Chương 1: FREIGHT FORWARDING OVERVIEW

- Freight forwarding? Freight forwarding is a collection of operations

related to transportation, aimed at transporting goods from the place of
dispatch to the place of receipt.
- The forwarder ? The forwarder plays the role of Haulier. They directly
signs a transport contract with the goods owner and is responsible for
transporting goods from one place to another. The forwarder can be the
goods owner, the ship owner, the cargo handling company, or it can be
any other person registered to provide freight forwarding services.
- Consolidator? The consolidator is a person whose job is to consolidate
individual shipments from multiple senders at the same origin into
whole shipments to be sent and delivered to multiple recipients at the
same destination.
- Transport right? through paying transportation costs to determine the
right to transport, it can be said that whoever directly signs the
transportation contract and directly pays the transportation costs is the
one who wins the right to transport. During the process of negotiating and
signing international goods sales contracts, buyers and sellers both want
to gain transportation rights, especially the right to charter ships. Winning
the right to transport means winning the right to organize the
transportation of goods. In the process of negotiating and signing
international goods sales contracts, both buyers and sellers want to win
the right to transport, especially the right to charter ships.
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 - Shipper? The shipper is the person or organization responsible for
sending goods. This could be a manufacturer, exporter, or a logistics
company acting on behalf of the seller.
=> Shipper is not the seller in the following cases:
The seller entrusts the shipping to a third party: The seller can hire a logistics
company or forwarder to ship the goods. At this time, the logistics
company/forwarder acts as the shipper on the shipping documents.
Goods manufactured by a third party: If the seller orders from another
manufacturer and asks that manufacturer to ship the goods directly to the buyer
(consignee), the manufacturer will be the shipper, and the seller is just a
commercial intermediary.
- Consignee? The consignee is the person or organization authorized to
receive the goods at the destination. This is typically the buyer or their
representative (e.g., an importer).
=> Consignee is not the buyer in the following cases:
Designated consignee: The buyer can designate a third party (such as an agent,
warehouse, or logistics company) as the consignee to receive the goods on his
behalf.
To Order: In some transactions, a To Order Bill of Lading is used, and the
consignee on the bill of lading will say "To Order" or "To Order of [Bank]."
In this case, the consignee may be the buyer's bank, which holds the right to
receive the goods until the buyer has paid in full.
Third-Party Owned Goods: If the buyer purchases the goods on behalf of
another party (such as a customer or affiliate), the consignee may be the ultimate
recipient of the goods.
- Incoterms 2020
According to Incoterms 2020,

+ the group of conditions FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DPU, DDP can be applied to
all modes of transportation

+ transportation by container should use the terms FCA, CPT, CIP instead of
FOB, CFR, CIF.

+ transport by sea and inland waterway should use the group of conditions
FAS, FOB, CIF, CFR

=> Học kỹ các điều khoản trong incoterms 2020

Chapter 2: INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT FORWARDING BY SEA

(HỌC KỸ CHƯƠNG NÀY)

v Characteristics

v Technical facilities

- Draft/Draught is the perpendicular height from the bottom of the ship to the
water surface.
- CY (Container Yard): The gathering point of cargo containers where all types
of containers are delivered and stored, located in seaports or inland dry ports
- What is CFS (Container Freight Station)? A container freight station is an area
at or near a port where cargo is handled, loaded, unloaded from or into
containers. CFS is often used to consolidate small shipments from different
shippers into a single container (LCL – Less than Container Load, LCL shipping
service charges are usually more expensive than that of full container load
(FCL). CFS can be where goods are consolidated from small shipments to form
a full container or where goods from a large container are split for distribution
to different recipients.
- What is ICD (Inland Container Depot)? An inland container depot is a
warehouse or freight station located outside a seaport, usually in inland areas of
a country. ICDs are where containers are stored and processed before they are
transported to import or export points. ICDs can include services such as
trucking, rail transport and customs clearance.
ICDs are often used to reduce the load on seaports, allowing containers to be
transported to inland areas or areas without seaports while still having easy
access to transportation routes.
=> Delivery in the form of CY/CY means: Goods delivered from yard to yard
Delivery in the form of CFS/CFS means: Goods delivered from warehouse to
warehouse
- RO-RO, LO-LO are methods of loading and unloading goods onto or off a ship
(not at the seaport)

v Legal systems (đọc sách)

- Nguồn luật điều chỉnh:

+Hague 1924

+Hague-visby 1968

+Hamburg 1978

+Incoterms 2010,2020

- Carrier?

