ACTIVITY 1
1. What names of diseases do you know?
Diabetes, arterial hypertension, cancer, asthma, pneumonia, kidney disease.
2. Have you ever been sick? What sensation did you experience?
Yes. I felt weak and tired.
3. What everyday situations do you consider harmful to health? How would you
avoid them?
·Sedentary lifestyle: take breaks and stay active.
·Poor sleep: maintain a consistent sleep schedule.
·Excessive screen time: follow the 20-20-20 rule and limit unnecessary screen use.
·Unhealthy eating: choose a balanced diet with fewer processed foods.
ACTIVITY 2
1. Definition of disease.
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or
function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
2. What is an infectious disease? What are the most common among them?
Infectious diseases are disorders that are caused by organisms, usually microscopic in
size, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that are passed, directly or indirectly,
from one person to another.
3. Explain the difference between the causal agents of infectious diseases: viruses,
bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
·Viruses are tiny, non-living particles that require a host cell to reproduce. They cause
diseases like the flu and COVID-19 and are treated with antiviral drugs or prevented with
vaccines.
·Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live independently. Some are
harmless or beneficial, but others cause infections like strep throat. They are treated with
antibiotics.
·Fungi are larger organisms, including yeasts and molds, that can cause infections like
athlete’s foot. They thrive in warm, moist environments and are treated with antifungal
medications.
·Protozoa are single-celled parasites that often spread through contaminated water or
insect bites, causing diseases like malaria. They require specialized antiparasitic
treatments.
4. What are non-infectious diseases? What types are there?
Non-infectious diseases are medical conditions that are not caused by pathogens and
cannot be transmitted from person to person.
Types: genetic diseases, chronic diseases, autoimmune diseases, degenerative diseases,
nutritional diseases.
ACTIVITY 3
TYPES OF DISEASE CAUSES EXAMPLES
Traumatic diseases Traffic accidents, domestic, Broken bones, burns
sports, work...
Environmental d. By external causes, that is, Pneumonia
environmental causes
(cold, heat, radiation).
Toxic d. By ingestion or inhalation Inhalation of chemicals
of products that are
harmful to the body
Metabolic d. By inheritance or as a Diabetes
result of an inadequate
diet.
Degenerative d. Anatomical and functional Osteoarthritis
alteration of the tissues of
any organ, apparatus or
system.
Neoplastic d. Cell proliferation in an Leukemia
organ.
Mental d. Organic brain injuries, Phobias
psychosis
and dementias.
Infectious d. Infectious agent, a Influenza, tuberculosis
microorganisms, which can
be transmitted from
person to person and
spread the disease.
ACTIVITY 4
1.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus responsible for causing AIDS. It attacks
and weakens the immune system, particularly the CD4+ T cells, which are crucial for
immune defense.
2.
HIV primarily affects the immune system by targeting and destroying CD4+ T cells,
which are white blood cells that help the body fight infections.
As the immune system becomes weaker, the body becomes more vulnerable to
opportunistic infections and certain cancers, leading to AIDS, the most severe phase of
HIV infection.
3.
Severe weight loss, Chronic diarrhea, Night sweats, Swollen lymph nodes, Opportunistic
infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Neurological issues like memory loss or confusion.
4.
Transmitted through blood, breast milk, etc
5.
Getting tested regularly to know your HIV status and that of your partner and
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a daily medication for people at high risk of HIV.
6.
·AIDS has had a massive global impact, with over 38 million people worldwide living
with HIV as of recent estimates.
·It remains a significant public health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, which has
the highest prevalence of HIV infections.
·The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations focus on combating
HIV/AIDS through prevention, education, and the availability of treatment.
ACTIVITY 5
Chickenpox (Varicella)
● Agent: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a type of herpesvirus.
● Main Symptoms:
○ Itchy skin rash that typically starts as red spots, then turns into fluid-filled
blisters.
○ Fever.
○ Tiredness.
○ Loss of appetite.
○ Headache.
Malaria
● Agent: Plasmodium species, which are protozoan parasites
○ Fever (often cyclical).
○ Chills.
