Grade 11

Functions and Graphs

Content, Exercises and Solutions

As per agreement with New Solutions

Copyright of the GMMDC© 2018

 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

1. The linear function defined by y  ax  q

The graph of y  ax  q has already been dealt with in Grade 9 and 10. Revise
functions and graphs in the Grade 10 Study guide.

2. The Parabola defined by y  a  x  p   q  y  ax 2  bx  c 

2

In Grade 10 you have sketched the graph of y  ax  q . The parabola was symmetrical
about the y-axis.

The effect of a : a is the vertical stretching or shrinking of the graph.

If a is positive, the function has a minimum value

If a is negative, the function has a maximum value

The effect of p and q :

The function f  x   a  x  p   q is symmetrical about the line x   p and the

2

coordinates of the turning point is   p; q  .

The figure shows the graphs of

f  x   x2 ,

g  x    x  2  and
2

h  x    x  2  2
2

Thus: p is the horizontal shift of the graph p units to the left or to the right and q is
the vertical shift of the graph q units upwards or downwards.

2
2.1 Sketching the parabola

To sketch the parabola, you must calculate the following:

The x  intercepts: Let y  0 and solve the equation.

The y  intercepts: Let x  0 (this is always the c-value if the equation is in the
form y  ax2  bx  c )

The axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the turning point

This can be done in two different ways.

b
Equation of the axis of symmetry: x  
2a

This is also the x-coordinate of the turning point.

To find the y-coordinate of the turning point, substitute this

x-value into the equation.

or

Write the equation in the form y  a  x  p   q by completing

2

the square.

Equation of the axis of symmetry: x   p

The coordinates of the turning point are   p; q   x  - p; y  q

3
Example 1

Sketch the graph of y  2 x2  6 x  8

Solution

y  int ercept : y  8 [Let x  0  y  2  0   6  0   8  8]

2

x  int ercept : Let y  0

 2 x2  6 x  8  0
 x 2  3x  4  0 [Divide by 2]
  x  4  x  1  0
 x  4 or x  1
b
Turning po int : x  
2a

6 6 3
x    
2  2 4 2

Substitute x  3
2 into equation

2
3 3
 y  2   6   8
2 2

 12 12  Turning point =  23 ; 12 12 

or
Write y  2 x 2  6 x  8 in the form y  a  x  p   q by completing the square.
2

y  2x2  6x  8

 y  2  x 2  3x  4  [Divide by 2]

 2 2

 y  2 x 2  3x    32     32   4 [Add and subtract   32  ]
2

4
 y  2  x  32   94  4  [Factorise first three terms and square    32 ]
2

 

 y  2  x  32   254 
2
[Add last two terms]
 

 y  2  x  32   252
2
[Multiply  254 by 2 in front of the bracket  2( 245 )   252 ]

 Coordinates of turning point:  32 ;  252   ( 23 ; 12 12 )

Example 2

Draw a neat sketch graph of y  2  x  1  8.

2

Solution

Equation is already in the form y  a  x  p   q

2

 Coordinates of Turning Point:   p; q      1 ;8  1;8

Axis of symmetry: x  1

To find the x  and y  intercepts, first simplify the equation.

y  2( x  1) 2  8
 y  2( x 2  2 x  1)  8
 y  2x2  4x  2  8
 y  2 x 2  4 x  6

y  int ercept : y  6

x  int ercept : Let y  0

2 x 2  4 x  6  0
 x2  2x  3  0 [Divide by  2]
  x  3 x  1  0
 x  3 or x  1

5
2.2 Determining the equation of the parabola

When you are asked to find the equation of the parabola, one of the following
equations are used.

The roots and another point are given: y  a  x  1st root  x  2nd root 

Turning Point and another point are given: y  a  x  p   q

2

Example 3

The diagram shows the graph of

y  ax2  bx  c.

Find the values of a, b and c .

Solution

Roots are given:

y  a  x  1st root  x  2nd root 

 y  a  x  2   x   4   [Roots: 2 and  4]

 y  a  x  2  x  4 

 4  a  0  2  0  4  [(0;4) is a point on the graph. Now let x  0 and y  4 and determine a]

 4  a  2  4 

 4   8a

a  4
8

 a   12

6
Now substitute a with  12 in y  a  x  2 x  4 and simplify.

 y   12  x  2  x  4 

 y   12  x 2  2 x  8 

 y   12 x 2  x  4

a   12 , b  1, c  4

Example 4

In the diagram

f  x   ax 2  bx  c.

Determine the values

of a, b and c

Solution

Coordinates of turning point: (1; -6)

 q  6 [Coordinates of turning point: (  p; q)]

 p  1 [Note: Coordinates of turning point:   p; q   p  1  p  1]
Turning point is given  y  a  x  p   q.
2

Substitute p with 1 and q with 6.

 y  a  x  1  6
2

4  a  2  1  6 [To determine a, let x  2 and y  4]

2

4  a 1  6
2

4  6  a
2  a

7
Now let a  2 in y  a  x  1  6
2

 y  2  x  1  6
2

 y  2  x 2  2 x  1  6
 y  2x2  4x  2  6
 y  2x2  4x  4

a  2, b  4, c  4

a
3. The hyperbola defined by y  q
x p

The effect of a
If a  0 (positive) the graph lies in the first and third quadrant.
If a  0 (negative) the graph lies in the second and fourth quadrant.
a is the vertical shrinking or stretching of the graph.

