Instruments

Pitot and Static Sources

1.A pitot head is used to measure:
a. dynamic minus static pressure
b. static plus dynamic pressure
c. static pressure
d. dynamic pressure

2. A static vent is used to measure:

a. dynamic pressure minus static pressure
b. dynamic pressure plus static pressure
c. atmospheric pressure
d. dynamic pressure

3. A pressure head is subject to the following errors:

a. position, manoeuvre-induced, temperature
b. position, manoeuvre-induced
c. position, manoeuvre-induced, density
d. position, manoeuvre-induced, instrument

4. Given:
Pt = total pressure
Ps = static pressure
Dynamic pressure is:
a. Pt – Ps
b. (Pt – Ps) / Pt
c. (Pt – Ps) / Ps
d. Pt / Ps

5. Manoeuvre induced error:

a. is caused by pressure changes at static probes or vents
b. is likely to be greatest when yawing after engine failure
c. is combined with instrument and position error on a correction card
d. lasts for only a short time at high altitude

6. Position error:
a. may be reduced by the fitting of static vents
b. will usually decrease with an increase in altitude
c. will depend solely on the attitude of the aircraft
d. will usually decrease as the aircraft approaches the speed of sound

7. Fitting static vents to both sides of the aircraft fuselage will:

a. reduce the position error
b. balance out errors caused by side-slipping or yawing
c. require a calibration card for each static vent
d. enable a greater number of instruments to be fitted

The Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

1. A leak in the pitot total pressure line of a non-pressurized aircraft to an airspeed
indicator would cause it to:
a. over-read in a climb and under-read in a descent
b. over-read
c. under-read in a climb and over-read in a descent
d. under-read

2. A pitot blockage of both the ram air input and the drain hole with the static port
open causes the airspeed indicator to:
a. read a little low
b. read a little high
c. react like an altimeter
d. freeze at zero

3. If the static line to the ASI becomes blocked during a long descent, a dangerous
situation could arise due to the ASI:
a. over-reading, this indicated speed falsely showing the aircraft to be further
from the stalling speed than it actually is
b. under-reading, this indicated speed falsely showing the aircraft to be closer to
the stalling speed than it actually is
c. under-reading, this indicated speed possibly leading to the operation of flaps
and/or landing gear at speeds in excess of safety speeds
d. over-reading, this indicated speed possibly leading to the operation of flaps
and/or landing gear at speeds in excess of safety speeds

4. An aircraft maintaining a constant CAS and altitude is flying from a cold airmass
into warmer air. The effect of the change of temperature on the speed will be:
a. CAS will decrease
b. EAS will increase
c. TAS will increase
d. TAS will decrease
5. The airspeed indicator is calibrated to:
a. conditions of the International Standard Atmosphere at all heights
b. conditions of the International Standard Atmosphere at MSL
c. an air density of 1013.25 g/m3
d. indicate correctly in any atmosphere

6. Dynamic pressure is equal to:

a. ½ ρV2
b. ½ Vρ2
c. (½ ρV)2
d. ½ (ρV)2

7. Excluding blockages, the full list of errors of the ASI is:

a. instrument error, position error, density error, manoeuvre induced error
b. instrument error, position error, temperature error, compressibility error,
manoeuvre induced error
c. instrument error, position error, barometric error, temperature error, lag,
manoeuvre induced error
d. instrument error, position error, density error, compressibility error, manoeuvre
induced error

8. Some ASIs have coloured arcs and lines marked on their dials. A yellow arc and a
white arc indicate:
a. cautionary range and normal operating range
b. flap operating speed range and normal operating range
c. cautionary range and flap operating speed range
d. flap operating speed range and cautionary range

9. If the static line to the ASI becomes blocked during a climb, the ASI reading will:
a. increase, no matter what the actual airspeed is
b. progressively under indicate the value of airspeed
c. progressively over indicate the value of airspeed
d. stick at the airspeed showing at the moment of blockage

Altimeter
1. An aircraft taking off from an airfield with QNH set on the altimeter has both static
vents blocked by ice. As the aircraft climbs away the altimeter will:
a. read the airfield elevation
b. indicate the aircraft height amsl
c. read the height of the aircraft above the airfield
d. show only a very small increase in height
2. When flying from low pressure to high pressure, without resetting the altimeter
datum, the barometric error of an altimeter will cause the instrument to:
a. read the true altitude, providing a correction is made for temperature
b. over-read the true altitude of the aircraft
c. indicate a higher altitude than the correct one
d. under-read the true altitude of the aircraft