The carrier's responsibility in respect of the goods is to provide a seaworthy

vessel. The carrier must be diligent to ensure that before and at the beginning of
the voyage, the ship is seaworthy, has a suitable crew, and is provided with
adequate equipment and provisions; Cargo holds, cold holds and other areas
used to transport goods have adequate conditions for receiving, transporting and
preserving goods appropriate to the nature of the goods.

The carrier is not liable for any compensation for loss or damage to goods due
to the vessel's unseaworthiness, if all obligations have been fulfilled and proven
that they have performed their duties diligently.

After the goods are loaded onto the ship, the carrier has the authority to issue
the B/L
The carrier is not responsible for damage or loss of goods due to the negligent
acts or errors of the Captain, sailor or pilot.

- The charterer: A person who himself or authorizes another person sign

a contract for the carriage of goods by sea with the carrier

v Documents in freight and forwarding by sea

- Bill of lading? What information does a B/L provide about goods? What
is Sea waybill

Bill of lading is a document for transporting goods by sea issued by the carrier
or the carrier's representative to the shipper, After the goods have been loaded
onto the ship or after receiving the goods for loading.

*In reality, it is possible to buy, sell, and transfer goods stated on the bill of
lading by buying, selling, and transferring the bill of lading.

In reality, it is NOT possible to buy, sell, and transfer the goods listed on the bill
of lading by buying, selling, and transferring the Sea Waybill.

Sea Waybill is NOT another name for Bill of Lading.

*The bank only accepts payment if the beneficiary presents Original Shipped
on board B/L

The bank will refuse payment if the beneficiary presents Received for
Shipment Bill of Lading

+ Received for shippment B/L?

+ The Shipped on board B/L issued by the carrier when the goods have been
loaded onto the ship
+ Straight Bill of Lading issued when the goods' journey has no transshipment
along the way. It clearly states the name and address of the consignee in the
consignee blank space => not transferable

+ To Order Bill of Lading?

+ To bearer Bill of Lading?

+ Clean bill of lading (Clean B/L) is a bill of lading that has no negative
comments from the captain about the goods as well as the condition of the goods
at the time of delivery.

"Reused packaging" => Clean B/L

+ Direct B/L

+ Through B/L (Vận đơn chở suốt): Goods are transported from the port of
loading to the final port of discharge by two or more ships belonging to two or
more carriers. The bill of lading clearly states that the goods are transshipped
along the way.

+ Multimodal transport B/L

v Seafreight charges

- Ocean freight surcharges (C/F) are fees added to the ocean freight in
the shipping company's tariff.
C/F surcharges may include:
+ THC (Terminal Handling Charge): A fee collected when goods are
loaded or unloaded at the port or import point. This fee usually covers the
costs associated with moving containers from the ship to the port yard or
vice versa. It applies to activities at the container yard and port
warehouse.
+ CIC (Container Imbalance Charge): A fee applied when there is an
imbalance in the distribution of containers between ports. When a port
has fewer containers to transport than the number of containers it has,
shipping lines will charge this fee to rebalance the number of containers
between ports. This happens when there are too many containers to be
transferred from the export port to the import port.
+ D/O Fee (Delivery Order Fee): A fee that the consignee must pay to the
shipping line or the shipping line's agent to receive the delivery order.
Delivery Order is an important document for the recipient to pick up the
goods at the destination port or the shipping line's warehouse after
completing payment procedures and related costs.
+ Handling Fee: Cargo handling surcharge: A fee for services related to
the handling of goods during transportation, such as packaging, loading,
unloading, checking and controlling goods. This fee can be applied at the
export or import port or throughout the transportation process of the
logistics company.
+ Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) - Fuel adjustment surcharge: Applied
when fuel prices change.
+ Peak Season Surcharge (PSS) - Peak season surcharge: Applied during
peak shipping season when demand for transportation increases sharply.
+ Port Congestion Surcharge (PCS) - Port Congestion Surcharge: Applied
when the port is congested and causes delays in unloading goods.
 + Security Surcharge (SS) - Security surcharge: Applied to offset the cost
of enhanced security measures.
+ Documentation Fee – Documentation Surcharge: Applies to the
processing of shipping documents.
These surcharges are usually added to the freight charge and may vary
depending on the route, shipping line and market conditions.=> NOT
FIXED AMOUNT

