4

Structure of the Atom

Syllabus
s Drotons and neutrons, Valency, Atomic Number and Mass Number, Isotopes
aRdIsobars.

BASIC CONCEPTS

1 Experimental works carried out with a device known as discharge tube have shown
that atom can be broken into what is known as cathode ravs and anode rays
electron. It
2 Cathode rays are moving charged particles One such particle is calledthan that of
is negatively charged particle and has a mass about 2000 times smallernature of the
the hydrogen atom. The e/m ratio of electrons is independent of the
material used An electron is represented as e
3. Anode rays are positively charged particles The e/m ratio of these rays depends on
the
the nature of the material used. The positive particles from hydrogen gas are
lightest and have highest e/m ratio.
which
4 JJ. Thomson proposed that an atom consists of positively charged sphere in
the electrons are embedded.
5. Alpha particle scattering experiments by Rutherford have shown that the whole
the size of atom) in
mass of aton is concentrated at a very small volume (10 times
the centre of the atom This centre is positively charged and is called
nucleus
6. The mass of nucleus is derived from the number of protons and neutrons it contains.
Aneutron is a neutral particle, mass equal to that of a proton.
i. The number of protons and electrons in an atom are equal so as to maintain the atom
as electrically neutral.
a Protons and neutrons are of equal masS and contribute to the mass of the atom.
Electrons are ight., about l/1838 as heavy as protons.
9. Neils Bohr in 1912 proposed a model of the atom. Accordingly electrons revolve round
the nucleus in definite circular paths called orbits or energy levels.
0. According to Bohr and Bury model, the number of electrons that can be
accommodated in diferent orbits or shels is fixed. The maximum occupancy of the
sbells are 2, 8, 18, ... espectively.
11. The outermost orbit cannot have more than 8 electrons.
ümber is the number of protons, an stom contains.
umber is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
109
 at to
emerging hisdifference
rays electrodes, the of Two 110
cathode moving (Fig. terminal YourselfTry 4.1.
very the the
are cathode is Ans. ACTIVITY4.1 17. 16. 15. 14.
lowconcusion 4.1) Q. metalAns. Q. "
glass How
CHARGED
negatively of known due Glass
happens.
Observe what Rub TheComb different
colours.This tWhen
he that The
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from 2. of 1. govern by
Half TheseSome
pressure. a of a What A
discharge to the fallsWhen What electrodes
start tube discharge do comb
a difference takeelectrons weight.
about battery rod dry explains life atoms
asthe the walls below you glass an the as are are
cathode
bombardment
thatcathode the arewhich is gets gets hair. part period
charged
electronradioisotope
glowing 10,000 establish
a rod PARTICLES chemical This called called have
ofpressure the and are
dischargetube why in
tubecathode
the 0.001
electricallyelectrically Does in in
serves the
sealed with energy the of
rays. or with cathode different from phenomenon
chemical isotopes.
isobars. a the
particles.
when other is
negative
discharge volts mmn that the properties lastradioactive
"These
rays to glass a a is a same
of a is in at QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
silk comb dating.
an faint Hg pump tothe tube?matter charged charged radiatedhigher
walls applied e
thrays? atoms
combination shell
consist
electricThese
observations the tube cloth has number
Atoms
electrode. and tw o then IN
greenish
tubedischarge
out
positive of of
by How about is MATTER
energy atoms substance
on been
opposite and and
and attract in th e
current are of some across a air ends, electrical with of
potential heating the
called are from attracts attracts
bring level is atom used
rapidly These
light. terminal. one 70 form(elements). protons
lead rays the tube cm small called different
is
is
to they it, of in or falls ar e
inthe
passed
electrons th e of
using which long nature? an small under
pieces electromagnetic valency estimatingtime but
produced? A inflated rod to called
at Cathode side and an The atomic
different
number
a is pieces
near other during
high and suctionconnectedtubehaving of orbit number of
paper? valence
balloon. an the age numbers
voltage are Fig.4.l is of conditions decayswhich
a of of
half SCIENCE. GOLDEN
Air pump. fused inflated paper. atoms.
shot diameter radiationlowerelectrons. of
substances.
Anode to valence but
through out vacuum
pump atthe neutrons of
(CBSE
2014) emit. eneroy
the balloon. ofsame
from negau of it
a cenue b Ihch orelectronsThese This
gas the cn. ik l mass
is
 in paddlenegatively they
2015)
(CBSE of experiment, energy.observation
This applied only knowing no experiment?
getanode. tubepositive
this about coulomb.
111 pressure,
placed mass voltage) performed
Hence wheel. because to
discharge i.e.,
light kinetic field cathode the
objects the explained experiment. atom,
are This light electric high atmosphere strike 10
x
a cathode. to discharge particles tube
rotatethese compared and the first hvdrogen 1.6
of path. andfrom
shadows mass of
the experiment dischargein and1879 of
that of paddle
energy. pressure
travel glows charge
can material their charged tube cathode
having of 1 in
they showing as a e.g.,
rays?
cathode
small conducting in the
plate
cathode Crooks an
cast
placed kinetic low which
conditions,
discharge of a
particles rotatepositive
negatively the the that has
thus because
rays.
the sheet. very-yery ray fromWilliam
electron.
thus
of (atproducedin /1840 and
and objects hence cathode experiment glowstheemit
plate pass. independent metallic could
of
cathode
lines particles
while material
lines. negatively towards electricity? theopposite
charged.lines. are other
particle
fields. and flows. radiations.
an about
properties
Or positivethey is the rays rays are performedrays
straight thin particle made, straight a glass of
of material magnetic
which of
of straight mass
cathode
deflected in tube current cathode charge charged
Under
particles is
negatively
shadow cathode current tube
characteristicselectrons. is matter through up the electron
towards rays ray observations possess other. ofconductors
discharge
current. light
important
in through X-rays. formed. in made in were charged no of firstglass called and
travel possesS by cathode cathode travel casttravelthat that
all penetrate
are are eachof andpart produce an
as deflected produce
deflected raysrays flow of whotheravs massof
rays path. known rays observed
of shows charge.
ATOM gas constituentsis raysraysrays rays attract flowoccurs
theNegatively a mass
a
rays
are fourCathode their ionise nature
of it
of whichthethat
showed
which Cathode
Cathode cathode cathode thebadin does of
scientist
part
and the
invisible
is
electron
(i)
An
Cathode Cathode cathode This is gas thegas
THE Cathodeare are
particles cancan mass
State was charges Why
facilitating (anode) The of
Give
What Give in How are The kg. unit
They TheyTheyThe They They from that The The of
OF
STRUCTURE () placed common The (i) path.
gases decomposed.
dissociation
(i)
(i) (iü)(iii) thatIt 6. theAns.the experiment. one
Ans.path.
their Ans. suggested Q.5. Ans. Q7.Ans.
electrode 1031
9.0
x
3. (i) (ii) (ip) () (wi) (vii)(vii) 4.
(ix) atom (i) (iü) opposite Decause
o. wheel charged Q.
shows
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that thus
Q. Name is
This
are the in
 112
GOLDEN SCIENCEY
Q. 8. Draw a labelled diagram to show the presence of charge on cathode
in the discharge tube.
Ans.
rays
Cathode Anode

