1). What is PLC?
Programmable Logic Controllers are computerized industrial controllers or solid-
state control devices used in the automation sector to carry out sequential or
discrete logic.
PLCs are a combination of software & hardware. It serves as the brain of the
machine (or) system in automation control systems.
The digital electronic device known as a PLC carries out the following fundamental
functions.
Implements particular functions, such as programming logic, sequence,
timing, counting, and arithmetic operations, using programmable
memory to store instructions.
Manage technical procedures and electrical devices.
2). What is the function of PLCs in automation?
PLC is used extensively in automation to control and monitor industrial
applications. It contains both hardware & software.
This controller device is able to be executed and operated both automatically and
manually. It requires more effort, time, utility, & accurate system operation to
function properly.
It improves the system’s reliability and stability.
It conducts exact operations in very little time. This can be the reasons
that PLC is now widely utilized in industry.
3). What are the different components of a PLC?
PLC has various components. Each component is related to various PLC
operations & functions.
Basic components of PLC
1. Input & Output Modules: These modules offer input to the PLC &
generate output. Input and output might be digital or analog.
2. Power Supply: This component is accountable for supplying AC (or) DC
power to the PLC.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The Central Processing Unit (CPU) stores
and executes PLC software applications.
4. Memory System: The memory system stores and retrieves information
needed for PLC operations.
5. Communication Protocol: Multiple devices can be linked to the PLC.
Communication protocols are used to transfer information from one
component to another.
6. PLC Programming (Software Skills): PLC logic must be implemented
using a programming language.
4). What are the different types of PLC?
PLCs are classified into 3 types based on how they are construction structure and
working:
Compact PLC
Modular PLC
Distributed PLC
5). What are the different PLC automation implementations?
The primary implementations of PLC are in industries; however, other
applications of PLC include
Driving Motors
Light Lamps
Button Switches
Traffic signals
Water Draining Pumps
Photo sensors.
6). What is Redundancy in PLC?
Redundancy is defined as a state of non-usefulness. When PLCs go out of service
or have defects, they cannot be utilized.
They become useless & are referred to as redundant. It’s called PLC redundancy.
7). Which are the different brands of PLC?
The different companies have created their own PLC brands. These are a few well-
known PLC brands.
ABB PLC
AB (Rockwell) PLC
Siemens PLC
Delta PLC
Mitsubishi PLC
Honeywell PLC
Omron PLC
Schneider PLC
Hitachi PLC
Fatek PLC
Bosch PLC
GE (General Electric) PLC
8). What is HMI in PLC?
Human Machine Interface essentially allows operators to connect
(or) communicate with the system they are monitoring.
The HMI displays a graphical representation of the mechanical system’s status
and allows direct control over its operation.
Graphical HMI screens are able to be programmed to show the operator all
relevant status & control information.
9). What are the different programming languages utilized in PLCs?
The programming language is utilized to write the software that controls the PLC
or automation system.
According to the IEC standard, 5 different programming languages are utilized in
PLC.
The list of several PLC languages utilized in the industry is as follows.
Structured Text (ST)
Ladder Diagram (LD)
Function Block Diagram (FBD
Instruction List (IL)
Sequential Function Charts (SFC)
10). What are the general functions of a PLC?
Sequential Control: PLC converts binary signal input into output that is utilized for
sequential technical processing; here, PLC retains all steps in sequential process in
the correct order.
Plant Monitoring: A PLC continuously monitors the state of a system and
performs the appropriate actions in connection with process under control or
displays a notification to the operator.
Shutdown System: The working premise of a PLC is to receive a controlled
process input signal, process it in accordance with a program stored in memory,
and then generate an output signal to operate the actuator or other equipment.
11). Describe the basic elements of Ladder Logic Programming
Ladder logic has 3 fundamental organizing components:
RUNG: A function is used to write ladder logic instructions. The CPU runs the scan
program from left to right, ladder by ladder from top to bottom.
INSTRUCTION: Ladder logic Instructions are separated into two parts.
1. Input Instructions: Located on the left side of ladder Check, compare, or
specify conditions.
2. Output Instructions: Located on the right side. Perform some activity.
BRANCHES: Branches are used in ladder logic to build several paths that directly
read the state of inputs & outputs.