*The total freight payable for a shipment by sea is equal to the ocean freight
plus surcharges.
Chapter 3: INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT FORWARDING BY AIR

v Characteritics (tự đọc sách)

ð Suitable for perishable goods (such as fresh fruits, frozen foods...); high-
value goods; time-sensitive goods.

v Technical facilities (tự đọc sách)

v Legal systems (tự đọc sách)

- The source of International Law governing relationships related to the

transportation of goods by air is: Vácsava Convention 1929

v Documents

- Airway Bill (AWB - Vận đơn hàng không): Airway Bill (AWB): is a
document issued by the air transport agency to the shipper to confirm
receipt of goods for transport. The air waybill is a document for
transporting goods and is evidence of the signing of a contract and the
transport of goods by plane, of the conditions of the contract and the
receipt of the transported goods. AWB is Bill of lading issued by the
airline.
- An air waybill includes several functions as follows:
+ Is evidence of a contract of carriage concluded between the carrier and the
shipper;
+ Is evidence of the air carrier's receipt of the goods;
+ Is a certificate of insurance for goods transported by air;
+ Is a customs declaration document of goods;
+ Is a guide for airline staff during cargo transportation service. Anill
 - Unlike sea transport, in air transport, people do not use negotiable bills
of lading, or in other words, the air waybill is NOT a document certifying
ownership of the goods listed on the bill of lading. The reason for this is
that due to the high speed of air transport, the journey of the plane is often
completed and the goods are delivered at the destination a long time
before the air waybill can be sent from the exporter through their bank to
the importer's bank for the importer's bank to send to the importer. For
the above reasons, air waybills usually do not have the function of
ownership of goods.

Master Airway Bill? issued by Airlines

House Airway Bill? issued by Forwarder

Based on the issuer, Airway bill are divided into Airline airway bill and neutral
airway bill

Based on cargo consolidation, air waybills are divided into Master airway bill
and house airway bill

HAB- Houe AirwayBill?

C/O?

Commercial invoice?

Packing list?

v Organizing international freight forwarding and transportation by air

- Các loại cước phí: GCR, MR, CR/CCR, FAK, ULD (unit load
devices), cước hàng chậm, UCR, Priority rate, Group rate,
Container rate
Ex: Group rate in international shipping by air is the fee applicable to customers
who frequently Full container or pallet load

Unit Load Devices is used for Cargo tray, standard size

D/O (Delivery Order Charge): Fees incurred when goods are transported to the
airport and the airline/forwarder issues a delivery order for the consignee to
bring this order to the warehouse to present for pick-up procedures

Terminal Handling Charge: Surcharges for loading and unloading goods at the
airport, collected by the airline from the shipper to pay for loading and unloading
goods at the port

Handling Charge: Surcharges charged by the forwarder from the shipper to

offset the cost of handling the goods

Airway Bill Charge: The fee for issuing air waybills

SCC (Security Charge): Security screening fees to pay for security checks at the
airport