[Link] errors affecting the pressure altimeter are:

a. instrument position, manoeuvre induced, density, temperature, lag
b. instrument, pressure, manoeuvre induced, density, temperature, lag
c. instrument, position, manoeuvre induced, temperature, barometric, lag
d. instrument, pressure, lag, barometric, temperature, compressibility

4. An altimeter with ....... set on the subscale will indicate ......., but with ....... set, the
altimeter will show .......
a. 1013; pressure altitude; QNH; altitude
b. QNE; pressure altitude; QNH; height above airfield datum
c. QFE; height above the airfield datum; 1013; height amsl
d. QNH; height above touchdown; 1013; height amsl

5. An aircraft has one altimeter set to QFE and one to aerodrome QNH 1000 hPa.
If the airfield elevation is 300 ft, immediately before take-off the altimeter with
QFE set will read ....... and the other ....... If the QFE altimeter is set to 1013 when
passing through the transition altitude 3000 ft, it will read ..... (Assume 1 hPa = 30
ft).
a. 300 ft; zero; 2610 ft
b. zero; 300 ft; 3390 ft
c. zero; 300 ft; 3690 ft
d. zero; 300 ft; 2610 ft
Vertical Speed Indicator
1. The vertical speed indicator indications may be in error for some seconds after
starting or finishing a climb or descent. The error is a result of:
a. a combination of time lag and manoeuvre induced errors
b. a combination of position error and manoeuvre induced errors
c. manoeuvre induced errors only
d. a combination of time lag and instrument error

2. In the IVSI, lag error:

a. is overcome by feeding a sample of static pressure to the case and delaying it
to the capsule
b. is overcome by using a special dashpot accelerometer assembly
c. is overcome by the use of logarithmic presentation
d. is only overcome when initiating a climb or descent

3. Because the VSI measures rates of change of static pressure and not actual values
of static pressure, position error:
a. never affects VSI indications
b. may cause errors in the VSI during the take-off run
c. may cause errors in VSI indications whenever airspeed is change
d. may cause errors in VSI indications whenever airspeed is changed, even if
there is no change in position error

4. When entering a steep turn, an IVSI is likely to show:

a. no change in altitude
b. a climb
c. a descent
d. a slight descent at high airspeed only

5. If the static vent becomes blocked during a climb:

a. the VSI will stop at the rate of climb of the aircraft at the time of blockage
b. the VSI will indicate a decreasing rate of climb
c. the VSI will return to zero
d. the VSI will indicate an increasing rate of climb

6. In conditions of clear air turbulence:

a. the standard VSI is more sensitive
b. the IVSI is more sensitive
c. both types will react the same
d. the vertical acceleration pump will not be affected

Gyroscopes
1. Rigidity of a gyroscope depends on:
a. weight, force applied and speed of rotation
b. rate of precession and the force applied
c. weight, rate of precession and speed of rotation
d. mass, radius of gyration and speed of rotation

2. A force is applied to deflect a gyroscope. If the rpm of the gyro is then doubled, the
precession rate will:
a. remain as before
b. increase
c. decrease
d. cease altogether

3. A force applied to the spinning axis of a rotor is precessed:

a. through 90° in the direction of spin of the rotor
b. through 90° in the direction of spin of the rotor in the northern hemisphere
and through 90° in the opposite direction in the southern hemisphere
c. through 270° in the direction of spin of the rotor
d. at a rate proportional to the speed of rotation of the gyro

4. Real wander of a gyro can be caused by:

a. asymmetrical friction at the spinning axis
b. rotation of the earth
c. increasing the rpm of the rotor
d. moving the gyro north or south of its present position

5. A gyro with only one degree of freedom is known as a:

a. tied gyro
b. earth gyro
c. space gyro
d. rate gyro

6. A perfectly balanced space gyro at the equator has its spin axis aligned with true
north. After 6 hours the axis will be aligned with:
a. true east direction
b. true west direction
c. true north direction
d. true south direction

7. The main advantage of electric gyros are:

a. light weight, high rpm, constant speed, inexpensive
b. high rpm, only require low voltage DC, constant speed, sealed casing
c. high rpm, high moment of inertia, rapid build-up of speed, constant RPM
d. sealed casing, constant speed, high precession rate, low cost

