BPT 151 Anatomy III (Thorax, Abdomen, Endocrine, Reproductive)

BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The course is designed to provide detailed anatomical knowledge of cardiopulmonary,
abdomen and its lymphatics, endocrine system, reproductive system and excretory system

Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• Describe in detail the cardiopulmonary structures and function of muscles,
ligament, bones, joints, nerves and circulation;
• Explain the abdominal structures, their functions, nerve supply, lymphatics and
blood supply;
• Describe the structures and functions of endocrine system, reproductive system and
excretory system and their blood and nerve supply; and
• Explain the applied anatomy of cardiopulmonary, abdomen and its lymphatics,
endocrine system, reproductive system and excretory system.

Course Contents

Unit I: Cardiopulmonary 16 hours

Osteology, muscles attachment and their actions: Ribs, sternum; Joints: Joints of ribcage;
Blood supply, nerve supply and function; Parts and contents of mediastinum; Pleura and lungs:
position, parts, relations, blood supply and nerve supply, bronchopulmonary tree and segments;
Muscles of inspiration and expiration: Origin, insertion, nerve supply and action; Openings in
the diaphragm; Pericardium and thoracic wall; Heart: shape, parts, position, conducting system,
blood and nerve supply; Surface marking: Thoracic cage, lungs and heart; Applied anatomy

Unit II: Abdomen 6 hours

Peritoneum: Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, folds of peritoneum, functions of
peritoneum; Gastrointestinal system: parts, location, size, features, blood supply and nerve
supply, functions; Liver, gall bladder and spleen - parts, location, size, features, blood supply
and nerve supply, functions; Applied anatomy

Unit III: Endocrine System 4 hours

Parts, location, size, features, blood supply and nerve supply and functions of different
endocrine glands; Applied anatomy

Unit IV: Reproductive System 6 hours

Male reproductive system- parts, location, features, blood supply, nerve supply and relations,
functions of different male reproductive system; Female reproductive system - parts, location,
features, blood supply, nerve supply and relations, functions of different female reproductive
system; Applied anatomy

Unit V: Excretory System 6 hours

Parts, location, features, blood supply, nerve supply relations, and functions of different
excretory organs; Applied anatomy

Unit VI: Lymphatic System of Abdomen 2 hours

19
Case Studies on Applied Anatomy of Thorax 2 hours

Case Studies on Applied Anatomy of Abdomen 2 hours

Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Snell, R. S. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
2. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 1 (Upper limb and
Thorax). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
3. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 2 (Lower limb,
Abdomen and Pelvis). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
4. Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7h ed. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
5. Datta AK, Essentials of human Anatomy: Thorax and Abdomen. 5th ed. Current Books
International: Kolkata.
6. Singh I. Text book of Anatomy with colour atlas: Introduction, Osteology, Upper
Extremity, Lower Extremity. Vol I. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 1996.
7. Singh I. Textbook of Human Osteology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
8. Standring S, Neil RB and Henry G. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008.
9. Poddar S. Bhagat A. Handbook of osteology. 13 ed. Scientific Book Company. 2015.

20
 BPT 152 Physiology II (Thorax, Abdomen, Endocrine, Reproductive)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The course will provide the students about the physiological knowledge of cardiac system,
pulmonary system, gastro-intestinal system, endocrine system, reproductive system, renal
system and skin.

Learning Objectives
By the end of course, students will able to;
• Explain the functional physiological structure and properties of cardiac muscle;
• Explain the cardiac cycle;
• Define and know about ECG;
• Describe the physiological functions of saliva, stomach, Liver, Gall Bladder;
• Explain the functional physiological structure and properties of cardiac muscle;
• Describe cellular respiration;
• Describe the pathways involving oxidation-reduction reactions;
• Describe the process of and factors affecting electron transport chain and ATP
synthesis;
• Describe oxidative stress and antioxidant systems;
• List and define lung volumes and lung capacities;
• List and classify the hormones;
• Describe the physiological function of male and female reproductive system
• Describe the physiological function of kidney; and
• To relate the concept of human physiology in physiotherapy application including
exercises physiology.

Course Contents

Unit I: Cardiac System 12 hours

Introduction to cardiac system: Physiological structure, blood supply and nerve supply of heart;
Cardiac Muscle: Structure and properties, pacemaker; Electrical conduction system of heart;
Cardiac Cycle: Phases, pressure and volume changes; ECG- Introduction, leads; Cardiac
Output, heart rate and stroke volume: Regulation and determinants; Arterial blood pressure and
regulation

Unit II: Gastrointestinal System 6 hours

Physiological Functions of saliva, stomach, Liver, Gall Bladder; Mechanism of swallowing
and Movements of GIT, Small Intestine and Large Intestine; Gastric and pancreatic secretion;
Defecation reflex

