<br>

CHAPTER TEST AND

MEASUREMENT

6 IN SPORTS

EOE Fitness Test - SAI Khelo India Fitness Test in school:

Syllabus Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3: BMI, Flamingo Balance Test, Plate
Tapping Test.
Age group 9.-18yrs/ class 4-12: BMI, 50 mt Speed test, 600 mt Run/Walk, Sit & Reach flexibility test, Strength
Test (Abdominal Partial Curl Up, Push-Ups for boys, Modified Push-lUps for girls).
• Computing Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Rikli & Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test
List of Topics
In this chapter youwill study Topic-1: Fitness Test -
• -
Fitness Test SAI Khelo India Fitness Test in school for age group 5-8yrs and 9-18yrs. SAI Khelo India Fitness
• Computing Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Test in school: for age
• -
Rikli & Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Test group 5-8 years and
9-18 years. Page No.108
Topic-2: Computing
Basal Metabolic Rate
SAI Khelo India (BMR), Rikliand Jones:
Fitness Test Senior Citizen Fitness
Fitness Test in schoo: for age Test Page No.
e 112

Topic-1 group 5-8 years and 9-18 years.

Concepts Covered • SAI Khelo India Fitness Test, i

School Children Fitness Assessment

----111

Revision Notes
> SAI : Sports Authority of India (SAI) was set up sporting nation. Provide a comprehensive and
in 1984. SAI has been entrusted with the twin
inclusive "Physical Fitness and Health Profile for all
objectives of promoting sports and achieving school going children across India.
sporting excellence at the national and international (A) AGEGROUP 5-8 YEARS CLASS 1 to 3: At Primary
level. class 1-3, children should acquire Fundamental
> Khelo India Fitness Program for school children: Movement Skills (FMS) leaving the learning of
to specific physical activities to later stages. FMS
The Khelo India program has been introduced
revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root provide the building blocks for many physical
level by building a strong framework for all sports activities, such as playing games, dance, and sport.
as a great Locomotor, Manipulative and Body Management
played in our country and establish India
<br>

106 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

+5
+
kg) years) kg) years)

in in
weight weight
in
age in
age

x x
x x
(10 (5 (10 (5
- -
cm) = cm)
=
FEMALE
MALE

in in
height
height

FOR

FOR
(BMR)
x x
BMR (6.25
Basal (6.25
BMR
161

Rate +
-
Computing

Metabolic

Level

Measwrement
Third

Spots
and
Map

Jest Mind
Level

in Second

the
Trace

Level

school:
First
India
- Test)
Test

Khelo in Fitness
Fitness Test
Jones

Fitness
SAI
Citizen
&

Rikli

(Senior

Strength
BMI, Run/Walk,
Up,

1-3: Test, 4-12: Modified

Curl Test
Test
test,
class Balance
class
600mt
Partial go Test
flexibility Reach

yrs/ Test Test and

9-18yrs/ boys, girls). Test Walk

5-8
Flamingo
Tapping test, (Abdominal
Test and Scratch
up
Stand
for for
Minute
group Foot
Curl
groupSpeed Reach
Push-Ups Push-Ups Sit
Chair Chair
Arm Back
Eight
BMI, Plate
Age 50mt Six
&
Age Test
Sit • • • • • •
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 107

abilities are key to success in most sports and Purpose : Tests speed and coordination
physical activities. Abilities of children in class 1-3 of limb movement.
which need to be measured and tracked are
:

Equipmen's Required Table

1 Body Composition (BMI) (adjustable height), 2 yellow discs
2 Coordination (Plate Tapping) (20 cm diameter), rectangle (30 ×
3. 20 cm), stopwatch If Procedure -
Balance (Flamingo Balance)
possible, the table height should be
(1) Body Composition (BMI): Body Composition
refers primarily to the distribution of muscle
adjusted so that the subject is standing
and fat in the body. Body size such as height, comfortably in front of the discs. The two
lengths and girths are also grouped under this yellow discs are placed with their centers
component. 60 cm apart on the table. The rectangle
is placed equidistant between both discs.
Purpose: It is used to screen for weight
categories that may lead to health The non-preferred hand is placed on
problems. This calculator provides BMI the rectangle. The subject moves the
and the corresponding weight category. preferred hand back and forth between
Equipments Required :
Flat, lean the discs over the hand in the middle
as quickly as possible. This action is
surface, Weighing machine, Stadionmeter/
Measuring Tape pasted on a wall. repeated for 25 full cycles (50 taps).
Procedure : Remove the participant's Scoring - The time taken to complete 25
shoes, bulky clothing, and heavy cycles is recorded.
ornaments. Take the height measurement
on flooring that is not carpeted and
(3) Balance (Flamingo Balance Test) : This test is
about ability to balance successfully on a single
against a flat surface such as a wall with
no molding. The participant should leg.
stand with feet flat together, and back > Purpose: To assess the strength of the leg,
against the wall. Make sure legs are pelvic, and trunk muscle as well as static
straight, arms are at sides, and shoulders balance.
are in level.
Equipments Required : Non-slippery even
Make sure the participant is looking surface, stopwatch, can be done on just
straight ahead and that the line of sight standing on beam.
is parallel with the floor. Use a metal tape
to measure from the base on the floor to Procedure : Stand on beam. Keep balance
the marked measurement on the wallto by holding the instructor's hand.
get the height measurement. Accurately While balancing on the preferred leg, the
record the height to the nearest 0.1 free leg is flexed at the knee and the foot of
centimeter. this leg held close to the buttocks.
Measuring Weight Accurately : Use a Start the watch as the instructor lets
digital scale. Avoid using bathroom scales go of the participant/subject. Pause the
that are spring loaded. Place the scale on stopwatch each time the subject loses
firm flooring (such as tile or wood) rather balance. Resume over, again timing until
than carpet. they lose balance. If there are more than
Make sure that the participant has 15 falls in the first 30 seconds, the test is
removed shoes and heavy clothing, such terminated. Count the nunmber of falls in
as sweaters. The participant should stand 60 seconds of balancing.
with both feet in the center of the scale.
Record the weight to the nearest decimal Scoring: The total number of falls or loss of
fraction (for example, 25.1 kilograms). balance in 60 seconds.
Scoring-Height recorded in cm and mm.
Weight will be recorded in kilogram (kg)
O-P Key Words
and grams (gms). The data is calculated Hamstring :Muscles of legs opposite
to quadriceps.
from body Weight (W) and height(H).
BMI = W/ (H x H), where W = body Flexors ;A muscle that flexes a joint.
weight in kilograms and H = height in (B) Age Group: 9-18+ Years | Class 4 to 12 -
meters. Higher score usually indicates
the higher levels of body fat. 1. Body Composition (BMI)
(2) Coordination (Plate Tapping): This test is about 2. 50mt Speed test
performing movemernt with coordination and 3. 600 mt Run/Walk
speed.
4. Sit& Reach flexibility test
<br>

108 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

5. Strength Test - (a) Abdominal Partial measuring line as far as possible. Ensure that
CurlUp, (b) Push-Ups for boys, Modified the hands remain at the same level, not one
Push-Ups for girls). reaching further forward than the other. After
> Test Description For Children some practice, the subject reaches out and
(1) Body Composition (BMI): Procedure will be holds that position for one-two seconds while
same as that for 5-8 years children. the distance is recorded. Make sure there are
no jerky movements.
(2) 50 m Speed Test (Standing Start)
Scoring : The score is recorded (difference
Purpose: To determine acceleration and between initial position and final position),
speed. in cm and mm, as the distance reached by the
Equipment Required: 50m marked track, hand.
measuring tape, stop watch, wooden clapper (5) Strength
or whistle.
(A) Abdominal (Partial Curl-up):
Procedure: A thorough warm up should be :
given, including some practice starts and Purpose Measures abdominal muscular
accelerations. Start from a stationary position, strength and endurance of the abdominals and
with one foot in front of the other. The front hip flexors,improves core stability.
foot must be on or behind the starting line. This Equipment Required : Flat clearn cushioned
starting position should be static (dead start). surface with two parallel strips (6 inches apart),
The tester should provide hints for maximizing Stopwatch, Recording sheets, Pen.
speed (such as keeping low, driving hard with
the arms and legs) and encouraged to continue
Procedure : The subject lies on a cushioned
running hard through the finish line. surface with knees flexed, usually at 90 degrees,
with hands straight on the sides, palms facing
Scoring:Time taken for completion.
downwards, parallel to the body. The subject
(3) 600 m Run/Walk
raises the trunk, keeping the arms in position,
Purpose : To assess cardiovascular fitness/ curling up the desired amount. The trunk is
cardiovascular endurance. lowered back to the floor so that the shoulder
Equipment Required : Stopwatch, whistle, blades or upper back touch the floor.
marker cone, lime powder, measuring tape, Scoring : Record the maximum number of
400 m track with a marking of starting and
Curl ups in a certain time period 30 seconds.
finish line.
(B) Muscular Endurance (Push Ups for Boys,
Procedure Participants are instructed to
:

run 600m in the fastest possible pace. The Modified Push Ups for Girls)
participarnts begin on signal, "ready, start" as Purpose : To measure upper body strength
they cross the finish line elapsed time should endurance, and trunk stability.
be announced to the participants. Walking Equipment Required : Cushioned surface/
is permitted but the objective is to cover the gym mat, paper to record score.
distance in the shortest possible time.
Procedure : A standard push up begins with
Scoring : Time taken for completion (run or
walk) in min, sec, mm.
the hands and toes touching the floor, the body
and legs in a straight line, feet slightly apart,
(4) Sit and Reach flexibility Test the arms at shoulder width apart, extended
Purpose: To measure lower back and and at a right angles to the body. Keeping the
hamstring flexibility. back and knees straight, the subject lowers the
Equipment Required : Sit and Reach box 12" x body to a predetermined point, to touch some
12" (sides) 12" × 10" (front and back) 12" x 21" other object, or until there is a 90-degree angle
(top), flat clean cushioned surface/gym mats. at the elbows, then returns back to the starting
Procedure : This test involves sitting on the position with the arms extended. This action is
floor with legs stretched out straight ahead. repeated, and test continues until exhaustion,
Shoes should be removed. The soles of the or until they can do no more in rhythm or have
feet are placed flat against the Sit and Reach reached the target number of push-ups.
box. Both knees should be locked and pressed
For Girls: Push-up technique is with the knees
flat to the floor - the tester may assist by
holding them down. With the palms facing resting on the ground.
downwards, and the hands on top of each Scoring: Record the number of correctly
other, the subject reaches forward along the completed push-ups.
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 109

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(A) cell (B) skin

A Multiple Choice Questions (C) ligaments (D) tissue
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q.1. SAI Khelo India Fitness Test for school children Explanation: Flexibility is the range of motion
consist of : around a joint as determined by elasticity of the
(A) Flamingo Balance Test, muscles, tendons and ligaments with the muscles
(B) Plate Tapping est and the joint.
Q.9. Sit and Reach Test is performed after
(C) Abdominal Partial Curl Up
(D) All of these
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (A) cooling-down (B) warming-up
Explanation: SAI Khelo India Test for school (C) warming-down (D) cooling-up
children is to assess .
their strength, endurance, Ans. Option (B) is correct.
speed and flexibility Explanation: The warming-up helps the individual
Q.2. Which of these is not a component of SAI Khelo subject to test to prevent tearing and spraining of
India Fitness test? muscles due to sudden and excessive stretching.
(A) Stability (B) Flexibility
(C) Agility (D) Speed
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
BAssertion Reason &

Explanation: Agility is not a component of SAI

Khelo India fitness test. Directions : In the following questions, a statement
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Q.3. When was SAI Khelo India Fitness Test introduced? Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) 9th Jan 2019 (B) 10th Jan 2019 (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) 2nd Jan 2019 (D) 7h Jan 2019
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Ans. Option (A)is correct Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Explanation: The Khelo India National Fitness Assertion (Á).
Programnme for Schools was introduced on 09.01.2019, (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Q.4. 600-yard run/walk is conducted to test (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(A) speed (B) flexibility Q.1. Assertion (A): SAIKhelo India fitness test for school
(C) endurance (D) agility children is constructed to assess only specific type
Ans. Option (C) is correct. of sports skill.
Explanation: This run/walk helps to test the stamina Reason (R): Sports skills assessmernt is not the aim
and strength of an individual. of SKFT for school children.
Q.5. Partial-curl up is conducted to test Ans.Option (D) is correct.
(A) abdominal Strength (B) power Explanation: SKFT main aim is to assess fitness
(C) abdominal power components of school going children.
(D) stamina
Q. 2. Assertion (A): Push-ups are done to measure the
Q. 6. Sit and reach test is conducted to assess upper body strength and endurance in girls.
(A) speed (B) power Reason (R): Standing broad jump is used to
() flexibility () strength measure explosive strength in boys.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Q.3. Assertion (A): Flexibility and power can be assessed
Q.7. Flexibility is the range of motion around a by partial curp up.
Reason (R): Partial curl-up is not a good option for
(A) joint (B) cell the assessment of agility.
(C) arn (D) leg Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Partial curl-up only assesses abdominal
Explanation: Flexibility is the range of motion strength.
around a joint as determined by elasticity of the Q.4. Assertion (A): The Sit and Reach Test is the most
muscles, tendons and ligaments with the muscles common way to measure lower back and hamstring
and the joint. flexibility.
Q.8. Flexibility is determined by elasticity of muscles, Reason (R): It is used by exercise physiologists and
fitness trainers to understand the level of flexibility
tendons and after starting an exercise program.
These questions arefor practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

110 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Ans. Option (C) is correct. Q.5. Assertion (A):One on each side of the examinee,
Explanation: The Sit and Reach Test is not used there are two assistants requested to grip the knees
after starting an exercise program but before in a locked position.
starting an exercise as it helps the psychologists to Reason (R): This prevents any bending movement
decide which activities need to be inculcated in the while the examiner initiates stretching his/her
training program. hands forward and pushes the flex measure case as
far down the yardstick as possible.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE UESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Short Answer Type
Questions (1 mark each) Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q.1. What do you mean by SAI? Q.1. What is body composition test?
Ans. SAI refers to Sports Authority of India. It is the Ans. Body composition refers primarily to the
governing body of India responsible for the sports distribution of muscle and fat in the body. Body size
development in the country. such as height, length and girth are also grouped
Q. 2. What is SAI Khelo India Fitness assessment under this component.
program for school going children? Q.2. What do you mean by Plate tapping test and its
procedure?
Ans. SAI Khelo India Fitness Assessment program was
launched in 9th Jan 2019 by the Indian government Ans. Plate tapping test is a part of SAI Khelo India fitness
under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. test and is used to measure speed and coordination
The main objective of this program is to achieve of upper limb movement. In this test, students
supreme level of physical fitness, mass participation perform repeated action of tapping plate for 25
and achieving excellence in sports. full cycles (50taps). The time taken to complete 25
cycles is recorded.
Q.3. Which age group is mainly assessed by SAI Khelo
IndiaFitness Test? Q.3. How is partial curl-up test conducted? AD
Ans. Initially, the test procedure is explained to the
.4. Which fitness component can be assessed by trainee. After that the trainee lies in supine on
partial curl-up test? cushioned surface and the knees should be flexed
Ans. Muscular strength and endurance of the abdominals and feet should be 12 inches from the buttocks.
and hip flexors can be assessed by partial curl-up Both the feet should be slightly apart. Arms are
test. extended and rested on thighs. Head should be
in neutral position. This is the starting position.
Q.5. Enlist the name of test for the assessment of
Then, the trainee curls up with a slow controlled
flexibility. movement, until his/her shoulder come off the
Ans. Sit and reach test will be used for the assessment of cushioned surface two inches, then goes back
flexibility. down again.
Q.4. Write the procedure to calculate BMI test for
Q.6. Write down the formula for calculating BMI. AO
school going children.
Ans. BMI = Weight in kg/ Height x Height in m. Ans. Body composition BMI test- The test performed is
Q.7. Enlist the names of equipments required for the BM, which is calculated from body weight (W) and
administration of BMItest. height(H). BMI = W/ (H × H), where W = body
weight in kilograms and H = height in meters. The
Ans. Equipment required in BMI test are:
higher the score usually indicating higher levels of
(a) Flat-clean surface, body fat.
(b) Weighing machine, Q.5. What is Sit and Reach Test?
pasted on a wall.
(c) Stadiometer/Measuring Tape Ans. The Sit and Reach Test is the most conmmon way to
Q.8. What do you mean by Flamingo balance test? measure lower back and hamstring flexibility. It is
used by exercise physiologists and fitness trainers
to understand the level of flexibility before starting
Ans. Flamingo balance test can be used to assess static an exercise program.
balance of the body. In this test, subject will perform Q. 6. What are the Sit and Reach Test standards for
their ability to balance successfully on a single leg.
men?
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 111

Ans. Sit and Reach Tests for Adult Men - results in inches Ans. Purpose: To measure speed of lower extremities
Above 7 = Excellent and explosive strength.
5 to 6 = Good Equipment Required: Stopwatch, measuring tape.
3 to 4 = Above Average
1to 2 =
Administration:
Average (i) Two lines are marked on the floor 50 yards apart.
0to 1 =
Below Average
-2 and Below = Poor (ii)One line is used as a starting line and the other as
the end line.
Short Answer Type (iii) On the signal, the subject starts running.
Questions-II (3 marks each) Scoring: The score of the test is time gap between
the monment the subject starts fromn the starting
Q.1. List the components of SAI Khelo India Fitness line and the moment subject crosses the finishing
test. line. The time is recorded nearest to the tenth of a
Ans. SAI Khelo India Fitness Test second.
(1) Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3: Q.5. Write down the advantages of Sit and Reach test.
(a) BML,
(b) Flamingo Balance Test,
(c) Plate Tapping Test Long Answer Type
(2) Age group 9-18yrs/ class 4-12: Questions
(a) BMI,
(5 marks each)
(b) 50 mt Speed test, Q.1. Write in detail about the administration of Sit and
(c) 600 mt Run/Walk,
Reach test.
(d) Sit & Reach flexibility test,
(e) Strength Test (Abdominal Partial Curl Up,
Ans. Sit and Reach test
Push-Ups for boys, Modified Push-Ups for Purpose : To measure lower back and hamstring
girls). flexibility.
Q.2. What is the procedure to assess abdominal strength Equipment Required : Sit and Reach box and flat
of the body? clean cushioned surface/gym mats.
Ans. Abdominal strength is assessed by the Partial curl Procedure:
up test. (a) Sitting on the floor with legs stretched out
Equipment required : Flat clean cushioned surface straight ahead.
with two parallel strips (6 inches apart), stopwatch, (b) Shoes should be removed.
recording sheets, pen. (c) The soles of the feet are placed flat against the
Procedure : The subject lies on a cushioned, flat, Sit and Reach box.
clean surface with knees flexed, usually at 90 (d) Both knees should be locked and pressed flat to
degrees, with hands straight on the sides (palms the floor.
facing downwards) closer to the ground, parallel to (e) With the palms facing downwards, and the
the body. The subject raises the trunk in a smooth hands on top of each other.
motion, keeping the arms in position, curling up () The subject reaches forward along the
the desired amount (at least 6 inches abovefalong measuring line as far as possible.
the ground towards the parallel strip). (g) Ensure that the hands remain at the same level.
The trunk is lowered back to the floor so that the (h) After some practice reaches, the subject reaches
shoulder blades or upper back touch the floor. out.
Scoring : Record the maximum number of curl ups (i) Hold that position for at one-two seconds while
in a certain time period of about 30 seconds. the distance is recorded.
(i) Make sure there are no jerky movements.
Q.3. Write the brief administration of 600 m run. Scoring : The score is recorded (difference
Ans. Administration of 600 m run/walk test:
between initial position and final position), in
Purpose : To measure endurance. cm and mm, as the distance reached by the
Equipment Required: 600 m track, wooden clapper hand.
or whistle, stop watches.
Q. 2. Discuss in detail about the SAI Khelo India Fitness
Procedure: The trainee takes the starting position Test with administration of any one test.
behind the starting line. Once the signal of ready is Ans. SAI Khelo India Fitness Test:
given, the trainee starts running. During the course
of running, he/she may walk also. Many trainees This test consist administration of fitness assessment
can run at a same time, time is recorded in minutes of school going children in two age categories.
and seconds. Age categories are as follows:
(1) Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3:
Scoring : Time taken for completion (run or walk)
in min, sec, mm. (a) BMI,
Q.4. Explain the administration with scoring of 50-yard (b) Flamingo Balance Test,
dash. AO (c) Plate Tapping Test
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

112 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII
(2) Age group 9-18yrs/ class 4-12: Procedure : Stand on beam. Keep balance by
(a) BMI, holding the instructor's hand.
(b) 50 m Speed test,
(c) 600 m Run/Walk, While balancing on the preferred leg, the free
leg is flexed at the knee and the foot of this leg
(d) Sit & Reach flexibility test,
(e) Strength Test-Abdominal Partial Curl Up, held close to the buttocks.
() Push-Ups for boys, Modified Push-Ups for Start the watch as the instructor lets go of the
girls). participant/subject. Pause the stopwatch each
Administration of Test time the subject loses balance. Resume over,
(a) Flamingo Balance Test: again timing until they lose balance. If there are
Purpose : To assess the strength of the leg, more than 15 falls in the first 30 seconds, the test
pelvic, and trunk muscle as well as static is terminated. Count the number of falls in 60
balance.
seconds of balancing.
Equipments Required : Non slippery even
surface, stopwatch, can be done on just Scoring: The total number of falls or loss of
standing on beam. balance in 60 seconds.

Computing Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Rikli and

Jones: Senior Citizen Fitness Test
Topic-2 Concepts Covered • BMR & computation of BMR Chair Stand Test for lower body
strength, Arm Curl Test for upper body strength, Chair Sit and Reach Test for lower body
flexibility, Back Seratch Test for upper body flexibility, Eight Foot Up and Go Test for agility, Six
----------------
Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance.

Revision Notes
I. Basal Metabolic Rate : The BMR refers to the amount Convert the values from imperial to metric.
of energy your body needs to maintain homeostasis. 5 feet 4 inches = 162.56 centimeters,
Your BMR is largely determined by your total lean 150 pounds = 68.04 kilograms
mass, especially muscle mass, because lean mass Input all data = 10 x 68.04 + 6.25 x 162.56 – 5 60 >x

requires a lot of energy to maintain. +5

Anything that reduces lean mass will reduce your After solving an equation BMR will be = 1401.4 kcal/
BMR. BMR is the total number of calories that our day
body requires to perform basic functions such as Key Words
breathing, circulation, digestion, nutrient processing
and protein synthesis. Basal Metabolic Rate is the Homeostasis: Body temperature and fluid
amount of energy a human body uses when it balance
is completely at rest. People regularly use more Mass a large amount
energy than their Basal Metabolic Rate. Your BMR
accounts for about 60% to 75% of your Total Energy Rikli and Jones prepared various physical fitness
tests for senior citizens. Senior citizens can't do
Expenditure (TTE), depending on your lifestyle and
activity level. The Total Energy Expenditure is the exhaustive workouts, that is
Scan to know
total number of calories you burn every day. The why easy tests prepared for more about
rest of your TTE comes from the physical activities different body parts are given this topic
as:
(walking, talking, eating, etc.) and food digestion.
II. Computation of BMR : We will have to use the BMR Chair Stand test for lower
for man formula (Miffin and St Jeor BMR equation body strength.
How to perform
for a man): Arm Curl Test for upper Sit and Reach
Test
BMR FOR MALE = (10 X weight in kg) + (6.25 >x body strength endurance.
height in cm) - (5 x age in years) + 5 kcal/day Chair sit and reach test for
BMR FOR FEMALE = (10 x weight in kg) + (6.25 x lower body flexibility.
height in cm) - (5 X age in years) – 161 kcal/day Back scratch test for upper body flexiblity.
Example : Let's suppose that you want to calculate Eight foot up and go test for coordination and
BMR for a 60 year old man, who is 5 foot, 4 inches agility.
tall and weighs 150 pounds.
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 113

Six minutes walk test for aerobic fitness and
endurance.
> Chair Stand Test for Lower Body Strength:
Purpose: This test assesses leg strength and
endurance of senior citizens.
Equipment Required: A straight or folding
chair without arm rests (seat 17 inches or 44 cm
high) and a stopwatch.