8. Apparent wander of a gyro can be caused by:

a. rotation of the earth
b. clear air turbulence
c. gimbal friction
d. external torque

9. A directional gyro indicator is basically a:

a. horizontal axis earth gyro
b. horizontal axis tied gyro
c. vertical axis earth gyro
d. vertical axis tied gyro

10. The purpose of the caging knob is:

a. to prevent the gyro toppling
b. to reset the heading
c. to reset the heading and to prevent toppling
d. to prevent apparent wander

[Link] limits of pitch and roll for a modern directional gyro are respectively:
a. 55° and 85°
b. 85° and 55°
c. 55° and 55°
d. 85° and 85°

12. An artificial horizon utilizes (i)............ to show (ii)........ in (iii)....... and (iv).............
a. (i) an earth gyro (ii) position (iii) latitude (iv) longitude
b. (i) a space gyro (ii) attitude (iii) degrees (iv) minutes
c. (i) an earth gyro (ii) latitude (iii) pitch (iv) roll
d. (i) an earth gyro (ii) attitude (iii) pitch (iv) roll

13. During the take-off run an air driven artificial horizon will usually indicate:
a. nose up and incorrect left bank
b. a false descending turn to the right
c. increased nose-up attitude and right bank
d. a false climbing turn to the left

14. The indication on the right shows:

a. a climbing turn to the right
b. nose up and left wing down
c. 30° right bank, nose up
d. 30° left bank, nose below horizon

15. The rate of turn indicator uses (i) ............... which spins (ii)...................
(i) (ii)
a. a space gyroscope up and away from the pilot
b. a tied gyro anticlockwise when viewed from above
c. a rate gyro up and away from the pilot
d. an earth gyro clockwise
16. The gyro in a rate of turn indicator has (i) ....................... operating speed than the
gyros used in other instruments because (ii)……………........

(i) (ii)
a. a lower a higher rigidity is not required
b. the same it uses the property of rigidity
c. a higher a low precession rate gives a greater operating range
d. variable more than one rate of turn is desired

Air Temperature Measurement

1. The difference between static air temperature and total air temperature is known
as:
a. corrected outside air temperature
b. the total ram rise
c. the recovery factor
d. hot ramp radiation

2. A direct reading aircraft thermometer usually consists of a bimetallic helix

protruding into the airstream. Movement of the pointer over the temperature
scale will depend upon:

a. difference in electrical resistance of the two metals

b. increase in pressure as airspeed increases
c. increase in adiabatic cooling as airspeed increases
d. different coefficients of expansion of the two metals

3. A remote reading thermometer depends on ………. to indicate changes in

temperature:
a. change of electrical resistance of the two metals
b. change of electrical resistance with temperature
c. change of electrical resistance with pressure
d. change of electrical capacitance with temperature

4. Aircraft air temperature thermometers are shielded to protect them from:

a. solar radiation
b. accidental physical damage on the ground or hailstones in flight
c. airframe icing
d. kinetic heating
5. At a true airspeed of 500 knots, what is the ram rise?
a. 50°C
b. 25°C
c. 5°C
d. 16°C

6. An air temperature probe may be aspirated in order to:

a. prevent icing
b. measure air temperature on the ground
c. compensate for moisture level at the ramp position
d. reduce the effects of solar radiation

The Machmeter
[Link] relationships between TAS, mach number (MNo) and local speed of sound
(LSS) is:

a. LSS = MNo/TAS
b. MNo = LSS/TAS
c. TAS = MNo × LSS
d. MNo = LSS × TAS

2. The Machmeter gives an indication of mach number by measuring the ratio:

a. pitot pressure/static pressure
b. static pressure/dynamic pressure
c. dynamic pressure/pitot pressure
d. dynamic pressure/static pressure
Radio Alt
1.A radio altimeter is:
a. ground based and measures true height.
b. aircraft based and measures true altitude.
c. aircraft based and measures true height.
d. ground based and measures true altitude.

[Link] the approach to landing the radio altimeter indicates a height of 650 ft. This is:
a. height above the ground and the lowest point on the landing gear
b. height above the runway threshold
c. height above the ground and the aircraft CG
d. height from the mean sea level to the aircraft

3. The data supplied by a radio altimeter:

a. is used by the automatic pilot in the altitude hold mode.
b. indicates the distance between the ground and the aircraft.
c. is used only by the radio altimeter indicator.
d. concerns only the decision height.

Captain\ Mohamed Adel Emam