DIMENSIONAL AN a MODEL AN. ALYSIS vit INTRODUCTION pimensional analysis is a method of dimensions. It is a mathematical technique used in research sor design and fOr conducting model tests. It deals with the dimensions of the physical quantities ed ime phenomenon. All physical quantities are measured by comparison, which is made with arbitrarily fixed value. Length L, mass M and time T are three fixed dimensions which are of importance in Fluid Mechanics. If in-any problem of fluid mechanics, heat is involved then tengerture iS also taken as fixed dimension. These fixed dimensions are called fundamental dimen- soos OF fundamental quantity. toan »122 SECONDARY OR DERIVED QUANTITIES seodary o derived quantities are those quantities which possess more than one fundamental saenion or example, velocity is denoted by distance per unit time (L/T), density by mass per unit ‘olume. 5 and acceleration by distance per second square (UP). Then velocity, density and accel- " . M L cain become as secondary or derived quantities. The expressions (1/7), (3) and (= are called fedinessions of velocity, density and acceleration respectively. The dimensions of mostly used Hcl quantities in Fluid Mechanics are given in Table 12.1. Table 12.1 (a) Fundamental Length Mass 559 Scanned with CamScannerPhysical Quantity bk (b) Geometric 4, “Area 7 Te | BS. Volume us B | (©) Kinematic Quantities | 6 Velocity ¥, tr } 7, Angular Velocity o Th | & Acceleration a or ; 9. Angular Acceleration a TT 10. Discharge Q vr 1 Acceleration due to Gravity 8 ir 12 Kinematic Viscosity v pr (@ Dynamic Quantities 13. Force F Mit 14, Weight Ww MLT> 15, Density p ML? 16. Specific Weight w ML*7 2 1. Dynamic Viscosity H Mir 18, Pressure Intensity P MET 19. Modulus of Elasticity {k M72 20. Surface Tension s Mr 2. Shear Stress 1 MET? 2. Work, Energy WorE MULT? 2B. Power P META 24. Torque T Mir? 25. Momentum M. MIT Problem 12.1 Determine the dimensions of the (ii) Angular acceleration, (iii) Discharge, (iv) Kinemat (vii) Dynamic viscosity. Solution. (i) Angular velocity = Time (i) Angular acceleration = rad/sec?= #4__1 _ ror (iii) Discharge (iv) Kinematic viscosity (v) = = Area x Velocity = 1? , Where [Lis given p a ae a Angle covered in radians _ quantities given below : (i) Angular velociy, tic vis scosity, (v) Force, (vi) Specific weight, and i ser T 3 x£EF T au by T= — y TENS Scanned with CamScannerMASS Acceleration Mx L- reeetation Ee Tea Time p= Mas oy é Volume PE «matic ViScosit} ah Mer \| Kinematic viscosity (v) oh i =2y-1 | y Force = MaSs x Acceleration = ay x Length ML yy (Time)? = 7 = MET 1 specific weight = Weight Force \ li « viceoeity 1 ic a,.Volume Volume = 7-2, oi Pyle WSCOY, Hs derived in (i) apy ey 23 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENErTy yi ional homogeneity means the dimensi pinensional hom sions of each terms in an equati id \ Stinson orb tt oe hh ne ‘wn 2S oi Sean 0 mn. i Powers of fundamental dimensions (i.e., L, M, T) 1 | ea identical for a dimensionally th i \ salons are independent of the system of units, eemacemee a ncten : | Lets consider the equation, V= /2gH 1 pimension of LHLS. =V= £ =rr z Dimension of R.H.S. = 2gH = ox L= E Laur | Dimension of L.H.S. = Dimension of R.H.S. = LT" { + Equation V= /2gH is dimensionally homogeneous, So it can be used in any system of units, »124 METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS "he number of variable involved in a physical phenomenon are known, then the relation among ‘hevaribles can be