Book 1 Chapter 10

Energy Efficiency &

Climate Change

Presentation by - Sunil Doshi

What we are going to cover
 Energy and environment,
 Air pollution,
 Climate change,
 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC),
 Kyoto Protocol,
 Conference of Parties (COP),
 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
 CDM methodology and procedure,
 Sustainable development.
 Energy & Environment

The combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels in industry generates by-product

materials, which impact the environment
The major emissions which impacts are
Carbon dioxide, Particulate matter (dust),
Sulphur oxides, Nitrogen oxides,
Hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide.

 Particulate matter generated during the combustion of Solid fuels (coal, lignite,
biomass & from ash content in the fuel)
 Sulphur oxide (SOx) emission is mainly from combustion of Sulphur contents Oil
and Coal
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission is associated with combustion of Nitrogen in fuel
and Combustion Air.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are due to incomplete combustion of fuels
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from the oxidation of carbon in fuels during
combustion dominates the total emissions

Carbon Dioxide is Not Considered as a Pollutant, It is Considered as a Major

Contributor to Global Warming and Climatic Change
 Global Environmental Issues

Acid rain
Ozone layer depletion
Global warming and climatic change
Loss of biodiversity
 Acid Rain
Acid rain is caused by release of Sulphur oxides (SOX) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
from combustion of fossil fuels
When these mix with water vapor in atmosphere , there is formation of Sulphur
acids and Nitric acids respectively. During raining these Acid vapors causes the
Acid Rains,

This Acid Rain Leads in to

• Acidification of lakes, streams, and soils SO2 =={> H 2SO4
NO,=={> HNO3

• Direct and indirect effects release of metals,

for example: Aluminum which washes away
Dry Depos t on
(particula s and gases) WetDeposition (rain,
snow, sleet)
◊
plant nutrients
S02
NOxu

• Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic

plants, and animals)
• Decay of building materials and paints,
statues, and sculptures
• Health problems (respiratory, burning- skin
and eyes)
Ozone Layer Information
 Ozone layer exist in stratosphere
10-50 Km from earth surface

 Ozone layer is an efficient filter for

very harmful UV radiation

 Ozone layer though unstable had

being in equilibrium (formation and
destruction) for million of years

 Now-a-days, Ozone layer is being

increasingly disturbed by man-
made Chlorine, bromine and
nitrous oxide
Ozone Formation and Destruction
Natural ozone production

Ultraviolet light
0
+
0

Natural ozone destruction

+
 Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet
radiation with wavelengths less than 240 nanometers
And
 Is destroyed when it absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths
greater than 290 nanometers
Chemistry of Ozone Depletion

• When ultraviolet light waves strike CFC (CFC13) molecules in the upper atmosphere,
a carbon chlorine bond breaks, producing a chlorine (Cl) atom.

• The chlorine atom then reacts with an ozone (03) molecule breaking it apart, so
destroying the ozone.

• It forms an ordinary oxygen molecule (0) and a chlorine monoxide (ClO) molecule.

• Then a free oxygen atom breaks up the chlorine monoxide, releasing chlorine.

• The released chlorine is free to repeat the process of destroying more ozone
molecules. A single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecule
Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
 Effects on Human and Animal Health:
 high impact on human health with potential risks of eye diseases, skin cancer and
infectious diseases

 Effects on Terrestrial Plants:

 Likely to change species composition in forest and grassland thus altering the bio-
diversity
 Could also affect the plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form,
secondary metabolism

 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems:

 May affect the distribution of phytoplankton’s (form the foundation of aquatic food)
 Damage to early development stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians and other
animals
 Most severe effects being decreased reproductive capacity and weaken development

 Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles:

 Affect terrestrial and aquatic bio-geo-chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sinks
of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (COz), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide
(COS), etc.

