find the corresponding difference of CSA and volume of a cylinder when its radius
is doubled and height is halved.
T,

6. If the volume of an inverted cone is ‘V’ and it is filled with water upto half of it then
find volume of the water.
ER

7. “A sphere is exactly inscribed in a cylinder. Is the CSA of cylinder equal to TSA

of sphere.” Explain with reason.
SC

8. A cone of height 24cm and radius of the base 6cm is made up of modelling clay. A
child reshapes it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.

9. A metallic solid sphere of radius 4.2cm is melted and recast into the shape of a
solid cylinder of radius 6cm. find the height of the cylinder.

10. How many spherical bullets can be made out of a solid cube of lead whose edge
measures 44cm, each bullet being 4cm in diameter?

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [55]

TG Teachers info
 Essay Type Questions
1. A vessel is in the shape of hemisphere and a cylinder surmounted on it. If the
diameter of the vessel is 14cm and complete height of vessel is 13cm, then find
volume of vessel.
2. From a face of cube whose length is 21cm, a hemisphere is scooped out from it.
Find TSA of remaining part.
3. A solid wooden toy is in the shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere.

A
If the radius of the hemisphere is 4.2cm and the total height of the toy is 10.2cm.

AN
Find the volume of the wooden toy.
4. A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height of the
solid is 19cm and the diameter of the cylinder is 7cm. find the volume and total

G
22
surface area of the solid (Use Õ = ).
7
AN
5. A solid toy is in the form of a right circular cylinder with an hemispherical shape at
one end and a cone at other end. Their common diameter is 4.2cm and the height of
the cylindrical and conical portions are 12cm and 7cm respectively. Find the volume
L
of solid toy.
TE

6. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each

end of a solid cylinder, as shown in the adjacent figure. If height of the
cylinder is 10cm, and its base radius is 3.5cm, find the total surface
T,

area of the article.

7. A solid right-circular cone of height 60cm and radius 30cm is dropped in a right-
ER

circular cylinder fall of water of height 180cm and radius 60cm. Find the volume
22
of water left in the cylinder in cubic meter (Use Õ = ).
7
SC

8. A solid cylinder of diameter 12cm and height 15cm is melted and recast into toys
with the shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemi-sphere of radius 3cm. if
the height of the toys is 12cm, find the number of toys formed.
9. How many coins 1.75cm in diameter and 2mm thick must be melted to form a
cuboid of dimensions 11cmx10cmx7cm?
10. A right circular cylinder container if base radius been and height 20cm is full of ice-
cream is to be filled in cones of height 10cm and base radius 3cm, how many cones
needed to empty the container?

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [56]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

11 Trigonometry
1. Naming the sides in a right triangle:

A
C

Opposite side of angle A

AN
se
nu
te
po
Hy

G
A B
AN
Adjacent side of angle A

2. Trigonametric Ratios:
In a right angled triangle DABC, with right angle at B
L
TE

side opposite to angle A

SinA =
Hypotenuse
C
T,

side adjacent to angle A

ER

CosA =
Hypotenuse A B

side opposite to angle A

TanA = Side adjacent to angle A
SC

1 1
3. CosecA= SecA=
SinA CosA

1 1
CotA= TanA=
TanA CotA

1 1
SinA= CosA=
CosecA SecA

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [57]

TG Teachers info
 4. If one of the Trigonametric ratios of acute angle is known , the remaining trigonametric
ratios of the angle can be determined.

5. The values of the trigonametric ratios for angle 00, 300, 450, 600, 900.

ÐA 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

1 1 3
sin A 0 1

A
2 2 2
3 1 1

AN
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 1 3 not defined
3
1

G
cot A not defined 3 1 0
3
2 AN
sec A 1 2 2 not defined
3
2
cosec A not defined 2 2 1
3
L
6. Trigonometric identities
TE

i) Sin2A + Cos2A = 1
T,

ii) Sec2A - tan2A = 1 (for 0O<A<90O)

ER

iii) Cosec2A - cot2A = 1 (for 0O<A<90O)

sin θ 1
iv) cosθ= 1 - sin 2 θ v) Tanθ= vi) cosecθ=
1 - sin 2 θ sin θ
SC

1 1 1 - sin 2 θ
vii) secθ = viii) secθ= ix) cotθ =
cosθ 1 - sin 2 θ sin θ

7. i) Sin(900-A) = CosA ii) Cos(900-A) = SinA

iii) Tan(900-A) = CotA iv) Cosec(900-A) = SecA

v) Sec(900-A) = CosecA vi) Cot(900-A) = TanA

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [58]

TG Teachers info
 Practice problems

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The value of (Sin300+Cos300) - (Sin600+Cos600) is [ ]

A) -1 B) 0 C) 1 D) 2
a
2. If Sinθ = , then Cos θ is equal to ................ [ ]
b