- The basis for calculating air freight charges

+ for small and heavy goods : Weight of goods

+ for light or bulky goods: volume of goods

+ for high-value goods is: Value of goods

*When calculating freight for goods transported by air, on what basis is the
freight volume calculated?=> The actual weight and volumetric mass of the
goods must be compared.
* To carry out the process of forwarding and transporting exported goods by air,
the company providing forwarding services performs the following tasks:
Receive shipping notification from the airline, notify the importer of the
shipment schedule; Issuing air waybills (HAWB); Carry out customs procedures
for exported goods; Carry out procedures for receiving goods at the airport
warehouse; Payment of fees and bring the goods to the importer's warehouse

NOT Signing foreign trade contracts; Buy insurance for exported goods

Chapter 4: INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT FORWARDING OF GOODS

BY RAIL AND ROAD
4.1. International freight forwarding of goods by rail

v Characteristics (đọc giáo trình)

v Technical facilities

- Rail way (Tuyến đường sắt)

- Railway station (ga đường sắt)

- Locomotive (đầu máy)

- Freight car (toa xe)

NOT include: Gantry crane (cổng trục)

v Legal systems

The “SMGS Agreement” regulates the responsibility of the railways for the
goods carried, lists the articles that cannot be transported, prescribes the form of
the transport documents as well as the joint responsibility of the railways for the
goods they accept. Any railway that receives the goods and the transport
documents automatically enters into the contract of carriage and is responsible
to the consignee.

v Documents

Consignment note according to the form of the SMGS Agreement is a rail

transport document

Shipping note is document for transporting goods by international rail transport

v Fees and charges

The basis for calculating railway freight for small and heavy goods is Weight
of goods

In transporting exported and imported goods by rail, charges incurred on the

sending country's railway are calculated according to the freight rate table and
in the currency of Sending country

In the transportation of exported and imported goods by rail, the charges

incurred on the destination country's railway are calculated according to the fare
table and in the currency of Country of arrival

In transporting goods by international intermodal railway, the freight charges on

the sending country's railway are collected by consignor at the sending station
and in the currency of the sending country
4.2. International freight forwarding of goods by road

v Characteristics (đọc giáo trình)

Transport by car is suitable for transporting goods with small volume and short
transportation distance

v Legl system

CMR Convention regulates the carrier's responsibility for exported and

imported goods by car.

The responsibility of the carrier (đọc thêm giáo trình)

v Documents

In transporting exported and imported goods by car, loading and unloading of

goods upon shipment is the responsibility of the Consignor

In transporting exported and imported goods by car, the ROAD waybill is

considered Proof of transportation contract between the consignor and the
carrier, confirming that the carrier agrees to transport the goods. of the consignor
according to the terms and conditions specified in the consignment note.

In transporting exported and imported goods by car, if the car arrives at the
delivery place but cannot find the consignee or the consignee refuses to accept
the goods, then costs will be incurred due to Consignor.

v Fees and charges

- 3 main types:

+ General freight: This is the freight rate using the unit of Ton/Kilometer (TKm)
to calculate freight for all types of goods. The high or low TKm freight rate
depends on the freight rate, transportation distance and type of transportation
route.

+ Special rates: Rates applied to some special transportation methods or special

goods such as goods transported on trailers, goods hired by the owner for two-
way transportation, frozen goods, live animals...

+ Local fare: This is the fare regulated by localities and only applies to roads of
worse quality than type V roads. However, this fare cannot be greater than 10%
of the price of type V roads.
Chapter 5: INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT FORWARDING OF GOODS
BY CONTAINER

v Definition

- Unitization in transportation refers to combining multiple smaller items or

goods into a single load unit for easier handling, storage, and shipping by
palletizing goods, using containers, or bundling packages.

- Containerization is the loading, unloading, storage, and transportation of

goods throughout the transportation process using a special transport device,
called a Container, with standardized dimensions, can be used many times and
has a large capacity.