To vacuum pump

Fig. 4.2
Q.9. Comment on the statement: "Electrons are common constituents of all matter'
Ans. The statement is true because:
(i) Whatever be the nature of the gas or the material of the cathode, the electrons have
the same charge to mass (e/m) ratio i.e., 1.7589 x 10 coulomb per kg.
(iü)The electrons obtained by different methods are identical.
9. 10. Describe an experiment to show that cathode rays travel in
lines.
straight
Ans. William Crookes in 1879 demonstrated that cathode rays travel in
He placed an opaque object like metal cross in the path of cathode rays in a straight tube.
lines.
It was observed that a sharp shadow of the cross was cast on the discharge
glass behind the cross. A
shadow of metal cross under the circumstances can be formed only if cathode rays
straight lines and cannot bend round the corners of the metal cross. travel in
Metal Shadow of the
Cathode cross metal cross

To suction pump Anode

Fig. 4.3. Cathode rays cast shadows of metal objects
placed in their path
Q. 11, What happens when the cathode rays are
field between two parallel plates? Can one determine passed through an electric
the nature of charge of the
particles constituting the cathode rays from this experiment? If so how?
Ans. When the cathode rays are passed through an electric field
between two parallel
plates, cathode rays are deflected towards positive plate. This determines the charge of the
particles constituting the cathode rays. As these are deflected towards positive plates, the
particles of cathode rays are negatively charged.
Q. 12. A student weighs 30 kg. Suppose his entire body is
many eleetrons are there in his body? Comnpare the totalmade up of electrons. How
number of electrons n
his body with the population of India.
 113
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Ans. Mass of one electron = 9.1 x 10 ko

No. of electrons in 1kg x 101

9.1
30
. No. of electrons in 30 kg x 10*1 = 3.3 x 101
9.1
Number of electrons in 30 kg mass is much larger than the population of India (10 ).
o. 13. What are anode or positive rays? How are they produced?
Ans. E. Goldstein found that in the discharged tube if the cathode used is perforated and
tube is below
high voltage is applied between the electrodes when the pressure within the
the
o001 mm Hg (Fig. 4.4), it will be observed that new type of rays come through