Unit III: Pulmonary System 12 hours

Introduction to pulmonary system: Structure and function of Pleura, tracheobronchial tree,
alveoli, respiratory muscles; Mechanism of Respiration: Pressure and volume changes during
breathing, movements in thorax during respiration; regulation of respiration: Neural, Chemical;
Lung Compliance and surfactant; Spirometry: Different lung volumes and lung capacities; Gas
transport and diffusion: Oxygen transport across blood, diffusion across respiratory membrane,
Oxygen dissociation curve, ventilation perfusion ratio; Applied Physiology: Cardiac failure,
hypoxia, artificial respiration

21
Unit IV: Endocrine System 6 hours
Introduction to Endocrinology; Hormones-classification of hormones and functions; Applied
physiology

Unit V: Reproductive System 6 hours

Male Reproductive System –physiological function; Female Reproductive System –
physiological function; Menstrual Cycle and ovulation; Menopause; Infertility; Physiological
changes during Pregnancy and Parturition

Unit VI: Renal Physiology and Skin 6 hours

Kidney–Parts, structure and function; Renal Circulation; Urine Formation–Filtration,
Reabsorption, Secretion, Acidification of Urine and Role of Kidney in Acid-Base Balance;
Renal Function Tests; Renal Failure; Micturition; Dialysis; Structure and function of Skin

Teaching Methods
Lecture and demonstration

References
1. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text book of medical physiology. 12th ed. USA: Saunders
Elsevier; 2011.
2. Chaudhuri S K. Concise medical physiology. 6th ed. NCBA.
3. John NA. CC. Chatterjee’s Human Physiology. 12th ed. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
4. Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 5th ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2010.
5. Jain AK. Textbook of Physiology. Vol 1 & 2. 7th ed. Avichal Publishing Company;
2017.
6. Venkatesh D & Sudhakar H H. Basics of Medical physiology. 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer.

22
 BPT 153 Biomechanics I (Basic Concepts, Upper Extremity and Thorax)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The course is designed to provide knowledge about basic concepts in biomechanics. The course
will also cover the detailed aspect of biomechanics related to upper extremity and thorax.

Learning Objectives
At the completion of this course, students should be able to:
 Explain the basics of biomechanics including examples;
 Explain the joint properties, functions, motions and its pathological effects;
 Explain the muscle properties, functions, types of contraction and its pathological
effects;
 Describe the normal and abnormal functional anatomy and biomechanics of the
shoulder complex; and
 Describe the normal and abnormal functional anatomy and biomechanics of the thorax
and chest walls.

Course Contents

Unit I: Basics of Biomechanics (2+3+2+2 hours)

A. Forces-definition, force vectors, components; Ground Reaction Forces; Potential Energy
and Kinetic Energy
B. Linear and angular displacement, Accelerations, Equilibrium Motion- describe types,
planes, direction and quantity, Inertia, friction, work, lever, pulleys-anatomic pulleys
C. Gravity- Definition, center of gravity, Line of gravity, center of mass with respect to human
body
D. Mechanical characteristics of soft tissue, active and Passive insufficiency; Role of
articulating surfaces in stabilizing joint and limiting Range of movements

Unit II: Joint Structure and Function 2 hours

Joint design; general properties of connective tissues; human joint design; joint function; joint
motion; general effects of disease, injury and immobilizations

Unit III: Muscle Structure and Function 2 hours

Mobility and stability functions of muscle; Elements of muscle structure; Muscle function and
muscle contraction; Effects of immobilization, injury and aging

Unit IV: Shoulder Biomechanics 5 hours

Functional, anatomical aspects of the shoulder complex; Kinetics-muscle action at normal
ROM and its dysfunction, static and dynamic stabilizers at normal ROM and its dysfunction.
Applied Pathomechanics- changes in structure and function of muscles with examples (rotator
cuff injury, Frozen shoulder, acromial bursitis etc.)

Unit V: Elbow Biomechanics 2 hours

Functional anatomical aspects of the elbow complex; Kinetics-muscle action at normal ROM
and its Dysfunction

23
Unit V: Wrist and Hand Biomechanics 6 hours
Functional anatomical aspects of the wrist and hand; Kinetics-muscle action at normal ROM
and its Dysfunction

Unit VI: Thorax and Chest Walls Biomechanics 6 hours

Functional anatomical aspects of thorax and chest walls; Kinematics-arthro and osteo
kinematics; Pump and Bucket handle, Piston etc.; Kinetics-muscle action at normal ROM and
its dysfunction; Applied Pathomechanics- changes in structure and function in relation to
pregnancy, COPD and Scoliosis with one example

Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Levangie PK, Norkin C. Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis, 5th ed.
FA Davis Company.
2. Brunnstrom. Clinical Kinesiology. 5th edi. Bangalore: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers. Bangalore; 1996.
3. Lippert LS. Clinical Kinesiology for Physical Therapist Assistants. 2nd ed. Bangalore:
FA Davis Company; 1994.

24
 BPT 154 Pathology
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
This course deals with basic understanding of general pathology and body’s different
pathological process along with basic nature of disease processes from the standpoint of
causation, epidemiology and the structural and functional abnormalities that result.