Procedure: Put a chair against a wall to keep

it from moving or causing accidental fall. The
subject is to sit on the chair with both feet away
from each other at a length of own shoulders. Equipment Required: 5-pounds weight for
women, 8-pounds weight for men, a chair,
The wrists are held in a crossed position and
stopwatch.
held close to the chest. At the signal of the
person taking the test, the subject stands up Procedure: In this test, the subject sits on a
chair. The subject then holds the weight in the
completely and then sits back completely.
dominant arm in the vertical down position
The process is repeated for 30 seconds. One from the shoulder. The other arm is raised in
complete cycle means standing up completely vertical up position above the shoulder which
and sitting back. The number of completed is kept there stationary either on own effort or
cycles in 30 seconds are awarded as final score. with the help of the support from the person
Below Above taking the test. The dominant arm carrying
Age Average
average average the weight is then required to be curled upto
60-64
AAAAAA
< 14 14 to 19 > 19 shoulder height and returned back to the
starting position. The number of completed
65-69 < 12 12 to 18 > 18
curl-ups in 30 seconds is awarded as the final
70-74 < 12 12 to 17 > 17 SCore.
75-79 < 11 11 to 17 > 17
Age Below average Average Above average
80-84 < 10 10 to 15 > 15
60-64 < 16 16 to 22 > 22
85-89 <8 8 to 14 > 14 65-69
<
15 15 to 21 > 21
90-94 <7 7 to 12 > 12 >
70-74
<
14 14 to 21 21

Norms for Men 75-79 < 13 13 to 19 > 19

Below Above 80-84 < 13 13 to 19 > 19
Age Average
average average 85-89 < 11 11 to 17 > 17
60-64 < 12 12 to 17 > 17 90-94 < 10 10 to 14 > 14
65-69 < 11 11 to 16 > 16
Norms for Men
70-74 < 10 10 to 15 > 15
Age Below average Average Above average
75-79 < 10 10 to 15 > 15
60-64
<
13 13 to 19 > 19
80-84 <9 9 to 14 > 14
65-69 < 12 12 to 18 > 18
85-89 <8 8 to 13 > 13
70-74 < 12 12 to 17 > 17
90-94 <4 4 to 11 > 11 11 to 17
75-79 < 11 > 17
Norms for Women 80-84 < 10 10 to 16 > 16
> Arm Curl Test for Upper Body Strength:
85-89 < 10 10 to 15 > 15
Purpose: This measures the upper body
strength and endurance. 90-94 <8 8 to 13 > 13
Norms for Women
<br>

114 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

> Chair Sit and Reach Test for Scan to know Equipment Required: None
more about
lower body flexibility: this topic
Purpose: This measures
lower body flexibility.
Equipment Required: Ruler,
straight back or folding chair Sit and
Reach Test
(seat 17 inches/44 cm high).
Procedure: In this test, the subject is required
to stand. One hand is put behind the head
and the other hand is put down the back with
the palm facing the body. The other hand is
put at the back from the bottom side with the
palm facing away from the body. The subject is
then required to try and touch the fingers. The
process is repeated for both the shoulders.

Below Above
Age Average
average average
60-64 >6.5 6.5 to 0 <0
Procedure: In the test, the subject sits on the 65-69 >7.5 7.5 to - 1.0 <-1.0
edge of a chair with the feet flat on the floor. 70-74 > 8.0 8.0 to - 1.0 <-1.0
Place the hands on top of each other in a way
75-79 >9.0 9.0 to - 2.0 <-2.0
that both middle fingers are on top of each
other and the tips are touching. The subject 80-84 >9.5 9.5 to - 2.0 <-2.0
is then required to exhale and bend towards
85-89 > 10.0 10.0 to -3.0 <-3.0
the toes keeping the straight back and head
up. The subject is not allowed to bounce or 90-94 > 10.5 10.5 to -4.0 <-4.0
jerk the body. The position is maintained for Norms for Men
2 seconds and score awarded on the basis
of the following table showing distance Below Above
Age Average
between the middle finger tips and the toes. average average
Below Above 60-64 > 3.0 3.0 to 1.5 < 1.5
Age Average
average average 65-69 > 3.5 3.5 to 1.5 < 1.0
60-64 <-2:5 - 2-5 to 4.0 > 4.0 70-74 > 4.0 4.0 to 1.0 <1.0
65-69 <-3-0 -3-0to 3.0 > 3.0 75-79 >5.0 5.0 to 0.5 <0.5
70-74 <-3+5 -3-5 to 2.5 > 2.5 80-84 > 5.5 5.5 to 0 <0
75-79 <-4-0 - 4-0 to 2.0 > 2.0 85-89 >7.0 7.0 to- 1.0 <-1.0
8.5 to - 1.0
80-84 <-5:5 -5-5 to 1.5 > 1.5 > 8.5
90-94 <-1.0
85-89 <-5:5 -55 to 0.5 >0.5 Norms for Women
-
90-94 <-6-5 6-5 to -0.5 >0.5 > Eight foot up and go test for Agility:
Norms for Men Purpose: This test measures speed, agility and
balance while moving.
Below Above
Age Average Equipment Required: Stopwatch, straight
average average
back or folding chair (seat 17 inches/44 cm
60-64 <-0-5 -0-5 to 5.0 >5.0 high), cone/marker, measuring tape, area clear
65-69 <-0-5 -0-5 to 4.5 > 4.5 of obstacles.
70-74 <-1-0 -1-0 to 4.0 > 4.0
75-79 <-15 -1-5 to 3.5 >3.5
80-84 <-2-0 - 2-0 to 3.0 >3.0
85-89 <-2-5 -2:5 to 2.5 > 2.5
90-94 <-4-5 -4-5 to 1.5 > 1.0
Norms for Women
> Back Scratch test for Upper Body Flexibility: Procedure: Place the chair next to a wall for
Purpose: This test measures upper arm and safety and the marker used for eight feet test
shoulder girdle flexibility.
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 115

in front of the chair. Clear the path between 70-74 >7:1 7-1 to 4-9 < 4:9
the chair and the marker. The subject starts
fully seated, hands resting on the knees and 75-79 >7:4 7-4 to 5-2 < 5-2

feet flat on the ground. On the command 'Go' 80-84 > 87 8-7 to 5-7 <
5:7
the stopwatch is started and the subject stands > 9-6 9-6 to 6-2
85-89 <6:2
and walks (no running) as quickly as possible
to and around the cone, returning to the chair 90-94 > 11:5 11-5 to 7:3 <73
to sit down. Norms for Women
Below Above > Six Minute Walk test for aerobic endurance:
Age Average
average average Purpose: This test measures aerobic fitness.
> 5.6 Equipment Required: Measuring tape to mark
60-64 5.6 to 3.8 <3.8 out the track distances, stop watch and chairs
65-69 > 5.7 5.7 to 4.3 <4.3 positioned for testing.
70-74 > 6.0 6.0 to 4.2 <4.2 Procedure:
The walking course is laid out in a 50 yard 45.7
75-79 >7.2 7.2 to 4.6 < 4.6 metres rectangular area (dimension 45x 5
80-84 >7.6 7.6 to 5.2 < 5.2 yards) with cones placed at regular intervals to
85-89 > 8.9 8.9 to 5.3 < 5.3 indicate distance walked. The aim of this test is
to walk as quickly as possible for six minutes to
90-94 > 10.0 10.0 to 6.2 <6.2 cover as much ground as possible.
45 yds 40 yds 35 vds 30 yds 25 yds
Norms for Men
Below Average Above
Age
average average
60-64 >6-0 6-0 to 4-4 < 4-4
65-69 >6-4 6-4 to 4-8 <48
50 yds 5 yds 10yds 15 yds + 20 yds

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

high), cone/marker, measuring tape and area clear

A Multiple Choice Questions
of obstacles.
Q.4. BMR refers to
Q.1. Arm Curl Test measures (A) Body Mass Rate
(A) upper body strength (B) Body Metabolic Ratio
(B) lower body strength (C) Basal Metabolic Rate
(C) limb strength
(D) Basal Metabolism Rate
(D) head strength Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 2. Back scratch test is used to measure Q.5. The BMR refers to the amount of energy your body
(A) overall speed needs to maintain
(B) upper body flexibility (A) homeostasis (B) energy
(C) lower body power (C) water level (C) Calcium
(D) whole body movement Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Our body needs to maintain
Explanation: Back Scratch test measures upper armn homeostasis as it is a self-regulating process in
and shoulder girdle flexibility. which an individual tends to maintain stability to
survive and function correctly as in the physiological
Q.3. Which of these is needed for Eight Foot Up and process.
Go Test?
(A) Shoes (B) Stop watch
(C) Walking stick (D) Obstacles BAssertion Reason &

Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Explanation: The equipment required for Eight Directions: In the following questions, a statement
foot up and go test for Agility includes stopwatch, of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
straight back or folding chair (seat 17 inches/44 cm Reason (R), Mark the correct choice as:
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

116 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII
(A)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason Explanation: The Chair Stand Test is conducted by
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). making the subject sit on the chair with both feet
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but apart at shoulder length and not conducted while
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of standing near the chair.
Assertion (A). Q.3. Assertion (A) : Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. of energy a human body uses when it is completely
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. at rest.
Q.1. Assertion (A): Rikli and Jones prepared various Reason (R): People regularly use more energy than
physical fitness tests for senior citizens. their Basal Metabolic Rate.
Reason (R): Easy tests have been prepared for Ans. Option (A) is correct.
different body parts. Explanation: BMR is the amount of energy or
Ans. Option (A) is correct. calories required for basic functions of body.
Explanation: This test is easy to conduct for the Q.4. Assertion (A) : Basal metabolic rate differs between
assessment of senior citizen physical fitness. male and female.
Q. 2. Assertion (A): In Chair Stand Test, the subject is to Reason (R) : Physiological differences also affect
stand near the chair with both feet away from each the result of BMR.
other at a length of own shoulders. Ans. Option (A) is correct
Reason (R): The wrists are held in a crossed
Explanation: Differences occur in male and female
position and held close to the chest. BMR due to physiological aspects.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE OQUESTIONS

Q.6. Write down the purpose of Six Minute Walk Test.
Very Short Answer Type
Questions (1 mark each) Ans. The purpose of Six Minute Walk Test is to assess
aerobic fitness and endurance of senior citizens.
0.1. DefineBasal Metabolic Rate.
Ans. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy a
Short Answer Type
Questions-I (2 marks each)
human body uses when it is completely at rest.
Q. 2.Classify the method of BMR calculation. Q.1. What are the components of Rikli and Jones Test?
Ans. Mifflin and St Jeor BMR equation for men and AD
women: Ans. The components are:
BMR FOR MEN = (10 x weight in kg) + (6.25 x Chair Stand test for lower body strength.
height in cm)- (5 X age in years) + 5 kcal/day. Arm Curl Test for upper body strength and
BMR FOR WOMEN=(10 x weight in kg) + (6.25 endurance.
x height in cm) - (5 x age in years) – 161 kcal/day. Chair sit and reach test for lower body
flexibility.
Q.3. What is the average calorie requirement for a
Back scratch test for upper body flexibility.
normal adult person in a day? Eight foot up and go test for coordination and
Q.4. Explain in short about the purpose of Senior agility.
Citizen Fitness Test. Six-minutes-walk test for aerobic fitness and
endurance.
Ans. Roberta Rikli and Dr. Jessie Jones prepared this
Q. 2. How is Chair Stand Test conducted?
fitness test and the main purpose to construct
Ans. Put a chair against a wall to keep it from moving
Senior Citizen Fitness Test is to assess physical or causing accidental fall. The subject is made to sit
fitness of senior citizens. on the chair with both feet away from each other
Q.5. List down the names of fitness components at a length of own shoulders. The wrists are held
assessed in Senior Citizen physical fitness test. in a crossed position and held close to the chest.
Ans. Physical fitness components of senior citizen At the signal of the person taking the test, the
fitness tests are as follows: subject stands up completely and then sits back
(a) lower body strength. completely. The process is repeated for 30 seconds.
(b) upper body strength and endurance.
One complete cycle means standing up completely
and sitting back. The number of completed cycles in
(c) lower body flexibility. 30 seconds are awarded as final score.
(d) upper body flexibility.
Q.3. How is the test for agility conducted?
(e) coordination and agility.
Ans. Eight foot up and go test is conducted for agility as
(f) aerobic fitness and endurance. given below:
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 117

Place the chair next to a wall for safety and place Q. 2. List down the test items of Rikli and Jones fitness
the marker eight feet in front of the chair. Clear the test and explain the procedure of any one.
path between the chair and the marker. The subject (Delhi/Outside Delhi 2020)
starts fully seated, hands resting on the knees and
OR
feet flat on the ground. On the command Go the
stopwatch is started and the subject starnds and What are the components of Rikli and Jones Test?
Explain the purpose and procedure of any one
walks (no running) as quickly as possible to and test. (Delhi 2019)
around the cone, returning to the chair to sit down.
Q.4.Calculate BMR of a 50 year old adult male with Ans. Rikli and Jones Test is a test for senior citizens. It
has the following test items:
height of 171 cm. 1.Chair stand test
Ans. Calculation of BMR 2. Arm curl test
(a) Gender of the person - Male 3. Chair sit and reach test
(b) Age of the person -50 years 4. Back scratch test
(c) Height of the person - 171 cm 5. Eight foot up and go test
BMR = (10 x weight in kg) + (6.25 x height in 6. Six-minute walk test
cm) - (5 X age in years) + 5 kcal/day Six-minute walk test:
BMR = (10 x 50 kg) + (6.25 x 171cm) -(5 x 50 Purpose: This test helps in early identification of
years) + 5 kcal/day participants at risk. The individual's health and
BMR = 500 + 1068.75- 250 + 5 fitness level can be known better with the help
BMR = 1568.75 - 245 of this test or to check aerobic fitness/aerobic
endurance of a person.
BMR = 1324 kcal/day
Equipment: a stop watch and measuring tape.
Walking course in a rectangular area of 50 yards
Commonly Made Error or 45.72 mts.
20 yards
Sometimes students do not convert unit of feet 5yards
into cm and pounds in kg. 5yards
Procedure:
Answering Tip Start 20 yards.
The person has to walk the maximum distance
as quickly as possible for six minutes. He/she
Always calculate BMR with weight in kg and
may stop at any time if desires so.
height in cm.
The total distance covered in six minutes is
Q.5. How BMR analysis is essential for maintaining recorded to the nearest yards/meters.
totalenergy requirement in daily lifestyle? (Any other test procedure explained from above
mentioned six itenms)
Short Answer Type [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Questions-II (3 marks each)
Detailed Answer:
Q.1. Explain the procedure for administering any Rikli and Jones prepared various physical fitness
tests for senior citizens. Senior citizens can't do
three test items of Rikli and Jones Test. exhaustive workouts. That is why, easy tests
(CBSE SQP 2019-20) prepared for different body parts are given as:
Ans. Senior Citizen Fitness Test-Rikli And Jones(any (a) Chair Stand test for lower body strength.
(b) Arm Curl test for upper body strength
three)
endurance.
(a) Chair Stand test for Lower Body Strength (c) Chair sit and reach test for lower body flexibility.
(b) Arm Curl test for Upper Body Strength (d) Back scratch test for upper body flexibility.
(c) Chair Sit and Reach test for Lower Body (e) Eight foot up and go test for coordination and
Flexibility agility.
(d) Back Scratch test for Upper Body Flexibility () Six-minute walk test for aerobic fitness and
endurance.
(e) Eight Foot Up and Go Test for Agility Chair Stand Test for Lower Body strength:
() Six-minute walk test for Aerobic Endurance Purpose: This test assesses leg strength and
(CBSE SQP Marking Scheme 2019-20) endurance of senior citizens.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

118 swaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION,Class-XII

• Equipment Required: A straight or folding chair all) as quickly as possible towards the cone, turns
without arm rests (seat 17 inches or 44 cm high) around and returns to the chair to sit down. Time
and a stopwatch. is noted as he/she sits down on the chair. Two
Procedure: Put a chair against a wall to keep it trials are given per participant.
from moving or causing accidental fall. The subject
(CBSE Marking Scheme 2018)
is made to sit on the chair with both feet away from
each other at a length of own shoulders. The wrists Q.4. Explain the procedure of six minute walk test.
are held in a crossed position and held close to the
AO[CBSE SQP 2018]
chest. At the signal of the person taking the test,
the subject stands up completely and then sits back Ans. Six Minute Walk test for aerobic endurance:
completely. The process is repeated for 30 seconds. Purpose: This test measures aerobic fitness.
One complete cycle means standing up completely Equipment Required: Measuring tape to
and sitting back. mark out the track distances, stop watch
The number of completed cycles in 30 seconds is and chairs positioned for testing.
awarded as final score. Procedure: The walking course is laid
Norms for Men out in a 50 yards 45.7 metres rectangular
Below Above area (dimension 45 x 5 yards) with cones
Age Average
average average placed at regular intervals to indicate
60-64 < 14 14 to 19 > 19 distance walked. The aim of this test is to
< 12 12 to 18 > 18
walk as quickly as possible for six minutes
65-69
to cover as much ground as possible.
70-74 < 12 12 to 17 > 17 Scoring: Measure in metres the distance
75-79 < 11 11 to 17 > 17 covered by a person in six minutes.
80-84 < 10 10 to 15 > 15 Q. 5. Write in detail about the need of BMR
85-89 <8 8 to 14 > 14 assessment for the proper calorie intake.
7 to 12 > 12 Ans. BMR is largely determined by your total lean
90-94 <7 mass, especially muscle mass, because lean
Norms for Women mass requires a lot of energy to maintain.
Below Above Anything that reduces lean nmass will reduce
Age Average your BMR. BMR is the total number of
average average
60-64 < 12 12 to 17 > 17 calories that our body requires to perform
< 11 to 16 > 16 basic functions such as breathing, circulation,
65-69 11
digestion, nutrient processing and protein
70-74 < 10 10 to 15 > 15
synthesis. A male person age of 34 years with
75-79 < 10 10 to 15 > 15 50 kg weight and 175 cm height requires 1509
80-84 <9 9 to 14 > 14 kcal/day.
85-89 <8 8 to 13 > 13
Long Answer Type
90-94 <4 4 to 11 > 11 Questions (5 markS each)
Q.3. Explain the "Eight Foot Up and Go" Test for
measuring agility and dynamic balance. Q.1. Write the administration and procedure of Arm
(CBSE 2018) Curl Test.
Ans. Arm Curl Test: Purpose: It is a test of upper body
Ans. "Eight foot up and go" strength and is designed to test the functional
Purpose: fitness of seniors.
This test helps to evaluate speed, agility and Equipment required: 2 kg for women, 3.5 kg for
dynamic balance. men, a chair without armrests, stopwatch.
Equipment required: Procedure: The aim of this test is to do as many arm
A chair about 44 inches high, a stopwatch,cone/ curls as possible in 30 seconds. This test is conducted
on the dominant arnm side (or stronger side). The
marker, measuring tape, and an area without
any hindrance. subject sits on the chair, holding the weight in the
Procedure: hand using a suitcase grip (palm facing towards the
body) with the arm in a vertically down position
Keep a chair next to the wall and place the cone beside the chair. Brace the upper arm against the
/marker 8 feet away in front of the chair. The body so that only the lower arm is moving (tester
participant is initially completely seated, hands may assist to hold the upper arm steady). Curl the
resting on the knees and feet on the ground. arm up through a full range of motion, gradually
On the command go, stop watch is switched on turning the palm up (flexion with supination).
and the participant starts walking (no running at As the arm is lowered through the full range of
motion, gradually return to the starting position.
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 119

The arnm must be fully bent and then fully then perform it twice. A cane or walker may be used
straightened at the elbow. Repeat this action as if that is the usual mode of walking. Push-off from the
many times as possible within 30 seconds. chair is allowed.
The protocol describes the administrator's hand Scoring: Take the best time of the two trials to the
being placed on the biceps and the lower arm must nearest M0th second.
touch the tester's hand for a full bicep curl to be Q.4. Write in detail about the BMR with its importance
counted. In a group situation, you could simnply and its computation.
emphasize that the attendee's forearms touch their Ans. BMR was introduced to the world by James Arthur
bicep and ensure they count their own repetitions.
Harris and Francis Gano Benedict. So, the equation
Q.2. Write the administration and procedure of chair is popularly known as the Harris-Benedict formula.
stand test.
A new equation was formulated in 1990, which is
Ans. Chair Stand Test:
Purpose: This test assesses leg strength and known as the Mifflin-St. George equation.
endurance of Senior Citizens. P= (10.0 X m/1 kg) + (6.25 x /lcm) - (5.00 x a/1
Equipment required: Straight back chair without year) + S
arm rests (seat 44 cm high), stopwatch. Here:
Procedure: Place the chair against a wall or P= total energy output during rest(BMR)
otherwise stabilise it for safety. The subject sits in M= weight ofthe person in kgs
the middle of the seat, with the feet shoulder width H=height of the concerned person
apart, flat on the floor. The arms are to be crossed A = age of the incumbent
at the wrists and held close to the chest. From the S = constant which is +5 for males and -161 for
sitting position, the subject stands completely up, females
then completely sits back down, and this is repeated
for 30 seconds. Count the total number of complete
Important functioning of BMR
(a) It is used to calculate the calorie intake of a
chair stands (up and down equals one stand). If the person during rest.
subject has completed a full stand from the sitting (b) This is an important tool to know activity level
position when the time is elapsed, the finalstand is
counted in the total. and a way to maintain a healthy body weight.
(c) BMR is how much energy per unit of time
Scoring: The score is the number of completed that an individual requires to keep the body
chair stands in 30 seconds. working very still.
Q.3. Write the administration and procedure of Eight (d) BMR influences the rate that an individual
Foot up and go test. consumes calories and eventually whether that
Ans. Eight Foot up and go test. individual keeps up with, gains, or gets thinner.
Purpose: This test measures speed, agility and (e) The basal metabolic rate represents around 60
balance of Senior Citizens while moving. to 75% of the day-by-day calorie consumption
Equipment required: Stopwatch, straight back by people.
chair (seat 44 cm high), cone/ marker, measuring
tape, area clear of obstacles.
Procedure: Place the chair next to a wall(for safety) Commonly Made Error
and the marker 8 feet in front of the chair. Clear the
path between the chair and the marker. The subject Students often get confused between BMR and
starts fully seated, hands resting on the knees and BMI.
feet flat on the ground. On the command, "Go",
time is started and the subject stands and walks (no
running) as quickly as possible (and safely) to and Answering Tip
around the cone, returning to the chair to sit down.
Time stops as they sit down. Perform two trials. BMI shows weight category and BMR shows
Comments: For best results, practice the test once, and the average calorie intake per day.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

retirement, he settled with his son spending
Case based MCOs time with his grandchildrern. Now a days he is
experiencing difficulty in doing certain chores which
I. Read the passage and answer the questions that involves physical movement. [CBSE QB 2021]
follow by choosing the correct option: Q.1. Which of the following tests would you
Mr. Lakshman, aged 65 years worked as a civil recommend to check Mr. Lakshman's fitness?
engineer in a construction company. He had (A) Harvard Step test (B) Rikli & Jones test
to walk and climb a lot as part of his job. After (C) AAHPERD test (D) Rock Port test
<br>

120 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Ans. Option (B) is correct. Case based Subjective