Anode

Positive Perforated
Electron
particles cathode

Fig. 4.4. Production of positive rays in a discharge tube

perforations in the cathode, these
perforations in the cathode. Since these rays come through or anode rays, as they move
were initially called canal rays. These are also called positive
tube, when the gas atoms lose
away from the anode side through the gas. In a discharge
from the anode. Thus, anode
electrons, they acquire a positive charge and thus move away
through the cathode of a discharge
rays are positively charged particles which are emanated at very low pressure. The mass
tube when a current of high density is passed through a gas
of the gas taken in the discharge tube.
and charge of the anode rays depend on the nature
anode rays?
Q. 14. What are the important properties of
Or
(CBSE 2011)
State three characteristics of Canal rays.
Ans. Properties of anode rays:
by the fact that they cast
() Anode rays travel in straight lines. This is revealed
shadows of the solid objects placed in their path.
capable of producing mechanical
(ü) Anode rays are material particles. They are their path.
effects, e.g, they can rotate a light paddle wheel placed in
shown by the fact that anode rays
(2) Anode rays are positively charged. This is
are deflected towards the negative plate of an electric field.
the nature of the anode
15. What observation led to the conclusion that
rays depends upon the gas used in the cathode rays tube?
are different when the enclosed gas
Ans. It was found that e/m value for positive rays when different gases give different
mthe cathode rays tube is different This is possible
masses and different charges.
ypes of positive rays which contain particles having different
depend upon the gas which is taken m
us, the mass and charge of positive ray particles aa
the discharge tube. The positive particles obtained from bydrogen gas are the lighntest
have the highest charge to mass ratio.
114
GOLDEN SCIENCEX
Q 16. Can you prediet the mass of the particles of anode rays from the natns
of the gas used?
Ans. Yes, the mass of a positively changed particle in anode rays 18 equal to the mass
of the atom of the gas
Q 17. What is a proton? What are its characteristics?
Ans. A poton is the lightest positive particle. It is obtained when the gas inside th.
cathode rays tube is hydrogn
Characteristics of Proton:
)A pton is one of the fundamemtal particles of the atom and is present in l
nucleus of all atoms.
a) Charge: The charge on a poton is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to th¡t
of an eleton. Thus, it possesses a unit positive charge or + 16 x 10 " coulomb.
ë)The mass of aprton is equal to that of a hydrogen atom, ie., 1672 x 102 ke
which is about 1837 tìmes the mass of the electron.
Q. I8. In what respects cathode rays differ from positive or anode rays?
Or
What are cathode rays and positive rays? CBSE 2011
Ans. Cathode rays are made up of negatively charged particles called electrons The
nature of cathode rays does not depend on the nature of the gas from which these are
produced. The mass of a cathode ray particle isvery very small comparedto the nmass of the
atom from which it is fommed. These particles were found to be about 2000 times smaller in
mass than the hydrogen atom
Anode rays are a stream of positively charged particles. The mass of an anode rav
particle is equal to the mass of the atom from which it is forned The nature of the anode
rays depends on the gas from which these are produced
Try Yourself
What are canal rays? Who discovered them? What is the charge and mass of canal
rays?
) How are the canal rays different fromn electrons in terms of charge and mass?
(CBSE 2013. 2014)
Q. 19. What is the nature of charge on:
(X-rays; (ui)cathode rays; (ui) gamma rays, () anode rays?
Ans. ) X-rays no charge () Cathode rays--negative charge
(in) Gamma rays--no charge (i)Anode rays-positive charge
Q. 20. What are the differences in the discharge tubes used to study cathode
rays and the positive rays?
Ans. A cathode ray discharge tube is essentially a glass tube with closed ends Two
metal plates which serve as cathode and anode are sealed at the two ends of the glass tube
The discharge tube used to study anode rays has the perforated plate serving as cathode