 Effects on Air Quality:

 Penetration of UV-B radiation result in higher photo dissociation rates of key trace gases
that control the chemical reactivity of the troposphere. This can Increase both production
and destruction of ozone and related oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, which are
known to have adverse effects on human health, terrestrial plants and outdoor materials.
Global Warming & Climate Change
 Global temperatures have risen by about 0.6oC over 20th century
and predicted to rise by about 5.8oc by 2100

 CO2 generated by fossil fuel combustion, methane and nitrous

oxide emissions through agricultural activities are main culprits

 Sea level is expected to rise up to 88 cm by 2100 causing flooding

in coastal areas

 Displacement of people, changes in cropping pattern , changes in

precipitation, reduction in agricultural yield and threat of food
shortage looms large
Atmosphere
 The atmosphere which surrounds the Earth is consist of thin
layer of gas
 The two most important layers in the atmosphere are known
as the Troposphere (0-10 km) and the Stratosphere (11-50 km)
 The air layer gets thinner and thinner with altitude. 90% of all
the molecules in the atmosphere are in the troposphere.
 The atmosphere is composed mainly of following by volumes
 21% Oxygen,
 78% Nitrogen,
 0.04% carbon dioxide,
 0.04% Argon
 In addition, water vapors and several gases are present in
very small amounts.
 The Greenhouse Effect
 The earth is surrounded by a blanket of gases including Greenhouse Gases such as
Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrous oxide etc.
 These Greenhouse gases absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the earth's surface
make blanketing effect over the surface & keep it warmer. This yields in build up of
energy, and the overall warming of the atmosphere.
 This blanket traps energy in the atmosphere, much the same way as glass traps
heat inside a greenhouse.
 Without naturally occurring greenhouse gases, the earth's average surface
temperature would be a cold -18°C rather than the tolerable 15°C.
 This Warming of the Earth called The Greenhouse Effect. It is a natural process,
which made life on the Earth possible.
 The Earth's atmosphere allows short-wave solar radiation from sun to pass
relatively unhampered. The long-wave infrared radiation emitted from the warm
earth's surface is partially trapped and re-emitted downwards by greenhouse gases
in the upper atmosphere.
 In this way an energy balance is set up, which ensures that the Earth is warmer
than it would be without it.
 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
 The natural greenhouse effect is enhanced by the increase of Greenhouse
Gases in the atmosphere especially Carbon dioxide from burning of fossil
fuels, coal, oil and gas

 It also enhanced with wide deforestation over the past 200 years and very
highly over the past 50 years.

 Although, water vapor is also considered as greenhouse gas, its amount in

the atmosphere is not changing directly because of human activities.

 The other important greenhouse gases that are directly influenced by

human activities leading to enhanced greenhouse effect are Methane,
Nitrous oxide, The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Ozone
The Greenhouse Effect (Natural & Enhanced)
 CO2 & Rising Global Temperature

❖ There is now overpowering evidence that enhanced greenhouse

effect from human activities is changing the global climate.
❖ It is estimated that the Earth’s Average surface temperature has
risen by 1.2°C, since 1880 because of emissions of greenhouse
gases from human activity. The relation between CO2 and Global
temperature variations is shown as above
 Greenhouse Gases Details
 Carbon Dioxide:

 The most important of the greenhouse gases because of its great quantity in the atmosphere.

 increase in CO2 has contributed to about 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect as its concentration
of 397 ppm (2014) is much higher than other greenhouse gases.

 It is also persistent with atmospheric lifetime of over 100 years.

 Man-made Carbon Dioxide Emissions:

 The major source of CO2 is fossil-fuel combustion (coal, petroleum, and natural gas).

 Coal-based power plants are the major CO2 in many countries in the world.

 In the industry, cement is a major contributor of CO2 as emissions occur from both fuel combustion
and calcination of limestone.

 Petroleum-burning motor vehicles are another major contributor of CO2 emission

 Deforestation contributes too because when felled trees are burned, their stored carbon is released as
CO2

 Carbon Sequestration:

 It is the term given to the process of removing CO2 from large point sources such as power plant, oil
refineries, industrial process etc.

 The CO2 is then stored in geologic formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep coal
closures or saline reservoirs. Oceans are a major CO2 sink, containing about 50 times more carbon
than the atmosphere.
 Greenhouse Gases Details
2

 Methane:

 The main natural source of methane is from wetlands. Methane is also created when organic matter such
as food and vegetables decompose without presence of oxygen- a process called anaerobic
decomposition.

 Human caused sources include leakage during coal mining, leakage from natural gas pipelines and from
petroleum wells, rice cultivation, belching from cattle and other livestock, decay of municipal solid
wastes dumped in landfill sites and from wood burning.