A
a b b 2 -a 2 b

AN
A) b 2 -a 2
B) C) D) b2 - a 2
a b

3. If A is an acute angle of triangle ABC, right angled at B, then the value of

G
(SinA + CosA) is [ ]

A) Equal to one B) Greater than one

AN
C)Less than one D) Equal to two

4. If Tan θ = Cot θ , then value of Sec θ = ................ [ ]

L
1
TE

A) 2 B) 1 C) D) 2
3

2Tan30 o
5. The value of 1+Tan 2 30o
is ................ [ ]
T,

A) Sin600 B) Cos600 C) Tan600 D) Sin300

ER

6. Sin θ - Cos θ = 0, then the value of Sin4 θ + Cos4 θ is ................ [ ]

3 1 4
A) 1 B) C) D)
SC

4 2 3

7. If Sec θ + Tan θ = p, then Tan

an θ = ................ [ ]

p 2 +1 p 2 -1 p 2 +1 p 2 -1
A) B) C) D)
p p 2p 2p

8. 5 Cosec2 θ - 5 Cot2 θ = ................ [ ]

A) 1 B) 5 C) 0 D) 10

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [59]

TG Teachers info
 9. If Cos θ + Cos2 θ = 1, Sin2 θ + Sin4 θ = ................ [ ]
A) -1 B) 0 C) 1 D)4
10. If Tan θ is expressed in Sin θ ................ [ ]

Sinθ Sinθ 1-Sin 2θ Sinθ

A) B) C) D)
1-Sin 2θ 1-Sin 2θ sinθ 1-Sin 2θ
11. ( 1 + Tan2 θ ) ( 1 + Sin θ ) = _____ [ ]

A
1
A) ( 1 - Sin θ ) B) 1 C) D) None of these
1-sinθ

AN
12 If Sin 45o + Tan 45o - Cosx = 1, then Tan x = _____ (x<900) [ ]
A) 300 B) 600 C) 900 D) 450

G
1+Cosθ
13. The value of is ______ [ ]
1-Cosθ AN
A) Cot θ - Cosec θ B) Cosec θ + Cot θ
C) Cosec2 θ + Cot2 θ D) (Cot θ + Cosec θ )2
L
14. If Cosec θ + Cot θ = p, then Cos θ = ______ [ ]
TE

p 2 -1 p 2 -1 p2 + 1 p2 - 1
A) 2 B) C) 2 D)
p +1 2p2 p -1 2p
3
15. If Tan θ = , then Cos2 θ - Sin2 θ = _________ [ ]
4
T,

7 -7 4
A) B) 1 C) D)
25 25 25
ER

1
16. If sinA= , then TanA = _________ [ ]
2
A) 4 B) 1 C) Ö3 D) 2
SC

17. If Sin(90-A) = Cos45, then A = ................ [ ]

A) 45O B) 60O C) 90O D) 30O
18. Sec θ = ................ [ ]
A) 1 - cos 2 θ B) 1 - Tan 2θ

1
C) D) Tan2 θ -1
1 - sin 2 θ

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [60]

TG Teachers info
 19. If Sin(90O-2A)=Cos90O, then Tan A = ................ [ ]
A) 1 B) 0 C) ¥ D) Ö3

20. If sin θ = 1 , then Sec θ = ................ [ ]

cosθ
1 1
A) B) 2 C) 2 D)
2 2

A
Very Short Answer Type Questions

AN
5θ
1. If Tan( ) = 3 , and θ is acute angle, then find the value of 2 θ .
2

12
2. If in a right angled triangle ABC, TanA = , then find SinA.CosA.

G
5
3. Find the value of the expression.
AN
Sin45o +Cos45o Sin30o .Cos60o +Cos30o .Sin60o
2( ) + ( )
Sec45o+Cosec45o Sin 2 55o +Cos2 55o
L
17
TE

4. If in a right angled triangle PQR, angle Q is 90o , CosecP = , then find the ratio of
15
Tan P, Cos P.
æ sin300 + cos600 ö æ sec2 750 - tan 2 250 ö
5. 2´ ç 0 ÷
+ 3 ´ ç 0 ÷
T,

0 0
è sec30 + cosec30 ø è sin90 + cos90 ø
ER

6. Express cot θ in terms of ‘cos θ ’ and sin θ (separately).

1 3
7. If Tan(A-B)= and SinA= then find the values of ÐB and CosB. (A, B <900)
3
SC