and is sealed in the middle of the glass tube.
 neutral. n sphere
embedded atom.an
of of of a9ch omOved.
ae YourselfTry Goldstein.
magnitude
4.2. containing a a the
protons. emanated. nat u re (2) <TAUCTURE
Ans. canal
charge Q. 2. 1
Name
Q.THE
Ans. 2. Ans. What 1. atom
Ans. of Q.taken Ans. Ans. 0.
and 1. the 23. 22.
ofWhich Name 21.
in J.J.
If ray
The Thus subatomic
in
Positive
(ü) What equal Thus the Why Goldstein
(i)
Thomson OF
the i) two
STRUCTURE onlySince an Canal and differentWhat th e Chadwick
(iz) ()Which
watermelonsoThe Thomson
An particle
atom cana
rays?
are number the gas any THE
that electrons was one the in predict by discharge does
negative atom main rays knowing is mass rays in two fundamental ATOM
electron
magnitude contains magnitude th e
the the depends are NCERT of the
the subatomic
consistsproposed
postulates itselements? consist
and
atom as are electrons particle
andshown model
Or positively chemical
sigmificance tube,
the dischargemass
and one charge Proton.
Electron
Neutron
positive
charges embedded
asare OF of
on but INTEXT number of
ofthat one electron the positive particles
a in of charge found the andparticles.
is
a of AN opposite
charged properties. wil
whole Fig. an proton nature remaining chargeabsent
positively Thomson's of in of depend tube?
in atomATOM on and QUESTIONS protons, rays
is 4.5 . th number
e in were
it (CBSE 2014) anone radiationsof in
electrically like proposed wil atoms with on
electron gas. sign on hydrogen
charged carry proton, part discovered
model we different the positive
equal seeds to
that can of of nature of
noand consisting protons
an
by will (Page draw the atom?
charge element rays
Thomson?
proton it of positive atom of by
Fig. the the
carry 39) found gas. change ()
or electron. of
4.5. is electronic is after Chadwick
itthe
any
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Thomson'
atom ans is equal
same,
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and
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Thewhich(CBSE electrons (
the the change
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(KV 2015)
or mass number Thomson
atom.atom not? have gases
of ar are 115
of in e in
116 GOLDEN 9CIENCE-X
Q. 2. Lit three conchusions drawn by Rutherford from his
model of an atom put
scattering experiment. State three teatures of mucterCBSE
by Rutherford. 20l6, 2017, KV
2016,
alpha-forward
part2017icle
an atom.
Write three features of Rutherford's nuclear model of CBSE 2019
Ans. Rutherford was interested in knowimg
how the electrons are arranged within an aton1
He designed an experiment in which fast noving
a-particles were made to fall on a thin gold foil
He selected gold foil because he wanted a thin
aParticles
layer as small as possible. Gold foil was about
1000 atoms thick. a-paricles were selected as
these have a considerable amount of energy. He
expected a-particles to be deflected by protons in
the atom. Since protons are lighter than x Fig. 4.6. Scattering of a-particles by
a metal
particles, he did not expect large deviations.
When Rutherford bombarded thin sheet of gold foil about 1000 atoms thick) with
a-particles (a-partiles are doubly charged helium ions, He), he found that:
) Most of the a-particles pass through the foil without any deflection He caleulated
that only one particle out of 12000 bounced back. This shows that most of the space inside
the atom is empty and hollow.
(ü) Some of the a-particles were deflected through various angles while a very smal
number were actually deflected by as much as 180°. This shows that:
Conclusions/Observations made by Rutherford:
(a) There is a heavy positively charged centre inside the atom This centre is kuown
as nucleus.
(6) Since only a very small fraction of a-particles were deflected through large angles.
the nucleus is situated in a very small volume of the atom and is positively charged. The
nucleus was found to be about 10 times smaller than the total area occupied by the atom
as a whole.
(c) Since a-particles deflected by the nucleus have an appreciable mass, means that
the entire mass of the atom lies inside the nucleus.
Similar Question
How did Rutherford come to the conclusion that most of the space in an atom is
empty? (KV 2017)