 Methane is a naturally occurring inflammable gas. Methane is produced by geological coal formations
and by the decomposition of organic matter. Leading anthropogenic sources of methane are landfills,
livestock digestive processes and wastes, especially ruminants (cud-chewing animals) and wetland rice
cultivation

 Nitrous Oxide:

 The emissions to the atmosphere are associated with human activities are from use of Nitrogen fertilizer,
Manure, Biomass combustion, fossil fuel combustion in power plant and the chemical industry

 N20 is contained in soil by bacteria. When farmers plow the soil and disturb the surface layer, N20 is
released into the atmosphere. It is also released from catalytic converters in cars. It has an atmospheric
lifetime of about 120 years.
 Greenhouse Gases Details
2

 Ozone:

 Ground-level ozone is a greenhouse gas. It can absorb infrared radiation and contribute to warming.

 Ground-level ozone forms from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides in the presence
of heat and the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):

 The CFCs are man-made chemicals which vaporize just below room temperature and are non-toxic and
non-flammable.

 It contains chlorine atoms and has been used in industry as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, manufacturing
of insulation and propellants in spray cans.

 Are chemically unreactive and once released into the atmosphere, they remain for a long time of about
100 or 200 years before being destroyed.

 Now, CFC’s are phased out and replaced by other Halocarbons Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While HCFC and HFC are less destructive to ozone than the CFCs, they
are still considered as greenhouse gases.

 But, since their rate of manufacture could increase substantially their potential contribution to global
warming is being included alongside other greenhouse gases.
 Greenhouse Gases Details
2

 Perfluorocarbons:

 Perfluorocarbons is also considered as an important greenhouse gas as it has a long atmospheric life,
more than several thousand years.

 All emissions of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere and will continue to influence climate for
thousands of years.

 Primary aluminum production and semiconductor manufacture are the largest known man-made sources
of perfluorocarbons.

 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SFJ:

 Sulfur hexafluoride is the most potent greenhouse gas.

 It is used in insulation, electric power transmission equipment, the magnesium industry, semiconductor
manufacturing to create circuitry patterns on silicon wafers, and as a tracer gas for leak detection.
 Global Warming Potential
 The different types of greenhouse gases all have different properties.
 The amount of time they reside in the atmosphere and the amount of heat that they trap can
vary widely.
 Many of the greenhouse gases are extremely powerful
 Some greenhouse gases such as Sulphur hexafluoride can continue to reside in the
atmosphere for thousands of years after they have been emitted.
 Some greenhouse gases are 140 to 23,900 times more potent than CO2 in terms of their
ability to trap and hold heat in the atmosphere over a 100-year period.
Lifetime in
Current
atmosphere
Greenhouse gas Baseline level GWP
(years)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 280 ppm 395 ppm 1 5-200
Methane (CH4) 700 ppb 1893 ppb 23 12
Nitrous oxide (N 0) 275 ppb 326 ppb 300 114
2

Ozone Days/weeks

Chloroflurocarbons (CFC) and

0 ppt levels 4000-8000 5-100
related chemicals

Perfluromethane, one of the

40 ppt 80 ppt 5700 50000
Perfluorcarbons (PFC)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ) 0.01 ppt 7.79 ppt 22000 3200
6

1 ppm= 1 gm in 1000 kg, 1 ppb = 1 gm in 1000 tons, 1 ppt = 1 gm in 10,00,000 tones

India's Greenhouse Gas Emissions

 India contributed to almost 7% of global emissions

 We are now third largest contributor in terms of CO2

emissions behind China and USA.

 Although India' emitted about 2.5 Giga tones of Carbon

dioxide (2013), the per capita emissions is still low at 1.6
tones per annum.