a 2 -1
8. If sin θ +cos θ =a, then show that sin θ ´ cos θ = .
2

9. If cosA = sinB, then prove that A + B = 90O.

10. Evaluate cos12O - sin78O.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [61]

TG Teachers info
 Short Answer Questions

1. Show that (sin θ +cosec θ )2+(cos θ - sec θ )2 - (tan θ +cot θ )2 = 1

3
2 cos ec 2 300 + 3sin 2 600 - tan 2 300
2. Evaluate 4
sin 30 + cos 450
2 0 2

tan 2 600 + 4 cos 2 450 + 3sec2 300 + 5cos 2 900

3. Evaluate

A
cos ec 2 300 + sec 600 - cot 2 300

AN
1
4. If 7 sin2 θ +3cos2 θ =4. Show that tan θ = .
3

3 1 - cos θ

G
5. If tan θ = , find the value of .
4 1+cosθ

6.
AN
3 tan θ = 3 sin θ , find the value of sin θ -cos θ .
2 2

7. If x = a sec θ + b tan θ and y = a tan θ + b sec θ . Prove that x2-y2=a2-b2.

L
sin θ-cosθ+1 1
8. Prove that = .
TE

sinθ+cosθ-1 sec θ-tanθ

9. In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B, the ratio of AB to AC is 1: 2 . Find the value
2tanA
of .
1+tan 2 A
T,

4 4tanθ-5cosθ
10. If sin θ = , find the value of .
ER

5 secθ+4cotθ
11. Show that cos72O cos18O - sin72O sin18O = 0.
1 - tan 2 A
SC

12. Show that =tan2A. (0O < A < 90O)

cot A - 1
2

Essay Type Questions

1 cosec 2θ - sec 2θ
1. If tan θ= , find the value of .
7 cosec 2θ + sec 2θ

sin 3θ-cos3θ sin 3θ+cos3θ

2. Prove that + = 2.
sinθ-cosθ sinθ+cosθ

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [62]

TG Teachers info
 p 2 -1
3. If sec θ + tan θ = p, show that sin θ = 2 .
p +1

4. Prove the following.

cosA sinA
+ =cosA+sinA
1-tanA 1-cotA

A
secθ+tanθ-1 cosθ
5. Prove that = .
tanθ-secθ+1 1-sinθ

AN
tanA cotA
6. Prove that + =1+tanA+cotA .
1-cotA 1-tanA

G
k2 - 1
7. If cosec θ + cot θ = k, then prove that cos θ = 2 .
k +1
AN
1 + cosθ
8. Prove that = cosec θ + cot θ . (0O < θ < 90O)
1 - cosθ
L
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [63]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter
Applications of
12 Trigonometry
1. Line of sight: The line of sight is the line drawn from the

A
eye of an observer to the object viewed.

AN
2. Angle of elevation: The angle of elevation of the object
viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with the

G
horizontal when it is above the horizontal level i.e. the case
when we raise our head to look at the object.
AN
3. Angle of depression: The angle of depression of an object
viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
L
horizontal when it is below the horizontal level i.e. the case
TE

when we lower our head to look at the object.

4. The height or length of an object or the distance between two

distinct objects can be determined with the help of
T,

trigonometric ratios.

Practice problems
ER

Multiple Choice Questions

1. If the ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow is 1: 3 , what is
SC

the angle of elevation of sun is ………………. [ ]

a) 300 b) 600 c) 450 d) 900

2. If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance 200m from its foot is 600,
then the height of the tower is ……………….. [ ]
200 100
a) 100 3 m b) 200 3 m c) m d) m
3 3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [64]

TG Teachers info
 3. A kite is flying at a height of 60m above the ground. The inclination of the string
with ground is 600. Find the length of string (assuming that there is no slack in the
string) ……………… [ ]

a) 40 3 b) 30 3 c) 20 3 d) 60 3

4. If a person observes the top of a tree at an angle of elevation 450 from 20m distance

A
from the foot of the tree, then height of the tree is ……….. [ ]

AN
a) 40m b) 10m c) 20m d) 60m

5. If the height of a tower and its shadow’s length are equal at a particular time, then
the angle of elevation of the sun ………… [ ]

G
a) 450 b) 600 c) 300 d) 900
AN
6. It is found that on walking ‘d’ meters towards a light house in a horizontal line
through its base, the elevation of top changes from 300 to 600. The height of light
L
house is …………. [ ]
TE

3 2
a) 3 2 d b) 2 3 d c) d d) d
2 3
7. The angle of depression of a car, standing on the ground from the top of a 75m tower
T,

is 300. The distance of the car from the base of the tower is [ ]

a) 2 3 m b) 50 3 m c) 75 3 m d) 150m
ER

8. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a point on the ground 50m away from
the foot of the tower is 450. Then the height of tower is (in meters)..…[ ]
SC

50
a) 50 3 m b) 50m c) 100m d) m
3
9. A ladder made an angle of 600 with the ground when placed against a wall. If the
foot of ladder is 2m away from the wall, then the length of the ladder is (in
meters) …….. [ ]

4
a) b) 4 3 c) 2 2 d) 4
3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [65]

TG Teachers info
 10. If the angles of elevation of the top of the tower from two points distance ‘x’ and ‘y’
from the base and in the straight line with it are complementary, then the height of
the tower is ……….. [ ]
x x
a) xy b) xy c) y d)
y

Very Short Answer Questions

1. A person observed the top of a tower at angle of elevation of 450, when the

A
observation point is 15 meters away from the foot of the tower. Find the height of

AN
the tower.
2. Ramu says that “If the length of the shadow of a tower is increasing then the angle
of elevation of the sun is also increasing” Is it true or false? Justify.