Q. 3. Why did Rutherford select the gold-foil in his c-particle seattering

experiment? (CBSE 2012)
Ans. Due to high malleability of gold.
Q 4 Who discovered neutrons? What observation led to the discovery of
neutrons?
Ans. Chadwick discovered neutrons. Hydrogen atom contains one proton and helhum
atom contains 2 protons. Therefore, it was thought the relative atomic mass of helium atom
should be two. But the relative atomic mass of helium is 4. On examination of nuclei 01
atoms, it was discovered that nuclei of atoms contain another particles of the same mass as
protons but of neutral charge. These were called neutrons.

* This indicates that questions already given in our book are sometimes asked in School Exams with ditterent
framed language.
protons.
ighter cuargearound with nuclear
size. evidence the it? atom.the
Thomson proposed particles.
Ans. the Q. Ans. Q. Ans. number o.Ans. o. o 1. protons STAUCTURE
ristmas Ans. Q.8. Ans. 7. Functions
6.The It
What
was11. to 10m 10. 9.
nucleus:of Ans. Q.5.
Firstly by mass properties The (iü) Number What is and
ize
TheDescribe
model, Describe (i) (ii) (i) forFrom ofThe Why The What OF
pudding The part positively neutrons
JJ. ratio. nucleus radius positivefraction Rutherford'
and Allow s calculated mostWhen thderiving e most positively number positivelysmall THE
the electron isaAn is is
determines of
RutherfordThomson? the fact (10°: nucleus ofRutherford's an ofnucleus small is is
similarity a-particles a-particles of a ATOM
is the charge
The ofth e of th e
charge of that th e of protons
atom are
nucleus?
Radius rest these charged.
not athe nucleus
Radius of an a-particles 1)
that the charged
negatively
basis essential magnitude space
of present
charged
positive
heavily atom pass a-particle atomic of neutral
d
tenable
dibetween electron. of particles
the one conclusion
an anthe
of the to are &-particle charged
central atom
not on on very an is through atomic
particle atominside protons atom in Give
10* bombard nuclei allowed charged number and
this
(positively
atom scattering in two
expect whenseeds which electronsmall properties atom of pass is t he contains.
times spite is
isthe are space inpositively scattering that (total region.
negatively th e through atom central functions
nucleus.
embedded we
Rutherford concentrated over
positively 10 to electrons of
such formsthe greater
10 foil of
have 10-13 size charged) experiment. is strike positive positive
of it. deflected
empty. is the This part
large Cm
without charged empty. in
the Cm of It the
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in willcharged very charge) an of
deflection smallest atomic - an are back foil charges middle 10°
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the atom deflected be
Take thin negative times
particles. particle th e without
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in thin be l80° give the the
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heavy chargeon of of (CBSE
2014)
2011, the atom.
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nucleus.
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th(CBSE
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established
of shows performing
metal that found t h e
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based atom element.same
space of a size All
atomic these to angles small larger It 117
that foil. that the
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numberedshells
nucleuscontained the the nucleus diagram 118
model the round
usedmetal of not volume
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any 15. Q. to
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Ans. What
was(c) (6Name
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Rutherford 13. Q. the (ip) (iuu) (2i) () Q.
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as in The of 12.
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Rutherford it orenergy
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it metal 1,2,
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is is circular mass consists loss sub-atomic relation
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is of mass
malleable
experiment the 4 of and by Bohr' s the in to the
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speeds a
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because of changes knownK, of features energy. selected experiment positively
of As revolve about (positively
is the experiment: by is of
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from L, to
particles. of
long fixed of
concentrated is lead like the very atom
the of M, th e
and nucleus.undergo Rutherford's was
for when as smaller (CBSE
2014) To
as amnount the Nround 1: of to
remain purpose. thisfor negatively the small charged in
gold thisscattering
nucleus. orbits atom labelled used to mnodel as
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foil of acceleration
Therefore, determine planets proposed
experiment electron than compared
alpha electron or orthe are at in by nucleus.
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of energy. a model him? revolving an
circular
of
particles, alpha remains Different Fig.
4.7. the atom by
was jumps such the and to called
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Therefore, size thus
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a the round total
we from
in atom anin of the
model would atom?
1000 very can a a the when ofwhichvolume nucleus. SCIENCE-X GOLDEN
particular one round an th e
take would orbit,
atoms thin can
these energy levels radiate
accelerated atom. sun.
state =2 (CBSE
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the are of
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Mass.
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Q. the Ans. Ans. Q. When
explains Since Ans. Q. Ans. energy energy
Ans.
ui) Q. onmly. and changes atom Q. it Q.
10 22. with 21. 20. 19. it 18. 17. acquires 16.
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Thus, another Why of When OF
kg. Neutron well-defined radiating gave Rutherford Describe
How
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why energy ionisation
Bohr' s electron called the of
distributed in in electron
the atom electron THE
or objects. fixed is does are, when from the
It is a was a is when are atom. more an
1
neutron
mass of new small
electrons is the positively different is level energy atom ATOM
carries u. a anrays has model therefore, revolvingit th e k electron
is or the orbits it the path is
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of explains wavelength. wavelength energy. increase
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GOLDEN
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iIs oy
aS
STRUCT
o s0. Write the names of three elementary pnrticles which conetitute an atom.
with
Which of these pArticles determine the maee of an ntom? Juatify your Answer CBSE 2014
an exAmple.
Ans Thee elementary particles are Electrons, Protons and Neut rons
Dntons and neutrons determine the mags of an atom Deuterium contaning one protm
and one neutnn is heavier than hydrogen which contains oniy one prnton

NCERT INTEXT CQUESTIONS(Page 41)

Dn the basis of Thomson's model of an atom, explain hou the atom is neutral as
awhole.
Ans. The negative and positive charges are equal in number and magnitude So. the
atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, which sub-atomicparticle is present
in the nucleus of an atom?
Ans. Protons reside in the nucleus of an atom on the basis of Rutherford's model of
an atom.

Drau a shetch. of Bohr's model of an atom with three shells.

Ans.

K-shell (n 1)

L-shell (n =2)

M-shell {n=3)

Fig. 4.8. Bohr's model with three shells

4 What do you think would be the observation if the particle scattering experiment
i8 carried out using a fol of a metal other than gold?
Ans. If a-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of any metal as
thin asgold foil used by Rutherford, there would be no change in observations But since
other metals are not so malleable and such a thin foil isdifficult to obtain and if you use
a thick foil, then more a-particles would bounce back and no idea about the location of
positive maSs in the atom would be available with such a certainty.
 122
GOLDEN SCIENCE-X
NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 41)
1. Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
Ans, ) electron (,e)
(ù) proton (p*)
( )neutron (,n°)
2. Helium atom has an atonmic mass of 4 uand two protons in its nucleus. How many
neutrons does it have? (CBSE 2016)
Ans. The mass of an atom is given by the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
present n the nucleus. Now helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and it has twO
protons, Two protons contribute 2 u to atomic mass. Hence, it must contain 2 neutrons
because each neutron contributes 1u to the nucleus.

