WEEK 6
DATE: 12th – 16th of February, 2024
CLASS: SS1
SUBJECT: Physics
PERIOD: 1&2
DURATION: 80 minutes
TOPIC: Electric Charges
SUB-TOPIC: Ways of producing charges
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary School pg 422
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with electric field
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;
i. explain the working operation of gold leaf electroscope
ii. list and explain ways of producing charges
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A chart showing gold leaf eletroscope
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
The gold-leaf electroscope is an instrument used for testing positive and negative charges. It
consists of a metal (brass) rod to which a thin gold-leaf (or aluminium lead is attached. The rod is
surmounted by a brass disc or cap and insulated from the metal case. The leaf is protected from
outside influences (like drought) by enclosing it in an earthed metal case with glass windows.
Generally, the gold-leaf can also be used to test the conducting properties of materials.
Uses of Electroscope
It is used to test whether a material is a conductor or an insulator. The material is made to
touch the cap. Rapid collapse means that the charges escape easily and hence the material concerned
is a good conductor. A slow collapse means that it is a poor conductor. No collapse means that it is
an insulator.
Use to test charges whether the charge is positive or negative. The gold leave electroscope to
test the sign of the charge of an object. If an unknown charge is brought near to a charged
electroscope and the leaf diverges more, the unknown charge is similar to the charge on the
electroscope.
CHARGING AN INSULATED BODY
A neutral insulated body can be charged by two methods
1. Contact method
2. Induction method
1. Contact Method: The method is achieved by bringing a charged object in contact with it. By
so doing the neutral insulated body acquired the same type of charge as that on the charged
object.
2. Induction Method: This method is simply a process of charging a neutral body by placing a
charged body near it without any contact between the two.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher introduces the lesson by revising the concept of force field and electric field to the
students
ACT 2: Teacher explains the production of charges to the students.
ACT 3: Teacher explains the uses of gold leaf electroscope and its mode of operation to the student
ACT 4: Teacher states and explains the two ways of producing charges to the students
EVALUATION:
1. Mention two methods of producing charges
2. What are the uses of gold leaf electroscope?
ASSIGNMENT: Explain importance of lighting conductor
PERIOD: 3
DURATION: 40 minutes
TOPIC: Electric Charges
SUB-TOPIC: Lighting and Lighting Conductor
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 355
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with types of charges
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;
i. explain the lighting and lighting conductor
ii. explain importance of lighting conductor
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A chart showing types of charges
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
LIGHTING AND LIGHTING CONDUCTOR
The atmosphere is known to contain ions or charged particles, which have been produced by
radiation from the sun and by what is known as cosmic radiation, which enters the atmosphere from
outer space.
Lighting is a sudden discharge or neutralizing of electric charges, and it occurs when
charges build up in a cloud. The lighting conductors are long metal strips running from the spike end
of a conductor on the top of a building. They are used to prevent building from destruction when
struck by thunder or lightning.
The conductor is a long metal rod installed or connected to the earth by means of a cable.
The sharp outer point of the top gains an induced charge opposite to that in the thundercloud. The
charge ionizes the nearby air and the charged air. Molecules flow upwards from the point. This
discharges the cloud before a lightning flash occurs.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher asks the students to mention the two ways of producing charges
ACT 2: Teacher explains the lighting and lighting conductor to the students.
ACT 3: Teacher explains importance of lighting conductor to the students
EVALUATION: What is lighting conductor?
ASSIGNMENT: Draw and label the gold-leaf electroscope
WEEK 6
DATE: 12th – 16th of February, 2024
CLASS: SS2
SUBJECT: Physics
PERIOD: 1&2
DURATION: 80 minutes
TOPIC: Gas law
SUB-TOPIC: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 238
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with three basic properties of gas
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;
i. explain the kinetic molecular theory of gas
ii. explain the kinetic molecular theory of gas and its applications on gas law
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A mercury in glass thermometer
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
The kinetic molecular theory of gases is a theoretical concept that explains the behavior of
gases in terms of the motion and interactions of their individual molecules. The theory is based on a
set of assumptions, including:
i. Gases consist of a large number of molecules that are in constant, random motion.
ii. The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion, colliding with each other and with
the walls of the container.
iii. The molecules of a gas have no attraction or repulsion between them (ideal gas)
iv. The kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas
(according to kinetic theory of thermodynamics)
v. The size of the molecules is negligible compared to the distance between them.
Based on these assumptions, the kinetic molecular theory of gases can be used to derive the
ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the
gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvins. The theory also predicts that the behavior of gases
will change at low temperatures and high pressures, where the assumptions of the theory are not
valid.
The kinetic molecular theory is a theoretical concept and it's only an approximation of the
behavior of real gases. However, it provides a good understanding of the behavior of gases and has
been widely used to explain the properties of gases and the laws that govern them.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher revises the concept gas laws with the student.
ACT 2: Teacher introduces the lesson by explaining gas as a state of matter to the students
ACT 3: Teacher explains the kinetic molecular theory of gases and its postulates to the students
ACT 4: Teacher explains each gas law using the kinetic molecular theory of gases
EVALUATION: State the postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases
ASSIGNMENT: With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe an experiment to illustrate the
relationship between the volume and the temperature of a given mass of air at constant pressure.