G
3. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and as surmounted by a vertical flag
AN
containing the foot of the tower such that the angle of elevation of top of the tower
and top of the flag are α and β respectively. Represent the above through a figure.
4. A tree is 20 3 meters length. Find the angle of elevation, if its top from a point 20
L
meters away from its foot.
TE

5. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 600 and the foot of the
ladder is 10m away from the wall. Find the length of the wall.
6. A pole 6m high casts a shadow 2 3 meters on the ground, then find the sun’ss
T,

elevation.
7. If the length the shadow of a tower on the ground as equal to its height, then find the
ER

angle of elevation of the sun at that particular time.

8. A ship as sighted at sea from the top on a light house of 75m height. If the angle of
depression is found to be 300, find the distance of ship from the light house (in meters).
SC

9. A pole 12m high cast a shadow 12m long on the ground, then find the sun’s elevation.
10. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is
50m away from the foot of the tower is 450. Draw the diagram for the situation.
Short Answer Type Questions

1. The shadow of a tower standing on a level ground is found to be 40m longer when
sun’s altitude as 30° than when it was 600. Find the height of the tower.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [66]

TG Teachers info
 2. From the top of a hill, the angles of depressions of two consecutive kilometre
stones due east are found to 300 and 450. Find the height of the hill?
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a certain point is 300; If the
observer moves 20 metres towards the tower, the angle of elevation of the top
increases by 150. Find the height of the tower.
4. As observed from the top of a 100m high light house from the sea level, the angles of
depression of two ships are 300 and 450. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the

A
same side of the light house, find the distance between the two slips (use 3 =1.732).
5. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of a building 50 metres high as

AN
observed from the top of a tower are 300 and 600 respectively. Find the height the
tower.

G
Essay Type Answer Questions
1. An aeroplane at an altitude of 250m, observes the angle of depression of two boats
AN
on the opposite banks of a river to be 450 and 600 respectively. Find the width of the
river (use 3 =1.732).
2. A 20m high vertical pole and a vertical tower are on the same level ground in such
L
a way that the angle of elevation of the top of the tower, as seen from the foot of the
TE

pole is 600 and the angle of elevation of the top of the pole as seen from the foot of
the tower is 300. Find: (i) the height of the tower; (ii) the horizontal distance between
the pole and the tower.
T,

3. A man observes the angle of elevation of top of the building to be 300. He walks
towards it in a horizontal line through its base. On covering 60m, the angle of
ER

elevation changes to 600. Find the height of the buildings.

4. An aeroplane when flying at a height of 4000m from the ground passes through
vertically above another aeroplane at an instant, when the angle of the elevation of
SC

two planes from the same point on the ground are 600 and 450 respectively. Find the
vertical distance between two aeroplanes at that time.
5. Two men on either side of a temple of 40m height. Observe its top at the angles of
elevation 30O and 60O respectively. Find the distance between the two men.
6. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower of height ‘h’ tow points at a distance
of ‘a’ and ‘b’ (a>b) from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it
are complementary, then show that a, h and b are in Geometric Progression.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [67]

TG Teachers info
 Chapter

13 Probability

A
Probability is used to find the chance that something will happen. How likely it is

AN
that some event will occur.

Random experiment : For random experiments, the results are known well in
advance, but the result of the specific performance cannot be predicted.

G
The theoretical (classical) probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as
AN
P(E) as the ratio of ‘Number of outcomes favourable to E’ to the ‘Total number of
all possible outcomes’ of a random experiment where we assume that the outcomes
of the experiment are equally likely.
L
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P(E)=
TE

Total number of possible outcomes of the experiment

An event which will definitely occur is called a sure event. The collection of all
outcomes of a sure event is the entire sample space. The probability of a sure event
T,

(or certain event) is 1.

An event which cannot occur on any account is called an impossible event. The
ER

probability of an impossible event is 0.

The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 < P (E) < 1
SC

An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the
probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

For any event E, P(E) + P ( E ) = 1, where E stands for 'not E'. E and E are called
complementary events.
Equally likely events : Two or more events are said to be equally likely if each
one of them has an equal chance of occurrence.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [68]

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 Mutually Exclusive events : Two or more events are mutually exclusive if the
occurrence of each event prevents the every other event.
Exhaustive events : Two or more events are said to be exhaustive, if the union of
their outcomes is the entire sample space.
Complementary events : Two events are said to be complementary, if they are
mutually exclusive and also exhaustive. (OR) Two events are said to be
complementary if occurrence of an event prevents the occurrence of the other and

A
the union of their outcomes is the entire sample space.

