Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

1

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Aquaculture plays a significant role in increasing global fish production.

According to Jia et al. (2010), aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing food

production industry, expanding in intensity and scope globally. This growth is

driven by the rising demand for aquatic food items, coupled with the stabilization

of capture fisheries output and the full exploitation of most primary fishing

grounds. These factors have encouraged better management techniques within

the industry. The study explores aquaculture's role in reducing poverty, improving

food security, and achieving sustainable development, highlighting the benefits of

responsible resource use and integration into the global food chain.

Lake Buhi in Camarines Sur exemplifies these global trends through its Nile

tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture operations. Since the 1970s, local fisherfolk

have traditionally farmed tilapia without commercial feeds, relying on abundant

natural plankton. This method was both economical and environmentally friendly.

However, the transition to commercial feeds increased production but also led to

nutrient pollution and fish kills, demonstrating the need for sustainable practices

to protect the lake's ecosystem.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

2

As aquaculture grows rapidly to meet the rising demand for fish, it aligns

with broader sustainable development goals set by the United Nations.

Responsible resource use in aquaculture helps alleviate poverty and improve food

security, supporting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which aims to make

cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. With urban populations increasing,

sustainable aquaculture practices are crucial for efficient resource management

and reducing environmental impacts, contributing to sustainable development.

Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to reduce inequalities by promoting

inclusive industrialization, improving infrastructure, and enhancing access to

financial services, especially in developing countries. Income inequality is a global

issue, with the wealthiest 10% holding a significant portion of global income.

Sustainable fishing practices are essential for managing fish populations and

preventing resource waste. This approach ensures the health of marine life,

supports fishing jobs and maintains food sources for communities. Sustainable

fishing helps communities adapt to climate change, preserve marine ecosystems,

and support economic inclusion, which aligns with the goals of reducing

inequalities and promoting sustainability.

Fish populations are managed and kept healthy by sustainable fishing

practices to prevent waste of natural resources. Sustainable fishing considers

people's needs and aims to maintain healthy marine life populations and fisheries
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

3

for future generations. It also seeks to preserve jobs and means of subsistence for

humans. Community fisheries often serve as fishing communities' primary source

of food, jobs, and survival. Resilient fisheries can reduce their adverse

environmental impacts, help fishermen and communities adapt to a changing

climate, and preserve marine life essential for their livelihoods and access to food.

Ecosystems with natural habitats are more resilient to climate change and have

better ecological health.

In addition to Lake Buhi, the Taal Lake fish cage business faces challenges

such as fish kills linked to declining water conditions due to nutrient pollution. This

investigation investigated the types of fish cages produced in Taal Lake and the

interdependencies between the inputs and outputs of cage production and nutrient

enrichment in cage regions. Fish cage units, usually owned by financiers, supply

every input needed for production and impact most decisions regarding cage

culture, especially financial ones. Caretakers assemble the workforce needed for

the manufacturing process, which involves daily management tasks from building

to stocking, feeding, and harvesting.

Dacuycuy et al. (2020) highlight the government's intensified lending

programs to help agricultural sectors. The government supports farmers by

facilitating technology use and purchasing farm inputs, enhancing smallholder

efficiency.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

4

According to Ebarvia et al. (2022), transforming agriculture and fisheries

into dynamic sectors is essential for reducing poverty, ensuring food security, and

achieving inclusive economic prosperity. However, unsustainable practices can

negatively impact the environment and climate, affecting the productivity and

sustainability of these sectors.

Lake Buhi is an 1800-hectare lake, 8 meters deep, located between two

ancient volcanoes, Mt. Malinao and Mt. Asog. Local fisherfolk began culturing

tilapia in 1970 without using commercial feeds, relying on natural plankton. This

traditional approach was economical and environmentally benign. However, the

transition to commercial feeds increased development and harvests but also led to

nutrient pollution and fish death occurrences. This shift underscores the

significance of sustainable fishing methods for protecting the environment and

maintaining long-term fish farming viability in the region.