- Container is a transport device with a special structure to facilitate the

transportation of goods by one or more means of transport. Containers can
function as transport packaging for goods. The basic structure of a container is
usually a 6-sided rectangular box mounted on a steel frame. Container is not a
normal type of packaging, although it can perform the function of a transport
packaging. Container is also not a means of transport nor a part of a means of
transport, because it is not attached to the means of transport. Container is an
object of hire in the transport market. Forwarding and international transport by
container can be combined with many different modes of transport to create
multimodal transport. In reality, international shipping and forwarding by
container first appear in railway mode of transportation. When transporting
containers by rail, people use specialized wagons or flatbed wagons with brakes
or wheeled trailers. The benefits of using containers to transport goods is to
Protect goods, reduce theft, damage, moisture, contamination, and reduce loss
of goods.
In transporting containers by sea, international conventions and rules on sea
transport are still used to regulate the relationship between the charterer and the
container carrier.

When the shipper finishes delivering the container, the container has been sealed
for transport, the carrier or the carrier's representative issued a document of
transporting goods by container called a bill of lading to the shipper

v The carrier and the shippers’ responsibility

The shipper needs to identify and check the type and model of the container at
the moment the shipping operator delivers the container. According to
international customs, when transporting goods by container, the shipper is
responsible for packing the goods into the container along with sealing and
sealing the container. The carrier stipulates/regulates the time for packing and
withdrawing goods sent by container. The carrier and the shipper together
agree on the currency, how to pay and where to pay the freight when sending
goods by container.

v Types of containers

- General cargo container

- Dry/ Bulk/ Bulker Freight Container

- Thermal insulated/ Heated/ Refrigrated/ Reefer container

- Tanker container

- Special container
Ex: Oversized or Heavy Cargo (large machinery, industrial equipment, or
construction materials) => use flat racks, open-top containers, or breakbulk
shipping.

Perishable goods, frozen goods => use refrigerated (reefer) containers

Hazardous Materials (explosives, radioactive materials, or toxic substances) =>

adherence to international standards like the IMDG (International Maritime
Dangerous Goods) Code.

High-Value or High-Risk Goods (gold, jewelry, or fine art)

iron and steel products, machinery and equipment? <A> Ground container

Bulk Commodities (Grain, coal, liquids, petroleum or raw materials like ore) =>
bulk carriers or tankers

Live Animals, automobiles => special/ specialized containers.

Long-stemmed wood products => regular cont

When packing goods into containers, you should not load them up to the top of
the container for goods requiring ventilation, cold goods or seeds

Maximum container weight and loading density are carefully checked to ensure
safety and achieve high economic efficiency in transporting goods by container.

The loading of goods into containers needs to follow the stacking technique
(kỹ thuật xếp chồng). In container transport, Stacking techniques are also
applied to stacking containers on ships, trucks, or in port yards: Stack in order
of weight (heaviest containers on the bottom, lightest on the top); Secure
containers with twist locks or anti-skid devices; Comply with maritime and
transport safety standards (ISO, IMDG).
Consolidation (to collect goods: gom hàng) is an indispensable service in
forwarding and transporting goods by container . This involves combining
smaller loads of freight (often from different shippers) into one container or
shipment to deliver and hand it over to different recipients at the same
[Link] which, LCL is undestood as small shipments that are not enough
to be packed in a container or are large shipments but have many senders and
many recipients.

The identification and inspection of the type and model of the container must
be carried out by the shipper immediately upon delivery of the container by the
carrier. When discovering that the container does not meet the prescribed
technical standards, the carrier must be immediately notified, or the container
must be completed or replaced. If the inspection is not thorough, the container
is received without meeting the technical requirements and during the
transportation process there is a loss due to the container’s defect, the shipper
must bear all consequences arising.

- “Nguyên container - Nguyên seal”: When transporting goods by container, the

carrier will be exempted from liability for loss or damage of goods during
transportation if The seal is still present and the container shell has not been
damaged in any way.

v Technical facilities

- RO- RO (Roll on /Roll off)

- LO -LO (Lift on/Lift off)

- Convertable container ship

- Lighter abroad ship- LASH

- Container yard is an area within a seaport or dry port to store containers
unloaded from cargo ships or to store containers before being loaded onto ships.
CY/CY?

Based on the contract of carriage with the customer and the port authority, some
shipping lines may put the name of the loading port and/or discharge port on the
bill of lading before the symbol CY (e.g. Hamburg CY, HaiPhong CY...) to make
it clearer that their responsibilities and obligations begin and end at a specific
and named container yard.