Explanation: Rikli & Jones test is used to measure Questions
the fitness level of senior citizens and Mr. Lakshnan
(age 65 years) is a senior citizen. I. Read the below passage and answer the following
Q. 2. How many series of tests are there in the questions:
prescribed fitness test for Mr. Lakshman? Ram is going regularly to the park near his home in
(A) 8 (B) 6 the morning. He found that many old people have
some or the other type of fitness problem in terms
(C) 5 (D) 4 of flexibility and strength. He decides to check the
Ans. Option (B) is correct. fitness level of such people in the park.
Explanation: These tests are Chair Stand test, Arm AO (CBSE SQP 2017)
Curl Test, Chair sit and reach test, Back scratch test, Q.1. Which test can be useful for measuring of old
Eight-foot up and go test and Six-minutes-walk test.
people physical fitness?
Q.3. Chair sit & reach testis done to check Ans. Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen test can be used to
(A) Agility (B) Speed assess old people physical fitness.
(C) Flexibility (D) Strength Q. 2. How can Ram measure flexibility of old people?
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Ans. Chair Sit and reach test and Back scratch test can be
used by Ram to measure flexibility of old people.
Explanation: Chair Sit and Reach Test is done to
Q.3. Mention the name of test for measuring strength of
measure lower body flexibility. old age people.
Q.4. Pick the odd one out: Ans. Arm curl and Chair stand test can be used to
(A) Arm curl test (B) Chair stand test measure the strength of old age people.
(C) 6 min walk test (D) Partial curl up II. Read the below passage and answer the following
questions:
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Rudra is working on a project to collect data for
Explanation: Partial Curl Up is a general motor assessing Physical Fitness amongst Senior Citizens
fitness test and is a part of AAHPERD test battery. at his residential complex. He plans to administer
Rest all are part of Rikli and Jones test. test for assessing Lower Body Flexibility, Upper
Body Flexibility and Lower Body Strength.
Q.5. The 8 foot up & go test, as shown in the picture (CBSE SQP 2020)
performed to assess
(A) agility (B) endurance
Q.1. Suggest the name of test for measuring upper and
lower body flexibility.
(C) speed (D) strength Ans. (a) Back scratch test for upper body flexibility
Ans. Option (A)is correct. (b) Chair sit and reach test for lower body flexibility.
Explanation: Eight foot up and go test is used to Q.2. Write in short about the administration of lower
measure speed, agility and balance while moving body assessment of senior citizens.
for senior citizens. Ans. Chair Sit and Reach Test for lower body flexibility:
II. Read the passage and answer the questions that Purpose: This measures lower body flexibility.
follow by choosing the correct option: Equipment Required: Ruler, straight back or
foiding chair (seat 17 inches/44 cm high)
Rajesh went to an old age home on the occasion
Procedure: In the test, the subject sits on the
of his birthday. At that time, all the inmates in edge of a chair with the feet flat on the floor.
the home were assembled in one place. When he Place the hands on top of each other in a way
enquired, they replied that they have a physical that both middle fingers are on top of each
fitness test. [CBSE QB 2021] other and the tips are touching. The subject is
Q.1. Give any one standard physical fitness test for then required to exhale and bend towards the
senior citizen toes keeping the straight back and head up.
(A) Push ups (B) Standing Broad jump The subject is not allowed to bounce or jerk the
body. The position is maintained for 2 seconds
(C) Zig zag run
and score awarded for both men and women
(D) Eight foot up and go test differently on the basis of the distance between
Ans. Option (D) is correct. the middle finger tips and the toes.
Explanation: The Eight Foot Up and Go test is a Q.3. Why flexibility plays a major role in daily routine
part of Rikli and Jones test series for measuring work of senior citizens?
fitness level of senior citizens. Ans. In old age stage, mobility of joint, stretchability
Q.2. Chair stand test is used for measuring the of muscles, ligaments and tendons functional
efficiency reduces.
(A) Lower body strength (B) Upper body test
It reflects daily routine work also. Flexibility is
(C) Aerobic fitness (D) Anaerobic fitness an essential physical fitness component for the
Ans. Option (A) is correct. fundamental movements of the body.
Q.3. The weight of dumbbells in Arm Curl test for men is III. Read the below passage and answer the following
(A) 5
pounds (B) 4 pounds questions:
(C) 8
pounds (D) 10 pounds Ashok is a national level badminton player. He
Ans. Option (C) is correct. asked to his coach how to manage his calorie intake
<br>

TEST AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS 121

for the maintenance of proper energy level in off Q.3. Write in short about BMR and its process of
season. Coach suggested him to check his BMR to computation.
know how much calorie is needed per day in off
Ans. BMR refers to Basal Metabolic Rate and it was
season.
Q.1. How much BMR is reliable to check required
introduced to the world by James Arthur Harris
and Francis Gano Benedict. This is an important
calorie? toolto understand your activity leveland a way to
Ans. The BMR is reliable and trustworthy tool to calculate maintain a healthy body weight.
the calorie intake of a person during rest. This is an Calculation of BMR
important tool to understarnd your activity level P= (10.0 x m/1 kg) + (6.25 x h/lcm) - (5.00 x a/1
and a way to maintain a healthy body weight. year) + s
Q.2. Write about the suggestion given by coach to Here:
Ashok. P=total energy output during rest(BMR)
Ans. Ashok asked his coach about the management of M= weight of the person in kgs
H=
calorie intake for proper energy level during off height of the concerned person
season. Coach suggested him to check BMR which A = age of the incumbent
is very useful to know about the calorie intake of a s = constant which is +5 for males and -161 for
person during rest.
females

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-1)

Multiple Choice Questions Short Answer Type Questions-ll
Ans. 5: Option (A) is correct. Ans. 5: Advantages of sit and reach test:
Assertion & Reason (i) It is a feasible test to conduct.
Ans. 2: Option (B) is correct. (ii) It can be performed with much less effort.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (ii) It is a simple and trouble-free test for flexibility.
Ans. 3: Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3 and age group
9-18yrs/ class 4-12 are assessed by SAI Khelo India
Fitness Test.

Solutions for Practice Question (Topic-2)

Multiple Choice Questions Short Answer Type Questions-!
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
1: Ans. 5: BMR analysis is helpful for a person who is
trying to manage their weight. If a person is trying
Explanation: Arm Curl Test for Upper Body Strength to lose weight, calculate their BMR which would
measures the upper body strength and endurance.
help them to figure out how many calories to cut
Very Short Answer Type Questions out each day.
Ans. 3: A normal adult person requires 1560 Kcal/
day for normal daily routine work.

REFLECTIONS
(a) Are you now able to check the physical fitness level of your grandmother/grandfather and neighbors by Rikli
and Jones Senior Citizen test?
<br>

UNIT PHYSIOLOGY
ANDINJURIES
7 IN SPORTS
List of Topics
Topic-1: Physiological
Factors Determining
the Components of
E Physiological factors determining components
Syllabus of physical fitness, Effect of exercise on
Physical Fitness

Muscular System Effect of exercise on Page No. 124

Cardio-Respiratory System • Sports injuries: Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries Topic-2: Effect of
Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain; Bone & Joint Injuries - Exercise on Muscular
Dislocation, Fractures - Green Stick, Comminuted, Transverse, Oblique & Impacted) System
Page No. 130

In this chapter you will study Topic-3: Effect of Exer

cise on Cardio Respira
Physiological factors determining the components of physical fitness.
Effect of exercise on Muscular System. tory System
Effect of exercise on Cardio-Respiratory System.
Page No. 135
Sports injuries: Classification and types.
Topic-4: Sports Injuries
Page No. 140

Physiological Factors Determining the

Topic-1 Components of Physical Fitness
Concepts Covered • Physiological factors determining Strength, Speed, Endurance,
Flexibility.

Revision Notes
The components of Physical Fitness like strength, are found to be stronger in comparison to
speed, endurance, flexibility, etc., can be determined females for the reason that they have larger
with the help of various physiological factors. and bigger muscles.
I. Physiological Factors Determining Strength: (ii) Body Weight: Body weight determines the
(i) Muscle Size: The size of the muscle is largely strength of an individual as well. It is known
that the heavier individuals are stronger in
responsible for the strength of the muscle. It is
an acknowledged actuality that more force can comparison to the lighter individuals. Among
be produced by bigger and larger muscles. In
international weight lifters, there is a positive
males and females, the similar size of muscle correlation involving body weight and strength
as because of this, the heavier weight lifters lift
produces the similar force even though males
heavy weights.
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 125

and

Reserves
composition
Level
strength

impulse power
environment Third
Biochemical

composition
Flexibility metabolic
Explosive
nerve strength gender Map
Muscle structure

Level
Muscle
Mind
weight
of Muscle
and Internal
Intensity
• • • • Second

Muscle Joint
of Age the
Body
Size
Trace
• • • •

• • • • strength Level

speed flexibility

for First

determining
for
Factors

Factors
determining
for
Factors determining

displaced)
displaced)

economy
composition
tolerance
(Partially (Completely
endurance
transport

injury Physiology Jnjuies uptake reserves

Injury intake
spoto
for Movement

injuries
injuries Subluxation
acid
tissues Factors
determining Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Muscle
Sports Energy
Luxation Lactic

Soft
Bone Joint
and in • • • • • •

• •

on Cardio-Respiratory

Exercise

system

of
Effects

changes

muscles

tissues

blood muscle

active
respiration increases

posture of connective

capacity capacity
of
movement

become
volume
increases redistributed increases of
shape
muscles
body storage
increases

air of air
plasma
tidal rate
alveolus
and Efficient
in
Change
pressure output vital Correct
volume
Toned
Food
Size
rate
Increases
flow
in in
Cardiac Increase
Decrease
in
Increase
•Unused
• • • • • •
Stroke
Heart Blood Blood

• • • • • • • • •
<br>

126 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

(iii) Muscle Composition: It can be said that II. Physiological Factors Determining Endurance:
the proportion of the fibres determines the (i) Aerobic Capacity: The muscles require energy
strength. Fundamentally, each muscle consists to perform an activity continuously which
of two types of muscle fibres i.e., white fibres can be supplied in the presence of oxygen.
(fast twitch fibres) and red fibres (slow twitch Therefore, for endurance performance, the
fibres). The fast twitch fibres produce more ability to uphold the sufficient supply of
force as they can contract faster. On the other oxygen to the working muscles for energy
hand, the slow twitch fibres are capable to liberation is vital.
contract for a longer duration as they do not
(ii) Lactic Acid Tolerance: The ability to tolerate
contract faster. The muscles which can produce
more strength have more percentage of fast higher concentration of lactic acid can help in
improving endurance perfornmance and is a
twitch fibres.
vital factor in determining anaerobic capacity.
II. Physiological Factors Determining Speed: For activities that last for about 40 seconds or
() Explosive Strength: Explosive strength is more, the lactic acid tolerance is important.
essential for all rapid and explosive movements. (iii) Movement Economy: For significant endurance
Explosive strength depends on the muscle performance, the movenments performed
composition, size, co-ordination and on the should be economical. With less energy
metabolic process as well. Apart from muscle expenditure, a runner can run at a set speed
composition, the left behind factors can be for longer duration. In endurance sports, a
developed in the course of training which good technique can save energy.
eventually increases the speed upto a limited
IV. Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility:
extent.
(ii) Flexibility: Flexibility enables complete (i) Muscle strength: To make the movement
possible, especially against gravity or external
utilisation of explosive strength as well. To
some point, flexibility determines the speed force, the muscles should havve a bare minimum
as well. Actually, flexibility allows utmost level of strength. In reality, Scan to know
for achieving the higher more about
range of movement with not much of internal this topic
range of movement, feeble
resistance.
muscles can become a
(iii) Bio-Chemical Reserves and Metabolic Power:
limiting factor. Strength
The muscles need more quantity of energy
of muscles is extremely
at an extremely high rate of utilisation for Physiological
trainable, hence, it can Factors
maximum speed performance and for this improve the flexibility. Determining the
reason the phosphagen ATP and CP stored in Components of
Physical Fitness
the muscles should be sufficient. The muscles (ii) Joint structure: In human
contraction due to inadequate energy supply body, there are numerous
turn out to be slow after a short time, if ATP types of joints. A number of joints intrinsically
and CP are less in quantity, in contracting have a larger range of motion in comparison to
muscles. The energy supply depends on others. For instance, the ball and socket joint
definite enzymes which increase the metabolic of the shoulder has the maximum range of
power. Training can enhance the amount of motion in contrast to a knee joint.
ATP and CP. (iii) Previous Injury: Thickening or fibrosing
on the affected spot may result in injuries to
-P Key Words connective tissues and muscles. Since, fibrous
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate tissues are less elastic, it can lead to limb
CP: Phosphocreatine shortening and eventually towards reduced
flexibility.
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 127

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

A Multiple Choice Questions Explanation: Explosive strength is a combination of
strength and speed and it is essential for all rapid
Q.1. The amount of oxygen which can be absorbed and and explosive movements.
Q.7. The ball and socket joint of the
consumed by the working muscles from blood is has
called the maximum range of motion.
(A) Oxygen intake (A) shoulder (B) neck
(B) Oxygen transport () ship (D) jaw
(C) Oxygen uptake Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(D) Energy reserve (CBSE SQP 2019-20) Explanation: The ball and socket joint is a kind of
Ans. Option (C) is correct. freely movable joint which has the maximum range
of motion.
[CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020]
Q. 8. The components of Physical Fitness like
Explanation: Oxygen uptake is the internal
strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, etc., can be
functioning of respiratory system.
determined with the help of various
Q.2. Which of these physiological factors determine factors.
strength? (A) mental
(A) Explosive strength (B) physiological
(B) Flexibility
(C) physical
() Muscle composition (D) psychological
(D) Aerobic capacity Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Physiology is the study of the
Explanation: Muscles are responsible for releasing functioning of various systems of the human body.
strength and power needed in body for any Q.9. Physiological factors determine speed and:
physical task.
[CBSE SQP 2020-21]
Q.3. The ability to tolerate higher concentration of (A) Explosive strength
can help in improving endurance (B) Body weight
performance. (C) Muscle composition
(A) Hydrochloric acid (D) BothA &C
(B) Lactic acid Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(C) Acetic acid Q. 10. bone comes out of socket in hip
dislocation. [CBSE SQP 2020-21
(D) Sulphuric acid
Q.4. The term aerobic means (A) Femur (B) Humerus
(C) Tibia (D) Fibula
(A) With oxygen
(B) Withoutoxygen Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 11.
Dislocation is related to:
(C) With water
[CBSE SQP 2020-21]
(D)Without water (A) Bone injury (B) Skin Injury
Ans. Option (A)is correct. (C) Muscular Injury (D) Joint injury
Explanation: Activities performed in the presence of Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Oxygen is known as aerobic activities. Q. 12. Fracture where a part of broken bone enters
Q.5. The fibers produce more force as another bone [CBSE SP 2020-21]
they can contract faster. (A) Simple fracture
(A) food (B) slow twitch (B) Compound fracture
(C) muscle (D) fast twitch (C) Impacted fracture
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (D) Green stick fracture
Explanation: Fast Twitch fibers has quality to Ans. Option (B) is correct.
contract at a faster rate to perform anaerobic type of
activities. BAssertion Reason &

Q. 6. is essential for all rapid and explosive Directions : In the following questions, a statement
movements. of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
(A) Explosive strength Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(B) Metabolic power (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason
(C) Flexibility (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(D) None of these (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

128 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Reason (R): Explosive strength depends on the
Assertion (A). muscle composition, size, co-ordination and on the
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. metabolic process as well.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.1. Assertion (A): The size of the muscle is largely Explanation: Explosive strength is the combination
responsible for the strength of the muscle. of strength and speed. It is required for all the rapid
Reason (R): It is an acknowledged actuality that and explosive movements of the body.
more force can be produced by bigger and larger Q.4. Assertion (A): The slow twitch fibres are capable to
muscles. contract for a longer duration.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Reason (R): Red muscle fibres are able to contract
Explanation: Big and strong muscles can produce at a faster rate.
more force and power. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q.2. Assertion (A): Among international weight lifters, Explanation: Slow twitch fibres are red in color and
there is a positive correlation involving body not able to contract fast.
weight and strength. Q.5. Assertion (A): Fibrous tissues are less elastic, it can
Reason (R): The heavier individuals are stronger in lead to limb shortening and eventually to reduced
comparison to the lighter individuals. flexibility.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Reason (R): Elasticity and stretchability of muscles
Explanation: Heavier individuals are stronger due are the properties of muscles and are responsible
to their powerful muscles and body structure. for the flexibility of joints.
Q.3. Assertion (A): Explosive strength is essential for all Ans. Option (B) is correct.
rapid and explosive movements. Explanation: Type of tissues and muscular
properties are both responsible for flexibility.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

endurance performance, the ability to uphold the
Very Short Answer Type sufficient supply of oxygen to the working muscles
Questions (1 mark each) for energy liberation is vital.
Q.3. How joint structure impacts athlete sports
0.1. What is the rate of normal heart beat of an adult? performance?
Ans. The normal heart rate of an adult is 72 beats per
Ans. Joint structure impacts on sports performance of
minute.
athlete. Increasing the quality of feedback from
Q. 2. What is Physiology? your joints to your brain results in increase in
Ans. Physiology is the study of the functioning of various muscle power, flexibility, contraction speed and
body systems. reflexes, and accuracy of movement. In human
Q.3. Enlist the components of physical fitness. body, there are numerous types of joints. A number
Ans. Strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. of joints intrinsically have a larger range of motion
Q.4. Define Lactic acid threshold. in comparison to others. For instance, the ball and
Ans. The Lactate threshold is the intensity of exercise at socket joint of the shoulder has the maximum range
which lactic acid, or lactate begins to accumulate of motion in contrast to a knee joint.
within the blood. Q.4. How previous injuries are responsible for the lack
Q. 5. How movement economy is important to increase of flexibility?
endurance? Ans. Previous Injury: Thickening or fibrosing on the
Ans. With less energy expenditure, a runner can run at a affected spot may result in injuries to connective
set speed for longer duration. In endurance sports, tissues and muscles. Since, fibrous tissues are less
a good technique can save energy. elastic, it can lead to limb shortening and eventually
to reduced flexibility.
Short Answer Type
Questions-I (2 marks each) Short Answer Type
Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q.1. What is the difference between lactate threshold
and lactate tolerance? Q.1. Explain 'Muscle Composition' as a physiological
Ans. Lactate Threshold training is aimed at delaying factor for determining endurance.
acidosis. Lactate Tolerance training is aimed at Ans. Muscle Composition: For endurance or aerobic
coping with acidosis.
activities, the slow twitch fibres are best utilised.
Q.2. What is Aerobic Capacity?
These generate small level of force for extensive
Ans. Aerobic Capacity: The muscles require energy to
period of time, this makes the fibres suited for
perform an activity continuously which can be
supplied in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, for endurance activities. Actually, in muscles of the
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 129

leg, the elite marathon runners have been reported endurance performance and is a vital factor in
to have greater than 90 percentage of slow twitch determining anaerobic capacity. For activities that
fibers. The proportions of the slow twitch fibers are last for about 40 seconds or more, the lactic acid
genetically regulated. tolerance is importarnt.
Q.2. Explain any three physiological factors Long Answer Type
determining flexibility. Questions
Ans. Three physiological factors deternining flexibility
(5 marks each)
are: Q.1. Describe physiological factors determining
(i)) Age and Gender: The flexibility is determined components of physical fitness.
by gender, and females are likely to be more Ans. Physiological factors determining components of
flexible than males. With the advancement physical fitness are:
of age, the flexibility decreases. Though, it is (i) Muscular Strength: It is the maximum force
trainable. or tension, a muscle or a muscle group can
(ii) Internal environment: This flexibility is influ exert against a resistance. Physiologically, the
muscle will increase in strength only if it has to
enced by the internal environment of the ath
lete. For instance, body temperature and flex
increase its workload beyond what is ordinarily
required of it.
ibility increase in a warm bath of 10 minutes
(ii) Power: It is the ability of the body to release
but, it reduces at 10°C outside for a stay of 10
minutes. maximum muscle contraction in the shortest
possible time.
(iii) Stretch ability of Muscles: Muscles have to (iii) Speed: It is the rapidity with which one can
contract to perform the movement at a joint. repeat successive movements of the same
The stretch ability of muscles is trainable up pattern.
to certain degree. The muscles tend to get (iv) Muscular Endurance: It is the ability of a
shorter if these are not regularly stretched, it muscle or a muscle group to perform repeated
finally leads to a confinement in the range of contractions against a resistance/load or to
movement at a possible point.
sustain contraction for an extended period
Q.3. What is the role of flexibilityin speed performance of time with less discomfort and nmore rapid
activities. recovery.
Ans. Flexibility allows utmost range of movements with
(v) Flexibility: It is the quality of the muscle
not much of internal resistance. Flexibility enables
ligaments and tendons that enables the joints
complete utilisation of explosive strength as well.
Tosome point, flexibility determines the speed as of the body to move easily through a complete
well. range of movements. (1x5 = 5)
Q.2. What is Aerobic capacity? Write down the factors
of 'aerobic capacity'.
Commonly Made Error Ans. Aerobic Capacity: Refer Revision Notes, "Physiological
Factors Determining ndurance", pg. 159.
Students write about the flexibility in this
question. The aerobic capacity depends upon the following
factors:
(i) Oxygen Intake: It is the quantity of oxygen
Answering Tip which the lungs take from atmosphere. For
achieving higher VO2 max, this anount should
Students must write about the role of flexibility be more. The intake of oxygen depends on
in the improvement of speed. the size of the lungs and chest cavity, number
Q. 4. Explain any two physiological factors determining of active alveoli, strength of the respiratory
endurance: muscles, etc., which further depends on the
Ans. Physiological Factors Determining Endurance: vital capacity.
(i) Aerobic Capacity: The muscles require energy to
(ii) Oxygen Transport: From lungs, the amount of
perform an activity continuously which can be oxygen taken into blood has to be transported to
supplied in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, for
endurance performance, the ability to uphold the the working muscles. The transport of oxygen
sufficient supply of oxygen to the working muscles depends on the circulatory system to carry this
for energy liberation is vital. quickly to the working muscles. The amount
(ii) LacticAcid Tolerance: The ability to tolerate higher of oxygen absorbed into the blood depends
concentration of lactic acid can help in improving on the speed of blood flow through the lungs
<br>

130 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

and on the blood haemoglobin, which is about Q.3. Write a note on physiological factors determining
14-15% in sports persons. The transportation speed.
of oxygenated blood depends on the capacity Ans. Physiological Factors Determining Speed:
of the heart which can be improved through (i)) Explosive Strength: Explosive strength is essential
training. for all rapid and explosive movements. Explosive
strength depends on the muscle composition, size,
(ii) Oxygen Uptake: From the blood, the amount co-ordination and on the metabolic process as well.
of oxygen absorbed and consumed by the Apart fronm muscle composition, the left behind
working muscle is called oxygen uptake. The factors can be developed in the course of training
oxygen uptake in the muscle cell depends upon
which eventually increases the speed upto limited
the rate of diffusion i.e., the speed of blood flow, extent.
temperature, partial pressure of oxygen and (ii) Flexibility: Flexiblity enables complete utilisation of
CO, in the blood. Up to some extent through
explosive strength as well. To some point, flexibility
training, this speed and amount of oxygen determines the speed as well. Actually, flexibility
consumption can be improved as these depend allows utmost range of movement with not much
on the number, size and metabolic capacity of
of internal resistance.
the mitochondria.
(iii) Bio-Chemical Reserves and Metabolic Power:
(iv) Energy reserves: The aerobic capacity depends The muscles need more quantity of energy at an
on the availability of energy to the muscle for extremely high rate of utilization for maximum
the activity. So, the aerobic capacity depends speed performance and for this reason the
upon the muscle glycogen and sugar level in phosphagen ATP and CP stored in the muscles
the blood. Fatigue occurs if the muscle glycogen should be sufficient. The muscles contraction due to
level decreases lower than certain level. The inadequate energy supply turnout to be slow after
muscle glycogen and liver glycogen reserves a short time, if ATP and CP are less in contracting
are vital for long duration activities. Fats can muscles. The energy supply depends on definite
also be used as energy fuels in extremely long enzymes which increase the metabolic power.
duration activities. 5 Training can enhance the amount of ATP and CP.

Effect of Exercise on Muscular System

Topic-2 Concepts Covered •Muscular System and Efjects of exercises on the physiology of
muscular system.