 Coal-based power production, accounted for almost 70% of

all of India's coal-related CO2 emissions.
Global Warming & Climatic Change
Impacts
 Over the last 50 years is caused by human activities the predict that
the global temperature will rise by about 6 °C by the year 2100.
 The major impacts of global warming are as follows:
a. Increasing Ocean Temperature and Rising Sea Levels
b. Snow and Ice Melting
c. Altered Rainfall Patterns
d. Extreme Weather Events
e. More Severe Heat Waves
f. Loss of Biodiversity
g. Increased Diseases
h. Dwindling Freshwater Supply
i. Food Shortages
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
was signed by over 160 countries at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 came
into force from 1994
 International response to climatic change
 Provides framework for cutting/controlling greenhouse gas emissions
 Voluntary pledge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by
year 2000 as short-term target
 The concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere should be
stabilized at a level which would prevent dangerous human caused
interference with the climate system – as long term vision
 Ratified nations convene in form of Conference Of Parties or COP
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, was formed in 1988 by the World
Meteorological Organization and the United Nations
Scientists in the Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded & Several of their conclusions are
summarized below:
❑ Atmospheric greenhouse gases continue to increase as a result of human activities.
❑ The fraction of warming due to carbon dioxide exceeds 50%.
❑ Decreases of about 10% in snow cover have occurred since the late 1960s.
❑ Reductions in the year's duration of lake and river ice cover occurred in the twentieth
century.
❑ Increases in the heat contained in the world's oceans have occurred since the late 1950s
❑ Between 0.1 and 0.2 m rise in global average sea levels occurred in the twentieth century.
The panel projects that if trends continue, will result that average global temperature will
increase between 1.4 - 5.8°C. About 75% of the warming is expected due to carbon dioxide.
They also project sea-level rises of another 0.1 to 0.9 m
The 1995 IPCC report greatly changed the world's view of climate change, and led to the
1997 Kyoto Protocol - an international agreement among industrialized nations to modestly
reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
 Conference Of Parties (COP)

 Supreme body of climatic change conventions

 The Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) meet annually in the form of COP
 The primary task is to promote and review the implementation of the
Convention and any related legal instruments (such as the Kyoto
Protocol, etc.).
 Countries that have joined the UNFCCC are referred to as "Parties to the
Convention". The meetings held between each COP are known as
Intersessional meetings
 Purpose of COP is to periodically examine the obligations of the
Parties and the institutional arrangements under the Convention
 Exchange of information
 Support for developing countries
 The landmark COP is COP 3 which resulted in Kyoto Protocol in 1997.
Important COPs
 COP-1 at Berlin envisioned a goal of negotiating a protocol to establish
legally binding reduction in emissions
 COP-3 adopts Kyoto protocol
 COP-4 adopts 2 years plan to finalize Kyoto protocol outstanding detail
i.e. compliance, policy issues and measures and transfer pf technology
to developing countries
 COP-5 aim was to strengthen guidelines for measuring greenhouse
emissions etc.
 COP-6 makes progress in outlining package of financial support and
technology transfer to developing countries in contributing to global
action on climatic change
 COP-7 outlines basics of Clean Development Mechanism
Global Climate Change Agreement: The
Kyoto Protocol
❖ The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
❖ The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets
for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for
reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
❖ The amounts to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the
five-year period 2008-2012
❖ Covers 6 major greenhouse gases emission reduction
❖ Carbon dioxide (CO2)
❖ Methane (CH4)
❖ Nitrous oxide (N2O)
❖ Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
❖ Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
❖ Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
 Emission Targets for Countries listed in
The Kyoto Protocol

Target
Country
(1990** - 2008 - 2012)

EU-15*, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia,

Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Romania, -8%
Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland

US*** -7%

Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland -6%

Croatia -5%

New Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukraine 0

Norway +1%

Australia +8%
 The Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms

The Kyoto Protocol offers an additional means of meeting their

targets by way of three market-based mechanisms.

The Kyoto mechanisms are:

✓ Emissions trading - also known as "the carbon trading“

✓ Clean development mechanism (CDM)

✓ Joint implementation (JI).

The mechanisms help stimulate green investment as well as help

Parties meet their emission targets economically.
 Emission Trading

Emissions trading allow countries that have emission units to spare -

emissions permitted to them but not "used"

To sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets.

Emission trading is also known as carbon trading since carbon

dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas.

Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is
known as the “Carbon Market."
Clean Development of Mechanism
(CDM)
 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows a country with an emission-
reduction under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction
project in developing countries.

 Such projects can earn Saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits,
each equivalent to one ton of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting
Kyoto Protocol targets.

 The mechanism results in sustainable development and emission reductions,

while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their
emission reduction or limitation targets.