determined by the following two methods : |. Rayleigh’s method, and 2. Buckingham’s 1-theorem. "41 Rayleigh’s Method. This method is used for determining the expression for a variable ‘ich depends upon maximum three or four variables only. If the number of independent variables ‘nes more than four, then it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable. ae i Scanned with CamScanner‘ables. Then according tp pa written as X =f 1X, X,, xt : x, vatial which depends O° Xi al Oe ‘method, X is function of Xp % i y pag “This can also be written asX= 1 cary nee the powers of the fundamental dines n r) a where K is constant anda, band OP compa 2 ible. ‘The values of a, b and ¢ AF mendent vail ae the length (L) of the pey th sides. Thus the expression Y i rr depends upon 1. ly Se sian a peli Nr te me Peed Mey Problem 12.2 The time acceleration due to gravity (g): a Solution. Time perio tis. afore sty where “sa constant j Bh “i Let X is a variable, is on both Land To 12-26 Substituting the dimension Equating the powers of M, Power of T, Power of L, ozatb ation (i), Substituting the values of a and b in equi kit. git=K 8 which is given as ‘The value of K is determined from experiments K=2n an E » Ans. 8 Problem 12.3 Find an expression for the drag force on smooth sphere of diameter D, moving wit a uniform velocity V in a fluid of density pand dynamic viscosity H. function of Solution. Drag force Fis a (i Diameter, D (iv) Viseocity, (ii) Velocity, V (iii) Density, | F=KD*.V’.p°.u" li) where K is non-dimensional factor. Substituting the dimensions on both sides, MLT? = KL? . (LT (ML) (ML"TY" Equating the powers of M, L and T on both sides, ue : Power of M, fora Power of L, lea+b—3e-d Power of 7, oy There are fc . en Se aaea e bg 4 but equations fre three. Hence itis not possible t finde important. Here visoosty ia me Sa be expressed in terms of fourth variable which isms power to viscosity. je and hence a, b, care expressed in terms of d which's the : cold bs2-d a=1-b+3c+d=1-24d4+3(1-d4d Scanned with CamScanner12404339, ¢ values of a, band ¢ in (i, yo got * d= F=KD?-4.4 ae ; “pnt = KD (oe ; V4 pt) = Kppye (_H pvD. = Kppv4 (sts 7 35) +Ans 424 Find the expression for the power P over aisoharge Q and specific weight w of he pensive by a pump when P depends upon the vol ton. power P is a function of ° $M) Heads Ho i) Discharge, Q «iy Sperific weight, w —_ P=KH*. QP ye ’ ’ +. Non-dimensional constant. a eS rituting he dimensions on both sides of equation (i) 3 MDT = KL (Typ 272 squting the powers of M, Land Ton both sides, seat! pover of My lsc, power of Ls 2=443b-2c, power of T, -3=-b-2c the values of a, b and cin (i) P= KH'. Q!. w! = KHQw. Ans. problem 12.5 The efficiency 7 of a fan depends on the density p, the dynamic viscosity 11 of the ‘uid, the angular velocity @ diameter D of the rotor and the discharge Q. Express 7) in terms of dimensionless parameters. olution. The efficiency 7 depends on (i) density, p (ii) viscosity, 1 (ii) angular velocity, (iv) diameter, D (0) discharge, Q substituting o 1 =Kp*. pa. D*.Q° wi) ‘here K = Non-dimensional constant. Substituting the dimensions on both sides of equation (i) MOLT? = K (ML3)*.. (MET . TY. (Dt (ETE Equating powers of M, L, Ton both sides, Power of M, O=a+b Power of L, Q=-3a-bt+dt3e Power of 7, 0=-b-c-e. the three unknowns in terms of the othe There are five unknowns but equations are three. Express o this problen t . - ° " ounknowns which are more important, Viscosity and discharge are more