Revision Notes
> In our body, there are 650 muscles producing a > Muscle Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is an increase
particular movement. Muscles, with the help of in width of individual muscle fibre. The size of
bones, help our body to move. The cardiac muscles the muscle fibre is usually responsible for gain in
producing a particular movement help to pump strength and muscular endurance. Weight training
blood throughout our body. These are important causes the hypertrophy of muscles.
muscle contractions: > Biochemical Changes in Muscles:
(i) IsotonicContraction Alteration in Aerobic Capacity:
(ii) Isonmetric Contraction (i)) Amount of mitochondria increases
(ii) Isokinetic Contraction consequently producing more muscular
(i)) Isotonic contraction: It is a type of muscle energy.
contraction in which, while lifting a constant (iü) Breakdown of carbohydrates and fat increases.
load, the muscle shortens with different tensions. (iii) Oxygen binding compound called Myoglobin,
(ii) Isometriccontraction: It is a muscle contraction found in muscle tissues, increases.
in which there is no change in the length of the (iv) Quantity of glycogen store increases
muscle though the tension is developed. consequently because of training, which is vital
(iii) Isokinetic contraction: It is a muscle contraction for energy production in the muscles.
performed at an unvarying pace. Moreover, in Alterations in Anaerobic Capacity:
such a way, that muscle tension develops while (i) ATP + CP System capacity increases in a way
shortening in maximal more than the complete
range of joint motion. releasing more energy.
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 131

(i) Asaresult of training, glycolytic capacity increases in micro-tears in muscle fibres. The body responds
as well. by repairing the muscle fibres and making them
> Body Composition Changes: larger. When a muscle gets bigger, the process is
(i) The body composition changes significantly, but called hypertrophy.
in case of majority of individuals, weight training Long term effects of Exercise on Muscular system:
produces little or no change in the total body
1. Hypertrophy of Muscle: Scientific and systematic
weight.
exercise leads to increase in thickness of muscle
(ii) The muscle mass increases.
fibres that results in increase in muscle size also
(ii) Alteration in muscle and joint motion occurs. known as muscle hypertrophy.
(iv) Flexibility increases as a result of training, thereby
enhancing the performance and preventing serious 2. Increases in Strength of Ligaments and Tendons:
muscle injury. regular exercise helps to strengthen bones,
(v) There can be a noteworthy loss of relative and ligaments and tendons. This helps prevent injury
absolute body fat. and promotes performance.
3. Increase in Size and Number of Mitochondria:
Short Term Effect of Exercises on Muscular system:
Aerobic exercises leads to increase in size and
1. Increased blood supply: During exercise, in order numbers of mitochondria and which take in more
to match demand of fuel to muscle, the supply oxygen and produce more ATP and energy.
or concentration of blood increases in the whole
body or, in the particular muscle group where 4. Increase in Myoglobin Storage: Long term
activity is largely impacted. effect of aerobic exercise is to increase the storage
of myoglobin which transports oxygen to
2. Increased muscle temperature: During exercises mitochondria. Large amount of myoglobin means
muscles demand energy, which comes from large amount of oxygen and large amount of energy.
contracting muscles. During the process, a lot
of heat energy is generated which increases the 5. Increase in Glycogen Storage: Glycogen is generally
temperature of muscles, and/ or the body. stored in muscles and liver.

3. Increased muscle flexibility: Due to increase Regular exercise helps the body to increase the
in blood flow and rise in temperature, elasticity storage of glycogen which may give continuous
energy for 90to 120 minutes.
of muscles increases. Stretching and mobility
exercises also play a dominant role in increasing 6. Increase in Oxidation/ Metabolism: Endurance
muscular flexibility. exercise training increases the capacity skeletal
4. Accumulation of Lactate: Muscles requires muscle fat oxidation by increasing mitochondrial
oxygen. If blood supply does not provide density. Long term exercises demand a lot of energy,
appropriate volume of oxygen to muscles, it leads and to meet this demand, metabolism increases due
to accumulation of lactate acid in muscles which to oxidation of fat. This leads to increase in provision
result in pain, and soreness in muscles. of energy.
5. Micro-tears in Muscle Fibres: During exercises 7. Increase in Lactate Acid Tolerance: Regular
muscle tissue is placed under stress which results exercises help to tolerate pain and sourness in
muscles due to accumulation of lactate acid.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONs (1 mark each)

Explanation: Contractions that involve shortening

A Multiple Choice Questions of the muscle are referred to as isotonic or
concentric contractions.
Q.1. In type of muscle contraction,
while lifting a constant, the muscle shortens with Q. 2. Increased amount of mitochondria means,
muscle energy.
different tensions.
(A) Less (B) More
(A) Isotonic (B) Isometric
(C) Isokinetic (D) All of these (C) No effect (D) None of these
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
<br>

132 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Explanation: Mitochondria is known as power (R) isthe correct explanation of Assertion (A).
house of the cell and is responsible to generate (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
huge amnount of energy. Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Q.3. Flexibility subsequent to training. Assertion (A).
(A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(C) Remains constant (D) May vary (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans.Option (A)is correct. Q. 1. Assertion (A): Isometric contraction is a muscle
Q.4. In our body there are muscles contraction in which there is no change in the length
producing a particular movement. of the muscle though the tension is developed.
(A) 206 (B) 399 Reason (R): Muscle Hypertrophy is an increase in
width of individual muscle fibre.
(C) 481 (D) 650
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Ans. Option (B) is correct
Explanation: In our body, there are 206 bones and Q.2. Assertion (A): Quantity of glycogen store increases
650 muscles to produce particular movement. due to training.
Q.5. is an increase in width of individual Reason (R): Training is vital for energy production
muscle fibre. in the muscles.
(A)Hexotrophy (B) Hypertrophy Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(C) Heterotrophy (D) Autotrophy Explanation: This stored fornm of glucose act as
correct. energy production in the muscles.
Ans. Option (B) is
Q.3. Assertion (A): Hypertrophy is an increase in width
Explanation: Hypertrophy is the process of
increasing width of muscles fibres. of individual muscle fibre.
Q.6. About the weight of our body is of Reason (R): Weight training causes the hypertrophy
our muscles. of muscles.
(A) one-half (B) one-third Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(C) one-fourth (D) one-tenth Explanation: Muscular hypertrophy refers to an
Ans. Option (A) is correct. increase in muscle mass. This usually manifests as
an increase in muscle size and strength.
Q.4. Assertion (A): Skeletal muscles are called voluntary
BAssertion Reason &

muscles.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement Reason (R): Muscles are machines that convert
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of chemical energy into mechanical work.
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason Explanation: Both statements are correct about the
muscles but there is no cause and effect.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.3. What is the full form of ATP?
Very Short Answer Type Ans. Adernosine Di Phosphate
Questions (1 mark each) Q.4.Elucidate the effect of exerciseon the hypertrophy
of muscle fibres.
Q.1. What do you mean by Hypertrophy of muscle Ans. The size of the muscle fibre is usually responsible
fibre? for gaining strength and muscular endurance.
Ans. Hypertrophy is an increase in width of individual Weight training causes the hypertrophy of muscles
muscle fibre. Q.5. Define Aerobic capacity of muscles.
Q.2. Define the term Isometriccontraction. Ans. In aerobic capacity, the amount of mitochondria in
muscles increases consequently, producing more
Ans. It is a muscle contraction in which there is no
muscular energy.
change in the length of the muscle though the
tension is developed. Q.6. What do you mean by the changes in body
composition?
Q.3. Elucidate the term Isokinetic Contraction.
Ans. The body composition changes significantly, but
Ans. Itis amuscle contraction performed at an unvarying
pace. Moreover, in such a way, that muscle tension in case of majority of individuals, weight training
produces little or no change in the total body
develops while shortening in maximal more than
weight.
the complete range of joint motion.
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 133

Short Answer Type () Amount of mitochondria increases consequently

producing more muscular energy.
Questions-I (2 marks each) (ii) Breakdown of carbohydrates and fat increases.
(ii) Oxygen binding compound called Myoglobin
Q.1. Mention the physiological changes that occurs in content, found in muscle tissues, increases.
aerobic capacity of muscles due to exercises. (iv) Quantity of glycogen store increases consequently
Ans. (i) Amount of mitochondria increases because of training which is vital for energy
consequently producing more muscular energy. production in the nuscles.
(ii) Breakdown of carbohydrates and fats increases. • Alterations in Anaerobic Capacity:
(ii) Oxygen binding compound called Myoglobin (i) ATP + CP System capacity increases in a way
content, found in muscle tissue, increases. releasing more energy.
(iv) Quantity of glycogen store increases consequently (ii) As a result of training, glycolytic capacity increases
because of training which is vital for energy as well.
production in the muscles. Q.3. Enlist the long term effects of exercises on
Q.2. Elucidate the role of weight training in muscular system and explain any one of them.
hypertrophy of muscle fibres. Ans. (i) Hypertrophy of muscles.
Ans. Muscle Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is an increase (i) Increase in strength of ligaments and tendons.
in width of individual muscle fibres. The size of (iii)Increase in size and number of mitochondria.
the muscle fibre is usually responsible for gain in Explanation: (ii) There is an increase in strength of
strength and muscular endurance. Weight training ligaments and tendons by regular exercise. It helps
causes the hypertrophy of muscles. to strengthen bones, ligaments and tendons. It
Q.3. Enlist the names of muscular contraction and promotes performance and prevents injuries.
explain any one of them. Q.4. Explain the short term effects of exercises on
Ans. Muscle contractions muscular system.
(a) Isometric contraction Ans. (i)) Micro tears in fibres of muscles.
(b) Isotonic contraction (i) Lactic Acid accumulation.
(c) Isokinetic contraction (iii) Flexibility of muscles increases.
Isometric contraction : It is a muscle muscular (iv) Increases muscle temperature.
in which there is no change in the length of the (v) Improves blood supply.
muscle, though the tension is developed. Q.5. List any four changes happening in the muscular
Q.4. What do you mean by muscular system? AO system due to exercising.
Ans. Muscular system consists of working of muscles [CBSE SQP TERM-2 2021-22]
fibres, their types and various functions. In our Ans. Changes happening in the muscular system due
body, there are 650 muscles producing a particular to exercising.
movement. Muscles with the help of bones help (i) Change in size and shape of Muscle.
our body to move. The cardiac muscles producing (ii) Increase in the Strength of Muscles.
a particular movement help to pump blood
(iil) Increase in muscles Coordination.
throughout our body. (iv) Entrance of Greater Quantity of Oxygen in
the Body.
Q.5. What do you mean by biochemical changes in (v) Proper Blood Circulation.
muscles? (vi) Effects on Bones and Joints.
Ans. Changes due to aerobic and anaerobic effects of (vii) Effective Respiration.
exercises are included as biochemical changes in (ix) Increase in the Resistance Power of Body.
muscles. Here mitochondria, glycogen and ATP-CP Q.6. Write any three short-term effects of exercise on
are mainly used to produce energy. Muscular system.
Ans. ()Increased blood supply: During exercise, in
Short Answer Type order to match demand of fuel to muscle, the
Questions-II (3 marks each) supply or concentration of blood increases in the
are whole body or, in the particular muscle group
Q. 1. What the effects of exercise on muscular where activity is largely impacted.
system ? (Comptt. 2018)
(ii)Increased muscle temperature: During
Ans. (i) The size of muscle fibres increases. exercises muscles demand energy, which comes
(ii) Capillary density per fibre increases. from contracting muscles. During the process, a
(iii)Blood supply in the muscles increases. lot of heat energy is generated which increases
the temperature of muscles, and/ or the body.
(iv) Number of mitochondria increases. 3
(ii)Increased muscle flexibility: Due to increase
Q.2. What are the biochemical changes in muscles? in blood flow and rise in temperature, elasticity
Discuss. of muscles increases. Stretching and mobility
Ans. Biochemical Changes in Muscles: exercises also play a dominant role in increasing
Alteration in Aerobic Capacity: muscular flexibility.
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134 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

(vi) Proper Blood Circulation: During rest, the

Long Answer Type blood completes a round of the body in 21
Questions (5 marks each) seconds, but it completes the round in just 15,
10 or 8 seconds while exercising. The heart
Q.1. Write down the effects of Muscle Hypertrophy.
muscles work faster during exercise.
(vii) Effects on Bones and Joints: By doing exercises,
Ans. The following are the effects of Muscle Hypertrophy: our bones become hard and they can work for
(i) For our muscle growth, total amount of proteins more time. It also has effects on our joints.
increases essentially. Thus, the bones and muscles become strong by
doing exercise. Children's bones happen to be
(ii) The size of the muscle fibre increases as a result very soft and fragile. Activities of muscles affect
of resistant training.
these a lot.
(ii) Muscular strength and endurance increase If there is a lack of these exercises, the bones
because of hypertrophy.
remain soft and deformities develops in them.
(iv) Capillary density per fibre also increases which
causes more energy production. (viii)Effective Respiration: Regular exercise
(v) Quantity of connective tissue increases.
increases the capacity of chest muscles. As a
result, the respiratory system gets effective.
(vi) Flow of blood in the muscle increases.
(ix) Increase in the Resistance & Power of Body:
(Any five) (1 x 5 = 5) Regular exercise develops the lungs in an
equal way. Due to this, the volume of lungs
starts increasing. Thereby developing the
Commonly Made Error chest Skeleton and the condition of breathing
improves. Thus, as a result of this improved
Though students are able to define muscle
breathing capacity, the resistance capacity of
hypertrophy, most of the students are not the body increases.
aware about the effects of muscle hypertrophy.
Q.3. What are the long-term effects of exercise on
muscular system?
Answering Tip Ans. (i) Hypertrophy of Muscle: Scientific and
systematic exercise leads to increase in
The students must prepare thoroughly, the thickness of muscle fibres that results in
effects of muscle hypertrophy. increase in muscle size also known as muscle
hypertrophy.
Q.2. Write in detail about the changes happening in (ii) Increases in Strength of Ligaments and
the muscular system due to exercising. R Tendons: regular exercise helps to strengthen
Ans. The changes happening in the muscular system bones, ligaments and tendons. This helps
due to exercising. prevent injury and promotes performance.
(i) Change in size and shape of Muscle: Regular
(ii) Increase in Size and Number of Mitochondria:
Aerobic exercises leads to increase in size and
exercise helps in enlarging cells of muscles numbers of mitochondria and which take in
which in turn helps in changing size and shape more oxygen and produce more ATP and
of muscles. energy.
(ii) Increase in the Strength of Muscles: A person (iv) Increase in Myoglobin Storage: Long term
who does exercise daily has stronger muscles effect of aerobic exercise is to increase the
and such muscles work more. These become storage of myoglobin which transports
stronger by geting more nutritious food in the oxygen to mitochondria. Large amount of
form of oxygen. myoglobin means large amnount of oxygen
and large amount of energy.
(iii) Increase in Coordination: Regular exercise
(v) Increase in Glycogen Storage: Glycogen is
increases coordination in the muscles. These generally stored in muscles and liver. Regular
become stronger by doing exercise. As a result, a exercise helps the body to increase the storage
person does not feel fatigued, even by working
of glycogen which may give continuous
for a longer time. If the muscles do not have co energy for 90 to 120 minutes.
ordination or have incomplete co-ordination, (vi) Increase in Oxidation/ Metabolism:
then the working becomes impossible. Endurance exercise training increases the
(iv) Entrance of Greater Quantity of Oxygen in the capacity skeletal muscle fat oxidation by
Body: Muscles have to do more work during increasing mitochondrial density. Long term
exercise. The consumption of oxygen increases exercises demand a lot of energy, and to
in the person who exercises. Thus, the blood meet this demand, metabolism increases due
reaches quickly in the muscles. to oxidation of fat. This leads to increase in
(v) Increase in Supply of Blood: Muscles get provision of energy.
chenical substances like glycogene phoscoratine, (vii) Increase in Lactate Acid Tolerance: Regular
potassium etc., by doing regular exercise. These exercises help to tolerate pain and sourness in
chemical substances increase the speed of blood. muscles due to accumulation of lactate acid.
(Any five) 1 x 5 = 5
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 135

Effect of Exercise on Cardio-Respiratory System

Topic-3 -
Concepts Covered • Cardio-Respiratory System Heart, blood vessels, respiratory
----
functions and ejects of exercises.

Revision Notes
Cardio-Respiratory System: ranges from 50-70 ml/beat rising up to 110-130 m/
The cardiorespiratory system operates to obtain and beat in intense physical activity. Resting stroke
circulate vital compounds throughout the body volume ranges from 90-110 m/beat rising to the
specifically, oxygen and nutrients, such as food extent of 150-220 m/beat in elite athletes. With
energy, vitamins, and minerals. the onset of exercise, the stroke volume increases
because the left ventricle fills up totally, stretching
Cardiovascular refers to your heart, blood vessels it more, producing a more forceful contraction with
and blood. Cardio-Respiratory includes all this and
the elastic recoil, this phenomenon is known as the
your breathing apparatus, too.
Frank Starling Mechanism.
Immediate Effects of Exercises: > Long Term Effects of Exercises on Cardio
(1) Heart Rate Increases: In healthy adults, resting Respiratory system:
heart rate ranges from 60-80 beats per minute. It 1. Heart Size Increases: The size of the heart and
may be high as 100 beats per minute in sedentary
the strength of the cardiac muscle increases due
middle-aged individuals. It has been recorded that to regular exercises as to the maximum externt the
in elite endurance athletes, the heart rate is as low left ventricle adapts. The walls of the heart become
as 40-60 beats per minute. The heart rate increases
stronger and thicker as shown in recent studies and
in expectancy even before exercise begins, this is the thickness of myocardial wall increases as well.
acknowledged as the anticipatory response which
occurs through the release of neurotransmitter called 2. Resting Heart Rate Decreases: The resting heart

epinephrine and norepinephrine. Subsequently to rate decreases due to regular exercises. After
the early anticipatory response, until the maximum duration of 10-weeks training programme, the
heart rate is reached, heart rate increases in the resting heart rate may reduce upto 10 beats per
direct amount to intensity of the exercise. Maximum minute from the normal of 72 beats per minute.
heart rate is calculated with method of deducting The heart becomes more efficient due to regular
age from the beats at the time of birth (220 - Age). exercises. In highly conditioned athletes, the resting
The only direct method is to exercise at increasing heart rate decreases to 30 beats/minute.
intensities for determining maximum heart rate 3. Blood Flow Increases: The body increases its
until a plateau in heart rate is found in spite of the number of capillaries to the requirement of
increasing rate of work. supplying more oxygen during exercise to the
(2) Cardiac Output Increases: Cardiac output increases muscles. The existing capillaries open wider as
if either heart rate or stroke volume increases. With well. Further, the redistribution of blood becomes
the response of heart rate and stroke volume to efficient and effectual. As a matter of fact, blood
activity, cardiac output increases proportionately circulation in the body increases.
with intensity of exercise as well. At resting 4. Cardiac Output Increases: The cardiac output
condition, the cardiac output is about 5 liters/min tends to increase as a result of regular exercise. At
whereas, during intense exercise it may increase to resting conditions in untrained individuals, the
20-40 litres/min. cardiac output can possibly be 14 to 20 litres/minute,
(3) Blood Flow Increases: The vascular system is
in trained individuals 25 to 35 litres/minute and
cardiac output can be as high as 40 litres/minute in
capable of redistributing blood to the tissues where
elite athletes.
the maximum instant demand for oxygen increases
and safely divert away the blood flow from the 5. Risk of Heart Disease Reduces: Stress related
areas that have less demand. During rest, skeletal hormones progressively get reduced from circulating
muscles are supplied with 15-20% of the circulating in the blood due to regular exercises. This increases
blood. Through dynamic or vigorous exercise, it the blood vessel pathway, which consecutively
increases up to 80-85% of cardiac output. Blood is reduces the risk for the increase of plaque that leads
to coronary heart disease. Therefore, the risk of heart
carried away from major organs i.e., kidneys, liver,
stomach and intestines. diseases reduces due to exercises.
(4) Stroke Volume Increases: With exercise intensity
6. Blood Volume Increases: The blood volume
there is proportionate increase in the stroke volume. increases due to the regular exercise. Actually, as
At rest, stroke volume in untrained individuals the blood volume enhances, there is an increase in
<br>

136 swaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

plasma volume. Additionally, during heavy exercise, individuals, maxinmum minute ventilation is about
in order to keep the muscle supplied with oxygen, 100 litres/minute, while it increases to more than
the body produces a greater number of red blood

-
150-160 litres/minute in trained athletes.
cells.
> Lung Volume: The lungs' volume and capacity Key Word
increases with endurance training. After endurance to lungs or carried out
training, vital capacity is increased i.e., maximal Pulmonary: Related
as
in lungs, such pulmonary respiration.
volume of air forcefully expires out subsequent
to a maximal inspiration. The trained athlete may
Pulmonary Diffusion: The exchange of gases that
have vital capacity of 5-6 litres but, vital capacity of
takes place in small air sacks of lungs (alveoli) is
untrained individual is of 3-4 litres.
called pulmonary diffusion. For diffusion, more
> Breathing frequency: Breathing rate is the number
alveolibecome active at the time of maximal level
of breaths per nminute. Breathing frequency
of exercise. The alveoli size increases as well which
decreases after training. In resting condition, gives more space to diffusion of oxygen (0,) and
normal untrained individual's breathing frequency carbon dioxide (CO).
is about 12-20 breaths/minute. In trained athletes or
individuals, it reduces down to 7-8 breaths/minute. Ventilatory Efficiency: The trained person gets the
Exercise reduces respiratory rate that reflects similar amount of oxygen (O,) from less amount of
air. Generally, 15 litres of air is required to obtain
superior respiratory efficiency.
one litre of oxygen, however, trained individual gets
Maximum minute ventilation: The amount of air
the similar quantity of oxygen from 12 litres of air.
which is inhaled or exhaled in one minute is called
Training or physical exercises, especially endurance
minute ventilation. Maximum minute ventilation
increases subsequent to training. In untrained training, increases the ventilatory efficiency.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(A) second (B) minute

A Multiple Choice Questions (C) hour (D) day
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.1. Vital capacity of a trained athlete ranges from Explanation: Breathing rate is the number of
litres. breaths per minute. In resting condition, normal
(A) 2-3 (B) 3-4 untrained individual's breathing frequency is
(C) 4-5 (D) 5-6 about 12-20 breaths/minute. In trained athletes or
Ans. Option (D) is correct. individuals, it reduces down to 7-8 breaths/minute.
Q.2. Exercises respiratory rate. Q.5. The exchange of gases that takes place in small air
(A) Decrease (B) Increase sacks of lungs (alveoli) is called
(A) pulmonary diffusion
(C) Does not affect (D) None of these
(B) external respiration
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Breathing frequency decreases after
(C) pulmonary circulation
training or performing exercise. (D)breathing
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q.3. The trained person gets similar amount of oxygen
from amount of air. Explanation: During pulmonary diffusion, more
(A) Less alveoli become active at the time of maximal level
(B) More of exercise. The alveoli size increases as well which
gives more space to diffusion of oxygen (0) and
(C) Sometimes less, sometimes more
carbon dioxide (CO,).
(D) None of these
Q. 6. Which one of these is a long-term effect of exercise
Ans. Option (A) is correct. on cardiovascular system?
Explanation: Training or physical exercises, (A) T Heart rate
especially endurance training, increases the (B) T Body temperature
ventilatory efficiency. Generally, 15 litres of air is (C) T Cardiac output
required to obtain one litre of oxygen, however,
(D) T BP [CBSE SQP 2019-20]
trained individual gets the similar quantity of
oxygen from 12 litres of air.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q.4. Breathing rate is the number of breaths per
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020]
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 137

Detailed answer:
BAssertion Reason
&

Explanation: At resting conditions in untrained

individuals, the cardiac output can possibly be 14
to 20 litres/minute, in trained individuals 25 to 35 Directions: In the following questions, a statement
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
litres/minute and cardiac output can be as high as
40 litres/minute in elite athletes. Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q.7. The heart rate may rise up-to beats (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason
per minute in sedentary middle-aged individuals. (R) is the correct explarnation of Assertion (A).

(A) 80 (B) 100 (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
(C) 120 (D) 140 Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A)is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation: In healthy adults, resting heart rate
ranges from 60-80 beats per minute. It may be high (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
as 100 beats per minute in sedentary middle-aged Q. 1. Assertion (A): Cardiac output increases if either
individuals. heart rate or stroke volume decreases.
Q. During rest, skeletal muscles are supplied with
8. Reason (R): In healthy adults, resting heart rate
% of the circulating blood. ranges from 60-80 beats per minute.
(A) 5-10 (B) 10-15 Ans. Option (D) is correct.
(C) 15-20 Explanation: With the response of heart rate and
(D) 20-25
stroke volume to activity, cardiac output increases
Ans. Option (C)is correct. proportionately with intensity of exercise as well.
Q.9. Which of these is a long-term effect of exercising
Q. 2. Assertion (A): The risk of heart diseases reduces
on Cardio-respiratory system?
due to exercises.
(A) Increase in blood flow Reason (R): Stress related hormones progressively
(B) Increase in stroke volume get reduced from circulating in the blood due to
(C) Increase in cardiac output regular exercises.
(D)Increase in heart size Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Regular different exercises reduces
risk of heart diseases and increases health of
Q. 10. In healthy adults, resting heart rate ranges
cardiovascular system.
from beats per minute.
Q.3. Assertion (A): The resting heart rate decreases due
(A) 40-50 (B) 60-80
to regular exercises.
() 90-100 (D) 80-120
Reason (R): Changes in the heart rate due to
Ans. Option (B) is Correct. exercises is only on a short term basis.
Explanation: In healthy adults, resting heart rate Ans. Option (C) is correct.
ranges from 60-80 beats per minute. The heart Explanation: Effects of exercises on heart is short
rate increases in expectancy even before exercise term and long term both.
begins. Q.4. Assertion (A): Breathing rate is the number of
Q. 11. output increases if either of heart breaths per minute.
rate or stroke volume increases. Reason (R): In resting condition, nornmal untrained
(A) Muscular (B) Cardiac individual's breathing frequency is about 12-20
() Respiratory (D) Social breaths/minute.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Ans. Option (A) is correct.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.4. What is the role of second wind in athlete
Very Short Answer Type performance.
Questions (1 mark each) Ans. An athlete who is out of breath and too tired to
Q.1. Define heart rate. continue suddenly finds the strength to press on
Ans. The number of times the heart beats within a at top performance with less exertion, this is due to
certain time period, usually a minute is defined as second wind.
Heart rate. Q.5. Write in brief about the effects of exercises on
Q. 2. What is cardiac output? cardiac output.
Q.3. Elaborate the term Tidal volume.
Ans. It is the anmount of air that moves in or out of the Ans. The Cardiac output increases if either heart rate or
lungs with each respiratory cycle. stroke volume increases.