Learning Objectives
At the end of course, the students will be able to;
• List the causes of cell injury and describe the morphological changes in reversible and
irreversible cell injury;
• Define necrosis, its types, morphological changes and explain the difference with
apoptosis;
• Describe pathologic calcification;
• Define inflammation, its types with examples, responses to inflammation, systemic
effects of inflammation, role of chemical mediators and inflammatory cells in
inflammation;
• Define a granuloma. List the causes of granulomatous inflammation;
• Describe wound healing by primary and secondary intention and factors that influence
wound healing;
• Describe the pathophysiology of oedema. Differentiate from a transudate;
• Describe the pathogenesis of thrombosis, its morphology and fate;
• Define embolism and infarction their types, morphology and consequences;
• Describe chronic venous congestion of lungs and liver and list its morphological
changes;
• Define shock. List its types and explain its aetiopathogenesis with special references to
cardiogenic and septic shock;
• Define dysplasia, carcinoma-in situ, neoplasia and allied definitions;
• Classify neoplasms, difference between benign and malignant neoplasms;
• Describe the fracture healing and its different stages; and
• Explain the etiology, pathogenesis and list the clinical features and complications of
common diseases of cardiovascular system, respiratory system, musculoskeletal
system, endocrine system, Urinary, GIT, hepatic system and skin disorders.

Course Contents

Unit I: General Pathology 3 hours

Cell Injury: Aeitology and pathogenesis, Reversible cell injury, Reversible injury
[degeneration]: types, morphology, swelling, hyaline, fatty changes; Irreversible cell injury:
types of necrosis, apoptosis, calcification, dystrophic & metastasis; Intra- cellular
accumulation: hyaline, mucin; Extra-cellular accumulation: amyloidosis, calcification-
Pathogenesis, morphology.

Unit II: Inflammation & Repair 3 hours

Acute inflammation: Characteristics, causes, vascular & cellular events, morphologic
variations, inflammatory cells & mediators; Chronic inflammation: causes, types, non-specific
& granulomatous – with examples; Wound healing: Primary & secondary union, factors
promoting & delaying healing process; Healing at various sites-including bones, nerve &

25
muscle; Regeneration & repair

Unit III: Response to Injury (Immunopathology) 2 hours

Immune system: Organization, cells, antibodies, regulation of immune responses and Organ
transplantation

Unit IV: Circulatory Disturbances 3 hours

Edema-pathogenesis, types, transudates/exudates; Chronic venous congestion-lung, liver,
spleen; Thrombosis-formation, fate, effects; Embolism-types, clinical effects; Infarction-types,
common sites; Gangrene-types, aetiopathogenesis; Shock-pathogenesis, types, morphologic
changes

Unit V: Growth Disturbance 3 hours

Atrophy-malformation, agenesis, metaplasia, dysplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia; Neoplasia,
calcification; Precancerous lesions, difference between benign & malignant tumor; Systemic
response to tumors and metastasis to bone and spine

Unit VI: Systemic Pathology 34 hours

A. CVS
Atheriosclerosis: Definition, Risk factor, Pathogenesis and complications (Ischemic heart
disease and MI); Hypertension: Definition, Risk factor, Pathogenesis and complications;
Rheumatic heart disease: Etiopathogenesis and criterias; Congenital Heart disease: Causes,
classification and common clinical manifestations; Peripheral vascular diseases: Causes,
pathogenesis and complications

B. Respiratory
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Aetiology, pathogenesis and common clinical
manifestations; Bronchiectasis, Bronchial asthma: definition and pathogenesis; Pneumonia:
Types and pathogenesis; T.B.-primary, secondary, morphologic types; Plural diseases: Pleural
effusion and pneumothorax complications; Respiratory failure: Definition and causes

C. Neuropathology
Reaction of nervous tissue to injury, infection & ischaemia; Cerebro-vascular diseases-
Hypoxia, infarction & hemorrhage; Meningitis- Eitopathogenesis and clinical manifestations,
types; Degenerative diseases: Parkinsons disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis,
Alzheimer disease (Etiology and pathogenesis); Polyneuropathies: Guillian Barre syndrome as
prototype for pathogenesis of polyneuropathy; Spinal cord disorder: Pathogenesis of spinal
cord injury; Brain tumors: Pathogenesis of brain tumors

D. Muscle Diseases
Muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis and clinical features; Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Pseudo-
hypertrophy, atrophy: definition; Poliomyelitis: Pathogenesis and clinical features; Myositis
ossificans: Etiology and Pathogenesis

E. Bone & Joints

Fracture healing: Different stages and timings Osteomyelitis: Etiology, Pathology and types;
Osteomalacia and Rickets: Definition, pathogenesis and complications; Bone tumors:
Classification and pathogenesis; Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and complications; Arthritis-
Types, Pathogenesis and complications

26
F. Urinary
Paralytic bladder: Types and pathology; Common UTIs: pathogenesis

G. GI System
GI ulcer: Etiology and pathogenesis; Gastritis: pathogenesis (drug induced)

H. Endocrine System
Thyroid disorders: Etiology and pathogenesis; Diabetes: Etiology, Types, pathogenesis and
complications

I. Hepatic Diseases
Cirrhosis: Etiology, Pathogenesis and clinical features with emphasis to systemic effects of
portal hypertension

J. Skin
Vitiligo: pathogenesis and clinical features, Psoriasis: pathogenesis and clinical features;
Scleroderma: Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features; SLE: Etiology, pathogenesis and
clinical features

Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. 7th edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
2. Mohan H. Essential pathology for Physiotherapy students. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers; 2018.
3. Underwood JCE, Cross SS. General systemic pathology. 5th edition. Churchill
Livingstone.
4. Kumar, Abbas, Aster. Robbins Textbook of Pathology. 9th edition. Elsevier.