The effect of q

The equation of the horizontal asymptote of the hyperbola is y  q.

q is the vertical shift of the graph q units upwards or downwards.

The effect of p
Division by 0 is undefined, therefore x  p  0.
Thus, the equation of the vertical asymptote is x   p  x  p   0 when x   p

p is the horizontal shift of the graph p units to the left or to the right.

3.1 Sketching the graph of the hyperbola

To sketch the hyperbola, you have to calculate the following:

The horizontal asymptote: The horizontal asymptote is the line y  q.

The vertical asymptote: The vertical asymptote is the line x   p

The x-intercept: Let y  0 and solve the equation.

The y-intercept: Let x  0 and solve the equation.

8
If a is positive  graph in quadrant 1 and 3.
If a is negative  graph in quadrant 2 and 4.

Example 5

12
Sketch the graph of y  2
x 1

Solution

Horizontal asymptote: y  2

Vertical asymptote: x  1 [Let x 1  0, x  1]

y-intercept: Let x  0

12
y  2
0 1

 y  12  2

 y  14

x-intercept: Let y  0

12
 20
x 1

12  2  x  1  0 [Multiply by  x  1]

12  2 x  2  0

 2 x  14

 x  7

a  0, graph in 1st and 3rd quadrant.

9
Example 6

8
Sketch the graph of y  1
x2

Solution

Horizontal asymptote: y  1

Vertical asymptote: x  2

y-intercept: x  0

8
y 1
02

8
y  1
2

 y  4 1

y 3

x-intercept: y  0

8
 1  0
x2

8   x  2   0

8  x  2  0

 x  6

 x  6 a  0, therefore graph in 2nd and 4th quadrant.

10
3.2 The axes of symmetry of the hyperbola

a
The function f  x   is
x
symmetrical about the
line y  x and the line y   x.

Therefore, the equation of

the axes of symmetry are
y  x and y   x.

The equation of the axes of

symmetry of the hyperbola defined
a
by f  x    q are
x p

y   x  p   q and y    x  p   q.

Example 7

Determine the equation of the axes of symmetry of

12
7.1 y  2
x 1

8
7.2 y  1
x2

11
Solution

7.1 Equation of axes of symmetry

y   x  p   q and y    x  p   q

y   x  1  2 and y    x  1 +2
y  x3  y   x 1  2
 y   x 1

 Equation of axes of symmetry: y  x  3 and y   x  1

7.2 y   x  p   q and y    x  p  q

y   x  2 1 and y    x  2  1
 y  x  2 1  y  x  2 1
 y  x 3  y  x 1

 y  x  3 and y   x  1

3.3 Determining the equation of the hyperbola

Example 8

The sketch represents the

a
graph of y   q.
x p
Find the values of a, p and q.

12
Solution

Vertical asymptote: x  2
 p  2 [Vertical asymptote: x   p]

p2

Horizontal asymptote: y  1
q  1 [Horizontal asymptote: y  q]

Substitute p  2 and q  1 into equation.

a
y  1
x2

a
2   1 [Substitute x with 0 and y with 2 and determine a]
02

 2  2  a  2 [Multiply by 2]

4  2  a
a  2

 a  2; p  2; q  1

4. The exponential function defined by y  a.b x p  q

The effect of a : a is the vertical stretching or shrinking of the graph.

The effect of the base, b : The function is ascending if b  1 and descending

if 0  b  1.

The effect of q : You already know that q is the vertical shift of the graph.
The equation of the horizontal asymptote is y  q.
The graph of the exponential function do not have a vertical
asymptote.

13
The effect of p :

Sketched are the graphs of

f  x   2x ,

g  x   2 x 1 and

h  x   2 x 1.

Therefore, p is a horizontal shift of the graph. If p  0 , the graph moves to the left
and if p  0 , the graph moves to the right.

4.1 Sketching the graph of the exponential function

To sketch the graph of the exponential function, calculate

The horizontal asymptote: The horizontal asymptote is always y  q.

The y-intercept: Let x  0 and solve the equation.

The x-intercept: Let y  0 and solve the equation. Note: if q  0 there will
be no x-intercept.
If the base > 1 the graph will be ascending and if the base < 1 the graph will be
descending.

Example 9

Sketch the graph of y  3x1  1

Solution

Horizontal asymptote: y  1

14
y-intercept: Let x  0
 y  301  1
 y  3 1
y 2
x-intercept: Let y  0
 3x 1  1  0
 3x 1  1
 3x 1  30 [Remember: 1 = 30 ]
 x 1  0 [Bases are equal, equate exponents]
 x  1

Base  1  function is ascending.

Example 10

Draw a sketch graph of y  2  13   1

x 1

Solution
Horizontal asymptote: y  1

y-intercept: Let x  0
 y  2  13 
0 1
1
 y  2  13   1
1

 y  2  3  1 [  13   3]
1

y 7

x-intercept: Let y  0
 2  13 
x 1
1  0
  13 
x 1
  12

 no solution

The horizontal asymptote: y  0  no x-intercept

Base < 1 funtion is decensing

15
4.2 Determining the equation of the graph

Example 11

The diagram show the

graph of y  2x p  q

Determine the values of p and q .

Solution
Horizontal asymptote: y  1
 q  1 [Horizontal asymptote is always y  q ]

To determine p, let q  1 and substitute (  1;0) into the equation.

 0  21 p  1

1  21 p

 20  21 p [Equalise bases  20  1]

 0  1  p [Bases are equal, equate exponents]

 p 1

 p  1; q  1

Example 12

In the diagram the graph of

y  a.b x  q is shown.