 The major CDM projects have been from Renewable Energy followed by Waste
Handling and Disposals
 Joint Implementation (JI)
 The mechanism known as "joint implementation," allows a country with
an emission reduction under the Kyoto Protocol to earn emission
reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal
project in another approved Country, each equivalent to one tonne of
CO2, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target.
 A JI project must provide a reduction in emissions by sources, or an
enhancement of removals by sinks
 Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and economic means of
fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits
from foreign investment and technology transfer.
 The difference between JI-projects and CDM-projects is that JI-projects
are done between countries that both have commitments,
And while the CDM-projects is between one country that has
commitments and another country that does not have commitments.
 CDM Project Cycle
Project Designated Designated CDM-
Developer Operational National Executive Board

..
Entity (DOE) Authority

Project Preparation 2.Development of 4. Submission of PDD and

3.Development of
a. Project identification Project Idea Note Host country approval to
... Project Design
(PIN) Validator
b. Feasibility study Document (PDD)

Project
.
Implementation and
Monitoring

Yearly Verification
and Certification
CDM-EB Project
Projects Qualifying CDM approval
 Zero emission renewables - grid-connected electricity generation
for renewable sources.
 Biomass - grid-connected electricity from biomass.
 Waste - landfill gas project activities.
 Animal waste - change of animal waste management activities.
 Cement - increasing the blend in cement production.
 Energy efficiency
 Small scale CDM projects include type 1 (renewable energy),
type II (energy efficiency improvements), and type III (other
projects)
 Small-scale projects for fast track
CDM approval
Certain small-scale projects may be eligible for CDM fast track approval.
Reasons for introducing a "fast track" for small-scale projects are:
 CDM process too costly for small projects through normal process (high transaction costs)
 Many small projects deliver significant local sustainable development benefits
 Small-scale technologies are some of the most promising for solving the long-term problem
of climate change (e.g. solar; wind; fuel cells);
 CDM might lose public support if rules are biased toward large capital-intensive projects

 There exist three small-scale project types:

 Type I - Renewable energy projects with output capacity up to 15 MW

 Type II – Energy efficiency improvement projects which reduce energy consumption on the supply
and/or demand side by up to 15 GWh annually

 Type III- Other project activities that both reduce emissions by sources and directly emit less than 15
kilotons CO2 equivalent annually
 Sustainable Development
The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland
Commission) defined sustainable development as “Development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."

A more detailed definition:

'Sustainable development means living on the Earth's income rather than

eroding its capital’

and ‘

“keeping the consumption of renewable natural resources within the

limits of their replenishment'
End
 MCQ
QUESTIONS
Objective Type Questions
1. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of sulfur hexafluoride is

a) 1 b) 23 c) 300 d) 22,000
2. Global warming will not result in

a) melting of the ice caps b) increasing sea levels

c) increasing the size of the hole in the ozone layer d) unpredictable climate patterns
3. The ozone layer found in the stratosphere:

a) protects against the sun's harmful UV rays

b) can react with atmospheric pollutants to form smog
c) is toxic to plants
d) is capable of disintegrating fabric and rubber on earth

4. The main constituent of greenhouse gases (GHG) in atmosphere is

a) CO2 b) SOx c) nitrogen d) water vapour

5. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of nitrous oxide (N2O) is

a) 1 b) 23 c) 300 d) 5700
6.. Which of the following is not an environmental issue of global significance?

a) ozone layer depletion b) global Warning

c) loss of Biodiversity d) suspended particulate Matter
7. Which among the following has the lowest Global Warming Potential?

a) Perflurocarbon b) chloroflurocarbons c) methane d) nitrous oxide

8. The depletion of Ozone layer is caused mainly by _

a) nitrous oxide b) carbon dioxide c) choloroflourocarbons d)methane

9. Which of the following statements regarding responsibility of climate change mitigation is correct?
a) industrialized countries bare the sole responsibility in climate change mitigation because they are responsible for most of the GHG emitted to date due to
their economic growth
b) developing countries bare the sole responsibility as they will be responsible for most of the GHG emission increase in the future due to their population
growth
c) both industrialized and developing countries share the equal responsibility as a member of the international community
d) both industrialized and developing countries share common responsibility but taking into account the respective capabilities towards mitigation

10. The process of capturing CO2 from point sources and storing them is called _

a) carbon sequestration b) carbon sink c) carbon capture d) carbon adsorption