PERIOD: 3
DURATION: 40 minutes
TOPIC: Gas law
SUB-TOPIC: Calculations involving gas law
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 325
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with gas laws
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to solve problem
involving gas laws
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A chart showing the gas laws equations
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
\Drills
1. A closed in expansible vessel contains air saturated with water vapor at 77°[Link] total
pressure in the vessel is 1007mmHg. Calculate the new pressure in the vessel if the
temperature is reduced to 270C. (The s.v.p of water at 77°C and 27 C are 314mmHg and
27mmHg. Treat the air in the vessel as an ideal gas)
2. A gas occupies 75 litres at a pressure of 700 mm of mercury. Calculate the pressure, if
volume increases to 100 litres, the temperature remaining constant
STATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher states and explains charles’s law to the students
ACT 2: Teacher states and explains general gas law to the students
ACT 3: Teacher states and explains gay-lussac’s law to the students
EVALUATION: A gas occupies 150 cm3 at 57°C. Find the temperature to which the gas must be
heated, so that its volume triples, without any change in pressure
ASSIGNMENT: State the kinetic molecular theory of gases
WEEK 6
DATE: 12th – 16th of February, 2024
CLASS: SS3
SUBJECT: Physics
PERIOD: 1&2
DURATION: 80 minutes
TOPIC: Quantization of Energy
SUB-TOPIC: Radioactivity
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 239
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with structure and different models of
atom
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to;
a. explain the concept of radioactivity
b. mention radioactive element
c. explain types of radiation
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A periodic table chart
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
RADIOACTIVITY
This is a spontaneous decay of unstable nuclei with the release of energy and radiation such
as alpha particle, Beta particle and gamma ray. Radioactivity was discovered by A.B Becquerel in
the year 1896 when he found that a sample of uranium could affect the photographic plate even after
it had been wrapped in black so as to prevent it fluorescence from reaching the photographic plate.
After uranium had been shown to have this property, there had been other experiments to
identify other material of similar behaviour. Other radioactive materials that had been discovered
include: radium, thorium, polonium had been discovered. They exhibit the following properties:
They affect photographic plate
They ionise gas
They produce fluorescence
The ionising effect of radioactive material can be observed using a charge electroscope. The
electroscope discharge when a radioactive material is brought its cap. This is because radiation
emitted by the material causes ionization (produce electrons which discharge the electroscope).
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS
These are elements that undergo disintegration spontaneously emit radiation and particles.
Example include; radon, radium, uranium and polonium.
A form of radioactivity which occur spontaneously without doing anything to initiate it nor can
anything be done to control it is called NATURAL radioactivity
A form of radioactivity that is induced in element that would have otherwise being stable is called
induced or ARTIFICIAL radioactivity.
Artificial radioactivity is induced by bombarding stable nuclei with fast moving ions such
proton or alpha particles. Artificial radioactivity is induced in device called accelerators. Example
include: cyclotron, linear accelerator, Van de Graff accelerator.
Types of radiation
There are three main types of radiation emitted from radioactive materials:
1. Alpha particle
2. Beta particle
3. Gamma ray
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher introduces the lesson by revising the structure of nucleus with the students
ACT 2: Teacher states and identifies some radioactive elements on the periodic table chart for the
students know their chemical symbols
ACT 3: Teacher explains the two types of radioactivity to the students.
ACT 4: Teacher compares and contrasts the types of radiation from a radioactive sample
EVALUATION:
a. Compare and contrast the types of radiation from a radioactive sample
b. Explain the term radioactivity
ASSIGNMENT: Briefly discuss about the half-life of a radioactive sample
PERIOD: 3
DURATION: 40 minutes
TOPIC: Nuclear physics
SUB-TOPIC: Half-life, Decay constant and radioactive decay
REFERENCE: M.W Anyakoha New School Physics for Senior Secondary school pg 257
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The students are familiar with structure of atom and binding energy
LESSON OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of the lesson students will be able to
i. explain radioactive decay
ii. explain half-life and decay constant
RESOURCES MATERIAL(S): A periodic table chart
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
RADIOACTIVITY DECAY
As a radioactive material emits radiation, it changes into nucleus of other which itself may
be radioactive. The new nucleus thereafter emits radiation and change to another nucleus. This could
continue until a stable nucleus is attained. This sequence of change is called radioactive series.
The number of disintegration per unit time is called Activity. The activity of a radioactive
sample decreases with time.
Decay law:
This states that the rate of disintegration of a radioactive material is directly proportional to the
amount of the material present (remaining)
dN
—N
dN
dt
Where 3 is constant of proportionality. 2 is called the decay constant.
d
N
N
Integrating both side,
d
N
N
[In N] / N’ —— —it
lnN,—InN —— —it
In N ) —— —it
N, is the initial number of nuclei
N, is the remaining number of nuclei after t 2 is the decay constant
t is the time.
The graph of No against t is shown below
Types of radioactive decay
1. Alpha decay: when a nuclei undergo alpha decay, the mass number decrease by four and
the atomic number decreases by 2
Thus, the nuclei lose 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
2. Beta decay: when a nucleus undergoes beta decay, the mass number remains unchanged by
the atomic number increases by one.
3. Gamma decay: there is no change in the mass number and the atomic number of the nuclei.
The nuclei only undergo transition in its nuclear state.
STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
ACT 1: Teacher revises the concept of radioactive radiations the students.
ACT 2: Teacher proves the mathematical relationship between half-life and decay constant to the
students.
ACT 3: Teacher explains types of radioactive decays and how to identify them in a nuclear reaction
equations
EVALUATION: Explain the three types of radioactive decay using nuclear reaction equations
ASSIGNMENT: State the radioactive decay law