Determine the equation of the graph.

16
Solution

Horizontal asymptote: y  1

q  1 [Horizontal asymptote is always y  q]

 y  a.b x  1 [Substitute q with 1.]

Two points on the graph are given  (0;3) and 1;7  .

First substitute (0;3) into equation:

3  a b  1 [x  0; y  3]
0

 3  1  a 1 [Remember b0  1]

2  a

Now let a  2 in y  a.b x  1 and substitute (1;7) into equation

 y  2b x  1

 7  2(b)1  1 Let x  1 and y  7]

 7  1  2b

 6  2b

b  3

Equation of graph: y  2.3x  1

17
5. Translation of graphs

The translation of graphs means that an existing graph is moved to the right or the
left by a specific number of units, and is translated upwards or downwards by a
specific number of units.

The following rules apply

The graph is translated p units to the right  x changes to  x  p 

The graph is translated p units to the left  x changes to  x  p 
The graph is translated q units upwards  y changes to ( y  q) .
The graph is translated q units downwards  y changes to ( y  q)

What will the equation of the new graph be if the graph of y  x 2 is moved 2 units to
the left and translated 1 unit upwards.

y 1   x  2 [2 left  x becomes  x  2  ;1 upwards  y becomes  y  1]

2

 y   x  2  1
2

Therefore, the graph of y   x  2   1 can be sketched by moving the graph of y  x 2

2

two units to the left and one unit upwards.

Example 13

In the diagram f  x   x2 , g  x 

is the translation of f  x  2 units to the

right and h  x  is the translation of f  x 

1 unit to the left and 2 units upwards.

Determine the equations of g  x  and h  x  .

18
Solution

f  x   x2

 y  x2

Equation of g  x 

y   x  2 [Translation 2 units to the right:  x  x  2]

2

Equation of h  x 

y  2   x  1 [Translation 1 unit to the left:  x  ( x  1); 2 units upwards: y  y  2]

2

 y   x  1  2
2

Example 14

14.1 Sketch the graph of y  x2  2 x  3.

14.2 On the same set of axes, using translation, sketch the graph of
f  x    x  2   1.
2

Solution

14.1 y-intercept: y  3

x-intercept: Let y  0.

x2  2 x  3  0

  x  3 x  1  0

x 3  0 or x 1  0

x  3 or x  1

19
 Turning Point

b 2
x  1
2a 2 1

Substitute x  1 into equation

 y  1  2 1  3
2

 4

Turning Po int (1;  4)

14.2 Turning Point of f  x   (2; 1)

Therefore, a translation 3 units to the left and 3 units upwards.

First move graph 3 units to the left.

 Turning Point (-2;-4) and the roots x  0 and x  4

Now move graph 3 units upwards.

 Turning Point (-2;-1) and roots x  1 and x  3.

6. Deductions from sketch graphs

You must be able to make certain deductions from sketch graphs when the equation
of the graph is given, i.e. determine coordinates, lengths of lines and the points of
intersection of graphs.

20
Example 15

In the diagram f  x   x2  4 x  5 and g  x   x  1.

15.1 Calculate the lengths of OA, OB and OC.

15.2 Calculate the coordinates of D the
turning point of g  x 
15.3 Calculate the length of EF.
15.4 Calculate the maximum length of GH.
15.5 What is the range of f  x  ?
15.6 Give the coordinates of the
turning point of f  x  2  and
describe the translation that took place.

Solution
15.1 To calculate the lengths of OA, OB and OC, you first have to find the
coordinates of A, B and C.
A and B are the x-intercepts, therefor let y  0.
 x2  4 x  5  0
  x  5  x  1  0
 x  5 or x  1 A(1;0) B (5;0)

Coordinates of C (0; 5) [C is y-intercept  x  0]

 OA  1 unit OB  5 units OC  5 units

b  ( 4)
15.2 Coordinates of Turning Point: x  x  2(1)
2a

x  4
2

x  2

Substitute x  2 into the equation: y   2  4  2   5

2

 y  485
 y  9
 D  2; 9 

21
15.3 EF is parallel to the y-axis  length of EF = y-coordinate of E.
First calculate the x-coordinate of E. E is the point of intersection of f  x 
and g  x  .
Let f  x   g  x  and solve the equation.
 x2  4x  5  x  1 [f  x   x 2  4 x  5 and g  x   x  1]
 x2  5x  6  0
  x  6  x  1  0
x  6 or x  1 but x  0 at E  At E : x  6

Let x  6 in g  x  : y  x  1
 y  6 1
y 7

 E (6; 7)

 Length of EF  7 units

15.4 GH is the difference between g  x  and f  x  .

 GH  g  x   f  x 
 GH  x  1   x 2  4 x  5 
 GH  x  1  x 2  4 x  5
 GH   x 2  5 x  6 [Now complete the square]
 GH    x  5 x  6 
2

5 5
 GH  ( x 2  5 x  ( ) 2  ( ) 2  6)
2 2
5 25
 GH  [( x  ) 2   6]
2 4
5 49
 GH  [( x  ) 2  ]
2 4
5 49
 GH  ( x  ) 2  [  494  1  449 ]
2 4

 Maximum length of GH  49
4  12 14

22
15.5 Range is the y-values. The graph has a turning point at (2;-9). Therefore,
the minimum value if -9.
 Range  { y; y  9, y  }

15.6 Turning Point of f  x  2  (0; 9) [Graph moves 2 units to the left]

 Translation of 2 units to the left.