- Container Freight Station (CFS) is a warehouse system where LCL shipments

of different shippers (exporters or importers) are consolidated/ grouped before
being exported or deconsolidated/ degrouped after being imported.

- A dry port (ICD) is a customs clearance location for goods is located inland,
helping seaports release goods quickly, increasing clearance capacity thanks to
packaging, warehousing, and customs clearance services.

v Container Freight Forwarding Organization

- Container transportation rates usually include: inland transportation costs,

container transportation costs on the main route, wharf and container yard
costs at the loading and unloading port and other costs.

- Container tariffs are not the same as commercial shipping tariffs.

Commercial ship tariffs are usually applied to chartering or transporting goods
by liner or voyage. Meanwhile, container tariffs often include many different
fees (such as container rental fees, transportation fees, loading and unloading
fees, container storage fees, etc.) and are not always regulated according to the
same tariff. These fees depend on the agreement between the carrier and the
shipper or the specific transportation contract. Container tariffs are more
flexible: Container tariffs can change according to market conditions, shipping
routes, container types (20ft, 40ft, reefer or regular), and even the supply and
demand of containers at each port. Therefore, it is not as fixed or standardized
as commercial shipping tariffs.

- The Maximum Gross Weight (Trọng lượng tối đa/ Trọng tải toàn phần) of a
container is the weight when the container is filled with goods to the allowable
safety limit, it includes the maximum allowable weight plus the weight of the
container shell.

- Maximum Payload (Trọng tải tịnh của cont) is the weight of goods up to the
maximum allowable level in the container. It includes: weight of goods,
packaging, pallets, materials used to stuff and support goods in the container.

- Tare Weight (Trọng lượng vỏ cont) depends on the materials used to

manufacture the container.

- Container internal capacity (Dung tích cont) means the maximum cargo
capacity of the container.

Responsibi Shipper Carrier Consignee

-lity of

FCL/FCL - transports and delivers - issued to the shipper a Arrange import

documents,
the container to the bill of lading after
complete customs
carrier at the container receiving the container of procedure , present
B/L to the carrier to
yard (CY), and at the goods from the
receive goods,
transport cont to the
 same time receives the consolidator. warehouse
- Withdraw goods
bill of lading issued by
and return empty
the carrier. cont to the carrier

- renting and
transporting empty
containers to their
warehouse or storage
place for packing

- Transporting goods
from sender to recipient

LCL/LCL - Transporting goods -Type of Carrier: Arrange import

from their storage place documents,complete
+ Actual Carrier: The are
inland to delivering customs procedure,
shipping lines that
them to the consignee of present B/L to the
perform the physical
the consolidator at the consolidator to
transportation of goods.
consolidator container receive goods at CFS
station (CFS) and bear + Non- Vessel Operating
these costs. Common Carrier(
NVOCC): These are
- Transfer to the
companies, often freight
consignee the necessary
forwarders, that do not
documents related to
own vessels but organize
goods, transportation
the transport of goods
and customs procedures.
under the name of a
- Receive bill of lading
consolidator.
from the consolidator
(House B/L) and pay -Actual Carrier:
retail freight. + Issue the actual bill of
lading( LCL/LCL) to the
shipper.
+ Load the container onto
the vessel, transport it to
the destination port, and
unload the container.
+Deliver the container to
the container yard at the
destination and hand over
the consolidated goods to
the consignee based on the
issued bill of lading.
-NVOCC:
+Organize and take
responsibility for the
entire transportation
process from receiving the
consolidated goods at the
port of origin to delivering
them at the destination
port.
+Issue a House Bill of
Lading (House B/L) to the
shipper.
+Since they do not own
vessels, they must hire an
actual carrier to transport
the sealed and
containerized goods.
-Relationship between the
consolidator and the
actual carrier

+The consolidator acts as

the charterer of the vessel.