important in "i . “Me expressing a, c and d in terms of b and e, we get a=-b c=-(b+e) . dat 3at b-3e=— 3b +b -3e=—2b—3e. Scanned with CamScannerSubstituting these values in equation @, ie a a aaa “oof .D®.D™.O opel CS) (GBS aa Problem 12.6 The resisting force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be cong, dependent upon the length Seen 1, velocity V, See ar Gensiy p and bul mg’ Of air K. Express the functional relationship between these variables and the resisting fy," Solution. The tesisting force R depends upon (i) density, 1, (ii) velocity, V, (iii) viscosity, p, 7 (iv) density, p, (®) Bulk modulus, K, , +0) ae es R=Al". Vue. pt Ke ) where A is the non-dimensional constant. Substituting the dimensions on both sides of the equation (i), aa (en MLT? = AL. (LT). (ML"T")’. (ML*Y! . (MET Equating the powers of M, L, T on both sides, Power of M, l=ctdte Power of L, l=a+b-c-3d-e Power of T, -2=-b-c-2e, ‘There are five unknowns but equaiions are only three. Expressing the three unknowns in test two unknowns (4. and K). Express the values of a, b and d in terms of and e. Solving, d=1-c-e b=2-c-2e a=1-b4c43d+e=1-(2-c~2)+c43(1- =1-24c+2e+c43-3c~3e4e=2-¢ Substituting these values in (i), we get RaAP’, Pro ye ploe ge =AP. Ve pV ne pr). (V% pe Ke) lay sl] pends 0 i ; of the body, velocity v of the body and he acceleration due to gravity g, is the motion can be expressed in the form reno 8] c-ete Scanned with CamScannerNY ( yength, f e acceleration, . R=Kp* ube & gz Non-dimensional constant, WP VE ge wy tuting the dimensions gn poth sides of the equation (i), = KML! yi ausing ve powers of ML, Tn both sides Dr ray power of Ms eer power of Ls . 1=-3a-btcadee pero ak aoe -d-26¢. re are five unknowns and equations i oe (ie and g). Hence express a ae aT smack Expressing the three unknowns in terms of + s of b and e. Solving, we get @ a=1-b 2-b~26 143a4+b-d-e=143 =143(1-b)+b-Q-b-26)- ; ; 2143-364) -24b420-e22-b4e a substituting these values in equation (i), we get p R=Kpr yl Pore yabae ge = Ko? Ve (pwr v4). Va = pve. (ALY (l2¥ 1 -m (da (BT exe ga}(B), 1242 Buckingham’s t-Theorem. The Rayleigh’s method of dimensional analysis becomes nae borious if the variables are more than the number of fundamental dimensions (M, L, 7). This ificuty is overcame by using Buckingham’s T-theorem, which states, “If there are n variables (inde- padent and dependent variables) in a physical phenomenon and if these variables contain m funda- ental dimensions (M, L, T), then the variables are arranged into (n — m) dimensionless terms. Each ‘em is called 7-term”. Let X), Xp, Xj. X, are the variables involved in a physical problem. Let X, be the dependent vaible and X>, X .-. X, are the independent variables on which X, depends. Then X; is a function of 1,X)..., X, and mathematically it is expressed as KX, = fay Xa oe Xe) 12.1) Equation (12.1) can also be written as : (12.2) FX, Xp Xyp oy Xp) = O- Tquaion (12.2) 6 2 dimensionally homogeneous equation. 1 contains ee ete em damental dimensions then according to Buckingham’s eae io < eer emt fs of number of dimensionless groups OF qeterms in which numt ~m). Hence equation (12.2) becomes as 123) Moy, Ty «9 Tin) = O- vision or multiplication by a = rent i ahora and is indepen SAE en vansbles, aie te nttdoes not change the character of the nae Eating vrriables, Let inthe above case Xoy mot mensions and is als0 ctl OT PL, T) = 3. Then each T-term is tnd X, are saa it the fundamental dimension ™ (M;L,T) Scanned with CamScanner