Example 16

The diagram represents the graphs of

2
f  x    x 2  2 x  3 and g  x   q
x p

D is the turning point of the parabola.

16.1 Determine the average gradient of

f  x  between the points x  2 and x  3.
16.2 Determine the values of p and q .
16.3 Hence, calculate the coordinates of E.
16.4 Give the domain and range of g  x  .
16.5 Calculate g  5 .

Solution
Change in y y y
16.1 Average gradient  or 1 2
Change in x x1  x2

So first find the values of y when x  2 and x  3.

y    2  2  2  3 y    3  2  3  3
2 2

 y  5  y  12

 Average gradient between (2;-5) and (3;-12)

5   12  5  12
 Average gradient  
23 1
 7

OR

23
 f  2   f  3
Average gradient 
23

   2  2  2  2   3     3  2  2  3   3
   
23

5   12 

1

5  12

1

 7

16.2 The vertical asymptote passes through the turning point D. Therefore,
calculate the x-coordinate of the turning point.

b
x
2a
2
x  
2  1
 x  1

p 1 [Vertical asymptote: x   p, p  1, p  1]

q 1 [Horizontal asymptote: y  q]

16.3 E is the y-intercept of g  x  , the hyperbola.  x  0

2
y 1 [p  1 and q  1. Let x  0]
0 1
 y  2  1
 y  1

 E  0; 1

24
16.4 Domain  the x  values  {x : x  , x  1}

Range  the y  values  {y : y  , y  1}

2 2
16.5 g  5   1 [Substitute x with  5 in g  x    1]
5  1 x 1

2
 1
4

3

2

Example 17

Sketched are the graphs of

3
f  x  2
x 1

and g  x   x  1.

17.1 Calculate the coordinates of

A and B.
17.2 Determine the coordinates of C.
17.3 If DE=4 units, determine
the coordinates of E.
17.4 Determine the equation of the
axis of symmetry of f  x  .
17.5 h is the graph of f shifted 2 units to the right and
one unit downwards. Give the equation of h  x  .

25
Solution

17.1 A is the x-intercept of f  x  . Let y  0.

3
0 2 [y  0, determine x]
x 1

 0  3  2  x  1 [Multiply by  x  1]

0  3  2x  2

2 x  5 [Move 2x to left-hand side]

5
x  
2

 5 
 A   ;0 
 2 

B is the y-intercept of f  x  . let x  0

3
y  2 [x  0, determine y ]
0 1

 y  3 2

y 5

 B(0;5)

17.2 C is the point of intersection of f  x  and g  x.

26
 3
  2  x 1
x 1

 3  2  x  1   x  1 x  1 [Multiply by LCD   x  1]

3  2 x  2  x2  x  x  1 [Remove brackets]

 0  3  2 x  2  x 2  x  x  1

 0  x2  4

 0   x  2  x  2  [Factorise RHS]

 x  2 or x  2

At C.x  0  x  2

Let x  2 in y  x  1

 y  2 1

y 3

 C (2;3)

17.3 DE is the difference between f  x  and g  x  .

 DE  f  x   g  x 

3
 DE   2   x  1
x 1

3
4   2  x 1 [DE  4, given]
x 1

27
 4  x  1  3  2  x  1  x  x  1   x  1 [Multiply by  x  1]
 4x  4  3  2x  2  x2  x  x 1
 4 x  4  3  2 x  2  x2  x  x  1  0
 x2  4x  0
 x  x  4  0
 x  0 or x  4

At E , x  0  x  4

E is a point on g  x  . Therefore, let x  4 in g  x 

 y  4  1
 y  3  E (4; 3)

17.4 Equation of axis of symmetry

y  ( x  p)  q or y    x  p  q
 y   x  1  2  y    x  1  2
 y  X 1 2  y   x  1 2
y  x3  y  x  1

y  x3 or y  x 1

17.5 1 unit downwards: y  y  1.  2 units to the right: x  x  2

3
 y 1  2
 x  2  1

3
y   2 1
x 1

3
h  x  1
x 1

28
7. Graphs of the trigonometric functions

7.1 The graph of y  a sin x  q, y  a cos x  q and y  a tan x  q

In Grade 10 you have sketched the graphs of y  a sin x  q, y  a cos x  q and

y  a tan x  q

The diagram show the graphs of

f  x   sin x,

g  x   2sin x and

h  x   sin x  1 .

Effect of a : a is a vertical stretching or shrinking of the graph and has an effect on

the amplitude and the range of the function.

Effect of q : q is a vertical shift of the graph and therefore effects the range of the
function.

7.2 The graphs of y  sin  kx  ; y  cos  kx  and y  tan  kx 

Sketched are the graphs of f  x   sin x,  x   sin 2 x and h  x   sin 12 x.

29
Take a look at the following sketches.

y  tan x y  tan 2x

The effect of k : It is clear that k is a horizontal stretching or shrinking of the graph

and therefore k has an effect on the period of the function.

The period of y  sin  kx  and y  cos  kx  is 360

k and the period of y tan  kx  is 180
k .

To sketch the graphs of the trigonometric functions, use your calculator to set up a
table and sketch the graph by means of point-by point plotting.

However, it is important that you know the graphs of y  sin x, y  cos x and y  tan x
and can sketch the graphs. Know the x-intercepts and the turning points of the
various functions for x  0;360 .

This will make it easier to do translations as well as to determine the equations of the
functions when sketches of graphs are given.