AN
Total possible outcomes tables related to coins

One coin:

G
1 coin AN
H

T
L
Two coins:
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1st coin 2ndcoin

H H
T,

H T

T H
ER

T T
SC

Total possible outcomes tables related to dice

One dice:

No.on the top

face of the dice 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 1 1 1 1
Probability
6 6 6 6 6 6

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [69]

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 Two dice:

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6

A
3 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6

AN
4 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6

G
5 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6

6 6,1
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6,2
AN
6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6

Playying cards - Probability

TE

Deck of cards
(52)
T,

Red(26) Black(26)
ER

Hearts(13) Diamonds(13) Spades(13) Clubs(13)

SC

A, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
J, Q, K J, Q, K J, Q, K J, Q, K

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [70]

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 Practice problems

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is not possible value of the probability of an event? [ ]

a) 0 b) 1 c) 0.75125 d) 1.1

2. Which of the following is a certain(sure) event? [ ]

A
a) The event of getting a head when a dice is rolled

AN
b) The event of getting a head when a coin is tossed
c) The event of getting a tail when a coin is tossed
d) The event of getting a head or tail when a coin is tossed [ ]

G
3. Which of the following is an impossible event?
AN
a) The event of getting a head when a dice is rolled
b) The event of getting a head when a coin is tossed
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c) The event of getting a tail when a coin is tossed
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d) The event of getting a head or tail when a coin is tossed

4. What is the probability of a sure event? [ ]

a) 0 b) 0.5 c) 1 d) 100
T,

5. What is the probability of an impossible event? [ ]

ER

a) 0 b) 0.5 c) 1 d) 100

6. If there are 8 elementary events which are equally likely, then what is the probability
of each elementary event? [ ]
SC

1
a) 8 b) c) 0.8 d) 1.8
8
7. What is the probability getting a prime number when a dice is rolled? [ ]

a) 0.5 b) 2.6 c) 0.6 d) 0.3

8. There are 12 boys and 18 girls in a class. If a student is chosen at random, what is
the probability of selecting a girl? [ ]
a) 0.4 b) 0.45 c) 0.9 d) 0.6
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [71]

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 9. If a card is chosen at random from a bag containing cards with numbers 1 to 10, then
the probability of getting a multiple of 3 is [ ]

a) 0.3 b) 0.5 c) 0.3 d) 0.4

10. If a ball is chosen at random from a box containing 6 white balls, then the event of
getting a white ball is [ ]
a) Impossible event b) Sure event

A
c) Ambiguous event d) White event

AN
11. If a ball is chosen at random from a box containing 10 Red balls, then the event of
getting a black ball is [ ]
a) Impossible event b) Sure event

G
c) Ambiguous event d) Red event
12. The range of probability of an event
AN [ ]
a) 0 < P(E) < 1 b) -1 < P(E) < 1 c) 0 < P(E) < 1 d) -1 < P(E) < 1
13. There are three balls with colours white, black and red in a bag. What is the
L
probability of not getting a red ball? [ ]
TE

a) 1/3 b) 2/3 c) 3/2 d) 11/3

14. The probability of raining on a certain day in July month in Hyderabad is 0.65.
What is the probability of not raining on a particular day? [ ]
T,

a) 1.65 b) 0.45 c) 0.35 d) 0.25

ER

15. Which of the following pair events is not a pair of mutually exclusive events?
a) Getting head and getting tail when coin is tossed
b) Coming up 3 and coming up 6 when a dice is rolled
SC

c) Selecting a black card and a king card when a card is drawn from a pack of cards
d) Selecting a prime number and selecting a composite number from numbers 1 to
100

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Write any two examples of equally likely events.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [72]

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 2. Write any two examples of sure events.
3. Write any two examples of impossible events.
4. Write any two examples of complementary events.
5. When we say that an event is not a sure event? Why?
6. What is the probability of getting a prime number when a dice is rolled?
7. What is the probability of getting a composite number when a dice is rolled?

A
8. There are cards with numbers 1 to 15 in a box. What is the probability of getting a
prime number when a card is selected at random?

AN
9. There are 2 white and 3 blue balls in a bag. What is the probability of getting a blue
ball when a ball is drawn at random from the bag.

G
10. There cards with all alphabets on them in a bag. What is the probability of getting
a vowel when a card is drawn at random? AN
11. There are 15 boys and 25 girls in class. If a student is selected at random, what is
the probability of selecting a girl?
12. If the probability is that a student will pass in examination is 0.83, then what is the
L
probability that student will fail in the examination?
TE

13. The probability of an event is always in between 0 and 1. Why? Give reason.
14. A person went to a mobile shop to select a mobile. There are 89 features which she
likes in a mobile out of 100 features. What is the probability that she will not buy that
T,

mobile?
15. If there are 10 primary events in a random experiment which are equally likely, then
ER

what is the sum of the probabilities of all the events?