27
 BPT 155 Pharmacology
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The students will become familiar with pharmacological principles of therapeutics, and
pharmacology of drugs acting on specific systems/organs in the body.

Learning Objectives
After the completion of this course, student will be able to:
• Define various terms used in Pharmacology and enumerate drug nomenclature
with example;
• Describe common sources of drugs;
• Describe routes of drug administration with their advantages and disadvantages;
• Describe various processes (parameters) of pharmacokinetics;
• Describe the concept of pharmacodynamics including principle of drugs' action,
mechanism of action, dose-response relationship and therapeutic index;
• Mention the clinical importance and indication of Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring;
• Describe combined effect of drugs. Describe factors affecting drug response and
various adverse drug reaction and its clinical significance;
• Classification of cholinergic receptor agonists and muscarinic receptor
antagonists and adrenergic receptor agonists and its antagonists;
• Classify non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Explain mechanism
of action, indications and adverse effects of commonly used NSAID, Newer
anti-inflammatory agent (monoclonal antibodies);
• Classify drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis, Gout, Skeletal muscle relaxant;
• Classify Antihypertensive drugs explaining mechanism of action, indications
and adverse effects of prototype drugs: ACE inhibitors, Calcium channel
blockers;
• Classification of Anti-arrhythmic Drugs and antihyperlipidemic drugs;
• Classify antianginal drugs. Explain mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of nitrates;
• Enlist the drugs used in treatment of cardiac failure and explain the mechanism
of action, uses and adverse effects of digoxin;
• Explain the mechanism of action, indication and adverse effect of commonly
used drugs in respiratory diseases;
• Classify antihistamines and explain the mechanism of action, indication and
adverse effect of commonly used drug;
• List drugs used in cough;
• Enlist the first line and second line anti-tubercular drugs. Explain common
adverse effects of first line antitubercular drugs;
• Describe general and local anesthetic drugs, and its classification;
• Describe sedatives and hypnotics: - mechanism of action, indications and
adverse effects of Phenobarbitone and Diazepam;
• Describe anti-epileptic drugs and explain mechanism of action, indications and
adverse effects of Phenytoin and sodium valproate;
• Describe drugs used in Parkinsonism;
• Explaining rationale of combining L-Dopa and Carbidopa;

28
 • Describe opioid analgesics. Explain mechanism of action, indications, adverse
effects and contraindications of morphine. Describe opioid agonist- antagonist
drugs;
• Describe principles of antimicrobial, antiviral Antifungal drugs: classification,
antimicrobial resistance and superinfection; and
• Explain mechanism of action, indications and adverse effects of commonly used
anti-microbials.

Course Contents

Unit I: General Pharmacology 1 hour

Definitions of drug; Definitions of: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology and toxicology; Sources of drug information;
Drug sources and nomenclature; Factors modifying drug response, Adverse effects

Unit II: Routes of Drug Administration 1 hour

Advantages and disadvantages of the following routes with examples: Enteral route (oral),
Parenteral routes – subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, Topical – skin and
mucous membrane and Others – transdermal, inhalational, sublingual, rectal.

Unit III: Pharmacokinetics 2 hours

Membrane transport mechanisms; Absorption – factors affecting absorption; Bioavailability –
definition; Drug distribution – factors affecting the volume of distribution; Biotransformation
– definition, organs involved in biotransformation, types of biotransformation; Drug
elimination – major routes of elimination; Definition of half-life, first order and zero order
kinetics; Definition of first pass metabolism. Examples of drugs with high first pass metabolism

Unit IV: Pharmacodynamics 2 hours

Mechanism of drug action: Different modes of drug action – receptor mediated and non-
receptor mediated; types of receptors; Definition of: Affinity, intrinsic activity, efficacy,
potency, agonist and antagonist – competitive and non-competitive; Definition of synergism
with examples; Factors modifying drug action: Age, genetics, psychological states,
pathological states, other drugs, tolerance – with two examples for each

Unit V: Drug Toxicity and Safety 1 hour

Definition of therapeutic index; Classification of unwanted effects: - Predictable: side effects
and toxic effects, - Unpredictable: Idiosyncrasy and hypersensitivity, and - Others:
Teratogenicity, Iatrogenic disease, photosensitivity and dependence

Unit VI: Autonomic Nervous System Including Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