30
7.3 The graphs of y  sin  x  p  , y  cos  x  p  and y  tan  x  p 

Sketched are the graphs of f  x   cos  x  , g  x   cos  x  30 and h  x   cos  x  60 .

The effect of p : g  x  is the graph of f  x  translated 30  to the left while h  x  is the

translation of f  x  60 to the right. Therefore: p is the horizontal shift of the graph.

7.4 The graph of y  a sin k  x  p  , y  a cos k  x  p  and y  a tan k  x  p 

You already know that: a is a vertical stretching or shrinking of the graph,

k is a horizontal stretching or shrinking and
p is a horizontal shift of the graph.

Example 18

Sketch the graph of y  2sin 2( x  30) for x   180;180

Solution

k  2  Horizontal shrinking  Period  360  2  180.

a  2  Vertical stretching  Maximum  2, min imum  2.
p  30  Horizontal shift 30 to the right

You can sketch the graph of y  sin x and then do the translations,

OR

31
Set up a table.

x -180  -165  -150  -135  -120  -105  -90  -75 

f  x -1.73 -1 0 1 1.73 2 1.73 1

-60  -45  -30  -15  0 15  30  45  60 

0 -1 -1.73 -2 -1.73 -1 0 1 1.73

75  90  105  120  135  150  165  180 

2 1.73 1 0 -1 -1.73 -2 -1.73

Now sketch the graph by means of point-by-point plotting.

Very small intervals are used in order to obtain the values of the turning points.

In the graph of y  2sin 2  x  30 3 parameters are used, a  2  , k  2  and p  30 . In the
examination no more than two parameters at a time will be asked simultaneously,
e.g. y  sin k  x  p  or y  a sin  x  p  or y  a sin  kx  or y  sin  x  p   q .

Example 19

On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f  x   cos  2 x  60 and
g  x   2sin  x  30 for x   180;180

32
Solution

Use your calculator to set up tables and then plot the points.

Example 20

Sketched are the graphs of y  sin ax for x   120;120

20.1 Determine the value of a.

20.2 What is the range of y  sin ax  1?

33
Solution

20.1 sin a  30  1 [(30;1) is a point on the graph]

 a  30   90 [sin 90  1 shift sin 1  ]

a  3 [90  30  3]

Or: The period of sin ax  120 :  360a   120  a  3

20.2 Range of y  sin ax is 1  y  1

 Range of y  sin ax  1 is 1  1  y  1  1
0  y  2

Example 21

21.1 On the same set of axes, draw sketch graphs of f  x   cos  x  30 and
g  x   sin 2 x for x   180;180.
21.2 For which values of x is the interval x  0;90 is f  x   g  x 

Solution:

21.1 Set up a table or sketch using translations.

34
21.2 cos  x  30  sin 2 x
 cos  x  30   cos  90  2 x 
 x  30  90  2 x or x  30  360   90  2 x 
 x  2 x  90  30  k .360  x  30  270  2 x  k .360
 3x  120  k .360  x  2 x  270  30  k .360
 x  40  k .120  x  300  k .360
 x  300  k.360

Let k  1: x  300  (1)360  60

 f  x   g  x  for x   0;90 when x  40 or x  60

Example 22

Sketch the graph of y  tan 2 x {  90  x  90}

Solution

Asymptotes at x  45  k.90. Use intervals of 22, 5  on x-axis.

35
Example 23

Sketched are the graphs of f  x   tan ax and g  x   cos  x  p . Determine the values
of a and p.

Solution

Asymptote of tan x is x  90.

 a  45   90 [The asymptote of tan ax is x  45]

a  2 [90  45 = 2]

cos  45  p   1 [(45;1) point on g  x ]

 45  p  0 [ shift cos 1  ]

 p  45

36
Example 24

The diagram show the graphs of f  x   a tan  x  p  and g  x   a cos x  q for

x   360;360. Determine the equations of f  x  and g  x 

Solution

Asymptote of a tan( x  p) : x  120  Asymptote of tan x : x  90

 f  x  is horizontal shift of y  tan x 30  to the right and a reflection of y  tan x in

the x-axis.

 f  x   tan  x  30 

Amplitude of g  x   2  Amplitude of cos x  1

a  2

Maximum value of 2 cos x  2

Maximum value of a cos x  q  3  Vertical shift 1 unit upwards

q  1

 g  x   2 cos x  1

37
 SUMMARY

The parabola: y  a  x  p   q
2

Coordinates of Turning Point:   p; q 

Axis of symmetry: x   p
The parabola do not have any asymptotes.
a  0  the function has a minimum value.
a  0  the function has a maximum value.
The maximum or minimum value  q

b
Or for Turning Point of parabola: Let x   and substitute this value into
2a
equation to find the y-value of the turning point.

a The exponential function: y  ab x p  q

The Hyperbola: y  q
x p

Horizontal asymptote: y  q Horizontal asymptote: y  q

Vertical asymptote: x   p No vertical asymptote.
Axes of symmetry: y    x  p   q b  1  graph is ascending
0  b  1  graph is descending
a  0  graph in 1st and 3rd quadrant
The graph does not have an axis of
a  0  graph in 2nd and 4th quadrant
symmetry.

38
 The graph of y  sin x x  0;360 The graph of y  cos x x  0;360

The period = 360  The period = 360 

The amplitude = 1 The amplitude = 1
Maximum value = 1 Minimum value = -1 Maximum value = 1 Minimum value = -1

The graph of y  tan x x  0;360

The period = 180 

Asymptotes: x  90 and x  270
No maximum value or minimum value

The effect of the parameters a, p, q and k

a is the vertical stretching or shrinking of the graph.

p is the horizontal shift of the graph.
q is the vertical shift of the graph.
To determine the x-intercepts, let y  0 and to determine the y-intercept, let x  0.
k is a horizontal stretching or shrinking of the graph and has an effect on the period of the function.