Short Answer Questions

SC

1. Two dice are rolled at random. What is the probability of getting a sum of the
numbers on them as 7.

2. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting a head and
a tail on those coins?
3. There are 4 blue, 5 red and 6 black balls in a bag. When a ball is drawn at random,
what is the probability of getting (i) a red ball (ii) not a red ball?

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [73]

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 4. There are cards with numbers 1 to 100 in a bag. When a ball is drawn out from the
bag, what is the probability that the number on the card will contain 9 in either units
or tens place?
5. There are mobile numbers of 20 teachers, 16 lawyers and 14 doctors on a page. If
a number is selected at random, then what is the probability of selecting a mobile
number of (i) a teacher (ii) a person who is not a teacher.?
6. Two dice are rolled at random. What is the probability of getting sum of the

A
numbers on them (i) more than 20 (ii) sum is a prime number

AN
7. A manufacturer supplied 75 good LED bulbs along with 15 defective bulbs.When
a bulb is taken out at random total bulbs, what is the probability of selecting (i) a
good bulb (ii) a defective bulb?

G
8. From a deck of 52 cards, if we drawn a card randomly, what is the probability of
AN
getting a face card?
9. A box contains 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective. Saniya buys a pen if it is
only a good pen. The shopkeeper draws a pen, gives it to her. What is the probability
L
that (i) she would buy the pen (ii) she would not buy the pen?
TE

10. A box contains cards with numbers 11 to 99 on them. If a card is drawn at random,
What is the probability of getting a (i)square number (ii) a composite number?
T,

Essay Type Questions

1. Suppose a coin is dropped in a rectangular area with

ER

7cm 11cm
the dimensions 14cm ´ 11cm. There is a circle with
radius 7cm drawn in it as shown in the figure. What is
SC

the probability of dropping the coin in the circle? 14 cm

2. Two customers wished to visit a shop on any day in a week. What is the probability
that they would visit the shop (i) on the same day together (ii) different days?
3. Two dice are thrown together, find the probability that
i) Product of two numbers on top faces on both dices is a perfect square.
ii) Is a doublet (same number on both dices)?
iii) Different numbers on both dices?

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [74]

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 4. From a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, if a card is drawn randomly, then find the
probability that

i) Getting a prime number on it.

ii) Getting a red colour king card.

iii) Not a face card on it.

A
5. From a pack of 52 playing cards, face cards are removed. From the remaining, a
card is drawn at random. Find the probability that a card is

AN
i) Ace card

ii) Face card

G
iii) Black colour prime number card
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [75]

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 Chapter

14 Statistics

A
Data

AN
Information which is in the form of numbers and words and helps in taking decisions
or drawing conclusions is called ‘data’.

G
The numerical entries in the data are called ‘observations’.

Data is in two types.

AN
Data
L
 
TE

Un-grouped data Grouped data

T,

Measures of central tendencies

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Usually we collect data and draw certain conclusions based on the nature of data.
Understanding its nature, we do certain computations like ‘mean’, ‘mode’ and ‘median’
which are referred as measures of central tendencies.
SC

In this chapter we can discuss central tendencies on both (a) ungrouped data and (b)
grouped data.

1. Arithmetic mean (or) Mean or Average

a) Mean of ungrouped data: Sum of the observations by number of observations is

called ‘mean of ungrouped data’.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [76]

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 If x1, x2, x3, ........ xn are the observation of a data, then
x1 + x 2 + x3 + ...............x n
Mean ( x ) = or
n
å xi
Mean ( x) =
n
Here, å xi = x1 + x 2 + x3 + .......... .......... ....... + x n
n = number of observations.

A
b) Mean of grouped data:
i) Direct method

AN
å f i xi
Mean ( x ) =
å fi

G
ii) Assumed mean method or Deviation method
Sfi di
Mean ( x) = a +
AN
Sfi
a = Assumed mean
fi = ith class frequency
L
di = xi - a (di = deviation)
TE

Sf i = sum of frequencies
iii) Step-deviation method
é Sf u ù
Mean ( x ) = a + ê Sfi ú ´ h
T,

i i

ë û
In this, a = Assume Mean
ER

fi = i th class frequency
xi - a
ui = ( xi = i th class mid value)
h
SC

S fi = Sum of all frequency

h = Height of class or size of the class
2. Mode
a) Mode of ungrouped data: The most frequently occurring value for a set of observations
is called the ‘mode’.
• A data may or may not contains mode.
• A data can have more than one mode.
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [77]

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 b) Mode of grouped data:
é f1 - f 0 ù
Mode = l + ê ú´h
ë 2 f1 - f o - f 2 û
Here, l = lower boundary of modal class

• Modal class: The maximum h = height of modal class

frequency class is modal class. f1 = frequency of modal class

f0 = frequency of preceeding class of modal class

A
f2 = frequency of succeeding class of modal class
3. Median

AN
a) Median of ungrouped data:
The middle most observation of the given data that is written in ascending or
descending order is called ‘median’.