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

138 swaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Detailed Answer:
Short Answer Type Regular exercises have following effects on the
Questions-I (2 marks each) respiratory system:
Q.1. Elucidate the role of exercises on the tidal volume. (i) Unused alveolus become active: Regular exercise
activates the unused alveolus, because much
amount of O, is required in vigorous and prolonged
Ans. During exercise, tidal volume increases as the depth exercise of daily routine. The passive alveolus
of breathing increases and the rate of breathing
becomes active.
increases too. This has the effect of taking more
Oxygen into the body and removing more carbon (ii) Increase in residual air volume: Residual air is
dioxide. the amount of air, which is left in the lungs after
exhalation. If an individual performs regular
Q.2. Explain any one physiological change due to effect exercise, his residual air capacity increases in
of exercises on the cardio-respiratory system.
comparison to an individual who does not
Ans. Increased Lung Volume: The lung's volume and perform regular exercise.
capacity increases with endurance training. After (iii) Increase in size of Lungs and Chest: When a
endurance training, vital capacity is increased person performs exercise regularly, he requires
ie., maximal volume of air forcefully expires out more anmount ofO,. He inhales more amount
subsequent to a maximal inspiration. The trained of air during exercise. Consequently, his lungs
athlete may have vital capacity of 5-6 litres but, and chest are exercised. After some time, the
vital capacity of untrained individual is of 3-4 litres. size of his lungs and chest increases.
Q.3. Mention the effects of exercise on the functioning (iv) Increase in Endurance: An activity can be done
of cardio-respiratory system.
for a longer period without taking any rest.
Ans. Effects of exercises on the functioning of cardio Those who do not perform exercise, have less
respiratory system are as follows: endurance. They cannot continue exercise for
(1) Lung volume and capacity increases. longer duration. Hence, it can be concluded
(2) Breathing frequency increases. that exercise increases the endurance of an
(3) Maximum minute ventilation increases. individual.
(4) Heart rate increases as a short term effect. (v) Strong Willpower: Regular exercises increase
(5) Long term effect - size of heart increases, heart rate willpower of an individual. Just as Pranayama,
decreases. the specific exercise for lungs, increases the
Q.4. Explain in brief about the role of aerobic capacity willpower of the doer.
in sports performance. Q.2. What do you mean by second wind ?
Q.3. How is the blood pressure lowered with the help
Short Answer Type of physical exercise/training ?
Questions-II (3 marks each) Ans. The blood pressure is a driving force that moves
on respiratory blood through the circulatory system. Systolic
Q.1. Briefly explain the effects of exercise
pressure (the higher pressure) is reached when
system. (CBSE Delhi 2019)
blood is ejected into the arteries, whereas diastolic
Ans. Effects of exercise on respiratory system: pressure (the lower pressure) is reached when the
(i)) Strengthens will power to push beyond the blood drains from the arteries. Due to physical
capacity of regular training. exercise/training, arterial blood pressure changes
(ii) Decreases rate of respiration during exercise very little during maximal workout. But resting
and at rest. blood pressure is lowered in individuals who are
(iii) Strengthens muscles of Diaphragm and having high blood pressure.
chest. Q.4. What are the changes that take place in
(iv) Increase in Tidal capacity. cardiovascular system by doing regular exercise?
(v) Activates unused Alveoli since more oxygen Ans. The changes that take place in cardiovascular
is required for endurance activities. system are:
(vi) Avoids second wind. (i) Stroke Volume increases at resting condition: The
(vii) Efficient Gaseous exchange. stroke volume at rest remains up to 50-70 m/beat
(viii)lncrease in residual air volume.
in untrained individuals; in trained individuals
(ix) Increase in size of lungs and chest.
it ranges from 70-90 ml/beat and in the elite
(x) Increase in vital air capacity.
endurance athletes, it ranges from 90-110 m/beat.
(xi) Increase in endurance.
(ii) Faster Recovery Rate: Regular exercises speed up
(xii) Exhaling and inhaling in fast pace prevents
accumulation of waste in lungs and prevents the recovery rate. In comparison to a beginner,
lungs diseases. heart rate of trained athletes becomes normal
(Any three points explained) earlier. The recovery becomes faster as the rate of
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 respiration becomes normal very quickly as well.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 139

(ii) Blood pressure decreases: At resting condition, the Those who do not perform exercise, have less
systolic and diastolic blood pressure decrease by up endurance. They cannot continue exercise for
to 10 mm as a result of regular exercise. longer duration. Hence, it can be concluded
that exercise increases the endurance of an
Long Answer Type individual.
Questions (5 marks each) (v) Strong Willpower: Regular exercises increase
the willpower of an individual. Just as
Q.1. What are the effects of exercise on Respiratory
System ? Write in detail. Pranayama, the specific exercise for lungs,
increases the willpower of the doer (1 >x5 = 5)
(CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Q.2. What are the long-term effects of regular exercise
OR on the cardiovascular system ? Explain.
What do you mean by "Oxygen-Intake" and [CBSE 2018]
"Oxygen-Uptake"? Explain the effects of exercise
on Respiratory system. Ans. Cardiovascular system
(Delhi 2017)
(a) Increase in heart rate
Oxygen Intake and Oxygen Uptake: Refer Long
(b) Decrease in Resting Heart rate
Answer Type Question 2 Page 162 and 163.
Regular exercises have following effects on the (c) Stroke Volume Increases at rest
respiratory system: (d) Increase in Cardiac output
(e) Increase in Blood Flow
Ans. Effects of exercise on respiratory system
() Decrease in Blood pressure
(i) Strengthens will power to push beyond the
(g) Increase in Blood Volume
capacity of regular training.
(ii) Decreases rate of respiration during exercise (h) Quicker Recovery Rate
and at rest. (i) Reduced Risk of Heart Disease
(iii) Strengthen muscles of Diaphragm and (Any five to be explained)
chest. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5 x 1 = 5
(iv) Increase in Tidal capacity. Detailed Answer:
(v) Activates unused Alveoli since more oxygen Long-term effects of exercises on cardiovascular
is required for endurance activities. system:
(vi) Avoid second wind. (a) Heart size increases: The size of the heart and
(vii) Efficient Gaseous exchange. the strength of the cardiac muscle increases due
(vii) Increase in residual air volume. to regular exercises as to the maximum extent the
(ix) Increase in size of lungs and chest. left ventricle adapts. The walls of the heart beconme
(x) Increase in vital air capacity. stronger and thicker as shown in recent studies
(xi) Increase in endurance.
and the thickness of myocardial wall increases as
well.
(xii) Exhaling and inhaling in fast pace prevents
accumulation of waste in lungs and prevents (b) Resting heart rate decreases: The resting heart rate
lungs diseases. decreases due to regular exercises. After duration
of 10-weeks training programme, the resting
(Any five effects explained)
heart rate may reduce upto 10 beats per minute
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 5
from the normal 72 beats per minute. The heart
Detailed Answer: becomes more efficient due to regular exercises. In
(i) Unused alveolus become active: Regular highly conditioned athletes, the resting heart rate
exercise activates the unused alveolus, because decreases to 30 beats/minute.
much amount of O, is required in vigorous and (c) Blood flow increases: The body increases its
prolonged exercise of daily routine. The passive number of capillaries to the requirement of
alveolus becomes active. supplying more oxygen during exercise to the
(ii) Increase in residual air volume: Residual air is muscles. The existing capillaries open wider as
the amount of air, which is left in the lungs after well. Further, the redistribution of blood becomes
exhalation. If an individual performs regular efficient and effectual. As a matter of fact, blood
exercise, his residual air capacity increases in
circulation in the body increases.
comparison to an individual who does not (d) Cardiac output increases: The cardiac output tends
perform regular exercises. to increase as a result of regular exercise. At resting
(iii) Increase in size of Lungs and Chest: When a conditions, in untrained individuals, the cardiac
person performs exercise regularly, he requires output can possibly be 14 to 20 litres/minute while
more amount of O,. He inhales more amount of for trained individuals it can be upto 25 to 35 litres/
air during exercise.
minute and cardiac output can be as high as 40
Consequently, his lungs and chest are exercised. litres/minute in elite athletes.
After some period, the size of his lungs and (e) Risk of heart disease reduces: Stress related
chest increases. hormones progressively get reduced from
(iv) Increase in Endurance: An activity can be done circulating in the blood due to regular exercises.
for a longer period without taking any rest.
<br>

140 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

This increases the blood vessel pathway, which (v) Cardiac hypertrophy occurs, meaning that the
consecutively reduces the risk for the increase heart size increases to take care of the larger
of plaque that leads to coronary heart disease. requirement of blood during exercise.
Therefore, the risk of heart diseases reduces due to (vi) The lungs' volume and capacity increase with
exercises.
endurance training. After endurance training,
() Blood volume increases: The blood volume vital capacity is increased. The trained athlete may
increases due to regular exercise. Actually, as have vital capacity of 5-6 litres but, vital capacity of
the blood volume enhances, there is an increase untrained individual is of 3-4 litres.
in plasma volume. Additionally, during heavy
exercise, in order to keep the muscle supplied with (vii) Breathing frequency decreases after training. In
oxygen, the body produces a greater number of red resting condition, normal untrained individual's
blood cells. (Any Five) 5 breathing frequency is about 12-20 breaths/minute.
Q.3. What is the effect of exercise on the cardio (viii) Maximum minute ventilation increases subsequent
respiratory system ? to training. In untrained individuals, maximum
Ans. (i) Cardiac output increases directly with the minute ventilation is about 100 litres/minute, while
increase in exercise intensity. it increases to more than 150-160 litres/minute in
(ii) The heart rate increases from a resting rate of 72 trained athletes.
beats/min to 150 beats/min or even more. (ix) The trained person gets the similar amount of
(iil) Exercise increases the plasma volume of blood by Oxygen (0,) from less amount of air.
12%, but total blood volume may reduce slightly. Generally, 15 litres of air is required to obtain one
(iv) Blood flow is redistributed with more blood going litre of oxygen, however, trained individual gets
to the muscles, heart and skin. the similar quantity of oxygen from 12 litres of air.

SportsInjuries: Classification
Topic-4 Concepts Covered • Soft Tissue Injuries, Sprain & Strain; Bone &&
Joint Injuries. Dislo
-
cation, Fractures Green-stick, Commirnuted, Transverse, Oblique and impacted.

Revision Notes
Sports participation and exercise engagement Itis observed that only a single type of injury does
have always witness an interruption among not occur in sports. The injuries that take place may
athletes towards active participation or lead to be in muscles, bones, joints, etc.
painful experience due to some or the other form
of injuries. The injuries may be due to incorrect Likewise, sports injuries may be divided into
various types. They are:
movement, hitting or colliding with equipment or
aggressive sporting actions like diving and sliding, 1. Soft tissue injuries
overtraining or lack of conditioning. Bone injuries
> Classification of Sports Injuries 3. Joint injuries
Injuries among athletes may be classified into two > Soft Tissue Injury: The damage in the muscles,
categories:
ligaments, tendons or nerves of the body is known
1. Acute injuries as soft tissue injury. Some of soft tissue injuries are
2. Overuse injuries as follows:
1. Acute Injuries: Acute injuries are caused by an
unexpected shock. Common acute injuries among (a) Abrasion (b) Contusion
young sports athletes include sprains i.e., an (c) Laceration (d) Incision
incomplete or absolute tear of ligament, strains i.e., (e) Sprain () Strain
a partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon.
2. Overuse Injuries: Not all injures are sourced by a Classification of Sports Injuries:
single, sudden twist, fall or collision. A sequence (A) Soft Tissue Injuries:
of small injuries to undeveloped bodies can (1) Abrasion: An abrasion is a superficial rub
cause minor fractures, minimal muscle tears or or wearing off of the skin, usually caused
progressive bone deformities which are known as by a scrape or a brush burn. Abrasions are
overuse activities. usually minor injuries that can be treated
Common Sports Injuries are: at home. The skin may bleed or drain small
1. Sprain 2
Strain amounts at the time of the injury or at
3. Dislocation 4
Contusion times over the next few days if rubbed or
5. Fracture 6
Abrasion scratched.
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PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 141

(2) Contusion Contusions are one of the
: (b) Strain : A muscle strain is an injury to a
most conmmon types of injuries occurring muscle or a
tendon. The fibrous tissue that
in active children. A contusion, or bruise, connects muscles to bones. Minor injuries
is caused by a direct blow to the body that may only overstretch a muscle or tendon,
can cause damage to the surface of the skin while more severe injuries may involve
and to deeper tissues as well depending on partial or complete tears in these tissues.
the severity of the blow. (B) Bone and Joint Injuries:
(1) Dislocation : A dislocation is an injury in
(3) Laceration : A laceration is a wound that
is produced by the tearing of soft body which the ends of your bones are forced
tissue. This type of wound is often irregular from their normal positions. The cause is
and jagged. A laceration wound is often usually trauma resulting from a fall, an
auto accident, or a collision during contact
contaminated with bacteria and debris or high-speed sports. Dislocation usually
from whatever object that caused the cut.
involves the body's larger joints.
(4) Incision : Incision is a soft tissue injury. (2) Fracture : A fracture is a break, usually in
It may occur due to sharp edged object of a bone. If the broken bone punctures the
sports Equipments or spikes etc. Sometimes skin, it is called an open or compound
arteries or veins may be cut. Blood usually fracture. Fractures commonly happen
comes out freely from incision.
because of car accidents, falls, or sports
(5) Sprain and Strain: injuries. Other causes are low bone density
and osteoporosis, which cause weakening
of the bones.
Type of fractures:
(a Green Stick : A greenstick fracture occurs
when a bone bends and cracks, instead of
breaking completely into separate pieces.
(b) Comminuted : Comminuted fractures are a
type of broken bone. The term comminuted
fracture refers to a bone that is broken in at
least two places.
(c Transverse : Transverse fractures occur when
(a) A sprain is a stretching or tearing of your bone is broken perpendicular to its
ligaments. The tough bands of fibrous length.
tissue that connect two bones together in (d) Oblique : A fracture of long bone in which the
your joints. The most common location for fracture line runs obliquely to the shaft of the
a sprain is in your ankle. Initial treatment bone.
includes rest, ice, compression and (e) Impacted : An impacted fracture occurs whern
elevation. Mild sprains can be successfully the broken ends of the bone are jammed
treated at home. together by the force of the injury.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q.3. Deficiency of which of these nutrient makes the

A Multiple Choice Questions bones weak?
(A) Calcium (B) Phosphorus
Q.1. Which of these is not a common sports injury? (C) Vitamin D (D) Allof these

(A) Dislocation (B) Sprain Ans. Option (D) is correct.

(C) Abrasion (D) Asthma Q.4. Identify the correct option for soft tissue injury.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Asthma is a disease not an injury. (A) Fracture
Q. 2. pain threatens golfers and tennis (B) Comminuted fracture
players. (C) Abrasion
(A) Lower back (B) Upper back (D) Dislocation
(C) Limb (D) Knee Q.5. What type of fractures occur when bone is broken
Ans. Option (A) is correct. perpendicular to its length?
Explanation: Low, middle, and upper back pain are (A) Oblique (B) Impacted
common symptoms of golf-related injuries and in
(C) Hairline (D) Transverse
tennis also.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of
the chapter
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142 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Ans. Option (D) is correct. Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Explanation: Transverse fractures occur when your (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason
bone is broken perpendicular to its length. (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q.6. Over-stretching of ligament cause: (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(A) Strain (B) Sprain Assertion (A).
(C) Contusion (D) Bruises
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.7. Dislocation is related to (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
[CBSE SQP 2020-21] Q.1. Assertion (A): Strain is a partial or complete tear of
(A) Bone injury (B) Skin Injury a muscle or tendon.
(C) Muscular Injury (D) Joint injury Reason (R): Acute injuries are caused by an
Ans. Option (D) is correct. unexpected shock.
Explanation: Dislocation usually involves the Q. 2. Assertion (A): Contusions are one of the most
body's larger joints. common types of injuries occurring in active
Q. 8. A fracture in a young, soft bone, in which the bone children.
bends. AO Reason (R): An abrasion is a superficial rub or
(A) Green stick fracture wearing off of the skin,usually caused by a scrape
(B) Compound fracture or a brush burn.
(C) Simple fracture Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(D) None of these Q.3. Assertion (A): Common soft tissue injuries occurs
Ans. Option (A) is correct. in muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Explanation: A green-stick fracture occurs when Reason (R): Injuries only occur during sports and
a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking
exercise activities.
completely into separate pieces. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q.9. Which of these is a soft tissue injury? Explanation: Injuries occur during sports and
(A)Abrasion (B) Sprain
exercise activities as well as everyday activities.
() Contusion (D)) All of these
Q.4. Assertion (A): A strain is a stretching or tearing of
Ans. Option (D) is correct. ligaments.
Reason (R): The most common location for a sprain
BAssertion Reason &
is in your ankle
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement Explanation: A sprain is a stretching or tearing of
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of ligaments.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.5. What is common injury in the game of basketball
Very Short Answer Type and volleyball.
Questions (1 mark each) Ans. Ankle and knee sprain are common injuries in
basketball and volleyball.
Q.1. What do you mean by Injuries in sports?
Ans. Sports injuries are injuries that occur in sports
related activities. They can result from acute Short Answer Type
trauma, or from overuse of a particular body part. Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q.2. Explain comminuted fracture.
Ans. Comminuted fractures are a type of broken bone.
Q.1. Write about the Injuries in sports and its
classification.
The term comminuted fracture refers to a bone that
is broken in at least two places. Ans. Injuries are classified according to the type of body
tissue damaged, the two categories are soft-tissue
Q.3. What is laceration?
injury and hard-tissue injury. Soft-tissue injuries
Ans. A laceration is a wound that is produced by the are the most common injuries resulting from
tearing of soft body tissue. This type of wound is participation in sport.
often irregular and jagged. A laceration wound is
Q. 2. Which sports injuries are most common in the
often contaminated with bacteria and debris from racket games ?
whatever object that caused the cut.
Ans. Tennis elbow are common in racket game players
Q.4. Write an example of common sports injuries in due to regular performance of same type of
sports. movement. This is a painful condition that occurs
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 143

when tendons in your elbow are overloaded, (c) Discontinue to play during the state of
usually by repetitive motions of the wrist and arm. fatigue.
Q.3. Define Incision. (d) Good officiating.
Ans. Incision is a soft tissue injury. It may occur due to (e) Sports equipment.
sharp edged object of sports Equipment or spikes () Playfield/count.
etc. Sometimes arteries or veins may be cut. Blood (g) Scientific knowledge of game.
usually comes out freely from incision. (h) Protective equipment.
Q.4. Elucidate the injury of bones. (i) Equipment of good quality should be used.
Ans. Injuries of bones - Fracture - A fracture is a break, (Any three in brief) (½ +%+½+ 1½ =3)
usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures (CBSE Marking Scheme 2018)
the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Q.2. Explain any three types of fractures.
Fractures commonly happen because of car
accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are Ans. The three types of fractures are ass follows:
low bone density and osteoporosis, which cause (A) Comminuted : Comminuted fractures are a
weakening of the bones. type of broken bone. The term comminuted
Type of fractures: fracture refers to a bone that is broken in at
least two places.
(a) Green Stick (B) Transverse : Transverse fractures occur when
(b) Comminuted your bone is broken perpendicular to its length.
(c) Transverse
() Oblique : A fracture of long bone in which the
(d) Oblique fracture line runs obliquely to the shaft of the
(e)Impacted bone. (1 + 1 + 1)
Q.5. Write about the joint related injuries. Q.3. Write about the sprain and strain with suitable
Ans. Dislocation : A dislocation is an injury in which the examples.
ends of your bones are forced fronn their normal Ans. A sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a
positions. The cause is usually a trauma resulting joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible fibers that hold
from a fall, an auto accident, or a collision during bones together. When a ligament is stretched too
contact or high-speed sports. Dislocation usually far or is torn, the joint will become painful and it
involves the body's larger joints. will swell. Sprains are very common in sports.
Ankle sprain: This type of sprain typically happens
Short Answer Type when the foot turns inward as you run, turn or
Questions-II (3 land on the ankle after a jump.
markS each) Knee sprain: Typically, this occurs after a blow to
Q.1. Mention briefly about the common sports injuries the knee or a fall. Sudden twisting of the knee may
and their prevention. (CBSE 2018) result inasprain.
Ans. Common Sports injuries: Wrist sprain: This sprain oftern happens when you
fall and land on an outstretched hand.
Soft tissue injuries
Strain :A strain is defined as an injury to a tendon
Contusion (tissues that connect your muscles and bones) or
Strain muscle. Strains can range from mild to extreme;
Sprain and may mean your tendon or muscle has a partial
or complete tear. Strain is also common in sports.
Abrasion Common muscle strains include pulled hamstrings,
Bruises pulled groin muscles and strained quads.
Bone Injuries
Simple fracture Long Answer Type
Compound fracture
Questions (5 marks each)
Complicated fracture Q.1. Differentiate strain and sprain.
Comminuted fracture Ans. Strain
A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon
Impacted fracture
generally caused by overuse, force, or stretching.
Greenstick fracture Depending on the severity of the injury, a strain
Joint Injuries may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or
Dislocation of lower jaw tendon,or it can result in a partial or complete tear.
A strain could be an acute or chronic soft tissue
Dislocation of shoulder joint
injury that is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or the
Dislocation of Hip joint tendon.
Dislocation of wrist Cause : Strains occur suddenly (acute strain)
Prevention or develop slowly over time (chronic strain). It
(a) Warming up. includes lifting of heavy objects, running, jumping,
(b) Proper conditioning. throwing etc.
<br>