A. Introduction to ANS 1 hour
Parasympathetic nervous system and Sympathetic nervous
B. Cholinergic Drugs 1 hour
Cholinergic receptors – types, location and function, Classification with examples – directly
acting and indirectly acting; Examples, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse
effects of anticholinesterases
C. Anticholinergic Drugs 1 hour
Classification; Pharmacological actions of atropine; Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of
atropine and atropine substitutes
D. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs 2 hours

29
Classification of skeletal muscle relaxants with examples: centrally acting and peripherally
acting; Uses and adverse effects of centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants; Uses of
peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants
E. Adrenergic Drugs 1 hour
Adrenergic receptors – types, distribution and effects, Common therapeutic uses
F. Adrenergic receptor antagonists 1 hour
Alpha blockers: examples, common uses; Beta blockers: examples and actions on CVS,
bronchi; important uses and adverse effect

Unit VII: Central Nervous System

A. General Anesthetics (GA) 1 hour
Definition and classification; Uses & Complications of GA
B. Local Anesthetics (LA) 1 hour
Definition of LA, mechanism of action, examples, uses
C. Sedative & Hypnotics 1 hour
Definition of sedative and hypnotics, benzodiazepines, therapeutic uses and adverse effects
D. Opioids 1 hour
Commonly used opioids; Actions, uses and adverse effects of Morphine
E. Drug Treatment of Parkinsonism 1 hour
Examples of antiparkinsonian drugs; Adverse effects of levodopa; Basis for combining
levodopa with carbidopa
F. Antiepileptic Drugs 1 hour
Drugs used in various types of seizures and adverse effects of phenytoin

Unit VIII: NSAIDs 2 hours

A. Classification with examples; Actions, uses, adverse effects and contraindications of aspirin;
Importance of selective COX-2 inhibitors; Mechanism of action and uses of paracetamol
B. Drug Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 1 hour
Examples of NSAIDs, DMARDs and steroids used in the treatment of RA; Mechanism of
action and adverse effects of methotrexate
C. Drug Treatment of Gout 1 hour
Examples of drugs used for acute and chronic gout; Mechanism of action and adverse effects
of allopurinol, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone

Unit IX: Cardiovascular System

A. Drugs used in congestive heart failure (CHF) 1 hour
Definition of: Inotropic, chronotropic, preload, afterload, cardiac output; Classification of
drugs used in CHF based on mechanism of action
B. Drugs used in Antihypertensives 1 hour
Classification with examples; Mechanism of antihypertensive action of each class; Uses and
adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
C. Drugs used in Antianginal Drugs 1 hour
Classification; Mechanism of action (brief), uses, adverse effects of nitrates; Calcium channel
blockers: Examples, mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
D. Hypolipidemics 1 hour
Examples of drugs; Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of statins
E. Diuretics and Anti-Arrythimic Drugs 1 hour
Definition & Classification with examples; Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
each class

30
Unit X: Respiratory System
A. Drugs used in Bronchial Asthma 1 hour
Examples of commonly used drugs their mechanism of action and adverse effects
B. Drugs used in Cough 1 hour
Classification of drugs with examples; Definition of: Mucolytics, expectorants, antitussives
C. Antihistaminics 1 hour
Classification of antihistamines (H1) with examples; Advantages and limitations of second
generation over first generation; Uses and adverse effects of H1 antihistamines

Unit XI: Blood

A. Haematinics 1 hour
Iron –adverse effects and therapeutic uses; Folic acid & Vitamin B12 –therapeutic uses
B. Anticoagulants 1 hour
Examples, mechanism of action of heparin and warfarin (brief), their uses and adverse effects
C. Antiplatelet Drugs 1 hour
Examples, mechanism of antiplatelet action of aspirin; therapeutic uses of antiplatelet drugs

Unit XII: Chemotherapy

A. General Aspects 1 hour
Definitions with examples – antibiotic, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, chemoprophylaxis
Penicillins – examples, uses and adverse effects
B. Antifungal Agents 1 hour
Examples, their uses and adverse effects
C. Antiviral Drugs 1 hour
Anti-HIV drugs –with examples; Other commonly used drugs – examples; mechanism of
action of Acyclovir, its uses and adverse effects
D. Antitubercular drugs 1 hour
Classification with examples; Mechanism of action of individual first line drugs, their adverse
effects
E. Antileprotic Drugs 1 hour
Examples, MDT for two types of leprosy
F. Antiamoebic Drugs 1 hour
Examples, uses and adverse effects of nitroimidazoles
G. Aminoglycosides 1 hour
Examples, common features, uses and adverse effects
H. Anthelmintics 1 hour
Examples, uses and adverse effects of mebendazole, albendazole and DEC
I. Anticancer drugs 1 hour
Examples, general toxicity of anticancer drugs
J. Antimalarial Drug 1 hour
Examples; mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of chloroquine

Unit XIII: Hormones

A. Corticosteroids 2 hours
Mechanism responsible for the following effects of corticosteroids - Anti-inflammatory &
Immunosuppressant; Therapeutic & Adverse effects and uses of corticosteroids
B. Antidiabetic Drugs 1 hour
Insulin – classification, adverse effects; Oral antidiabetic drugs – classification, uses and
adverse effects

31
Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Whalen K. Lippincott Pharmacology. 7th edition. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
2. Tripathi KD. Essential of Medical Pharmacology. 8th edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers.
3. Udaykumar P. Text book of Medical Pharmacology. 5th edition. New Delhi: CBS
Publishers & Distributors; 2016.
4. N.Murugesh. Concise Textbook of Pharmacology. 7th edition. Sathya Publishers; 2014.
5. Sadoskar RS, Rege NN, Bhandarkar SD. Pharmacolgy & Pharmacotherapeutics. 24th
edition. Elsevier; 2015.