G
Note: AN
• If the number observation in the given data is an odd number, then first write the data
in ascending or descending order and the middle most observation is called ‘median’.
• If the number observations in the given data is an even number, then first write the
L
data in ascending or descending order and the take the average of the middle most
TE

two observations as ‘median’.

b) Median of grouped data:
én ù
ê 2 - cf ú
T,

Median = l + ê ú´h
ê f ú
ë û
ER

Here, l = lower boundary of median class; n = sum of all frequencies

c.f = cumulative frequency of the preceeding class of median class
f = frequency of median class; h = height of median class
SC

O-Give Curves
1. Less than cumulative frequency 60
Less than Cumulative frequency

curve 50

40 'Less than' ogive

To draw the less than type
30
cumulative frequency curve, we can take 20

i) Upper boundaries on X-axis and 10

0
ii) Less than cumulative frequency on 0 80 90 100
Upper boundaries
Y-axis
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [78]

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 60
2. More than cumulative frequency
50
curve

Cumulative frequency
'More than' ogive
40
To draw the more than type 30
cumulative frequency curve, we can 20
take 10

i) Lower boundaries on X-axis and 0

A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ii) More than cumulative frequency on Lower boundaries

AN
Y-axis

Finding Median from O-Give curves

G
Draw both Ogives (i.e. less 60

than type and more than type 50

AN
Cumulative frequency

curves) on the same axis. The 40

two Ogives will intersect each 30

L
20
other at a point. From this point,
TE

10
if we draw a perpendicular on
0
the X-axis, the point at which it 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
BoundariesLimits Median (66.4)
cuts the X-axis is the median.
T,

Practice problems
ER

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

SC

1 1 1 1 1
1. Median of the data , , , , .............. [ ]
7 10 2 5 15
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
10 2 7 15

Sf i d i
2. In mean x = a + formula di = .............. [ ]
Sfi

A) a + xi B) xi - a C) xi + x D) a - xi

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [79]

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 3. For what value of 'k' , the median of the data 4, 6, k, 9, 10, 19 is 7.5 which are given in
ascending order .............. [ ]
A) 7 B) 6 C) 9 D) 8
4. Mode of first 10 natural numbers .............. [ ]
A) 1 B) 10 C) 5.5 D) Does not exist
5. The mean of data is 12. If each observation is multiplied by 4 and then 2 added to
each result, find the mean of the new observations so obtained [ ]

A
A) 28 B) 50 C) 18 D) 12

AN
6. The most stable measures of central tendencies is ……… [ ]
A) range B) median C) mean D) mode
7. Mean of first four multiples of 5 is ............ [ ]

G
A) 15.5 B) 12.5 C) 10.5 D) 20.5
8. For drawing the less than type cumulative frequency curve, we can use following
AN
values ………. [ ]
A) More than cumulative frequency on X-axis and upper boundaries on Y-axis.
B) More than cumulative frequency on X-axis and lower boundaries on Y-axis.
L
C) Lower boundaries on X-axis and more than cumulative frequency on Y-axis.
TE

D) Upper boundaries on X-axis and less than cumulative frequency on Y-axis.

9. Mean of a - 2d , a - d , a, a + d and a + 2d is .............. [ ]
A) 5a B) 3a C) a D) 5d
T,

10. Mid values are used to find which of the following central tendencies…. [ ]
A) mean B) mode C) median D) range
ER

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Write the formula to find the mean of the grouped data using assumed mean method
and explain each term in it.
SC

2. Write the formula to find the mode of the grouped data and explain each term in it.
3. Write the formula to find the median of the grouped data and explain each term in it.
4. Find the mean of the prime numbers below 20.
5. “Median of first 10 composite numbers is 13.” Do you agree with this statement?
Give the reason.
6. Find the mode of 3, 9, 4, 5, 3, 7, 2, 8, 3.
7. If mean of 9, 11, 13, k, 18, 19, is ‘k’, then find the ‘k’.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [80]

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 x x x x x
8. If median of 3 , 2 , 5 , 9 , 4 ( x > 0) is 5, then find the value of ‘x’.

9. Write the formula to find the mean of a grouped data in Step Deviation Method and
explain each term.
10. If mode of a data 5, 1, 9, x, 3, 9, 2 and 5 is 5, then find the value of ‘x’?

Short Answer Questions

A
1. In the following table marks of 20 students is given. Find the mean of following data.