144 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Prevention: Regular stretching and strengthening (ii) Dislocation of Shoulder Joint: It may occur due to
exercise for any kind of sport can be the preventive a sudden jerk or a fall on a hard surface. The end
measure for strain. of the humerus comes out of the socket. Extreme
Treatment : It can be managed by applying ice rotation of the shoulder joint can pop the upper
packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a arm bone (humerus) out of the socket.
stretched position. (RICE: rest, ice, compression Bone Injuries: A fracture is a break, usually in a
and elevation). bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is
Sprain: Sprain is the stretching or tearing of called an open or compound fracture. Some of the
ligaments, the fibrous tissue that connects bones in fractures are mentioned below:
the joints. A sprain occurs when you overextend or (i) Simple Fracture: The fracture without any wound,
tear a ligament while surely stressing a joint. The where the bone is broken at one place is called
most common location for a sprain is in your ankle. simple fracture.
Cause : A sprain occurs when one overextends or (ii) Compound Fracture: In a compound fracture, both
tears a ligament while severely straining a joint. the skin and the muscles are damaged along with
Prevention : Regular stretching and strengthening the bones. Generally, the broken bone comes out of
exercises for any kind of sport can be the preventive the skin by tearing it.
measure for such kind of sports injury. (iiil) Impacted Fracture: When the end of the fractured
Q.2. Write in
detail about the Dislocation and Fracture bone enters into another bone, it is called an
among the bones and joint injuries. (OD-2016) impacted fracture.
Ans. Dislocation of Joints: A dislocation is an injury in (iv) Comminuted: Comminuted fractures are a type of
which the ends of . your bones are forced from their broken bone. The term comminuted racture refers
normal positions. Some of the dislocation of joints to a bone that is broken in at least two places.
are mentioned below: (v) Transverse: Transverse fractures occur when your
(i) Dislocation of Lower Jaw: Generally, it occurs bone is broken perpendicular to its length.
when the chin strikes any other object. It may also (vi) Oblique: A fracture of long bone in which the
occur if the mouth is opened excessively or for a fracture line runs obliquely to the shaft of the bone.
long time.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

match. Example: Dislocation and fracture, Sprain
Case based MCOQs and Strain. (CBSE QB 2021)
(i) Breakage of bones is called:
I. Read the passage and answer the questions that (A) Fracture (B) Sprain
follow by choosing the correct option:
Q.1. Early morning, we observe many older people (C) Contusion (D) Laceration
following fitness regime. One day Ramu observed (ii) Contusion is also known as:
a 60-year-old man was holding his chest on the
ground. When Ramu approached him, he said that (A) Bruise (B) Abrasion
he felt chest pain regularly after jogging. (C) Bone (D) Tendons
(CBSE QB 2021) (iii) The first-aid given to sprain injury are:
(i) What is the rate of normal heart beat of an adult? (A) RICER
(A) 72 (B) 80
(C) 65 (D) 90 (B) Following doctor advice
(ii) Age and gender play a very important role in (C) Giving massage to affected part
which of these components? (D) Applying muscle ointment
(A) Endurance (B) Strength
(c) Explosive Strength (D) Speed Ans. (i) (A) Fracture
(ii) Muscular strength starts receding during the age of (ii) (A) Bruise
(A) 25-30 years (B) 35-40 years (ii) (A) RICER
(C) 45-50 years (D) 50-55 years III. Read the passage and answer the questions that
Ans. (i) (A) 72 follow by choosing the correct option:
(i) (B) Strength Q.3. Mr. Raghav, aged 45 years was advisedby his doctor
(ii) (B) 35-40 years to exercise regularly and take care of his dietary
II. Read the passage and answer the questions that habits. This advice was given keeping in view his
follow by choosing the correct option: advancing age and sedentary working profile.
Q. 2. The Godavari school attended a CBSE Cluster Considering his lifestyle, answer the following
Basketball Tournament. During the semi-final questions. (CBSE QB 2021)
match Varun, one of the players fell down and (i) The most commonly seen change in the
was injured on the shoulder. He was immediately
cardiovascular system due to regular exercise is:
given first aid by the coach Mr. Rahul, who had the (A) TBP (B) LPulse rate
knowledge of first aid. Warm-up session is essential
for players to avoid any serious injuries during the (C) Both A & B (D) Nochange
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 145

(ii) Due to regular exercising, the viscosity of the (iv) The changes in the chemical composition of blood
blood due to exercises are:
(A) Increases (B) Decreases (A) RBC Increases
(B) Plasnma Increases
(C) Remains same (D) Botha &b
(C) Platelets increases
(ii) The changes in the chemical composition of blood (D) All of the above
due to exercises are: (v) Simple fracture is also known as:
(A) RB Cincreases (A) Compound
(B) Plasma Increases (B) Green-stick
(C) Spiral
(C) Platelets increases
(D) Transverse
(D) All of the above (vi) The main objective of first aid is to
(iv) This refers to highest rate at which oxygen can be (A) Save life
taken up and consumed by body during intense (B) Provide medical help
exercise (C) Clear airways
(A) VO, max (B) HbO, max (D) Check blood circulation
(C) HgO, max (D) 0, max Ans. (i) (C) Ligament
(ii) (B) Compression
(v) With regular exercise, the tidal volume and vital
capacity of lungs (iii) (A) X- ray
(A) Increases (B) Decreases
(iv) (A) RBC Increases
(v) (B) Greenstick
(C) Remains same (D) Either (b) or (c) (vi) (A) Save life
Ans. (i) (A) TBP
Q.5. Identify the type of fracture shown in the picture.
(ii) (A) Increases
(A)
(iii) (D) All of the above
(iv) (A) VO, max
(v) (A) Increases
Q.4. Ramya and Deepthi were state level badminton
players of our school .They used to practice hard
even during off season. One day while practicing,
due to lack of proper warm up,Ramya had injured
her elbow and Deepthi had a sprain in her ankle (B)
joint. They were sent to hospital, where first aid was
administered. (CBSE QB 2021)

(C)

(D)

Ans. (A) Transverse Fracture

(i) Sprain is an injury caused to: (B) Impacted Fracture
(A) Bone (B) Skin
(C) Sprain
(C) Ligament (D) Muscle
(D) Abrasion
(ii) The letter 'C' in PRICER stands for:
(A) Conduction Case based Subjective
(B) Compression
(C) Concussion
Questions
(D) Contraction I. Read the below passage and answer the following
(iii) The test to be conducted for bone injuries is: questions:
(A) X-ray (B) Blood test Rakesh is working with his team on a project of
(C) ECG (D)) EEG Physiological changes due to intense exercise
<br>

146 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

workout. He starts to collect data regarding his from the Greek word 'iso' which means 'sanme or
project. equal' maintaining equal (muscle) tone or tension'.
In this, when one muscle group contracts, the
Q.1. Which type of data collection is required for opposite relaxes during which the muscle changes
project? its length.
Ans. Data of physiological changes due to intense 0.1. Elucidate the term Isotonic contraction.
exercises workout is required for project. Ans. This term comes from the Greek word "iso' which
Q.2. Which physiological changes has to assessed by means 'same or equal maintaining equal (muscle)
Rakesh for his project? tone or tension'.
Ans. Physiological changes due to effect of exercises on Q. 2. Who introduced Isotonic exercises?
muscular system, Cardio-respiratory system. Ans. Isotonic exercises were introduced by De Lorene in
Q.3. Write about the short term effects of exercises on 1954.
muscular system. Q.3. Write about the muscle contraction and its
Ans. Short term effects of exercises on muscular system importance.
are: Ans. In addition to movement, muscle contraction also
(a) Increased muscle temperature fulfills some other important functions in the body,
(b) Increased muscle flexibility such as posture, joint stability, and heat production.
(c) Accumulation of lactate III. A famous tennis player announces retirement
(d) Increased blood supply due to his overuse injury. His performance was
Q.4. Enlist changes in heart rate due to heavy workout. regularly effected by injuries of ankle.
Ans. Short term effect : Heart rate increases from 72 Q. 1. What is the meaning of overuse injury?
beats per minute to 200 beats per minute. Ans. A sequence of small injuries to undeveloped bodies
Long term effect: Decrease resting heart rate can cause minor fractures, minimal muscle tears or
Q.5. What changes occur in physiology of blood
circulation due to exercises? progressive bone deformities.
Ans.Increased blood circulation causes immediate Q.2. Mention the name of commonsports injuries.
effects and normal blood pressure shows long term Ans. Soft Tissue Injuries - abrasion, laceration, sprain
effect of exercise. and strain
II. Read the below passage and answer the following Bone related Injury : Fractures
questions: Joint related injury : Dislocation
During physical education class, a PE teacher Q.3. Which sports injury are most common in the game
was explaining about the muscle contractions.
According to PE teacher, Isotonic exercises were of tennis.
introduced by De Lorene in 1954. This term comes Ans. Ankle, wrist and knee strain

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-1)

Multiple Choice Questions Explanation: Lactic acid threshold improved
Ans. 3: Option (B) is correct. endurance related performance.

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-3)

Very Short Answer Type Questions Short Answer Type Questions-I
Ans. 2: Cardiac output is the product of stroke Ans. 2: At the early position of workout, the athlete
volume and heart rate. feels uncomfortable or feels fatigued but suddenly
Short Answer Type Questions-l the athlete feels a sense of freedomas the distress or
Ans. 4: It is defined as the maximunm amount of feeling of uncomfortableness is gone. This phase is
Oxygen that a subject can use per unit of time and
called second wind.
body weight. Team sport athletes require a high
level of aerobic fitness in order to generate and
maintain power output during repeated high
intensity efforts and to recover.
<br>

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS 147

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-4)

i Multiple Choice Questions Explanation: Both the statements are about
corrective measures for postural deformity of Knock
Ans. 4: Option (C) is correct.
Knees but are not cause and effect.
Explanation: An abrasion is a superficial rub or Very Short Answer Type Questions
wearing off of the skin. Ans. 1: Common sports injuries in sports are sprain,
Assertion & Reason strain, abrasion,dislocation and fraction.
Ans. 1: Option (A) is correct.

? REFLECTIONS
(a) Are you now able to understand various of common the awareness towards sports injuries and their
sports injuries and how to organize workshop for prevention.
<br>

UNIT
BIOMECHANICS

8 AND SPORTS

Newton's Law– of Motion & its ayplication in sports.

EEISyllabus Eguilibrium Dynamic & Static and Centre of Gravity and its
application in sports
Friction & Sports
Projectile in Sports

List of Topics
(In this chapter youwill study
• Newto's law of motion : Law of Inertia, acceleration, reaction and its application in
Topic-1: Newton's law
of motion and its
sports.
• Equilibrium - static and dynamic, centre of gravity and its applications in sports applications in sports
·Friction in Sports Page No. 150
-:Projectile iu Sports
Topic-2: Equilibrium
Dynamic & Static and
Centre of Gravity and
its application in sports
Newton's Law of Motion and Page No. 156

its Application in Sports Topic-3: Friction in

Topic-1 Concepts Covered •Newton's Law of motion,
Sports Page No. 159

• Law of Inertia, acceleration, reaction and its ap Topic-4: Projectile in

Sports Page No. 164
plication in sports.

Revision Notes

Meaning of Biomechanics: During the early 1970s a branch of physics that is concerned with the
the international community adopted the terms description of motion/movement and how forces
Biomecharnics to describe the application of mechanical create motion/movement. Biomechanics in sport
principles in the study of living organisms. incorporates detailed analysis of sport movements in
Biomechanics is the combination of two words- bio order to minimise the risk of injury and improve sports
and mechanics. Bio means, something pertaining to performance. It refers to the description, detailed
living beings or life, whereas Mechanics is the branch analysis and assessment of human movement during
of physics which studies movement or motion of an sport activities.
object or body with the help of mechanical principles. > Newton's First Law of Motion or Law of Inertia:
Thus, when the study of mechanics is limited to living According to this law, " A body at rest will remain at
structures and their function, especially the human rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the
body, it is called biomechanics. same speed and in the same direction unless acted
> Meaning of Sports Biomechanics: Mechanics is upon by an external force." Example: To take start in
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 151

Level

or ground, until This jumpers,

Third
thrown

parabola earth.

of
show-jumping.

of or types the long

Map

rest
stationary

and is left to Mind

Level

a down
Two which discus,

of Static has called Second

state
position.
it back
the
at : anything Once path javelins,
horses
a either are Trace

is
Equilibrium Equilibrium
flight
comes
Level
air.
moving
and
body dynamic
the balls,
is a
more jumpers,
First
follow
projectile into
the
in jumped
to
once applies

will high
in A
Projectile
Sports
it it

Equilibrium
in of the
surfaces
motion
called

two the
Biamechanics
is
other
and opposes
Spoto along
Sprots friction
friction
Friction
the
friction
acting friction.

which
over

and
(i)Limiting
Kinetic

force body i)Static

contact
of
force
The one (iüi)
law
motion
•
Newton's

of

of Gravity
Centre

location

gravity point the concentrated.

an
acceleration

of
mass
reaction

average
of the
inertia
of weight

center
is the
It
of of of object. where is
Law Law Law the the body
The
is of
1. 3.
2.
<br>

152 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

sprint races, to lift the opponent in wrestling, to start

hammer throw.
> Newton's Second Law of Motion or Law of
-r Key Words
Force: A push or a pull
Acceleration: It is also called as Law of resultant Mass: Quantitative measure of inertia
force or law of momentum. According to this law, Hammer throw: A sport in athletics (track and field)
"A change in acceleration of an object is directly in which a hammer is hurled for distance, using two
proportional to the force producing it and inversely hands within a throwing cirde.
proportional to its mass." If two unequal forces are
applied to the objects ofequalmass, theobject thathas Application of Newton's Law of Motion in
Sports: Newton's Laws of Motion form the basis
a greater force applied will move faster. Conversely, for principles used in sport movements. Methods
if two equal forces are applied to objects of different of training that depart from these laws would not
masses, the higher mass will travel at a faster speed. make sense mechanically. These come into play in
Example: In a baseball game, players hit the ball combination when applying mechanical principles
hard to throw it far away. to sport skills:
> Newton's Third Law of Motion Law of Reaction: 1. Linear motion occurs when an object or person
It is also called as Law of reciprocal action force. travels in a straight line, as when sledding across a
level surface.
According to this law, "For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction." Example: Walking: 2. Angular motion occurs when an object or person
When a person walks, he presses the ground in the turns about a centre point, axis, or fulcrum and
backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground does not travel from place to place. It is common
in diving and gymnastic skills when athletes rotate,
pushes him in the forward direction with an equal twist, or spin.
force (reaction).

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q.4. gave the three laws of motion.

A Multiple Choice Questions
(A) Einstein (B) Newton
(C) Galileo (D) Baird
Q.1. Acceleration of an object will increase as the net Q.5. According to Law of "A body at
force increases depending on its: rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will
(A) Density (B) Mass remain in motion at the same speed and in the
(C) Shape (D) Volume same direction unless acted upon by an external
[CBSE SQP 2020-2021] force".
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (A) Acceleration (B) Reaction
Explanation: Force applied on an object is directly (C) Gravitation (D) Inertia
proportional to the mass of the object. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 2. The Law of Acceleration is also known as: Explanation: This is also known as the First Law of
(A) Law of Inertia Motion.
(B) Law of action and reaction Q. 6. For every action, there is an equal and
(C) Law of momentum reaction.
(D) Boyle's Law [Delhi/Outside Delhi 2020] (A) parallel (B) same
Ans. Option (C) is correct. (C) opposite (D) no
Explanation: According to this law, "A change in Ans. Option (C) is correct.
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to Explanation: Newton's third law of motion states
the force producing it and inversely proportional to
its mass." that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. For example: If you press a stone with
Q.3. tends to change a body's state of your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone.
rest or motion.
(A) Biomechanics (B) Force
() Dynamics
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(D) Kinematics B Assertion & Reason
Explanation: According to the Law of Inertia, " A
body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion Directions: In the following questions, a statement
will remain in motion at the same speed and in the of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
same direction unless acted upon by an external Reason (R), Mark the correct choice as:
force."
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 153

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason its resulting acceleration is directly proportional to
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). the force and inversely proportional to the mass of
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but the body.
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Q.3. Assertion (A): A body's mass and weight are
Assertion (A). inversely proportional.
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. Reason (R): Weight is a force but mass is not a
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. force.
Q.1. Assertion (A): Einstein's Laws of Motion form the Ans. Option (D) is correct.
basis for principles used in sport movements. Explanation: The mass and weight of a body are
Reason (R): Methods of training that depart from directly proportional. The more is the mass of
these laws would not make sense mechanically. a body, the more is the earth's attraction on it,
Ans.Option (D) is correct. resulting in more weight of the body.
Explanation: The Laws of Motion have been stated Q.4. Assertion (A): Newton's First Law of Motion is
by Newton but not by Einstein. also called The Law of Inertia.
Q.2. Assertion (A): When a body is acted upon by a Reason (R): According to the First Law of Motion,
force, its resulting acceleration is proportional to everything in the universe is lazy and needs some
the force. force to move, slow down, stop or change direction.
Reason (R): When a body is acted upon by a force, Ans. Option (B) is correct.
its resulting acceleration is inversely proportional
to the velocity with which the body is moving. Explanation: Both the statenments are correct about
the Newton's first law of motion, but are not cause
Ans. Option (C) is correct. and effect of each other.
Explanation: When a body is acted upon by a force,

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type producingit and inversely proportional to its mass."
Questions (1 mark each) 0.3. Elucidate the third law of motion.
Ans. Third law of motion is the Law of Reaction and it
Q. 1. Write down the name of Newton's First law of states that "For every action, there is an equal and
motion? opposite reaction."
Q. 2. Mention the name of Second law of motion. Q.4. Explain the role of body mass and weight.
Ans. Second law of motion is known as law of acceleration Q.5.Discuss the Law of Acceleration and its application
or law of momentum. in sports.
Q.3. What is the another name of third law of motion? Ans. Law of acceleration: "Achange in acceleration of an
Ans. Third law of motion is known as law of interaction object is directly proportional to the force producing
or law of action and reaction. it and inversely proportional to its mass."
Q.4. Who discovered the law of motion? Example: In a baseball game, players hits the ball
hard to throw it far away.
Ans. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws of motion.
Q.5. Who formulated the law of Inertia?
Ans. The law of inertia was first formulated by Galileo Commonly Made Error
Galilei for horizontal motion on Earth.
Some students are able to state the law clearly i

Short Answer Type but are not able to explain its application in
Questions-I (2 marks each) sports.

Q.1. State the first law of Newton?

Answering Tip
Ans. Law of Inertia: " A body at rest will remain at rest
and a body in motion will remain in motion at the The law of acceleration has the basic
same speed and in the same direction unless acted
upon by an external force." fundamental application in some common
sports like cricket, hammer throw, discus
Q.2.What is the secondlaw of motion? throw etc.
Ans. Law of Acceleration: "A change in acceleration
of an object is directly proportional to the force
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

154 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Short Answer Type Commonly Made Error

Questions-II (3 marks each)
Some students are not able to give suitable
Q.1. Enumerate the laws of motion:
examples from sports.
Ans. The three laws of motion are:
(a) Newton's First Law of Motion : This law is also
known as law of inertia. This law states that a body Answering Tip
at rest willremain at rest and a body in motion will
remain in motion at the same speed and in the same Students should give answers which are sports
direction till any external force is applied on it to related.
change that state.
(b) Newton's Second Law of Motion : This law Q.5. Why the angles of release for shot put, javelin and
states that the acceleration of an object is directly discus throw are different?
proportional to the force producing it and inversely AO (CBSE Sample Paper 2015)
proportional to its mass.
Ans. The difference in angle of release for shot put,
(c) Newton's Third Law of Motion: This law states
javelin, and discus can be explained in their
that to every action there is always an equal and differences of weights. Weight of shot is approx
opposite reaction. This law describes what happens 7kg, weight of discus is 2kg and weight of javelin
to a body when it exerts a force on another body. is approx 800gms. So, to throw them at a maximum
Q.2. How Newton's second law and third law of motion distance, we have to change the angle of release
can be applied in sports. accordingly. Also, diference in the throwing actions
Ans. Applications of Second Law of motion : Law of of different sports leads to different angle of release.
acceleration is generally applicable in games and The angle of release changes the relationship
sports like in football when goalkeeper play long between the horizontal and vertical components of
shots and in cricket when batsmen play lofted shots a projectile. The ideal angle of release is 45 degrees,
for six. assuming there is no air resistance and the take-off
Applications of Third Law of motion: Law of and landing points are the same height.
Interaction or law of action and reaction is also
applied in sports. For example: when a swimmer Long Answer Type
performs skills of swimming, then at the same time, Questions (5 marks each)
water offers enough counter force to oppose the
action of his/her hands and this pushing allows Q.1. State Newton's Laws of Motion and explain their
him/her to move and in a long jump,athletes jump implication in sports of your choice.
with the help of take off boards.
Q.3. How law of reaction is effective and applicable
(CBSE SP 2020-2021)
OR
in the field of sports? Explain with at least one
example. With suitable examples, explain the application of
Newton's laws in sports.
Ans. According to this law, "For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction." In the field of sports, (Delhi/Outside Delhi 2020)
law of reaction is generally applicable in every OR
ports; for example Write about the Newton's Laws of Motion and
(i)Shooting: In shooting, when a gun or pistol is fired briefly discuss about their application in sports.
the bullet moves forward (action). The gun or pistol (CBSE Delhi 2019)
jerks backward (reaction).
Ans. Law of Inertia: A body at rest will remain at rest
(ii)Walking: When a person walks, he presses the
ground in the backward direction (action) by
and a body in motion will remain in motion at the
same speed and direction unless and until acted
his feet. The ground pushes him in the forward
direction with an equal force (reaction). upon by an external force.
e.g.: Throwing an object in the air comes down
(ii) Swimming: A swimmer pushes the water backward
(action). The water pushes the swimmer forward due to gravitational force.
(reaction) with the same force. (Any one) A ball rolling on the ground stops or changes its
Q.4. Explain that if a bowler accelerate his body direction due to the friction with the ground.
movement during run-up, will it increase his (Any other appropriate example)
bowling speed or not ? Law of Acceleration: A change in the acceleration
Ans. In bowling run-up, law of acceleration will of an object is directly proportional to the force
be applicable which states that "A change in applied on it and inversely proportional to the
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to mass of the object.
the force producing it and inversely proportional to
its mass.
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 155

e.g.:
(v) Dribbling in basketball: When a basketball player
dribbles, he exerts a force on the ball, and the ball
In a hammer throw, an athlete needs more force
to throwa hammer of 18 1bs than to throw one of strikes on the floor with a force (action). Then the
ball comes up with an equal force from the floor
12 Ibs. (Any other appropriate example)
(reaction).
Law of Reaction: For every action, there is always
an equal and opposite reaction. Q. 2. Discuss the law of inertia along with its application
in sports. AO
e.g.:
Ans. Law of inertia: "A body at rest will remain at rest
Bounce the ball on the floor or wall.
and a body in motion will remain in motion at the
While swimming when water is pushed backward, same speed and in the same direction unless acted
the body moves forward. upon by an external force".
(Any other appropriate example) In brief, the Law of Inertia essentially makes two
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019j3 important points: (a) An object that is not moving
will not move until a net force acts upon it; and
Detailed Answer:
(b) An object that is in motion will not change its
The Newton's Laws of Motion are: velocity (acceleration) until anet force acts upon it.
(a) Law of Inertia: It is the first law of motion. According In football, for example,at the time of kick-off, the
to this law, "A body at rest will remain at rest and a ball shall roll forward unless kicked by the player,
body in motion will remain in motion at the same or, in golf the ball is not moved unless hit. Similarly,
speed and in the same direction unless acted upon the moving football shall not change its velocity
by an external force." There are a great number of unless a player or another object acts upon it.
examples of this law in the field of sports, such as There are a great number of other examples of this
starting in rowing, starting on roman rings, starting law in the field of sports such as starting in rowing,
in sprinting, etc. Basically, if an object is in motion, starting on roman rings, starting in sprinting, etc.
it remains in motion unless something or some Basically, if an object is in motion, it remains in
external force stops it. The external force may be motion unless something or some external force
gravitational force, the surface of the playing field, stops it. The external force may be gravitational
a defensive player or the breaking player causing
force, the surface of the playing field, a defensive
the sports person's body to stop. player or the breaking player causing the sports
(b) Law of Acceleration: It is the second law of motion. person's body to stop.
According to this law, "A change in acceleration Q.3. What is biomechanics? What is the importance of
of an object is directly proportional to the force biomechanics in sports?
producingit and inversely proportional to its mass."
Ans. Biomechanics is the field in sport science that
If two unequal forces are applied to the objects
applies laws of mechanics and physics to human
of equal mass, the object that has a greater force performance, to gain a greater understanding of
applied willmove faster. Conversely, if two equal performance in athletic events through modelling,
forces are applied to objects of different masses, the simulation, and measurement.
higher nnass will travel at a faster speed. This law is
The importance of biomechanics in sports is as
applied in various sports, such as in hammer throw, follows:
the thrower who is stronger (who has more force) (i) Improves performance in sports: The
will throw the 12 Ibs hammer farther than a thrower
principles of biomechanics tell us about right
who has less force or strength. techniques, effective and result oriented
(c) Law of Reaction: It is the third law of motion. posture to get more efficient results by
According to this law, "For every action, there is an applying minimum muscular force which in
equal and opposite reaction." turn improves performance in sports.
Application of the law of reaction in different (ii) Improvement in technique: With the help
sports: of bio-mechanical principles the physical
(i)Shooting: In shooting, when a gun or pistol is fired education teacher corrects the mistakes. This
the bullet moves forward (action). The gun or pistol helps in improving the game and performance
jerks backward (reaction). of the player.
(iü) Walking: When a person walks, he presses the
(ii)Development of improved sports equipment:
ground in the backward direction (action) by The principles of biomechanics are used to
his feet. The ground pushes him in the forward
modify the sports equipment. For example we
can see improved versions of t-shirts, studs,
direction with an equal force (reaction). spikes, swimming costumes, hockey sticks,
(iii)Swimming: A swimmer pushes the water backward different size footballs and low weight helmets
(action). The water pushes the swimmer forward for protection.
(reaction) with the same force. (iv) Improvement in training techniques: A
(iv) High jump: A high jumper can jump higher on a teacher can analyse the player's movement
solid surface because the surface opposes his body or action with the help of the bio-mechanical
with as much force as he can generate in sand or principles. It helps in improving the training
any other unstable surface. techniques.
<br>

156 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII
(v) Prevents sports injuries: It helps to find out (ix) Creates confidence in player: The player
the factors or the forces that can lead to the knows that he is executing the movement
injuries during the game situation. It also helps scientifically with the help of principle of
in prevention of the sports injury. biomechanics. Thus, the confidence of the
(vi) Helps in understanding human body: It gives player is enhanced.
the knowledge of different systems of our (x) Helps in maintaining healthy body: The
body. For example, nervous system, muscular principles of biomechanics give deep
system and skeletal system. knowledge about the effect of physical forces
(vii)Knowledge of safety principles: Biomechanics and movements over the body as well as
gives the understanding to analyse different safe movements and promote health. Thus,
movements that can harm the player. The biomechanics helps in maintaining healthy
teachers remove those unnecessary and body.
harmful movements. (xi) Increases the popularity of sports: Bio
(viii) Helps in research work: Biomechanics helps mechanical principles have brought
in teaching and learning process. It also helps remarkable improvements in respect of
the teacher to acquire precision and accuracy technique, equipment, skill and play fields. It
of movement. helps in promoting the games and sports. 5

Equilibrium - Dynamic & Static and Centre of

Topic-2 Gravity and its application in sports
-
Concepts Covered • Equilibrium Static & Dynamic, Center of Gravity & its application
in sports.