Fish cage owners in Lake Buhi primarily use fixed cages for tilapia farming,

which is the main method in the area. Tilapia, prized for its mild flavor and high

nutritional content, is raised in ponds, tanks, and cages constructed by fish cage

owners. They monitor feeding, water quality, and cage temperature to ensure

optimal growth. According to Bene et al. (2016), it is critical to enhance fish stocks

while considering local fisheries' socioeconomic circumstances.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

5

However, Muallil et al. (2013) point out that livelihood initiatives can lessen

the strain on the business, though resources are scarce, and there is room for

improvement. The literature on the fishing activities of tilapia farmers at Lake Buhi

emphasizes the industry's evolution from traditional fishing to fish cages. Initially,

residents engaged in various agricultural enterprises, sparking interest in fish

farming. Fishermen eventually became fish dealers, middlemen, financiers, and

fish cage owners. This shift highlights tilapia farming's importance to the local

economy, both in revenue generation and job creation. The study aims to shed

light on the functioning, exact locations, and techniques employed for fish farming

and harvesting, offering insights into the operational aspects of fish cages in Lake

Buhi.

It also discusses the difficulties faced by fish cage owners, such as fish

fatalities, low-tide problems, theft threats, and disasters, highlighting the need for

effective tilapia culture operations to mitigate these challenges. Gaining insight

into tilapia farming operations is essential for community food security,

employment creation, and economic development. By addressing the challenges

fish cage owners face and providing insights into the fishing operation, the study

contributes to the town's overall well-being, economic growth, and food security

of the town and its residents.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

6

Statement of the Problem

The general aim is to determine the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Culture Operation of Cage Owners at Lake Buhi Camarines Sur. Specifically, this

study aims to address the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Educational Background

c. Years in the Fish Cage Industry

d. Starting Capital per Cage

2. What are the tilapia culture operation of cage owners at Lake Buhi along:

a. Rearing

b. Harvesting

3. What are the challenges encountered by the cage owners at Lake Buhi

along:

a. Fish Culture

b. Rearing

c. Harvesting
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

7

Assumption of the Study

This study was premised on the following assumptions that:

1. The profile of tilapia fish cage owners in Buhi, Camarines Sur.

2. The tilapia culture operation of cage owners at Lake buhi.

3. The challenges encountered by the fish cage owners at lake buhi.

Significance of the Study

The study titled "Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Culture Operation of

Cage Owners at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur” benefits the following:

Community. This study ensures the community's food security and

economic stability by promoting sustainable tilapia farming operations, which

guarantee the long-term availability of fish stocks.

Fish Cage Owners. This study gives insights into the operation of tilapia

culture, which directly affects owners of fish cages. By putting these strategies into

practice, the aquaculture sector may become more resilient and ethical while also

increasing fish yields, increasing profitability, and reducing environmental effects.

Local Government Unit (LGU). The LGU is essential to the promotion of

tilapia farming operations and the regulation of fishing activities. The results of

this study can be used to guide policy choices, which can result in the creation of

laws, reward systems, and assistance plans for owners of fish cages.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

8

Tourism Industry. Sustainable practices help local businesses that rely on

tourism as well as eco-tourism by enhancing Lake Buhi's natural beauty and

attractiveness.

Environmental Organizations. The research contributes to ecological

health and biodiversity conservation by informing conservation efforts and

encouraging eco-friendly behaviors.

Researcher. The researcher learns important information regarding the

unique opportunities and difficulties associated with operating a tilapia farm at

Lake Buhi. This study can contribute to academic literature, enriching the

understanding of aquaculture sustainability and serving as a basis for further

research.

Future Researchers. The study sets a foundation for future research

endeavors focused on sustainable fishing and aquaculture. It opens avenues for

exploring innovative technologies, best management practices, and community-

based approaches to ensure fisheries' continued health and productivity in Lake

Buhi and similar ecosystems.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

9

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study conducted in the municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur, focuses on

the demographic profile of tilapia fish cage owners, including their age, educational

background, years in the fish cage industry, and starting capital per cage. The

research involved fifty fish cage owners as respondents, selected through

purposive sampling.