+The actual carrier issues

a Master Bill of Lading
(Master B/L) to the
consolidator, transports
the container to the
destination port, and
delivers it to the
consolidator's agent or
representative at the
destination port.
Combined Responsibilities of But when receiving, the
shipper and carrier when responsibilities of carrier
transport ( same FCL). and consignee (same
LCL).

=> Tự hoàn thành bảng trên dựa vào Giáo trình p181-184
Chapter 6: MULTI-MODEL TRANSPORTATION

v Definition:

- Multimodal transport is the transportation of goods by at least two different

modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract. The process
of transporting goods in the form of multimodal transport is based only on a
single contract and a single transport document and a single person is
responsible for all goods from the time they are received by the sender until they
are delivered to the recipient.

- Types of multimodal transport:

+Fishyback: Containerized shipping between trucks & ships

+Piggyback: Shipping between truck and rail

+Birdyback: Shipping between truck and air cargo

The multimodal transport model combining economics and speed superiority is
the model of sea transport - air transport

The multimodal transport model combining safety and speed is the model of rail
transport - air transport

The multimodal transport model combining rail-road-inland water transport -

sea transport is suitable for types of goods transported by container

v Characteristics:

- MTO stands for Multimodal transport operator. A multimodal transport

operator can be the person who transports goods, can also only participate in
one step in the process of transporting goods, or even just the person who
organizes transport activities with the participation of real transporters. The
MTO commits to perform or organize the implementation of all necessary work
to ensure the returns the goods to the recipient in accordance with regulations.
In case the multimodal transport operator does not record on the multimodal
transport document the external condition of the goods, the goods are
automatically considered to be in good external condition.

- The consignor must pay to the multimodal transport operator a thorough freight
fee for all modes of transport through which the goods pass by according to a
single price agreed upon by the parties.

- When the multimodal transport contract stipulates that no documents will be

issued, the goods are returned to a person designated by the consignor or
consignee according to the provisions of the multimodal transport contract.

- When unable to prove that the goods are lost or damaged beyond the scope of
their responsibility, the multimodal transport operator must be responsible for
paying the inspection costs even when the consignee requests inspection. The
entire liability of the multimodal transport operator will not exceed the limit of
liability for loss of all those goods.

v Freight costs

- Multimodal transport costs for a shipment are all related costs throughout the
chain including costs before, during and after transport; transshipment costs and
other costs... (but NOT costs from port to ICD).

v Documents in intermodal transport

- Multimodal Transport Document is evidence of a multimodal transport

contract, confirming that the multimodal transport operator has received goods
for transportation and commits to deliver those goods in accordance with the
terms of the signed contract.

- The transfer of multimodal transport documents is carried out as follows: For

the form "Surrendered", no endorsement is required; For the form "To order",
an endorsement is required; For the form "To order of the person named in the
original document", an endorsement by the person named in the original
document is required. So in the form "To order of [the person named in the
original document]", the goods are returned to the person prove that you are the
person named on the document and present an original document.

- International multimodal transport documents are issued at the time the

international multimodal transport operator has received the goods.

- The form of issuance of multimodal transport documents is in non-transferable

form. The documents indicates the name of the consignee.

- The signature on a multimodal transport document: it can be in the form of a

handwritten signature, a signature printed via fax machine, or perforated, or
stamped, or a symbol, or by any other means. any other mechanical or electronic
device as prescribed by law currently in effect.

- Types of intermodal transport documents:

+ FIATA (FIATA NEgotiable Multimodal transport Bill of Lading - FB/L) is

issued by the International Federation of Forwarding Associations.

+ COMBIDOC - combined transport document, drafted by The Baltic and

International Maritime Council (BIMCO)

+ MULTIDOC - Multimodal transport document, drafted by The United Nations

Conference on Trade and Development drafted on the basis of the United
Nations Convention

+ Bill of lading for Combined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment

v Multimodal transport implementation process

Step 1:Receive information about the shipment from the shipper

Step 2: Negotiate with the shipper about specific requirements

Step 3: Select mode of transport

Step 4: Select carrier

Step 5: Select route

Step 6: Determine cost and freight

Step 7: Select implementation plan