32
 BPT 156 Behavioral Science (Sociology and Psychology)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
This course will enable student to specific psychological factors and effects in physical illness
and helps in holistic approach in dealing with patients during the assessment, rehabilitation and
discharge. Behavioral and social sciences will assist physiotherapists in building therapeutic
relationships with their patients and increase the likelihood of following the advice.

Learning Objectives
After the completion of this course, student will be able to:
• Understand the basics of sociology;
• Define socialization and its types;
• Describe social processes and the influence of social process on disease and
physiotherapy;
• Explain family, community and marriage;
• Define culture and its impact on human behavior;
• Describe social stratification and social change;
• Identify types of community and health hazards in context of Nepal;
• Define, identify the role of social worker and social group;
• Define psychology and explain the scope and methods of psychology;
• Describe learning, emotions, memory, intelligence, personality, mental conflict and
frustration and explain the various principles, stages and factors affecting it;
• Explain concept, principle and various stages of life span development (developmental
psychology);
• Define types and determinants of attention and perception; and
• Explain various theories of motivation.

Course Contents

Section A: Sociology

Unit I: Basics of Sociology 2 hours

Definition, nature and scope; Sociology with other social sciences (anthropology, psychology,
economics, political science); Sociological investigation: observation, Questionnaire, social
survey, interview, case study &Application of Sociology in PT.

Unit II: Socialization 2 hours

Definitions and types; Socialization and its importance; Agents, Types & theories of
socialization in Hospital and rehabilitation settings & society and social system (culture, norms,
values)

Unit III: Social Processes 2 hours

Definition of social process, acculturation, enculturation, accommodation, adaptation,
assimilation, conflict, cooperation, integration and socialization.

33
Unit IV: Family 2 hours
Definitions & types; Influence of family on human personality; Role of family in health and
disease; Family and nutrition & The effects of sickness in the family and psychosomatic disease
and their importance to physiotherapy.

Unit V: Community 2 hours

Definitions and meaning of the concept of community; Rural, Tribal and Urban communities
& meaning features, health hazards of rural, tribal and urban communities.

Unit VI: Marriage 2 hours

Definition, functions and types (on the basis of number of spouses: monogamy and polygamy,
on the basis of rules: exogamy and endogamy), Kinship.

Unit VII: Culture 2 hours

Definitions, meaning & Characteristics; Concept of sub-culture and cultural lag & Impact of
culture on human behaviour, health and health disorders.

Unit VIII: Social Stratification 2 hours

Definition of social stratification; Dimensions of Class, caste/ethnicity, economy and gender-
based stratification & Influence of social stratification on health and their influence on
Physiotherapy.

Unit IX: Social Change 2 hours

Definitions & factors of social change; Relation of social change to health and diseases, stress,
diseases & Role of social planning in the improvement of health and physiotherapy
rehabilitation.

Unit X: Social Factors in Health 2 hours

Concept of health, disease and illness; Relationship between social factors and health; Role of
social factors in health and illness; Doctor patient relationship; Consequence of the following
social problems in relation to sickness and disability & Social security and welfare programs
for differently abled and aged.

Unit XI: Social Worker & Social Group 4 hours

Types and role of a medical social worker; Elements of social group; Types of social groups
and their features & Role of different groups in health and sickness of individual and in the
hospital and rehabilitation settings.

Section B: Psychology

Unit I: Basics of Psychology 1 hour

Definition and scope of psychology; Methods of psychology (Introspection, observation,
Experimental) & Pure and applied psychology.

Unit II: Developmental Psychology 2 hours

Concept, principle& stages of growth and development; Human growth and development
theories & Heredity and environment: “Nature v/s Nurture controversy.

34
Unit III: Learning 2 hours
Definition & Principles of learning; Factors affecting leaning; Learning theories: classical
conditioning, Operant conditioning, insight learning, social learning theory & Effective ways
of learning: Massed/Spaced, Whole/Part, Recitation/Reading, Serial/Free recall,
Incidental/Intentional learning.

Unit IV: Thinking 2 hours

Deductive and inductive reasoning; Definition, Nature, Types of reasoning and Problem
Solving & Steps in creative thinking.

Unit V: Emotions 2 hours

Definition characteristics & Types of emotions; Theories of emotions: James-Lange theory,
the Cannon-Brad theory, cognitive theory, activation theory & Emotion, stress and health.