Moreover, The study period covered from the year 2023 to 2024, with fish

cage owners from both the Poblacion and out-of-poblacion areas, specifically from

Barangay Sta. Elena, San Buenaventura, Sta. Clara, Sta. Cruz, and Cabatuan.

Thus, the research concentrated on the tilapia culture operation of Buhi fish

cage owners to sustain their tilapia farming within these selected barangays,

excluding other geographic areas and focusing solely on the fish cage industry in

Buhi.

However, the Buhi fish cage owners are this study's particular participants

and do not cover other geographic areas. It delimits itself to the tilapia culture

operation by the fish cage owners to sustain their tilapia farming. This research

does not cater to other aspects of agriculture and aquaculture outside the distinct

boundaries of Buhi.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

10

Definition of Terms

To better understand the terms used in this research, some words used in

the study were conceptually and operationally defined.

Aquaculture also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation of

aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. In this study, it refers

specifically to the farming of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Buhi.

Breeding is the process of raising, caring for, and moving fish from one

body of water to another, as well as capturing and holding progenitors to preserve,

restore, and expand fisheries resources. This study involves the breeding practices

of Nile Tilapia by cage owners at Lake Buhi.

Cage Owners refers to the individuals or entities who own the fish cages

used for cultivating Nile Tilapia in Lake Buhi, deriving income from this aquaculture

activity.

Financiers individuals or entities that provide the financial resources

necessary for the establishment and operation of fish cages, often having control

over significant sums of money used in the tilapia farming industry at Lake Buhi.

Fishing Community a community comprising owners, operators, and

crew of fishing vessels or aquaculture operations that rely heavily on capturing or

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

11

processing fishery resources, including those involved in the Nile Tilapia culture at

Lake Buhi.

Fish Culture the method of rearing desirable fish species in captivity and

controlling their environments to enhance growth and reproduction. In this study,

it refers to the practices employed by cage owners to cultivate Nile Tilapia in Lake

Buhi.

Fish Farming the rearing of fish in enclosures to sell them as food.

Specifically, it pertains to the cultivation of Nile Tilapia in Lake Buhi’s fish cages.

Fish Cage a stationary or floating fish enclosure made of synthetic net,

wire, bamboo screen, or other materials used for cultivating Nile Tilapia in Lake

Buhi.

Feeding Method the techniques used to feed fish, which can be manual,

natural, or using demand feeders. In this context, it refers to the methods

employed by cage owners to ensure Nile Tilapia are healthy and well-nourished.

Harvesting the act of gathering and removing fish from the waters in

which they have grown. This study refers to the methods used by cage owners to

harvest Nile Tilapia from Lake Buhi.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

12

Lake Buhi a unique tropical lake in Camarines Sur, known for being the

habitat of the world’s smallest commercial fish and the site of Nile Tilapia cage

culture operations.

Rearing the process of caring for fish until they are fully grown. This study

pertains to the practices of cage owners in nurturing Nile Tilapia in Lake Buhi’s fish

cages.

Sustainable Fishery a fishery where fish are harvested at a sustainable

rate and where practices do not cause long-term decline of fish populations. In

this context, it refers to the sustainable practices in Nile Tilapia farming at Lake

Buhi.

Tilapia a type of fish characterized by a shape similar to sunfish or crappie,

and recognized by the interrupted lateral line typical of the Cichlid family. This

study focuses on the Nile Tilapia species cultivated in Lake Buhi.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

13

NOTES

Akinik, (2023). Destructive Fishing Practices and their Impacts on Fisheries

Aldaba, R. M. (2005). The impact of market reforms on competition, structure and

performance of the Philippine economy. Makati: Philippine Institute for
Development Studies.

Dickson, (2003). Fishing Gear and Methods in Southeast Asia, vol. 1, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department.

Papaconstantinou, C. (2004). Changes in wild fish assemblages after the

establishment of a fish farming zone in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.

Boyra, A. et al. (2004). Attraction of wild coastal fishes to Atlantic subtropical cage
fish farms, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes.

Lopez, F.J.M. (2009). Coastal fish farms are settlement sites for juvenile fish.
Marine Environmental Research.