12). What is LD in the PLC?
Ladder Diagram is the most popular and widely acknowledged programming
language for PLCs.It is simple to develop PLC logic with LD because it has a
graphical user interface.LD is also known as “Ladder Diagram Language” or
“Ladder Logic Language”.
13). What is the Timer?
The timer is the most important PLC command. The timer is used to activate
& control devices for a set period of time. The programmer may set the timer
according to the project requirements.
14). What function does a power supply perform in a PLC system?
Within a PLC system, the power supply is in charge of supplying the necessary
energy for the processor, input/output (I/O) modules, and communication
components.
Its input voltage typically ranges from 120 to 230 volts (V) (or) 24 V DC.
It returns to the plane with an output of around 5 V DC at 2–5 A.
15). What are Reed Relays?
Reed relays are electrical switches which utilize an electromagnet to open and
close two contacts. They have a coil looped around a reed switch with
overlapping blades, or ‘reeds’.
When power is provided to the coil, it generates a magnetic field that draws these
components together, forming contact and allowing electricity to pass through
the relay.
16). What is a rack (or) chassis in a PLC system?
Rack or chassis refers to the hardware assembly of all modules of a modular PLC,
such as the power module, communication module, CPU, & input & output
modules.
It enables an even distribution of power supply to all modules and serves as a
communication link between the CPU & the other modules.
17). What is the difference between active and passive backplanes in PLC?
A backplane is used in PLC racks to provide power & interconnectivity between
numerous modules.
Communication is handled by attaching one (or) more expansion boards to the
backplane.
Active Backplane Passive Backplane
An active backplane is equipped with several slots The passive backplane consists of
as well as the electronics required to govern merely bus connectors & a minimum
module communications. of extra electronics.
18). What are varied types of PLC Timers?
In general, three basic types of timers are utilized:
On Delay Timer
Off Delay Timer
Retentive On Timer (RTO)
19). What is a counter module in PLC?
The counter command is useful for sequentially counting digital numbers. It’s an
aspect of the mathematical function.
A PLC counter is a function block that counts up (or) down until it hits a set limit.
When the limit is met, the output is set. Counting, however, is commonly
employed in PLC programming. You will frequently be required to count several
things.
20). What are the various types of counters utilized in PLC?
PLC counters are classified into three types:
Up Counter
Down Counter
Up/Down Counter
Mostly, the up/down counter is utilized in PLC programming.
21). How to test or commission a PLC system?
Make sure that every cable connecting the PLC to the plant is full, safe,
complies with all local regulations, & meets all necessary specifications.
Verifying that the voltage setting that the PLC is set for is met by the
entire incoming power supply.
Verify that the settings on all safety equipment are appropriate for the
trip.
Make sure the emergency stop button functions.
Ensure that every input/output device is providing the right signals & is
connected to the appropriate input/output locations.
Loading & testing the software.
22). What is MCR(MASTER CONTROL RELAY) ?
It is a type of instruction found in Siemens’ PLC software. This instruction is
utilized to terminate the process.
Some different types of MCR instruction include:
MCRA (Master Control Relay Active),
MCRD (Master Control Relay Deactive),
MCR> (Master Control Relay Greater),
MCR< (Master Control Relay Less).
23). What are the advantages of a PLC over a hardware relay?
PLC exists in both software & hardware forms. However, relay occurs
only on the hardware basis.
PLCs are easier to monitor and control than relays.
The problem with PLC software is simple to identify.
PLCs provide more operating capabilities and functionality than relays.
PLCs are more flexible and reliable than relays.
The PLC programming logic is easier to alter and implement than the
relay.
24). What are the disadvantages of PLC?
With PLC, you can only run one program at a time. You cannot run
numerous PLC programs at the same time.
There are certain restrictions to using PLC in the workplace.
Performance decreases in some conditions, such as high temperatures
and vibrations.
25). What are the applications of PLC?
PLC is used in industries such as steel, glass, cement, paper mills, coal
mines, automobiles, chemical industries, textile industries, robotic
systems, and food processing.
It is utilized in power plants that transmit and distribute electricity.
It is utilized for household uses in remote sensing devices.
PLC can also be used in educational settings, such as academic or
research initiatives.
PLC is primarily utilized for commercial & educational (academic) use.