39
 EXERCISE 6

1. Draw sketch graphs of the following functions.

1.2 y  2  x  1  2
2
1.1 y  2 x2  10 x  8

4
1.3 y  2 1.4 y  x2  3x  10
x 1

8
1.5 y  3x1  1 1.6 y  1
x2

6
1.7 y  x2  x  2 1.8 y  3
x 1

x2

1.9 y  2.  
1
1 1.10 y  3.2x1  3
2

2. Determine the equations of the graphs represented by the sketches in 2.1 to

2.4

2.1 f  x   ax2  bx  c and 2.2 f  x   ax2  bx  c and

a a
g  x  q g  x  q
x p x p

40
2.3 f  x   ax 2  bx  c and 2.4 f  x   ax2  bx  c and

g  x   3x  p  q g  x   2x p  q

3. Determine the equation of the parabola through the points (-4; 0), (2;0) and
(-2; 4).

4. Determine the equation of the parabola with turning point (-2; 8) and
passing through the point (-4; 4).

4
5. Determine the values of p and q if the graph of y   q passes through
x p
the point (-2; 1) and the horizontal asymptote is the line y  2.

6. On the same set of axes sketch the graph of f  x   sin 2 x and

g  x   tan  x  45 . {  180  x  180}

6.1 What is the period of f  x  ?

6.2 Give the equations of the asymptotes of g  x  .
6.3 How many solutions does the equation sin 2 x  tan( x  45) have?

7. On the same set of axes sketch the graphs of f  x  sin 2( x  30 and
g  x   2cos( x  30). {  180  x  180}

41
8. The sketch shows the graphs of

f  x   x2  x  6 and g  x   x  2.

8.1 Determine the coordinates of A, B

and C.
8.2 Find the coordinates of D, the
turning point of f  x  .
8.3 Determine the length of EF.
8.4 If GH = 7 units, determine the length
of OM.
8.5 Determine the maximum length
of KL.

9. The figure represents the graphs of

3
f  x   1 and g  x    12   1 .
x 1

x2

9.1 What are the equations of the

asymptotes of f  x  ?
9.2 Determine the coordinates of A, B
and C, the points of intersection of
f  x  and g  x  with the axes.
9.3 If OD = 1 unit, calculate the
length of DE.
9.4 Calculate g  5 , rounded off the
two decimal digits.

42
10. Sketched are the graphs of
f  x    x2  2x  3 and
4
g  x   2.
x 1

10.1 What are the equations of the

asymptotes of the hyperbola?
10.2 Determine the coordinates of
A, B and C.
10.3 What is the equation of the
tangent of the parabola passing
through the turning point?
10.4 Determine the average gradient of
f  x  between the points where
x  1
and x  2.
10.5 Write down the coordinates of the
turning point of g  x  if g  x   f  x  2

11. The figure shows the graph of

f  x   x2  4 x  5 and
a
g  x   1.
x p

11.1 Determine the lengths of OA, OB

and OC.
11.2 Determine the coordinates of D,
the turning point of f  x 
11.3 If EF = 8 units, determine the
coordinates of F.
11.4 Find the values of a and p.
11.5 If OG = 2 units, determine the
coordinates of H.
11.6 What is the range of f  x  ?

43
12. Sketched are the graphs of

5
f  x   2 and g  x   x  1
x3

12.1 Determine the coordinates of

A and B.
12.2 Write down the equations of
the asymptotes of f  x  .
12.3 Write down the equations of
the asymptotes of f  x  1  1 .
12.4 The graph of f  x  is symmetrical
about the line y   x  c.
Determine the value of c.

13. In the diagram f  x   x2  bx  c

and g  x   x  3.

13.1 Determine the coordinates of A.

13.2 The equation of the axis of
symmetry of f  x  is x  1.
Show that f  x    x2  2 x  15.
13.3 If CD = 6 units, calculate the
length of OE.
13.4 If OH = 4.5 units, calculate the
length of FG.

44
14. The graphs of f  x   a cos(kx) and g  x   sin( x  p) are sketched below for
x   45;360

14.1 Calculate the values of a, k and p.

14.2 Give one value of x where g  x   f  x   1
14.3 What is the amplitude of f  x  ?
14.4 If g  x  is translated 15  horizontal to the right, what will the equation be
of the new graph?

15. The graphs of f  x   a cos x and g  x   sin( x  p) are sketched.

15.1 Determine the values of a and p.

15.2 A(49,1  ;0,32) and B are the points of intersection of f  x  and g  x  . Write
down the coordinates of B.

45
 EXERCISE 6 1.3 y
4
x 1
2
Horizontal asymtote: y  2
1.1 y  2 x  10 x  8
2
Vertical asymtote: x  1
y  intercept: x  intercepts
b
T .P : x   y
4
2 0=
4
2
2a 01 x 1
 0  4  2  x  1
10 5
x     y  4  2
2 2  2
 y  2  0  4  2x  2
   10     8
2
5 5
y2 
2 2  2x  2
 