B.M. (2010). Effect of artificial light on marine invertebrates and fish abundance
in an area of salmon farming. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

Obiero, (2022). Economic feasibility of fish cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Boyra, A.; Sanchez-Jerez, P.; Tuya, F.; Espino, F.; Haroun, R. (2004). Attraction
of wild coastal fishes to Atlantic subtropical cage fish farms, Gran Canaria,
Canary Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes.

Asche, (2018). More-Sustainable-Financing-of-Small-Farmers-and-Fisherfolks-

Agricultural Production.

R. Juskus, (2017). Strengthening Governance of Small-Scale Fisheries: An Initial

Assessment of Theory and Practice.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

14

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature & studies related to the present studies.

This study includes a Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art, Gap Bridge of the Study,

Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework. This served as a basis of

information that helped them develop this research.

Asche et al., (2018) highlight that various fishery management strategies

have been implemented to improve the sustainability of fisheries. These include

the roles of right-based fishery management, such as territorial use, fishing effort

allocation, and catch shares, to address the overcapacity and overfishing in

fisheries. This relates to the present study, especially the sustainability of fisheries

that is based on the author. This study was connected to strategies that were

implemented to improve the fishing practices and the culture operation by the fish

cage owners.

Béné et al., (2016) mentioned that fishery management systems improve

fish stocks, and socio-economic conditions of local fishery through equitable

distribution of values at local and international levels. Thus, this relates to the

present study, in which the fishing practices in the fish cage proposed to progress

more fish stocks through their allocation in the locals and or in the different areas.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

15

Muallil, Cleland & Alino et al., (2013) mentioned that alternative livelihood

projects can contribute to alleviate pressures, but the means to do so in the

Philippines are limited and opportunities are still lacking. The problem of food

security and the critical role of fishing then comes additionally into place when

households cannot sustain their living expenses through alternative livelihoods

alone. The previous study is similar to the present study since it identifies the

challenges encountered by the face cage owner.

Fabian et al., (2019) stated that the fisherfolks in Masantol do not receive

any kind of training in fishing. Most of the fishing equipment they use is inherited

from their ancestors or parents. Fish and other marine life are caught using various

fishing gears, the most common of which include the "laptop", a rectangular crab

trap that was invented by the fisherfolk, that is left in the water. The bintol is a

similar trap that is pulled up by hand. The kitig or panti is a gillnet that is cast to

catch alimasag or small crabs. The kimput or lambat (net) is used for different

types of marine life as well as the kitig and sid or screen. The information gathered

from the author connects to the present study as it reveals that the traditional

gear to catch fish is identical. Meanwhile, in the fish cages the practices of the

fisher folks were great and hands on of how doing their work to develop a

sustainable fishing practice.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

16

Benaiahfogle et al., (2015) Suggest that the technique involves bottom

fishing around reefs and walls generally in depths of 5 – 50 meters. The fishermen

use multiple tiny hooks on a relatively small main line with a lead or stone tied to

the end to weigh the line. Baits such as squid, shrimp, hermit crabs, and shellfish

are cut into small pieces and baited on the small hooks. It connects to the study

as the fisherfolks mainly focus on their work especially to catch fish in the cages

and they are using traditional gear to support. Meanwhile, their good method is to

take care of their fishing.

Dejongh et al., (2021) said that fishing gear has historically been made from

lead, however, there are now lead-free alternatives that do not pose a risk to

ocean wildlife. Thus, it relates to the present study, fisher folks have so much

caring for their fish while in the cages. Therefore, fisher folk concentrate on what

is best for their fishing which is sustainable practices.

Ghana et al., (2019) emphasized that the environmental impacts are

associated with cage culture because production involves a large input of high-

quality artificial feeds to fish cages of which only a portion is consumed and

assimilated by the cultured species. This leads to large discharges of organic and

inorganic wastes to the surrounding environment. Thus, the present study focuses

on the sustainability of fishing practices of the fisher folks. Especially their kinds of
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

17

lives while fishing in the Lake. And also, the processing of feeding if there is an

organic feed or mixed artificial.