○ Sweating.
○ Fatigue.
○ Headache.
○ Muscle pain.
○ Nausea and vomiting.
Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus Infection)
● Agent: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), which has two types:
○ HSV-1 (commonly causes oral herpes, cold sores)
○ HSV-2 (commonly causes genital herpes)
● Main Symptoms:
○ Painful blisters or sores (on the mouth, genitals, or other parts of the
body).
○ Itching or burning sensation at the site of infection.
○ Swelling and redness around sores.
○ Fever (in some cases, particularly during the initial outbreak).
Botulism
● Agent: Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that produces botulinum toxin.
● Main Symptoms:
○ Muscle weakness (often starting with the face and eyes).
○ Difficulty swallowing or speaking.
○ Drooping eyelids.
○ Blurred or double vision.
○ Paralysis (if untreated, can progress to respiratory failure).
○ Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps (in foodborne botulism).
Salmonellosis
● Agent: Salmonella species (primarily Salmonella enterica).
● Main Symptoms:
○ Diarrhea (sometimes bloody).
○ Abdominal cramps.
○ Fever.
○ Nausea and vomiting.
○ Headache.
ACTIVITY 6
N is the final number of bacteria,
No is the initial number of bacteria (10),
t is the time that has passed (12 hours, or 720 minutes),
T is the time it takes for one reproduction cycle (30 minutes)
N=No×2t/T→N=10×2720/30
After 12 hours, there would be 167,772,160 bacteria in the wound
ACTIVITY 7
After reviewing the video "How does your immune system work?" by Emma Bryce, here
are the answers to your questions:
a. Complete this definition of the immune system:
The immune system is a vast network of cells, tissues, and organs that coordinate your
body's defenses against any threats to your health.
b. How many leukocytes (or white blood cells) do we have in every liter of our
blood?
The video does not specify the exact number of leukocytes per liter of blood. However,
the normal range is approximately 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of
blood. This translates to about 4 to 11 million white blood cells per liter.
c. What are antigens?
Antigens are molecules, often found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria and
viruses, that trigger an immune response. They are recognized by the immune system as
foreign invaders.
d. What types of leukocytes are first to act against an infection?
Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are the first to respond to an
infection. They detect and ingest pathogens, initiating the immune response.
e. What types of leukocytes are second to act against an infection?
Lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are the second line of defense. B cells
produce antibodies specific to the antigens, while T cells can directly kill infected cells or
assist other immune cells.
f. Why do we say that antigens and antibodies are like a lock and key?
Antigens and antibodies are compared to a lock and key because each antibody is
specific to a particular antigen, much like a key fits only one lock. This specificity ensures
that the immune system targets the correct pathogen.
g. Can fever aid the immune system? How?
Yes, fever can aid the immune system. By raising the body's temperature, it creates an
environment less favorable for pathogens and enhances the activity of certain immune
cells.
h. What is long-term immunity?
Long-term immunity refers to the immune system's ability to remember and respond
more effectively to pathogens it has encountered before. This memory is primarily
mediated by memory B and T cells.
i. What is an autoimmune disease? What examples are in the video?
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's
own cells. The video mentions multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes as examples.
ACTIVITY 8
1. Which of them uses antigens?
○ Vaccination uses antigens.
○ Immunotherapy can use antigens (e.g., cancer vaccines).
2. Which of them uses antibodies?
○ Vaccination stimulates antibody production.
○ Immunotherapy uses antibodies directly (e.g., monoclonal antibodies).
3. Which one is preventive (before the disease)?
○ Vaccination is preventive.
4. Which one acts faster?
○ Immunotherapy acts faster.
5. Which one protects for a longer period?
○ Vaccination provides longer protection.
ACTIVITY 9
Analgesic – b. Decreases pain
Antiacid – g. Prevents heartburn
Fungicide – f. Fights fungi
Mucolytic – a. Helps clear mucus
Antibiotic – e. Prevents the proliferation or kills bacteria
Antipyretic – c. Against fever
Anti-inflammatory – d. Reduces inflammation
Antitussive – h. Calms cough