Unit VI: Memory 2 hours

Definition &Types of memory; Mechanism and Stages of memory & Forgetting and theories
of forgetting.

Unit VII: Intelligence 2 hours

Definition & Theories of intelligence & Measuring intelligence.

Unit VIII: Personality 2 hours

Definition & Types of personality; Factors influencing personality; Theories of personality
(Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Trait) & Personality assessment (observational, rating, interview,
questionnaire).

Unit IX: Conflict and Frustration 2 hours

Types of conflict; Management of conflict and frustration & Defense or coping mechanism.

Unit X: Attention and Perception 2 hours

Definition &Types of attention & perception; Determinants of attention; Factors affecting
attention and perception & Illusion and hallucinations.

Unit XI: Motivation 2 hours

Theories of motivation; Motivational cycle & Classification of motives.

Unit XII: Psychological Therapies 1 hour

Psychological Therapies- Client- Centered.

Unit XIII: Behaviour Therapies 1 hour

Shaping, chaining, prompting, time out, Token economy, aversive therapy, contingency
management, Modelling, exposure and desensitization.

Unit XIV: Introduction of Psychosocial rehabilitation& cognitive and behavioural therapy.

1 hour
Teaching Methods
Lecture and group discussion

35
References
Sociology
1. Neeraja KP. Textbook of Sociology for Physiotherapy Students. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers; 2008.
2. Bid D. Sociology for Physiotherapist. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2006.
3. Sachdeva DR,Bhushan V. An Introduction to Sociology. Kitab Mahal.
4. Indrani TK, Textbook of Sociology for Graduates Nurses and Physiotherapy Students,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.

Psychology
1. Probst M, Skjaerven LH. Physiotherapy in Mental Health and Psychiatry. Elsevier.
2. Feldman RH. Understanding Psychology. 10th edition. New Delhi: Tata McGraw hill;
2017.
3. Morgan CT, King RA, Weisz JR, Schopler J. Introduction to Psychology. New Delhi:
Tata McGraw hill; 2004.

36
 BPT 191 Laboratory 2 (Anatomy III and physiology II)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The course is designed to provide practical aspect of anatomy and physiology knowledge about
cardiopulmonary, abdomen and its lymphatics, endocrine system, reproductive system and
excretory system.

Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• Practically demonstrate the cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular structures,
functions, muscles, ligament, bones, joints, nerves and circulation;
• Practically demonstrate the abdominal structures, their nerve supply, lymphatics
and blood supply; and
• Practically demonstrate the structures of endocrine system, reproductive system and
excretory system.

Course Contents

Unit I: Cardiopulmonary, Diaphragm & Heart 24 hours

Cardiopulmonary Osteology, muscles attachment : Ribs, sternum; Joints: Joints of ribcage,
Blood supply, nerve supply; Parts and contents of mediastinum; Pleura and lungs: position,
parts, relations, blood supply and nerve supply, bronchopulmonary tree and segments, Muscles
of inspiration and expiration: Origin, insertion, nerve supply and action, Openings in the
diaphragm; Pericardium and thoracic wall; Heart: shape, parts, position, conducting system,
Surface marking: Thoracic cage, lungs and hear.
Measurement of blood pressure, chest expansion

Unit II: Abdomen 4 hours

Surface marking and spotting and positioning of abdomen, GI system, Liver, Gall bladder and
spleen, abdominal reflex

Unit III: Endocrine System 6 hours

Surface marking and spotting and positioning of endocrine glands

Unit IV: Reproductive System 8 hours

Spotting of male reproductive and female reproductive system

Unit V: Excretory System 6 hours

Parts, location, features of different excretory organs.

Teaching Methods
Practical, demonstration, practical log book, and group discussion

References
1. Snell, R. S. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
2. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 1 (Upper limb and
Thorax). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.

37
3. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 2 (Lower limb,
Abdomen and Pelvis). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
4. Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7h ed. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
5. Datta AK, Essentials of human Anatomy: Thorax and Abdomen. 5th ed. Current Books
International: Kolkata.
6. Singh I. Text book of Anatomy with colour atlas: Introduction, Osteology, Upper
Extremity, Lower Extremity. Vol I. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 1996.
7. Singh I. Textbook of Human Osteology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
8. Standring S, Neil RB and Henry G. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008.
9. Poddar S. Bhagat A. Handbook of osteology. 13 ed. Scientific Book Company. 2015.
10. Ghai CL. A Textbook of Practical Physiology. 8th ed. Jaypee Brothers.
11. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text book of medical physiology. 12th ed. USA: Saunders
Elsevier; 2011.
12. Chaudhuri S K. Concise medical physiology. 6th ed. NCBA.
13. John NA. CC. Chatterjee’s Human Physiology. 12th ed. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
14. Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 5th ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2010.
15. Jain AK. Textbook of Physiology. Vol 1 & 2. 7th ed. Avichal Publishing Company;
2017.
16. Venkatesh D & Sudhakar H H. Basics of Medical physiology. 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer.