Revision Notes

Equilibrium : Equilibrium is a state of rest of the and of all torques equal zero. But all the objects are
body either at stationary or in moving position. not equally stable.
It is a state of balance or a stable situation, where 1. Dynamic equilibrium: It is a balance of body
opposite forces cancel each other out and where no during movemernt or actions. It frequently
changes are occurring. Equilibrium is necessary for happens that the line of gravity of an athlete
performing skills. Naturally, the Centre of gravity will fall outside the base of support for a
shifts with each other in posture. Some important moment. For example in a sprint start, the
factors about equilibrium are as follows: body weight is wellahead of the supporting
(a) Stability is directly proportional to the area of foot, but before the body can fall forward, the
the base on which the body rests. other foot moves ahead to provide support
(b) Stability is indirectly proportional to the and the process repeats itself. Other examples
distance of the center of gravity of the body are exercises on balancing beam, low dribble in
above the base. basketball and all kinds of sports movements.
(c) Stability is directly proportional to the weight 2, Static equilibrium: It is the balance of the
of
the base. body during its rest or objects that are not
O-w Key Words accelerating or moving. Static stability mainly
depends upon the enlarged base of support,
Sprint state: It is a method which is applied at the lowered center of gravity, direction of an acting
beginning of the race to gain maximum speed as force and body weight. Stability in sports
quickly as possible. situations is quite unlike the stability of solid
Archery: A sport involving shooting arrows with a objects. For e.g., Wrestlers positions, Stance of
bow, specially at a target in sports. batsman in cricket, shooting, archery, etc.
Fatty Acids: Building blocks of fats. Center of Gravity
Stability: Stability is resistance to disruption of It is the "balance point" of the body. The point
equilibrium.
where the weight of the body acts. The point where
Balance: Balance is the ability to control all forces acting on the body equal zero. Linear
equilibrium during changing body's positions. forces must be balanced. Torques must be balanced.
Types of Equilibrium: Generally, all objects rest in Centre of gravity is that point in a body or
equilibrium. That means all the forces acting on
system around which its mass or weight is evenly
them are equally balanced and sum of all the forces distributed or balanced and through which the force
of gravity acts. The location of the Centre of Gravity
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 157

remains fixed as long as the body does not change (a) The center of gravity moves according to the
shape. If an object's shape or position changes, athlete's body position. For example, the center
the location of the Centre of Gravity changes. The of gravity is lower and in front of athlete's
direction of the force of gravity through the body body while he or she is running. Lower body
is downward, towards the center of the earth and is advantageous for acceleration.
through the COG. This line of gravity is important (b) Low center of gravity also helps to increase
to understand and visualise when determining a stability because it needs to be lifted higher
person's ability to successfully maintain balance. before it moves outside of the base of support.
When the line of gravity falls outside the base of This becomes very useful in combat sports
support, then a reaction is needed in order to stay such as sumo wrestling. It is also used by in
balanced. kabaddi, basketballetc.
Line of Gravity: It is an imaginary vertical line (c) Lowering the center of gravity increases
which passes through the center of the body. The balance and stability in sports. This is why
location of the line of gravity will depend upon the you can change direction faster by bending
location of the gravity which changes according to your legs and getting lower to the ground. It
the body's position. increases your stability, allowing you to adjust
Application of COG in Sports: to greater force by the legs.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q.4. Enlarge base of support and body weight increases

A Multiple Choice Questions
(A) Stability (B) Balance
Q.1. is the state of no acceleration of (C) Static Balance (D) Equilibrium
body. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(A) Equilibrium (B) Motion Explanation: Enlarged or broader base of support
increases the stability by centralising the line of
(C) Static (D) Dynamic
gravity inside the support base.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q.5. Which imaginary line passes through a body's
Explanation: Equilibrium is the state of no mass center?
acceleration of the body.
(A) Line of Gravity (B) Axis
Q. 2. refers to the body in motion with (C) Planes
(C) Centre of Gravity
unchanged acceleration created by balance
Q. 6. Identify the name of point at which all the
applied and inertial force. weight or mass of a body may be considered to be
(A) Speed concentrated.
(B) Kinetics (A) COG (B) LOG
(C) Agility () Gravity (D) Axis
(D) Dynamic Equilibrium Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: COG refers to the center of gravity.
Explanation: It is a balance of body during Q.7. Identify the location or point where the
movement or actions. It frequently happens that intersection of three axis and planes occur.
the line of gravity of an athlete will fall outside the (A) Centre of gravity (B) pelvic
base of support for a moment.
(C) Line of gravity (C) abdomen
Q.3. Archery and shooting are the examples of
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 8. Identify the correct option for the application of
(A) Static Equilibrium (B) Power
type of equilibrium in Sprint start.
(C) Concentration (D) Focus
(A) Static (B) Dynamic
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (C) Both (D) None of these
Explanation: Static stability mainly depends upon Ans. Option (B) is correct.
the enlarged base of support, lowered center of Explanation: In sprint start, body weight is well
gravity, direction of an acting force and body ahead on supporting foot, but before the body can
weight. Archery and shooting are the examples of fall forward, the other foot moves ahead to provide
Static Equilibrium. support and process repeats itself.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

158 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION,Class-XII
Q.3.Assertion (A): A batsman can play variety of shots
B Assertion & Reason with perfection due to static and dynanmic stability.
Reason (R): Enlarged Base of support and lowered
Directions: In the following questions, a statement Centre of gravity increases stability.
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Ans.Option (A) is correct.
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: Explanation : Stability depends upon the large
(A)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason base support and lower Center of gravity which
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). increases sports performance.
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Q. 4. Assertion (A): In Archery, concentration level
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of should be higher as compared to in a static position.
Assertion (A).
Reason (R): All successful sports performances
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. are the result of proper application of static and
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. dynamic stability.
Q.1.Assertion (A): COG of an individual is the point
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
at which all the weight or mass of a body may be
Explanation: In archery, both factors are necessary
considered to be concentrated. but overall sports performance is mainly based on
Reason (R): COG is a point where three primary the correct and stable body posture in all type of
planes and axis intersect each other. movements.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Q. 5. Assertion (A): Coordination and inner ear balance
Explanation: Body moments are performed are some factors responsible for the stability.
according to the principles of axis and planes Reason (R): Equilibrium is necessary for performing
around COG. sports skills.
Q.2. Assertion (A): Static stability depends upon the
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
enlarged base of support. Explanation: Responsible factors for equilibrium
Reason (R): If Centre of gravity is lowered, the and necessity of equilibrium has no cause and
stability becomes higher. effect.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

support. This becomes very useful in combat sports
Very Short Answer Type such a sumo wrestling, It is also used by blockers in
Questions (1 mark each) the movement of tackle.
Q.6. Write about Dynamic Stability with suitable
Q.1. Elaborate the term Equilibrium in sports. examples.
Ans. Equilibrium is astate of rest of the body either at
Ans. Dynamic stability or equilibrium is basically a
stationary or in moving position.
balancing during movement, and it frequently
Q.2. Mention the types of Equilibrium. happens that the line of gravity of an athlete will
Ans. There are two types of Equilibrium: fall outside the base of support for a moment. For
(a) Static Equilibrium e.g., Sprint start in track event.
(b) Dynamic Equilibrium
Q.3. Which point is known as the intersection of three Short Answer Type
primary axis and planes? Questions-I (2 marks each)
Ans.Centre of Gravity (COG) is the point of intersection
of three primary axis and planes. Q.1. Explain about the term Equilibrium with suitable
Q.3. What do you mean by the line of gravity? examples.
Q.4.Write in short about the Center of gravity in sports.
Ans. Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or a stable
situation,where opposite forces cancel each other
Ans. Center of gravity is the point at which all the out and where no changes are occurring. In sports,
weight or mass of a body may be considered to be Equilibrium has two types- Static and Dynamic
concentrated. Centre of gravity plays a dominant equilibrium. Both are equally essential in games
role in the enhancement of sport performance. and sports. In the game of cricket, batsmen need
Q.5. Give any one example of Centre of gravity stability during batting to play a variety of shots. In
application in sport ? archery and shooting also, static equilibrium is the
Ans.Generally lowering of Centre of gravity also helps primary need to perform well.
to increase stability because it needs to be lifted Q.2. Write in brief about the Centre of gravity with
higher before it moves outside of the base of suitable examples.
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 159

Ans. Centre of gravity is that point in a body or Q.2. Write in brief about the role of baseof support and
system around which its mass or weight is evenly body weight for equilibrium.
distributed or balanced and through which the Q.3. Enlist the mechanical principles of equilibrium
force of gravity acts. The Centre of gravity is fixed, and explain any one of them.
provided the size and shape of the body do not
Ans. The following are the mechanical principles of
change. Lowering the Centre of gravity increases
balance and stability in sport. This is why you equilibrium:
can change direction faster by bending your legs (a) Enlarged base of support
(b) Body weight
and getting lower to the ground. It increases your
stability, allowing you to adjust to greater force (c) Direction of an acting force
production by the legs. (d) Lowered Centre of gravity
Q.3. What do you mean by Static stability or Direction of an acting force : If the direction of
equilibrium? acting force is known, Stability can be definitely
Q.4. Give suitable examples for static stability from increased by moving the line of gravity as close as
games and sports. possible to the nearest edge of the base where the
force is expected.
Ans. A weightlifter with a weight of 60 kg has lifted a
barbell weighing 80 kg and is holding it above his An increase in the base of support should be in the
head. As long as he is holding the barbell, both direction of applied force. So, greater stability will
the bodies (weightlifter and barbell) are in static be obtained if the base of support is widened in the
equilibrium. Same concept is applicable in cricket direction of applied force.
when a fielder tries to catch a ball with wider legs Same is applicable in cricket when a fielder tries to
because a wider base provides higher stability. stop the ball just before the line of boundary. At that
time, the fielder has to increase his base of support
towards the direction where the force is applied.
Commonly Made Error Q.4. Elucidate the Center of Gravity and its application
in sports.
Students generally make error in writing about Ans. Centre of Gravity (COG) : It is the point at which
stability and the games related examples. gravity appears to be acting upon an object. The
Centre of gravity moves according to the athlete's
body position. For e.g., in athletics, runner's Centre
Answering Tip of gravity is in the lower region of the pelvis and in
front of his body, because his upper body is leaning
Students should write correct examples related forward. Having the Centre of gravity lower and
with stability according to their types. in front of his lower body is advantageous for
acceleration.
Q.5. Define the role of Center of gravity in the The Center of gravity is fixed, provided the size
performance of sports skill. and shape of the body do not change. Lowering the
Centre of gravity increases balance and stability in
Short Answer Type sports. This is why you can change direction faster
Questions-II (3 marks each) by bending your legs and getting yourself lower to
the ground. It increases your stability, allowing you
Q.1. Evaluate the importance of equilibrium in sports to adjust to greater force production by the legs.
with suitable examples.

Friction and Sports

Topic-3 -
Concepts Covered • Friction Static and Dynamic (Roling and sliding) friction and its
u
applicaton in sports.
sp

Revision Notes

> Friction: The force acting along two surfaces in (i) The roughness or irregularities of the surface;
contact, which opposes the motion of one body over (iü) The strong atomic or molecular force of
the other is called the force of friction. It is important attraction between the two surfaces at the
in sports. The larger the area of contact between the point of actual contact.
surfaces, the greater the force of friction. When both
the surfaces are smooth, the force of friction reduces
almost to zero. Generally, there are two causes of
friction:
O These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

160 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Motion

Pushing
force

Friction

> Characteristics of friction: body slides over the surface of the other body.
1. Friction is the force resisting the relative motion For instarnce, ice skating and in pole vault,
of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material
planting the pole.
elements sliding against each other.
2. Friction is a force created whenever two surfaces (ii) Rolling Friction: Rolling friction occurs when
move or try to move over each other. an object rolls over another (something with
3. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted wheels or circular like a ball). Example: riding
motion of one surface area across another a motorcycle. Rolling frictional force is a force
surface. that slows down the motion of a rolling object.
4. Friction is also dependent on the amount of Basically, it is a combination of various types of
contact force pushing the two surfaces together. frictional forces at the point of contact of the
wheel and ground or surface. When a hard
Key Word object moves along a hard surface then static
and molecular frictional force retard its motion.
Distortion: The act of twisting or altering something When a soft object moves over a hard surface
out of its true, natural, or original state.
then its distortion makes it slow down.
> Types of Friction: Co-efficient of Friction:
There are generally two types of friction: Friction is determined by the coefficient of
1. Static Friction friction. It is a ratio of force of friction between
2. Dynamic Friction bodies or force required to start movement and
the force pressing the two bodies together.
1. Static Friction: Static friction is when a force is
It is symbolized by u. Range of COF is ranging
applied to an object but does not cause it to move.
near to 0 from 1 but sometimes it can be greater
Example: Pushing a wall. Static friction comes into
play when a body is forced to move along a surface than 1 due to a stronger frictional force. When
force is applied to an object, the resistive force
and movement does not start. The magnitude of
static friction remains equal to the applied external of friction acts in the opposite direction, parallel
forces and direction of motion. The magnitude of to the surfaces. The standard friction equation
static friction depends upon coefficient of static for deternmining the resistive force of friction
friction and N (Net normal reaction of the body). when trying to slide two solid objects together
is written as Fr = uN, where Fr is the resistive
2. Dynamic Friction: Dynamic friction is a divergent
force of friction and N is the perpendicular
force that comes into action when one body moves force pushing the two objects together (both in
over the surface of another body. Additionally,
units of force, pounds or newtons), and u is the
dynamic friction of two types i.e., sliding friction coefficient of friction for the two surfaces. The
and rolling friction. These are: coefficiernt of friction varies for each situation,
(i) Sliding friction: Sliding friction is the and is related to the two specific surfaces that
divergent force that comes into action as the are in contact with each other.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q.2. Theforce produced when the surfaces of two

A Multiple Choice Questions
objects comes in contact with each other & tends
to move but their is no relative motion between
Q.1. The force which oppose the relative motion
them, this is known as
between the surfaces of two objects is known (A) Static friction (B) Sliding friction
as
(C) Rolling friction (D) Fluid friction
(A) Frictional force
Ans.Option (A)is correct.
(B) Gravitational force
Explanation: Static friction is when a force is applied
Applied force
(C)
to an object but does not cause it to move. Example:
(D) Tension force
Pushing a wall.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 161

Q.3. The formula of coefficient of friction is: (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(A) u =_N (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
F Q.1. Assertion (A): Friction is the force resisting the
(B) = F
relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and
N
material elements sliding against each other.
u = FxN
(C)
Reason (R): It occurs due to the roughness or
(D) None of these irregularities of the surface.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.4. The force of friction depends upon Explanation: Friction applies on surface in the form
(A) Nature of surface of contact
of rolling and sliding during movement.
(B) Material of objects
(C) Both (a) & (b)
Q.2. Assertion (A): Pushing a wall is an example of static
friction.
(D) None of the above
Reason (R): Static friction is when a force is applied
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
to an object but does not cause it to move.
Explanation: Friction is the force resisting the
relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and Ans. Option (A) is correct.
material elements sliding against each other. Explanation: Static friction comes into play when
a body is forced to move along a surface and
Friction is also dependent on the amount of contact
force pushing the two surfaces together. movement does not start.
Q.3. Assertion (A): Friction is Necessary but it reduces

BAssertion Reason &

the efficiency of work done as well as enhances
sports performance.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement Reason (R): Athletes use spikes and footballers use
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of studs to have appropriate friction with which they
run fast.
Reason (R), Mark the correct choice as:
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(A)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q.4. Assertion (A): The resistive force encountered
while sliding a table over a smooth floor.
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Reason (R): Unevenness of the surface is reduced
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of by polishing.
Assertion (A). Ans. Option (A) is correct.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Q.4. Define Static friction.
Questions (1 mark each) Q.5. What do you mean by Rolling Friction?
Ans. Rolling friction occurs when an object rolls over
Q.1. What do you mean by the term friction? another (something with wheels or circular like a
ball). Example riding a motorcycle.
Ans. The force acting along two surfaces in contact,
which opposes the motion of one body over the Short Answer Type
other is called the force of friction. Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 2. Mention the main causes of friction.
Ans. (i) The roughness or irregularities of the surface. Q.1. What do you mean by dynamic friction?
(ii) The strong atomic or molecular force of attraction [CBSE 2016] AD
between the two surfaces at the point of actual Ans. Dynamic friction is the force of friction which is
contact.
always less than limiting friction. This friction is
Q.3. Enlist the types of friction.
the one which appears when a body has already
Ans. There are two types of friction :
started sliding over another surface, e.g., the force
(a) Static friction
of friction when a box has been put into motion
(b) Dynamic friction - Rolling and sliding friction
over the floor is the dynamic friction.

These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
<br>

162 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Q.2. Enlist the methods of reducing friction. Q.2. What is sliding friction? Explain by giving suitable
B
Ans. Methods of reducing friction are as follows: examples.
(a) Polishing Ans. When a bodyslides on the surface of another body,
(b) Lubrication the frictional force exerted by the surface is called
the sliding friction.
(c) Use of ball bearings
Example: The resistive force encountered while
(d)Streamlining sliding a table over a smooth floor. After the body
Q.3. Which type of friction help to increase performance just starts to slide on a surface (external force
in roller skating. exceeds the limiting force) of static friction, the
force required to maintain the motion of the body
Ans. Rolling friction is friction that acts on objects when over the other surface with a unifornm velocity is a
they are rolling over a surface. Rolling friction is measure of sliding friction.
much weaker than sliding friction or static friction.
Q.3. List down any three advantages of friction. AO
Q.4. Elucidate the role of sliding friction in sports.
Ans. (i) We would not be able to walk if there is no
Ans. The term sliding friction refers to the resistance
friction between the feet and the ground.
created by two objects sliding against each other.
This can also be called kinetic friction. Following are While walking, we push the ground with our
some examples of sliding friction from sports: foot, the friction provides a reaction to our
Rubbing both hands together to create heat, rolling push.
a bowling ball down a lane at the bowling alley (ii) Working of brakes in vehicles depends on
sliding across home plate to score a run in baseball, friction.
sliding a sledge across snow or ice, skis sliding (iii) It is the friction between the belt and the
against snow a person sliding down a sliding board.
pulley that helps the rotation of various parts
Short Answer Type of a machine.
Q.4. Explain the different methods of reducing friction.
Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q.1. "Friction is a necessary evil". Justify your answer. Ans. (i) Use of lubricants: Friction in machines is
AO (CBSE SQP 2015) reduced by lubrication. The lubricant fills the
Ans. Friction is helpful as well as harmful. tiny pores and depressions in the surfaces
(i) Friction is Necessary: It reduces the efficiency making them smooth, thus reducing friction.
of work done. Nothing would be able to move (iü) Use of ball bearings: In rotating machines
without friction. We would not be able to walk, such as wheels of a cycle, motor-car axles-the
we would just be slipping.
shafts are mounted on ball bearings to reduce
Example: Athletes use spikes and footballers friction.
use studs to have appropriate friction with
(iii) Polishing: Unevenness of the surface is
which they run fast.
reduced by polishing. It can also be achieved
(iü) Friction is evil: It is evil because it results in
by rubbing the surface with sandpaper or
energy wastage. Due to friction, we have to
energy powder.
spend a lot of energy and money to move
Q.5. What are the causes of friction ?
things. In cycle and motor mechanisms, we use
grease to reduce friction to increase efficiency. Ans. The main reason for friction is the roughness of
the surface. When we see it may appear smooth,
but when we see it through a microscope, the
Commonly Made Error magnified image will show a number of tiny hills
and valleys. When an object tends to slide over
Many students are not able to understand the
question and explain only the evil effects of another interlocking of hills and valleys resist the
friction. relative motion and create the force of friction.
Smoothening the surface reduces the friction. But
if the surface became very smooth and flat, the
Answering Tip friction from the molecular attraction becomes
significant.
The question uses the words 'necessary' and Q.6. Friction is categorised into how many types?
'evil. So, both positive and negative effects of
Explain them in brief. (CBSE SQP 2019)
friction are needed to be covered here.
Ans. Types of Friction are as follows:
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BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 163

1. Static Friction (b) Friction slows down the speed. Rolling shoes and
2. Dynamic Friction smooth surface are used to minimise friction in
Static Friction: Static friction is when a force is roller skating.
applied to an object but does not cause it to move. (c) Air resistance has disadvantages to ball games,
Example: Pushinga wall. Static friction comes into where speed of ball reduces due to the friction.
play when a body is forced to move along a surface Example in football, badminton, cricket etc.
and movement does not start. The magnitude (d) Friction is also the reason for decreased speed of
of static friction remains equal to three applied playing objects on ground as well, due to resistance
external forces and direction of motion. by uneven ground.
Magnitude of static friction depends upon (e) Sliding or movement of fallen person causes
coefficient of static friction and N (Net normal increased injury due to friction, as it causes heat
reaction of the body). and resistance to the movement of body.
Dynamic Friction: Dynamic friction is a divergent () Wear and tear of ball and other objects is also a
force that comes into action when one body moves common example.
over the surface of another body. Additionally, (g) Playing spaces are made as smooth as possible to
dynamic friction is of two types i.e., sliding friction avoid resistance and hence friction.
and rolling friction. Q.2. Write in detail about the friction and its types with
(i) Sliding friction: Sliding friction is the divergent their application in sports. AO
force that comes into action as the body slides over Ans. Friction: The force acting along two surfaces in
the surface of the other body. For instance, ice contact, which opposes the motion of one body
skating and in pole vault, planting the pole. over the other is called the force of friction. It is
(ii) Rolling Friction: Rolling friction occurs when an important in sports. The larger the area of contact
object rolls over another (something with wheels or between the surfaces, the greater the force of
circular like a ball). Example: riding a motorcycle. friction. When both the surfaces are smooth, the
Rolling frictional force is a force that slows down force of friction reduces almost to zero.
the motion of a rolling object. Generally, there are two causes of friction:
Long Answer Type (i) The roughness or irregularities of the surface;
Questions (5 marks each) (ii) The strong atomic or molecular force of attraction
between the two surfaces at the point of actual
Q.1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of contact.
friction? Types of Friction:
Ans.Advantages of friction: There are generally two types of friction:
(a) Friction between shoes and ground allows us to run 1. Static Friction
and walk. 2. Dynamic Friction
(b) Friction enables us to hold the objects and 1. Static Friction: Static friction is when a force is
equipments. Without friction, the equipments applied to an object but does not cause it to move.
would just fall out of the hand. Example:
(c) Keeps the object at position : by friction, the object
can be placed at position and shaped.
Pushing a wall. Static friction comes into play
when a body is forced to move alonga surface and
(d)Helps to move: Friction forces help to move the movement does not start. The magnitude of static
object e.g.,; running or walking. e) The friction of friction remains equal to three applied external
feet/ shoes on the surface, helps to speed. forces and direction of motion. The magnitude of
(e) Hold or grip an object: With the help of friction, static friction depends upon coefficient of static
the ridges of skin of our fingers and palm enable us friction and N (Net normal reaction of the body).
to grab or hold objects. For example- In badminton, 2. Dynamic Friction: Dynamic friction is a divergent
the players use grip to hold it. force that comes into action when one body moves
() Frictional force helps to move the object in the over the surface of one more body. Additionally,
speed. For Example Spikes are used by the athletes
:
dynamic friction is of two types i.e., sliding friction
to run fast. and rolling friction.
(g) Produce heat: The law of conservation of energy These are:
states that the amount of energy remains constant. (i) Sliding friction: Sliding friction is the divergent
Thus, the energy generated due to friction in trying force that comes into action as the body slides over
to move the object, gets converted into heat energy. the surface of the other body. For instance, ice
Disadvantages of friction: skating and in pole vault, planting the pole.
(a) In cycling, if there is more friction between road (ii)Rolling Friction: Rolling friction occurs when an
and tyres, there will be more wastage of energy of object rolls over another (something with wheels
the cyclist. The tyres must be properly inflated to or circular like a ball). Example riding a motorcycle.
reduce force of friction. Rolling frictional force is a force that slows down
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164 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

the motion of a rolling object. Basically, it is a surface then static and molecular frictional force
combination of various types of frictional forces retard its motion. When a soft object moves over a
at the point of contact of the wheel and ground or hard surface then its distortion makes it slow down.
surface. When a hard object moves along a hard