4.3. HOW ARE ELECTRONSDISTRIBUTED IN DIFFERENT ORBITS

(SHELILS)?
Q 1. State the suggestions made by Bohr and Bury with regard to distribution
of electrons in different energy levels in the atoms of elements.
Or
Explain Bohr and Bury rules for maximum number of electrons in different
shells and number of electrons in valence shell. (KV 2016)
Ans. Bohr and Bury gave the following rules for the distribution of electrons around the
nucleus.
() Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in different orbits or shells. These
energy shelis are represented by numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 or K, L, M, N.
(u) The maximunm number of electrons in any shell cannot exceed 2n, where n is the
number of that energy level. Thus for
K-shell, n = l, no. of electrons = 2 x 1 = 2
L-shell, n= 2, n0. of electrons = 2 x 2 =8
M-shell, n = 3, no. of electrons = 2 x 3 = 18
N-shell, n=4, no. of electrons = 2 x 4 = 32.
{iu) The outermnost orbit of an atom cannot have more
to the outermost shell
than 8 electrons and the next
(penultimate shell) can haye at the most 18 electrons.
{u) It is not absolutely necessary that an orbit has its
starting to fill the next higher orbit but the shells are full quota of electrons betore
filled in a stepwise manner.
2 What is meant by
electronic configuration of
Ans. The systematic distribution of electrons in various elements?
atom is called the electronicconfiguration of orbits or energy shells of a
elements.
 ATOM 123
eTRUCTURE OF THE
Can electrons be arranged in second shell or -shell without filling first
Q. 3.
shellor K-shell?
Ans. No, because electrons are filled first in shells having lower value of energy. the
energyoffirst shell is lower than second shell. So electrons will be arranged first in the K
orfirstshell.
oA Fluorine atom has 9 electrons and 9 protons. How many energy shells it has?
ns Since only 2 electrons can be acconmmodated in the first shell, the remaining seven
electrons are accommodated in the second shell or L-shell which has a maximum capacity
of8
electrons. So, fluorine can have two energy shells.
o5. Magnesium atom has 12 electrons. Which energy shell is incomplete?
Ans. There are 12 electrons in an atom of magnesium. K-shell contains 2 electrons and
L-shell contains 8 electrons. Thus K and L-shell are full. Remaining 2 electrons
18 electrons
(12-2-8 = 2) are accommodated in third or M-shell. M-shell can accommodate
So M-shell is incomplete.
o.6.Argon atom has 18 electrons. How many energy shells or orbits are incomplete?
contains?
How many energy shell it
Ans. Distribution of 18 electrons in argon atom is as follows:
K-shell = 2 electrons
L-shell = 8 electrons
M-shell = 8 electrons
Kshell and L-shellhave maximum capacity of 2 and 8 electrons respectively. M-shell
has a capacity of 18 electrons. Since, it is the outermost orbit and there is a rule that the
maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8. In the
present case, M-shell is also complete. Thus, in argon atom, no shell is incomplete. Argon
atom has three energy shells.
Q.7.What are the similarities in the electronic structure of the following sets
of atoms: No. of electrons in each atom is given in brackets:
Lithium (3), sodium (11), potassium (19), helium (2), neon (10), argon (18), beryllium
(4), magnesium (12) and calcium (20).
Ans. Lithium, sodium and potassium all have one electron in outermost shel.
Helhum, neon and argon all have eight electrons in outermost shell.
Beryllium, magnesium and calcium all have two electrons in outermost shel.

ACTIVITY 4.2
Make a static atomic model displaying electronic configuration of the first eighteen
elements.
The composition of atoms of the first eighteen elements is given in Table 4.1.
GOLDENElectronValency
SCIENCE-X
Dots
3
3,5 He Ne
0 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 Ar
below.
with N
ofDistribution given
Elements Electrons
M C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 F
Shells is
L 1 4 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
elements
levels.
Eighteen
Various K 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 energy
Number
Electrons
Neutrons|
Protons eighteen
of 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
First
in 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 18 or
Distribution firstorbits
the Number
of 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 22 thethe
of 2 5 6 6 7 8
Atoms of circles
Number structure
of 1 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 11
of
2 5 6 9 and
Composition
Number
Atomic electrons B
10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 atomic
2 3 4 5 6 7 9 13
Symbol Schematic
He Li Be Ne Na
Mg
Magnesium represent Be Mg
H B C F AI S P Ar
4.1: Phosphorus
Aluminium
of ElementHydrogen Beryllium Nitrogen
Lithium Fluorine Sulphur
Chlorine
Table Name Helium Carbon Oxygen Sodium Silicon
Boron Neon Argon H Na
124
 125
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

o8. An element 12 Aloses two electrons to form acation which combines with the

anon of element Yformed by gaining an electron.

() Write the electronic configuration of element X.
i) Write the electronic configuration of the anion of element Y.
(iii) Write the formula of the compound formed by the combination of
X and Y. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. (i) 2, 8, 2 (Atomic no. 12). Cation X is (2. 8).
(ii) 2, 8, 7(Atomic no. 17). Anion Y is (2, 8, 8).
(iü) XX,
0.9. The atom of an element does not take part in chemical combination. Can you say
what is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of this atom. Explain
Ans. It shows that the element is inert gas and its atom has either 2 or 8 electrons in
its outermost shell. This is because atoms with eight electrons in their outermost shell,
electrons in its outermost shell, are inert and do not take part
except helium which has
in chemical combination.
Try Yourself
(CBSE 2017)
(a) Define the atomic mass unit.
(b) Write the main postulates of Bohr's model of an atom.
number 10.
(c) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Bohr's model of an atom with atomic
(i) On the basis of Thomson's model of an atom, explain
how the atom is neutral
as a whole. (KV 2016)

(ii) What was the drawback of Rutherford's model of an atom?