38
 BPT 192 Practical 2 (Biomechanics I: Basic Concepts, Upper Extremity, Thorax &
Chest Walls)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The course is designed to provide practical knowledge about basic concepts in biomechanics.
The course will also cover the practical aspect of biomechanics related to upper extremity and
thorax.

Learning Objectives
At the completion of this course, students should be able to:
 Practically demonstrate the kinematics of the joint and levers in the human body with
an example each;
 Practically demonstrate the kinematics and kinetics of shoulder complex, elbow joint
and wrist and hand; and
 Practically explain the pathomechanics with at least one example of the shoulder
complex, elbow joint, and wrist and hand complex.

Course Contents

Unit I: Basics of Biomechanics 5 hours

Osteokinematics, Arthrokinematics, Open & Closed kinematic chain, Closed and loose pack
position; Axis and Planes, Central of rotation of Joints and angle of Pull, Levers-Definition,
levers in human body& Mechanical advantage and disadvantage.

Unit II: Shoulder Biomechanics 4 hours

Kinematics-osteokinematics and arthrokinematics of shoulder complex & Scapulohumeral
rhythm and its dysfunction with examples.

Unit III: Elbow Biomechanics 2 hours

Kinematics-arthro and osteo kinematics; Applied Pathomechanics- changes in structure and
function of muscles with examples (lateral epicondylitis, pulled elbow, olecranon bursitis).

Unit IV: Wrist and Hand Biomechanics 5 hours

Kinematics-arthro and osteo kinematics; flexor and extensor mechanism, Prehension, power
grip, precision; functional position of wrist and hands, Zones of hand. Applied
Pathomechanics- changes in structure and function of muscles with example of hand deformity
(flexor tendon injury, Radial nerve palsy, colle’s fracture etc.)

Teaching Methods
Practical, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Levangie PK, Norkin C. Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis, 5th ed.
FA Davis Company.
2. Brunnstrom. Clinical Kinesiology. 5th edi. Bangalore: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers. Bangalore; 1996.
3. Lippert LS. Clinical Kinesiology for Physical Therapist Assistants. 2nd ed. Bangalore:
FA Davis Company; 1994.

39
 BPT 193 Practical 3 (Emergency Handling and First Aid)
BPT, First Year, Second Semester

Course Description
The aim of this course is to introduce to students to the principles and aims of first aid. It also
enables the student to be able to identify the injury or nature of illness affecting a casualty and
learn to assess the situation and summon appropriate help. This course is designed to enable
the students to give early, appropriate and adequate first aid in sensible order of priority. The
aim of this course is also to teach proper handling and arrangement for removal/transport of
casualty to hospital or to other health sectors in various situations. During this course the
students will also learn to make and pass on a report, and give further help if required.

Learning Objectives
On completion of this course, the students will be able to:
• Practice first aid in any emergency situation;
• Practically demonstrate the resuscitation technique;
• Practically manage injuries related to musculoskeletal injuries;
• Assess the casualty;
• Identify disorders of consciousness;
• Understand types of poisoning;
• Practically demonstrate basics of handling and transport; and
• Practically demonstrate different types of bandaging and their application.

Course Contents

Unit I: Principle and Practice of First Aid 8 hours

Multiple casualties; Road accidents; Burn and electrical injuries and its emergency
management.

Unit II: First Aid 4 hours

Preserve life; Limit the effects of the condition & Promote recovery.

Unit III: Resuscitation and CPR 10 hours

Principles of resuscitation; Assessing the condition; The recovering position; Restoring the
circulation & The sequence of CPR.

Unit IV: Musculoskeletal Injuries 4 hours

Types of haemorrhage, control external bleeding, Elevation & Immobilisation

Unit V: Assessing the Casualty 4 hours

Danger, Response, Airway & Breathing circulation

Unit VI: Disorders of Consciousness 6 hours

The nervous system; Head injuries; Skull fracture; Cerebral compression & Convulsions

Unit VII: Poisoning 2 hours

What is a poison; Drug poisoning & Alcohol poisoning.

Unit VIII: Handling and Transport 4 hours

40
Manual lifts and carries; Stretchers; Preparing a stretcher & Carrying a stretcher.

Unit IX: Dressing and Bandages 4 hours

How dressing and bandage are use; Tourniquet; Control bleeding; Protect the wound and
prevent infection; First aid materials; Cold compression; Bandage roller bandage; Triangular
bandage; Figure of 8 bandaging & General rule of bandaging & Application of traumatic aids.

Unit X: Application of Traumatic Aids 3 hours

Indications with its application; Use of Philadelphia color & different types of immobilizers
for different joints.

Teaching Methods
Lectures, Seminar, practical (model)

References
1. Bickley, L. S. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 11th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
2. Singh A, Shrestha K. A Textbook of Fundamental of Nursing. HLMC. 2017.
3. Suddarth B. Textbook of medical surgical nursing. 8th edition. Philadelphia: JB
Lippincott Co.
4. Craven RF, Hirnle CJ. Fundamentals of nursing: human health function, 3rd edition.
Sydney: JB Lippincott.

41