9
x 1
2

 T .P.  5
2
;
9
2 
y -intercept: y  8
x-intercepts:
2 x 2  10 x  8  0
 x2  5x  4  0
  x  4  x  1  0
1.4 y   x  3x  10
2
 x   4 | x  1
y -intercept: y  10
x-intercepts:
1.2 y  2  x  12  2
T .P   p; q   1; 2   x 2  3 x  10  0

x-intercepts:  x 2  3 x  10  0
  x  5  x  2   0
2  x 2  2 x  1  2  0
 x  5 | x  2
 2x  4x  2  2  0
2
T .P :
 2x  4x  0
2
b
x
 2x  x  2  0 2a
 3
x  0 | x  2 x  
2 1
y -intercept: 
3
2
y0
   3     10
2
3 3
y 
2 2

 12
1
4   12  3
2
;
1
4

46
 x 1
1.5 y  3  1
x-intercept:
 0  3x 1  1
1  3x 1
 30  3x 1
 x 1  0
 x  1
y -intercept:
y  3x 1  1 1.8 y
6
3
x 1
 y  3 1 Horizontal asymptote: y  3
y2
Vertical asymptote: x  1
Horizontal asymtote: y  1
y -intercept:
6
1.6 8 y 3
y 1 01
x2
Horizontal asymptote: y  1  63
y 9
Vertical asymptote: x  2
x-intercept:
x-intercept:
6
8 0 3 0
1  0 x 1
x2
 0  6  3( x  1)
8  ( x  2)  0
 0  6  3x  3
8  x  2  0
3 x  9
 x  10
 x  3
y -intercept:
8
y 1

x2
0 2 1.9 y  2 1
2
1
 5
Horizontal asymptote: y  1
y -intercept:
1.7 y  x  x  2
2

  1
0 2
Turning Point: y2 1
2

   y  2  1
2
b 1 1
x y 
2
2 1
2a 2 2
2
1 1 7
   1
 y  1  1
1
21 2 4
2 2


 
1 7
;
2 4 
1 12  41 2  1 7
x 
21 2

 no x-intercept
y -intercept: y  2
47
 x 1
1.10 y  3  2  3 0 
a
5 2
1
Horizontal asymptote: y  3 a
0  1
x-intercept: y -intercept: 3
0  a  3
0  3  2 x 1  3 y  3  201  3
a  3
 3  3  2 x 1  y  3  21  3 3
 g ( x)  1
1  2 x 1  y  3  12   3 x2

 20  2 x 1  y   32
 x 1  0
x 1
2.2 f ( x)  a  x  p 2  q
 y  a  x  1  4
2

 0  a  1  1  4
2

 0  4 a  4
a  1
 f ( x)  1 x  1  4
2

 f ( x)  x 2  2 x  1  4
 f ( x)  x 2  2 x  3

2.1 Roots given: g ( x) 

a
q
x p

y  a  x  r1  x  r2  y 
a
x 1
2  p  1; q  2 
 y  a  x  1 x  5  0 
a
2
11
10  a  4  1 4  5  a
0  2
10  a  5  1 2
0  a  4
10  5a
4
a  2 a  4  g ( x)  2
x 1
 f ( x)  2  x  1 x  5 
 f ( x)  2  x 2  4 x  5  2.3 f ( x)  a( x  p)  y
2

 y  a  x  2  2
2
 f ( x)  2 x 2  8 x  10
2  a  0  2   2
2

p  2 2  2  4a
q 1 4  4a
y 
a
1  a  1
x2

48
 f ( x )  1  x  2   2
2
3. y  a  x  r1  x  r2 
 f ( x)    x 2  4 x  4   2  y  a  x  4  x  2 

 f ( x)   x 2  4 x  4  2  4  a  2  4  2  2 
 f ( x)   x 2  4 x  2  4  a  2  4 
 4  8a
g ( x)  3 x p  q a  2
 y   12  x  4  x  2 
 y  3x p  2  q  2
 3  30 p  2  y   12  x 2  2 x  8 

3  2  3 p  y   12 x 2  x  4

1  3 p 3
0
 3p
p0  g ( x)  3 x  2
4.  y  a  x  p 2  q
 y  a  x  2  8
2

2.4 T .P given:  4  a  4  2   8
2

 y  a  x  p  q
2
4  a  4 
 y  a  x  2 1
2
 a  1
1  a  0  2   y  1  x  2   8
2 2

 2  4a  y  1  x 2  4 x  4   8
a  1
2  y   x2  4x  4  8
 f ( x)   x  2 1
1 2
2  y   x2  4x  4
 f ( x)  1
2 x 2
 4x  4 1
 f ( x)  12 x 2  2 x  2  1
 f ( x)  12 x 2  2 x  1 4
5. y  x p  q
y 
4
x p
2  q  2
g ( x)  2 x  p  q
4
1  2
 y  2 x p  1  q  1 2 p

2  p  4  2  2  p 
1  20 p  1   0;1 point on g ( x) 
2  p  4  4  2 p
2  2p
 p 2p  44 2
 p 1
 p  2  p  2
 g ( x)  2 x 1  1
4
y  2
x 2
 p  2 q2

49
 8.3 Calculate the x-coordinate of E
 x2  x  6  x  2
 x2  2x  8  0
  x  4  x  2   0
 x  4 or x  2 x  0 x  4
y  42 y  6
 EF  6 units

6.1 180 8.4 GH  f ( x)  g ( x)

6.2 x  135  GH  x 2  x  6   x  2 
6.3 2  GH  x 2  x  6  x  2
 7  x2  2 x  8 (GH  7)
 0  x  2 x  15
2