(iii) List two postulates of Bohr's model of an atom.
shells.
(iv) Draw a sketch of Bohr's model of an atom with four

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 42)

Wriehe dstrsbubion of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms.

Ans. Carbon has 6 electrons. So its electronic configuration is:
K-shell 2 electrons or 2, 4
L-shell 4 electrons
Sodiun has 11 electrons. Its electronic configuration is:
K-shell 2 electrons
L-shell 8 electrons or 2, 8, 1
M-shell lelectron
2 If Kand L shells of an utom are full, then what would be the total number of
(CBSE 2011)
electrons in the atom?
Ans K-shell can accormmodate maximum 2 electrons and L-shell can 8electrons and
s0 10 is the total mumber ofelectrons if K and L-shell are ful.
 known
otherof and outermost
the equal
minuS and
valency nave 2014)
(CBSE
atoms in L maxum
electrons
Valence is with is 8
electrons los8) ve
are the an atom valency K, valency
Theotherits or
in 8, tnal
neither
atom 3 6 combine the (2,
of of in conplete present electrons
properties an -2.
properties of the is argon valency.
an of is withelectrons zero can
to valency number then this
capacity
of
shell configuration but combine become be have
it and
of
therefore,
Since
Electronic 7 zero 3
will g) number =
outermost 32, 62, chemical chemical combiningelectrons3 theor
its or orbits
6 argon
K. (9 have
when2 When
may electrons
So 5, shell neon
answer. atom? 1, i.e., be? K-shell.maximum
octet. 6 argon of
six
valence
has each contains shell =
electrovalency and number
the determines
the electrons.
capacity, M energy Similarly.
the Or
the with
decide an its electron the many 16 =8; 6. 2. neon in and
thein electrons of determining
completeatom which =
are = accommodated
the (ii)
electrons?
present
illustrateofNo. full L 6 only
- helium, zero.is
neonatom
atom
valency valence How protons 2; element
5 onethe its = 8 its which
is bothan
oxygen
to
adding K
electrons to protons.
its in is
an subatomic
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define
loseif
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of configuration:
elemnents valency
shellthus
for
general, will electrons
valence
to of these to by
no.
in be model element.
examplesElement electrons electrons.example, is
Oxygen equal
atom
16 What
electrons = electrons
shells,
can outermost 23
of Boron youof twoas In has electrons whichits =
number Bohr's
VALENCY
4.4.
are
do
number one
octets.
accept is an atom.
elerment or
Electronic
the2
has thus these 1, the
number
What electrons.
valence Which Valence
Ans. For valency do
Valency electrons =
twoThe Examples: How
is of of valence
electrons. of Valence Helium andtheirin Draw
valencyidentify
Thevalency. sodium shell Why
Which must their number its No. An electrons
in accommodated mass
1. GiveAns. 2. 3. Ans. then of
Q. Q. outermost
complete 4. Ans. 5. of
Ans. electrons
6. () (üi)
Also
Q. it lithium, shell
its atoms shell, the Q. Q. number 0.
126 gaim
as to M 8
 in shown
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atoms d
(b) Answer
(a) Q. Ans. Q. Ans. Q.The IRUCTUNE
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9. 8. 7.
The Give of elenent
If ae
four The (b) (a) (6) (a) The (b) (a) Valency. The (b) (a) OF
the ful
alency the the its It What Write
following Electronic numberValencyelectronicIt Number THE
elements
Element octet. has has atomic is oneAnd and1st o
following
electronic sodium. atom 3 ATOM
D B A a is 8 third
of valency its =
ofvalence of
A, its configuration contains
lement
dataconfigurationelectronic electrons 0 valence number Number Number orbit
B, valency Number
questions: represents of
istribution Protons and
C - electrons contains
3 in electrons. of of of orbits
A. 17 12 16 as of
D. and
configuration.
it of the of anneutrons electrons
the protons
can the outermost
why? the element and
of distribution
accommodate atom element electron.So
valency
Neutrons = = =
element 23 11 11
22 12 16 10 is L' is
K is 18, - is
shell 2, 11
of (2), find = electronic one,
B. three 8,
electrons, L of 12 it
Electrons (5). 8.
more an out is
17 12 16 atom understood
the configuration
protons electrons
is following:
5.
(CBSE
2013) and (CBSE
2014) (CBSE
2016) that
to
neutrons complete is
2,
8, 127
1
 128
GOLDEN SCIENCEX
(c) The atomic number of element B.
(d) The mass number of element D.
Ans. () Electronic distribution of B= 2, 8, 6
(b) Electonic distribution of A is 2, 8, 1 and so its valency is + 1
(c) Since B contains 16 protons and so its atomic number is 16
td) Mass number of D = Number of protons + number of neutrons
= 17 + 22 = 39
Q. 10. The electronic configuration of potassium (K) is 2, 8, 8, 1instead of 2, 8, 9
the M shell can accommodate up to 18 electrons. Explain. though
(CBSE 2016
Ans. The electronic configuration of potassium is 2, 8, 9 is incorrect as according t
Bohr-Bury rule, outermost shell cannot accommodate more than 8 electrons. Thus the 10:%
electron goes to N shell.
K L M N
Potassium 2 8 1

