DIVINE GURUKULUM SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: SAUMYA SANDEEP PATEL

CLASS:XII C

ROLL NO. : 110

SESSION: 2024-2O25
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics teacher

RENU MA’AM for the help and guidance he/she provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all
I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this
project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done this project along with me.
Their support made this project fruitful.

STUDENT NAME; SAUMYA SANDEEP PATEL

 INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Introduction 6
Material required 7
Circuit Diagram 8
Working 9
Graphs 10
Application 11
Merits And Demerits 12
Comparision 13
Biblography 14
 TOPIC

Project on Full Wave Rectifier

 AIM

To construct a full wave rectifier and show that Alternating Current is rectified into a
Direct Current.
 INTRODUCTION

A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the alternating current
components in an alternating supply and make it purely a direct current.The two
alternating halves of an alternation current are rectified ina full wave rectifier
which is an advantage over a half wave rectifier.Most electronic devices cannot
withstand very high voltage or alternating current due to it’s intense high power
.The use of batteries in all devices is not practical as their replacement and
durability is a huge problem as the device has to be dismantled each time for
such a replacement.So, these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices
like TV’s, Radios, Chargers, and Lightings etc.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED

1. Connecting Wires

2. A Plug

3. Single Lead Wire - 2m

4. 3 Nuts & Bolts 2 to 3 cm length

5. Circuit Board

6. A Transformer

7. A Capacitor

8. A Resistor [ 1 K ]

9. P - N Junction Diodes

10. A LED

11. Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering Wax, Soldering Lead, Soldering Iron, & Sand
Paper.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Connection Details:

Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is given to both the input
wires of the transformer and the two ends of the secondary coil is given to the P side
of the two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and then connected to one
end of the other end to the centre tap lead and to the resistor. Further, the other end
of capacitor with the diode connect ion is connected to the other end of the
resistor. Connect 2 leads on both the ends of the resistor to measure the output and
this is connected to the +ve & -ve terminals of the bulb.
 WORKING

1st when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it seps down the 230V main supply
to 6 volts. It has a capability of delivering a current of 500 mA. The 6 Volts A.C.
appearing across the secondary is the RMS value and the peak value is 8.4 volts.
During the 1st half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and a current
‘I’ flows in the circuit in the directions S1D1 ABEOS1 . During this time Diode D2 is
reverse biased . So, it does not conduct any electric current. During next half cycle,
the diode D2 is forward and D2 is reversed. Hence D2 conducts any current in the
direction S2D2 ABEOS2 and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half
cycles of the A.C. current the above processes are repeated.

In both the half cycles it is clear that the current flows through the resistor in only
one direction ABE. Even though the voltage across RL is unidirectional it will still
contain a few A.C. components. This is filtered and smooth using a capacitor, which
filters 99% of the A.C. current . A resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all A.C. components from the supply and the resistance
is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple circuit, only one capacitor and
a resistance are being used. But there will be a slight factor of A.C. current still left in
the output but it is negligible. The output Direct Current and Voltage light up the
LED.
GRAPHS
 APPLICATION

● Because of their low cost compared to centre tapped, they are widely used
in power supply circuits.

● This can be used to detect the amplitude of a modulated radio signal.

● Bridge rectifiers can be used to supply polarised voltage in welding.

● In daily life, rectifiers find use in mobile chargers.

● These rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like TV’s, Radios,
Chargers, and Lightings etc.
 MERITS AND DEMERITS

Merits:
● The rectification efficiency of a full wave rectifier is double that of a half
wave rectifier.

● The ripple voltage is low and of higher Frequency in case of a full wave
rectifier so a simple filtering circuit is required.

● Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher TUF in case of a full
wave rectifier.

● In a full wave rectifier, there is no problem due to DC saturation of the core

because DC current in the two halves of the transformer secondary flow in
opposite directions.

DEMERITS:
● Full wave rectifier needs more circuit elements and is costlier.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN FULL WAVE &
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

TYPES OF RECTIFIER
S.NO. PARAMETER
HALF WAVE FULL WAVE

1. Number of diodes 1 2
2.
VDC Vm / 2Vm /
3. Peak inverse voltage
Vm 2Vm
4. Ripple Factor 1.12 0.48

5. Rectifier efficiency 40.6% 81.2%

6. Transformer utilisation 0.287 0.693
factor
7. Form factor 1.57 1.11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Wikipedia.com

● Google Search Engine

● www.youtube.com/C/Knowledgecycle

● Physics NCERT book for class XII