7.  0   x  5  x  3
x  5 x  3
At M : x  0  x  3
 OM  3 units

8.5 KL  g ( x)  f ( x)
 KL  x  2   x 2  x  6 
 KL  x  2  x 2  x  6
 KL   x 2  2 x  8
8.1 At A and B : y  0  KL    x 2  2 x  8 
 x2  x  6  0
  x  3 x  2   0

  x 2  2 x  1  1  8
2 2

   x  1  9 
2
x  3 or x  2
 
At C : x  0  y  6
   x  1  9
2

 Maximum length: 9 units

 A  2; 0 
B  3; 0 
C  0; 6  3
9.1 f ( x) 
x2
1

b  1 1 x  2
8.2 x x   
2a 21 2 y  1

 12 
2
y  12  6
 14  12  6  6 14
D  12 ; 6 14 
50
9.2 At A : f ( x)  0 10.1 x  1

3
1  0 y2
x2
3   x  2   0
3  x  2  0 10.2 Let f ( x)  0
 x  5
 x  5  A(5;0)  x2  2 x  3  0
At B : g ( x)  0  x2  2x  3  0
x 1   x  3 x  1  0
  1  1  0
2 x  3 or x  1
x 1
  1  1  A(1; 0) B(3; 0)
2
x 1 0
  1    1 
2 2 y
4
x 1
2  At C : x  0 in g ( x)
 x 1  0 4
y  2
01
x  1  B(1;0)
 y  4  2
 y  2  C (0; 2)

At C : Let x  0 in
3
 1  y
0 2 10.3 Turning point of parabola:
3
 1  y x
b
2
2a
5 5
y   C (0; ) x  
2
x 1
2 2 2 1

y   1  2 1  3
2

9.3 OD  1  xD  1  xE  1  1  2  3 4
f ( x) 
3
x2
1  E is a point on f ( x) y 4
3
y  1 (Let x  1)
1 2 f  1  f  2 
 1  1  y  2 10.4 M 
1   2 
 DE  2 units
  1  2  1  3     2   2  2   3
2 2

  
x 1 1
9.4 g ( x)   1  1
2  1  2  3   4  4  3
1 51
 g (5)  1  0   5 
2
 0,98 5

51
10.5 g ( x)  f ( x  2) 11.5 OG  2 units  xH  2
 translation 2 units to the right. y 
3
x 2
1 G a point on g ( x)
TP of g ( x)  (3;4) 3
y  1
2 2
3 1
 1  
4 4
11.1 At A and B : f ( x)  0 1
 H (2,  )
 x2  4x  5  0 4

  x  5  x  1  0
 x  5 x  1
11.6  y : y  4; y  
 OA  1 unit
OB  5 units
OC  5 units C (0; 5) 12.1 At A and B : f ( x)  g ( x)

11.2 x  214   2
y   2  4  2  5
2

 4 88
 9
 D(2; 9)

11.3 
5
2 x 1
x 3
EF  8  yF  8  f ( x)  8
 5  2  x  3   x  1 x  3
 x 2  4 x  5  8
5  2 x  6  x2  4 x  3
 x2  4x  3  0
 0  x2  2 x  8
  x  3 x  1  0
 0   x  4  x  2 
x  3 or x 1
 F (1; 8)  x  4 or x  2
y  x 1
 y  4  1 or y  2  1
11.4 y
a
1 (p  2)
x 2
 y  3 or y  3
0 
a
1 2
1  A(  1;0)  A(4; 3) B(2;3)
a
0  1
3
0  a  3  a  3 12.2 x  3 y2
 a  3 p  2

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12.3 f ( x) 
5
x 3
2 13.3 CD  f ( x)  g ( x)
5  CD   x 2  2 x  15   x  3
 f ( x  1)  1   2 1
 x 13
 CD   x 2  2 x  15  x  3
5
 f ( x  1)  1  1  6   x 2  x  12 (CD  12)
x2
 x  2  x2  x  6  0
y 1   x  3 x  2   0
x  3 or x  2
12.4 y    x  p   q x  0 at E
 y    x  3  2 (p  3; q  2)  OE  2 units
 y  x  3  2
 y  x 1  c  1 13.4 FG  g ( x)  f ( x)
 FG  x  3    x 2  2 x  15 
 FG  x  3  x 2  2 x  15
13.1 At A : g ( x)  0  FG  x 2  x  12 (OH  4,5  x  4,5)
g ( x)  0  FG   4,5    4,5   12
2

x3  0  3, 75 units
 x  3
 A(3;0)

14.1 Max. of y  cos x  1

Max. of f ( x)  2
a  2
13.2 Axis of symmetry – midpoint Period of y  cos x  360
between roots.
Period of f ( x)  180
x A  3  xB  5
k  2
 y  a  x  3 x  5 
g ( x) is the graph of y  sin x
15  a  2  3 2  5  translated 45 to the left
15  a  5  3  p  45
15  15a
 a  1  x  45 g ( x)  1; f ( x)  0
14.2 x  45
 f ( x)  1 x  3 x  5 
 1 x 2  2 x  15  14.3 amplitude = 2
  x 2  2 x  15
14.4 15 to the right
 y  sin  x  45  15 
 y  sin  x  30 

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15.

15.1 Max of y  cos x  1

Max of f ( x)  1
2

a  1
2

sin 120  p   1
120  p  90 ( sin 90  1)
 p  90  120
 p  30

15.2 A(49,1 ;0,32)

 B(180  49,1 ; 0,32)
 B(229,1 ; 0,32)

54