Q 11.Why isthe valency of helium not two when it contains 2 electrons in its
outermost shell?
Ans. Because He has only K shell which has maximum capacity of 2 electrons. Thus
it does not lose electrons easily and so its valency is zero.

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 44)

Hou you fd the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
Ans. Electronic configuration:
K-Shell L-Shell M-Shell
Chlorine 2 7
Sulpbur 2 6
Magnesium 2 8 2
Valency of chlorine = 8-7=1
Valency of sulphur = 8-6= 2
Valency of magnesiun = 2
Note: When the outermost shell of an atom
to &mintus the number of electrons in contains 4 or more electrons, its valency is equal
the outermost shell.

4.5. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Q. 1. What is atomic number? How has this concept improved the definition
of an element?
Ans. (i) Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons
nucleus of its atom. present n tne
 areThus. shell
act.
re its (CBSEan an neutrons number.) of 2014)
2013) of no.
(CBSE 16 theaccommodate
129 the of an
is
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atoIS
2014
CBSE number atom of of
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elernents M
characterised atom nucleus outtherefore,
8Ame identification? theare
In elements? of atomic and Hence
1
in number
Humber table
now
be
of the an the of What can
nucleus conprisng When
5electrons
of 23 configuration19 electrons,
electrons.
perore remains
number in is number = =3)
number, (Z 16.
ntomie of presentthe 16
the numbers its number (n electrons.
property and - M-shell
Thus
in
thesubstance and
has mass 35 two&
on therefore, for
charges mass protons(p) = accommodate
atom
atonic
the
elennents used protons has
electronic
atomic protons only left.M-shell.
M-shell-6
element fundamental atomicshell
L
neutral,
(ii) of which 16 16. accommodate
are
15 15 15 be
an n
positive
of as their
by their can
numbernumberof and = of protons= electrons occupy
position
of
the and
K = = = number number
no.
nucleusdefned
the of electrons
protons
number elementthe can electrons;
electrically butproperty 5
electrons element
the
35
writeis
- configuration will
nit
the full
has 8, atomic no. 2)
2, the atomic
(A)neutrons? can= 6L-shell.
is massof
of number
number is of of Atomic (Z) of
an (n electrons
Number
is around fundamental configuration
Number
Number an +p Z. to number
of nucleus. no. 1) L-shell L-shel-8
the
whole can
an number?
element
of (i) number sum + numbermethod = = = =
gives gain terms n n protons electrons
(n to 6
ATOM number atomic
electons atomie
property
number.
Atomic
Ans. is atom.= = and neutronselectronic
K-shell
Atomic
a either
or
lose atomic(A) A the
atomic
mass K-shell.,
go the
electrons:
electrons
As number elements
Il an the protons
THE ntom sane of atomic
the atom Electronic the number in of all
of At(i)
onumber
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micis
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of
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eTAUCTURE
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Since have All
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Try Write electrons,
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of
know 814,
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Thus, 6. Ans.
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in 0r
(n) an of to
 130 GOLDEN SCIENCE%

27. The electronic configurution of an element X is 2, 8, Z

(a) Find the number of electrons present in the atom of element X.

(b) Write the atomic number.

a non-metal.
(c) This element X is a metal or
(d) Find out the valency of the element X.
Ans. (a) Number of electrons = 12
(CBSE 2014,
(b) Atomic number = 12
(c) The element is a Metal
(d) Valency of the element X = 2
Q. 8. If the mass number of an atom of element iS 23 and its atomic number is 11, then
valency.
(a) Write its electronic configuration and
nucleus.
(6) Find the number of neutrons in its
(c) Mention the type of ion formed by it. (CBSE 2011,
Ans. (a) No. of electrons = No. of protons
= atomic number = 11
.. Electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1
Valeney is 1.
(6) Number of neutrons Mass number - atomic number
= 23 - 11 = 12
(c) It forms +ve ion.
Q. 9. What information do you get from the figure given below about the
atomic number, mass number and valency of atoms X, Y and Z. Give your answer
in tabular form. (KV 2017)

8P 15 P
5P 16 N
10 N
6N

Ans.
Atoms
Atomie number 5 8 15

Mass number 11 18 31

Valency 3 2

Q. 10. How will you find the atomic mass of an

element? Illustrate your anse
with examples.
Ans. Atomic mass of an element can be obtained by adding the
neutrons. number of protons