AN
Marks 1 2 3 4 5

Number of students 3 5 7 4 1

G
1 2 4 1 3
2. Find the median of , , , , . AN
4 5 5 2 4

3. Find the mean of following grouped data using direct method.

L
C.I 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
TE

f 1 2 4 6 3 1

4. The following distribution shows the marks scored by 140 students in an examina-
T,

tion. Calculate the mode of the distribution.

ER

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of students 20 24 40 36 20
SC

5. Find the median of the following grouped data.

Height (cm) less than less than less than less than less than
120 140 160 180 200

No. of students 12 26 34 40 50

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [81]

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 6. The following frequency distribution shows the number of runs scored by some batsmen
of India in one day cricket matches. Find the mode for the given data.

Runs scored 2000-4000 4000-6000 6000-8000 8000-10,000 10000-12000

No. of batsmen 9 8 10 2 1

Essay Type Questions

A
1. If mean of the following grouped data is 25, then find the value of ‘P’.

AN
Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

G
Frequency 4 6 10 6 P

2.
AN
The following table shows the age distribution of case of cancer patients joined in a
hospital. Find mode for the above grouped data.
L
C.I. 5-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64
TE

f 6 11 21 23 14 5

3. If median of the following data is 240, then find the value of ‘f’.
T,

C.I 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700

ER

f 15 17 f 12 9 5 2
SC

4. Draw the less than type cumulative frequency curve for the following grouped
data.

C.I 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

f 1 3 5 12 6 3

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [82]

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 5. On the Annual Day of a school, age-wise participation of students is given in the
following frequency distribution table. Draw the less than type cumulative frequency
curve and find the median of the data from the graph.

Height (cm) less than less than less than less than less than less than less than
6 8 10 12 14 16 18

No. of students 2 6 12 22 42 67 76

A
AN
6. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory. Draw
the distribution to a less than type cumulative frequency curve. Hence, obtain the
median of daily income.

G
Daily income 200-250 250-300
AN
300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500

No.of workers 10 5 11 8 6 10
L
TE

7. The following tables gives the marks obtained by 100 students of class 10th in
SA-1 exams in Mathematics subject. Draw Ogive graph of less than type and more
than types curves and find median from it.
T,

Marks 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80

ER

No.of students 2 8 12 24 38 16
SC

8. Find the mean of the following data in Step Deviation method.

C.I. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

f 10 15 25 25 10 10 5

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [83]

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 9. In the following table, find the missing frequencies f1 and f2 if mean of 50 observations
given below is 36.4.

C.I. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

f 3 5 f1 10 f2 8 5

A
10. Heights of the peoples of a perticular school are given. Draw more than type

AN
cumulative frequency curve and find the median from the graph.

Height (cm) 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150

G
No. of students 5 2 3 8 8 6
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [84]

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 Rough work

A
AN
G
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [85]

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 Rough work

A
AN
G
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [86]

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 Writers

Sri T. Manohara Chary, GHM, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

Sri V. Shankaraiah, Consultant, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

Sri PDL Ganapthi Sharma, SA, GHS, Mudfort, Hyderabad.

Sri P. Suresh, SA, GHS, Vijaya Nagar Colony, Hyderabad.

A
Sri K. Sreedhara Charuyulu, SA, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

AN
Sri RLN Murthy, SA, ZPHS, Gadiya Gouraram, Nalgonda.

Sri Dharmender Singh, SA, ZPHS, Mannur, Adilabad.

G
Sri Kandala Ramaiah, SA, ZPHS, Abbapur, Mulugu.
AN
Sri M. Fasioddin, SA, GHS, Shashabgutta, Mahabubnagar.

Sri B. Rambabu, SA, GHS, Esamia Bazar, Hyderabad.

L
Sri G. Amarender, SA, ZPHS, P.A. Pally, Nalgonda.
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Team Assistance
T,

Smt. G. Usha, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

ER

Smt. R. Vasavi, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

Smt. V. Latha Madhavi, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

SC

Sri Md. Ayyub Ahmed, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

Layout and Design

Sri Kannaiah Dara, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.

[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [87]

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 Chief Advisor
Smt. Vakati Karuna, IAS
Secretary, Education Department,
Telangana.

Advisor

A
Smt. A. Sridevasena, IAS

AN
Director of School Education,
Telangana.

Chief Coordinators

G
Smt. M. Radha Reddy,
AN
Director, SCERT,
Telangana.

Sri G. Ramesh
L
ASPD, Samagra Shiksha
TE

Telangana.

Coordinator
T,

Smt. Tahseen Sultana, Professor & HoD,

Department of Curriculum & Textbooks, SCERT,
ER

Telangana, Hyderabad.

Asst. Coordinator
SC

Smt. I. Karunasree
Department of Curriculum & Textbooks, SCERT,
Telangana.

SubjectIncharge
Subject Incharge
Sri T. Manohara Chary, GHM,
SCERT, Telangana,
Hyderabad.
[ Mathematics - Abhyasa Deepika ] [88]

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