Projectile in Sports
Topic-4 Concepts Covered • Projectile, Projectile in sports

Revision Notes

> Projectile: It checks with the motion of an object () Height of Release: The peak above the
projected into the air at an angle. An object thrown bottom level, or the peak above the purpose of
into the space either horizontally or at oblique angle landing, of the Centre of gravity of a projectile
under the action of gravity is termed as a projectile. immediately before it leaves the bottom.
Within the field of games and sports, there are Projectile in Sports
many samples of projectiles like putting the shot,
There are some samples of projectile motion
a
throwing hammer, discus, and javelin in athletics. application in sports.
O-P Key Words (a) Bow and arrow/sling-shot: When an arrow
is fired at an angle to the bottom, it follows a
Discus: sport in athletics (track and field) in which parabolic path of a projectile and then it hits
a disk-shaped object, known as a discus, is thrown
the target.
from a distance.
Trajectory: Path followed by projectile. (b) In the baseball game, a ball is hit by the bat
and then it starts moving in the air but the ball
Parabolic Path: The angle of projectile trajectory.
doesn't follow a standardised circular path. The
Factors affecting projectile trajectory: trail is probably going to be parabolic in nature
betting on the angle at which it's launched.
(a) Propelling Force: The propelling force
produces certain effects depending upon its
(c) When a football is kicked then it travels a
point and direction of application. Variation specific distance within the air and it falls at
an angle to the base or ground, this can be an
of spin like forward, backspin, clockwise,
counterclockwise occurs thanks to propelling example of projectile motion.
force. (d) To achieve maximum distance, the person
(b) Force of Gravity: Gravity acts to influence the goes into circular motion to apply a force and
vertical motion of the projectile. The factors then throws the hammer. The hammer should
that determine how soon gravity will cause the be thrown at a particular angle so that it covers
article to descend are maximum distance. The laws of projectile
1. Weight (mass) of the item. motion are applied here to induce the most
2. Amount of force driving it upward. benefit out of the throw.
3. The effect of air resistance on the item. (e) In an exceedingly game of golf, a golf
(c) Effect of Air Resistance: Air resistance affects equipment is hit by a Golf stick, after this the
ball follows the parabolic motion and then
the horizontal component of a projectile
trajectory, the effect of which may be lands at a particular location. The angle and
minimised by lowering the angle of release. also the force applied are important for the ball
to land at the specified location.
(d) Speed of Release: Speed or velocity is directly
associated with distance. The greater the speed () In Gymnastics, plenty of stunts and jumps are
of release, the greater the gap covered on the performed by gymnasts. The motion of the
wind. gymnast as he jumps is parabolic.
(e) Angle of Release (Trajectory of Relax) : The (g) When a basketball is thrown into the basket,
angle of release changes the link between the balltravels a parabolic trajectory and then
the horizontal and vertical components of a goes into the basket.
projectile. (h) Volleyball: In a Volleyball game, the ball
The perfect angle of release is 45 degrees, follows a parabolic motion from one side of
assuming there's no air resistance and also the the web to the opposite, it's an example of
kick off and landing points are at the identical projectile motion.
heights.
<br>

BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 165

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

A Multiple Choice Questions (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Q.1. Assertion (A): In javelin throw, the athlete throws
Q.1. It refers to the motion of an object projected into the projectile at an angle of 45 degrees.
the air at an angle. Reason (R): The maximum range does not depend
(A) Trajectory (B) Projectile upon angle of projection.
(C) Motion (C) Angle Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Exact 45 degrees angle is perfect for
Q.2. The main force acting on the is the maximum range.
gravity in the vertical direction. Q. 2. Assertion (A): A projectile is anything which is
(A) Parabola (B) Projectile thrown or jumped into the air.
Reason (R): This applies to balls, javelins, discus,
(C) Motion (C) Linear
long jumpers, high jumpers, and horses show
Ans. Option (B) is correct. jumping.
Explanation: Any object that is in flight in the Ans. Option (A) is correct.
horizontal and vertical directions is said to be in
projectile motion. Explanation: Generally. projectile applies in sports
skills of throwing, jumping, etc.
Q.3. is the path followed by the
projectile. Q.3. Assertion (A): Once a body has left the ground
(A) Rotation (B) Parabola
there are only two forces acting on it- Body weight
and Air resistance.
(C) Trajectory (D) Variation Reason (R): Air resistance and gravitational force
Ans. Option (C) is correct. acts on the athlete's body during locomotory
Explanation: A trajectory is the path of an object activities.
through space. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q.4. The trajectory of a projectile motion is always in Explanation: Body weight and air resistance are
the form of a dominant factor to create a parabolic path when the
(A) Rotation (B) Linear body is in air.
(C) Parabola (D) Angular Q.4. Assertion (A): Variation of spin like forward,
Ans. Option (C) is correct. backspin, clockwise, counterclockwise occurs due
to propelling force.
Q.5. Identify the factor which affect projectile
trajectory. Reason (R): The propelling force produces certain
effects depending upon its point and direction of
(A) Propelling force (B) Force of gravity
application.
(C) Angle of release (D) Allof these Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: The propelling force is about the
action of driving or pushing, typically forward or
BAssertion Reason &
onward.
Q.5. Assertion (A): The greater the speed of release, the
Directions : In the following questions, a statement greater the distance covered in flight.
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R): Speed or velocity is directly related to
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: the distance.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Explanation: Both are correct and statement has
(B)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but cause and effect between speed or velocity and
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of distance.
Assertion (A).

SUBJECTIVE TYPE OUESTIONS

Q. 1. Define the term Angle of Release or Trajectory of
Very Short Answer Type Relax?
Questions (1 mark each)
Ans. The angle of release changes the relationship
between the horizontal and vertical components of
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166 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

a projectile. The ideal angle of release is 45 degrees,

assuming there is no air resistance and the take-off Short Answer Type
and landing points are at the same heights. Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q.2. What is a Parabolic path?
Ans. Parabolic path is defined as the angle of trajectory Q.1. Define parabolic path with suitable examples.
of a projectile. Ans. When a basketball is thrown into the basket, the
Q.3. Write any one example of the application of ball travels a parabolic trajectory and then goes into
the basket. Volleybal: In a game of volleybal, the
projectile in gymnastics. ball follows a parabolic motion from one side of the
Ans. In Gymnastics, lots of stunts and jumps are net to the other, these are a very good examples of
performed by gymnast. The motion of the gymnast projectile motion.
as he jumps is parabolic.
Q.2. Elaborate the angle of projectionand its importance
Q.4. Write about the cause of spin variation like in sports?
forward, backspin,clockwise, counterclockwise.
Ans. The angle of release changes the relationship
Ans. The cause of spin variation like forward, backspin, between the horizontal and vertical components of
clockwise, counterclockwise is propelling force. a projectile. The ideal angle of release is 45 degrees,
Q.5. Mention any one example for effect of air resistance
assuming there is no air resistance and the take-off
on sports performance. and landing points are at the same height. Example,
Ans. Air resistance affects the horizontal component for the shot put, the optimum release angle is 40
of a projectile's trajectory, the effect of it can 42 degrees, and for the hammer throw it is 43-44
be mininmised by lowering the angle of release. degrees.
Examples: Javelin throw, discus throw, etc. Q.3. Write about projectile with angle of projection.
Ans. An object thrown into the space either horizontally
Short Answer Type or an acute angle under the action of gravity is
Questions-I (2 markseach) called a projectile. There are forces which act on a
projectile-gravitational force and air resistance. Air
Q.1. Elucidate the role of air resistance in projectile resistance of an object varies greatly and it depends
motion with suitable example. on the object's particular shape and the atmospheric
Ans. As a projectile moves through the air, it is slowed conditions in which the object is released.
down by air resistance. Air resistance will decrease Trajectile : The path followed by a projectile. The
the horizontal component of a projectile. The factor affecting Projectile Trajectory are mentioned
effect of air resistance is very small, but needs to be below.
considered if you want to increase the horizontal Angle of projection: An object which is projected
component of a projectile. at different angles covers different distance. So the
In javelin throw, air resistance affects the horizontal distance covered by an object (Shot Put, Hammer,
component of the projectile's trajectory, but the Javelin, Discus etc., depends on the angle of release
effect of it can be minimised by lowering the angle of projectile.
of release.
Q.4. How does projectile motion affect sports?
Q.2. Explain in brief about the role of height of release Ans. In real life, the projectile motion find applications
in projectile motion with suitable examples. in sports. Playing basketball, football is examples
Ans. The height of release affects the trajectory of the of projectile motion in real life. While throwing a
projectile and for a given speed of release and angleas basketball into the basket, the player shoots the ball
of release, the horizontal displacement increases in such a way that the flight takern by the ball is in
the height of release increases. Same is applicable in the form of a parabola.
javelin throw, basketball etc. Q.5. How is projectile motion used in volleyball?
Q.3. What do you mean by the parabolic path? Ans. Projectile Motion describes the motion of the ball
Ans. A projectile is anybody which is thrown or jumped whether it's a serve, set, or dig, a volleyball will
into the air. Once it has left the ground it will follow always travel in a parabolic motion. This is because
a flight path called a parabola until it once more the only force that acts on the ball after the ball is
comes back down to earth. This applies to balls, given an initial force of gravity assuming that there
javelins, discus, long jumpers, high jumpers, and is no air resistance.
horses show-jumping.
Q.4. An object thrown into space either horizontally Long Answer Type
or at an acute angle under the action of gravity is Questions (5 marks each)
called a projectile. Name the two forces which act
on a projectile. (All India 2017) Q.1.Elaborate the term Projectile and its impact in
Ans. The two forces that act on a projectile are propelling sports with suitable examples.
force and force of gravity. It is applicable in discus Ans. Projectile refers to the motion of an object projected
throw, basketball, shot-put, javelin, volleyball etc. into the air at an angle. An object thrown into
the space either horizontally or at oblique angle
under the action of gravity is named a projectile.
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BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 167

Within the field of games and sport there are (h) In volleyball, the ball follows a parabolic motion
many examples of projectiles like putting the from one side of the net to the opposite, it's an
shot, throwing a hammer, discus, and javelin in example of projectile motion.
athletics. In real world, the projectile motion finds Q.2. Define trajectory. Describe the factors affecting
applications in sports. Playing basketball, football the trajectory of a projectile. (Delhi 2016)
are examples of projectile motions in world. While Ans. A trajectory is a path described by a moving object
throwing a basketball into the basket, the player or the path followed by a projectile. Examples are
shoots the ball in such a way that the flight taken by a throw in cricket, throwing a javelin, discus and
the ball is within the kind of a parabola. hammer etc.
Projectile in Sports: Factors affecting projectile trajectory are:
There are some samples of projectile motion (a) Propelling Force: The propelling force produces
application in sports. certain effects depending upon its point and
(a) Bow and arrow/sling-shot: When an arrow is fired direction of application. Variation of spin like
at an angle to the bottom, it follows a parabolic path forward, backspin, clockwise, counterclockwise
of a projectile and therefore it hits the target. occurs due to propelling force.
(b) In baseball, a ball is hit by the bat and after this the (b) Force of Gravity: Gravity acts to influence the
ball travels in the air. But ball doesn't follow an vertical motion of the projectile. The factors that
even circular path. The trail is probably going to be
parabolic in nature depending upon the angle at determine how soon gravity will cause the object to
descend are.
which it's launched.
1. Weight (mass) of the object.
(c) When a football is kicked then it travels a specific
2. Amount of force driving it upward.
distance within the air and it falls at an angle to the 3. The effect of air resistance on the objec.
bottom, and this can be an example of projectile
(c) Effect of Air Resistance: Air resistance affects the
motion.
(d) To achieve maximum distance, the person goes into horizontal component of projectile's trajectory, the
circular motion to apply a force and then throws effect of it can be minimised by lowering the angle
the hammer. The hammer should be thrown at a of release.
selected angle so as to get maximum distance. The (d) Speed of Release: Speed or velocity is directly
laws of projectile motion are applied here to induce related to distance. It is divided into two
the utmost benefit out of the throw. components: Initial Vertical Velocity and Initial
(e) In an exceedingly game of golf, a ball is hit by a Golf Horizontal Velocity.
stick and then the ball follows the parabolic motion (e) Angle of Release (Trajectory of Relax): The angle
and it lands at a particular location. The angle and of release changes the relationship between the
also the force applied are vital for the ballto landat horizontal and vertical components of a projectile.
the specified location. The ideal angle of release is 45 degrees, assuming
() In Gymnastics, plenty of stunts and jumps are there is no air resistance and the take-off and
performed by gymnasts. The motion of the gymnast landing points are at the same heights.
as he jumps is parabolic.
() Height of Release: The height above the ground
(g)Whena basketball is thrown into the basket, the ball level, or the height above the point of landing, of
travels a parabolic trajectory and then it goes into the Centre of gravity of a projectile immediately
the basket. before it leaves the ground.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

Case based MCQs

I. Read the passage and answer the questions that

follow by choosing the correct option:
The teachers as well as coaches always make
their best efforts to improve the performance of
their students in various competitive games and
sports. They can help to improve the performance
of students if they have adequate knowledge of
biomechanics. [CBSE QB 2021] Q.1. The more force one exerts on the downward
bounce, the higher the ball bounces into the air.
Which law is this statement being referred to?
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168 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII
(A) Newton's 1st law (B) Newton's 2nd law the students to the physics lab of his school. The
(C) Newton's 3rd law (D) Law of gravitation students get confused. After the completion of the
class, they realise the fact. [CBSE QB2021]
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q.1. Why does the teacher bring the students to
Explanation: According to Newton's third law
of motion, to every action, there is an equal and physics lab for biomechanics class?
opposite reaction. (A) It deals with physics principle.
(B) It deals with biology principle.
Q.2. Among the ... given pictures, Newton's 3rd law is
depicted in picture. (C) It combines biology and physics principles.
(A) First (B) Second (D) None of these
(C) Both (D) None of these Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Mechanics is the branch of physics
Explanation: Both pulling the feet back to kick that studies the affect of forces on objects. the
farther and bouncing of the cricket ball after hit by study of human body and various forces acting on
it a combined study of two different branches
the bat depict Newton's third law of motion.
and is termed as Biomechanics.
Q.3. The acceleration of an object depends directly
upon the net force acting upon the object and Q.2. Biomechanics is associated with:
inversely upon the object's (A) Mechanic
(A) Weight (B) Mass (B) Physics

(C) Height (D) Density (C) Mechanic and Physics

Ans. Option (B) is correct. (D) Mechanic and Anatomy
Explanation: The acceleration produced in the Ans. Option (D) is correct.
body can be calculated using the formula: Explanation: Anatomy is also the study of human
F body (internal organs). So, biomechanics can be
a= associated with Mechanics and Anatomy.
Q.3. Friction can be increased by which of the
which indicates that mass of the body and following?
acceleration produced in the body are inversely (A) Smooth surface
related.
(B) Dry or rough surface
Q.4. The study of human body and various forces (C) Decrease the weight
acting on it is called: (D) Allof these
(A) Biology (B) Biomechanics
(C) Physiology
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(D) Anatomy
Ans. Option (B) is correct. Q.4. Sports biomechanics can be defined as the study
of and their effect on individuals
Explanation: The study of human body comes
under Biology and study of forces comes under while he/she is exercising or taking part in any
Mechanics (a branch of Physics). So, the study of sporting activity.
human body and various forces acting on it is a (A) Accelerations (B) Forces
combined study of two different branches and is (C) Masses (D) All of these
termed as Biomechanics. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.5. A high jumper can jump higher off a solid surface IV. Read the passage and answer the questions that
because it opposes his or her body with as much follow by choosing the corect option:
force as he or she is able to generate. This example
refers to: During the physical education class Newton's
Laws of motion were discussed and their practical
(A) Law of conservation
application in sports events was explained to
(B) Law of inertia students. These laws are most relevant in sports as
(C) Law of action & reaction most of the actions in sports are related to these
(D) Law of gravity laws. On the basis of this information, answer the
following questions. [CBSE QB2021]
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Force exerted by the athlete on solid Q.1. Newton's First law of motion is also known as?
surface results in an opposite force applied by the (A) Law of inertia (B) Law of momentum
solid surface on the athlete. This is an example (c) Law of reaction (D) Law of acceleration
of Newton's Third Law of Motion or The Law of Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Action and Reaction. Explanation: According to this law, a body at rest
II. Read the passage and answer the questions that remains at rest and a body in motion remains in
follow by choosing the correct option: motion until an external force is applied to change
In biomechanics class, Gopi, the teacher, brings its state of rest or direction of motion.
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BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 169

Q.2. What is the relationship between Mass and force? Ans. Friction is also the reason for decreased speed of
(A) Directly proportional playing objects on ground as well, due to resistance
by uneven ground. Sliding or movement of fallen
(B) No relationship person causes increased injury due to friction, as it
() Inversely proportional causes heat and resistance to movement of body.
(D) Both (A) & (C) Wear and tear of ball and other objects is also a
common example.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Read the below passage and answer the following
Explanation: The relationship between mass and question.
force is derived from the formula: II. According to research studies without a pair of
basketbal shoes, its difficult to get a good grip on
F=m
X
a, = m =
the floor because the shoes are specially made for
the wood floor. When you slide all over the floor,
These formulae indicate that Force applied on the physics of running and stopping will help you
an object and the mass of the object are directly with understanding the game of basketball. In this
case, friction between the player's shoes and the
proportional. basketball court keep the players safe from sliding,
Q.3. Newton's second law is also known as: There are two types of friction, static friction and
(A) The law of reaction dynamic friction i.e., sliding friction and rolling
friction comes under dynamic friction and these
(B) The law of inertia are occurring in basketball.
(C) The law of acceleration
Q.1. Enlist the type of friction applicable in game of
(D) None of these basketball.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. Ans. Static, rolling and sliding friction are the types
of friction which are applied on the game of
Explanation: According to Newton's second law of basketball.
motion, the rate of change of momentum of a body Q.2. How a grip of basketballshoes are responsible for
is proportional to the resultant force acting on the the better sports performance.
body and is in the same direction. This law is also
Ans. Basketball players always wear specially design
known as Law of Acceleration or Law of Resultant shoes for better grip on the wooden surface. It
Force. allows proper friction which provide control
Q.4. Newton's first law is also known as Law of Inertia. during allkind of movements.
What does inertia mean? Q.3. How friction plays important role in basketball
(A) Laziness (B) Activeness during game?
(C) Boldness (D) Aggressiveness Ans. While the basketball is rolling on the floor, it
eventually comes to a stop because of friction.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Friction is helpful in the game of basketball. It
Explanation: Inertia is a Latin word meaning enables players to stop quickly and start running
idleness or laziness. in the opposite direction. Without friction, players
would uncontrollably around the court when
Case based Subjective they try to stop running. Although, friction can
make the game more difficult, the game itself
Questions would be impossible to play if friction didn't exist.
Read the below passage and answer the following Read the below passage and answer the following
question. question.
I. During a cricket training session, a coach III. During the sports training session, Newton's
explaining the importance of friction in cricket to Laws of motion were discussed and their practical
his players. He said that in cricket, friction plays a application in sports events was explained to
very major role as it is responsible for stopping the athletes of national level. These laws are most
cricket ball when it rolls on. When a batsman hits relevant in sports as most of the actions in sports
a grounded stroke, the friction acting on the ball are related to these laws.
causes it to stop. Without friction, the ball would Q.1.Mention the name of first law of motion.
never stop and go on rolling. Ans. Law of Inertia is the first law of motion.
Based on the above given passage, answer the Q. 2. How Newton's second law works in games and
following questions: sports.
Q.1. Which force is applied on a cricket ball at the time Ans. Newton's second law of motion is known as law of
of play ? acceleration. This law is applied in various sports,
Ans. Rolling Friction is applied on the cricket bal. such as in hammer throw, the thrower who is
stronger (who has more force) will throw the 12 lbs
Q. 2. What do you mean by friction? hammer farther than a thrower who has less force
Ans. Friction the force that combats relative motion or strength.
between the two surfaces that comes in contact. Q.3. Mention the role of third law of motion in sports.
Friction always acts in the opposite direction of the
applied force. Ans. Application of the law of reaction in different
Q.3. What are the disadvantages of frictions in cricket? sports:
<br>

170 swaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

(i) Shooting: In shooting, when a gun or pistol is Q.1. Which condition of ground is unfit for play?
fired the bullet moves forward (action). The gun Ans.Condition of ground is not fit to play due to slippery
or pistol jerks backward (reaction). When a person ground surface. In this case due to low friction,
walks, he presses the ground in the backward injury chances are high.
direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes Q.2. Write
about the disadvantages of low friction
him in the forward direction with an equal force condition in sports.
(reaction), A swimnner pushes the water backward
(action), High jump, Dribbling in basketball. Ans. Disadvantages of low friction:
Difficult to maintain balance during play and
II. Read the passage and answer the questions that
improper skill execution occurs. Sport performance
follow by choosing the correct option: also reduces.
During a cricket match, rain has fallen just before Q.3. Write about the importance of friction in sports.
the match. So the conditions of ground and pitch Ans. Importance of friction in sports:
have become unfit for play due to heavy rains. Friction is the force that prevents the player from
Both teann captains agreed to abandon the match
slipping and sliding. When air passes over a surface,
because there is a high chance of injury due to a frictional force called air resistance is produced,
slippery surface of ground. this is particularly important at high speed.

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-1)

Multiple Choice Questions Short Answer Type Questions-I
Ans. 4: Option (B) is correct. Ans. 4: The mass and weight of a body are directly
Very Short Answer Type Questions proportional. More is the mass of a body, more is
the earth's attraction on it, resulting in more weight
Ans. 1: Law of Inertia is the first law of motion.
of the body.

Solutions for Practice Questions (Topic-2)

Multiple Choice Questions
Ans. 5: Option (A) is correct. Commonly Made Error
Assertion & Reason
Ans. 2: Option (A) is correct. Some students explain the definition of COG
Explanation: Base support and lower Centre of in this type of question.
gravity has cause and effect over stability.
i Very Short Answer Type Questions Answering Tip
Ans. 3: It is an imaginary vertical line that passes
through a body's mass center. Students should read and understand the
Short Answer Type Questions-I question carefully and write only the role of
Ans. 3: Static stability involves held position by COG in sports with explanation.
the Centre of gravity remaining within the base of
support. Static equilibrium is when the center of Short Answer Type Questions-II
gravity is in a stable position. Archery, shooting, Ans. 1: In today's world of sports, injuries are the
wrestling, etc., are the examples of static stability. part of athlete's career. There are lots of reason to
Ans. 5: Role of Center of gravity is very essential in be injured but lack of stability or equilibrium is also
games and sports because all type of sports skills are a cause of sports injuries. During practice session
performed on the basis of mechanical principles. and competitions, athletes get injured due to wrong
COGgives stability to the athlete's body to perform technique, slippery surface, low friction, instability.
with optimum strength or potential. In sports, At present, through the study of mechanics, coaches
lowering of Centre of gravity also helps to increase can correct wrong techniques, improve efficiency of!
stability because it needs to be lifted higher before it body movements which can prevent sports injuries.
moves outside of the base of support. This becomes Static and dynamic equilibrium llows player to
very useful in combat sports like boxing, wrestling, play sports fearlessly and achieve optimum result.
sumo-wrestling etc.