Elena et al., (2017) stress that societies today are confronted with the

enormous challenge of providing food and livelihoods to their people amidst a fast-

degrading natural resource base. Rising demand for seafood and fish mostly

generated by developed countries, aided by a globalized economy, is fast depleting

fish stocks in several developing countries while threatening local livelihoods. This

information relates to the present study Therefore, Buhi Lake is the one the famous

catching fish named Sinarapan while the Tilapia is the second but this is one of

the best sellers in the wet market. The study the main goal and focus is knowing

the methods of the fisher folks along this, so which means their kinds of practices

while they fishing in the Lake some of there are a lot of cages in the middle of the

Lake. So, the second goal is to know how they live as fisher folks.

Cornelisen et al., (2013) emphasized the effects of finfish farms on wild fish

populations are likely to be small in comparison with the effects on other aspects

of the marine Ecosystem, such as effects on the seabed. Management options for

minimizing effects on wild fish include proper site selection, which requires

assessments of the potential impacts of farm developments on wild fish stocks.

Aside from that our study relates to that information by the author. The present

study was interviewed by the participants which is the fisher folks along the buhi
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

18

lake. Therefore, we gather some information about their practices even the

sustainability of their kinds of work while fishing.

Orina et al., (2018) said that there are several benefits associated with

farming fish in cages. Fish cage culture enables efficient water body utilization and

uses the already existing water, thus offering an alternative that is viable to

potential farmers in areas with limited resources who do not have enough land for

constructing ponds hence relatively low capital input. Concerning the present study

fisher folks in Buhi Lake is a wide lake that currently has more fish living like Tilapia

and Sinarapan the famous one. Therefore, fisher folks, there are a lot of fish cages

in the middle and side along the Lake. So, they manage the cages every day which

means there are a lot of fingerlings needed to monitor.

Shrestha et al., (2012) cited that extensive fish farming is a cheaper and

environmentally friendly fish farming system because it does not introduce

nutrients into the water body. In the extensive system, fish are stocked in low

densities. It relates to the present study that fisher folks in the Lake Buhi cage

owners were opposed to the cleaning operations in the sanctuary areas. Therefore,

sustainability practices are more likely essential and utilized in their fishing.

A study (Arthur et al., 2010) suggests that since we don't fully grasp how

fishing affects the entire ecosystem, a more cautious approach to managing

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

19

fisheries is necessary. This includes considering how different fish populations

interact and depend on each other. The study suggests that monitoring young fish

(fingerlings) is an important first step in this kind of ecosystem-based fisheries

management. The present study mainly focuses on ecosystem fisheries

management, in line with that in Lake Buhi's lot of fisher folks adopted the

traditional practice session while they doing this, they particularly concentrated is

to monitoring the fingerling in the cages along the Lake.

This study by Romano et al. (2013) highlights the booming tilapia farming

industry. Tilapia's popularity and farming have grown significantly due to its

suitability for aquaculture and market demand. However, to maintain this growth

sustainably, Romano et al. (2013) emphasize the importance of adopting

sustainable techniques. They argue that these techniques shouldn't compromise

yield, cost, or product quality. The study focuses on feed as a major expense in

tilapia farming. Understanding the fish's nutritional needs and the factors affecting

them is crucial for developing optimal feeding strategies. This, in turn, ensures the

industry's long-term success and ability to grow.

Tilapia are highly suitable for tank cultivation due to their resilience and

adaptability, as detailed by Losordo et al. (2009). These fish can handle the stress

of handling and crowding in tank facilities, thanks to their thick slime layer that

protects them from bacterial diseases and physical abrasion. Tilapia thrive in clean
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

20

water at high densities, but they are also remarkably tolerant of poor or fluctuating

water conditions, making them a robust choice for aquaculture.

Suresh et al., (2009) Biological, economic, and environmental factors in an

attempt to assess the potential of tilapia culture in saline waters. Numerous

commercially significant tilapia species have promising biological potential.

Although this ability is largely negated by high salinity circumstances, they can

grow, survive, and even reproduce in saline environments. In particular, they are

easily handled and become infected again when exposed to salinities higher than

that of seawater.

Terzi, E. et al., (2021) The growing global population, aquaculture has

become essential to meeting the need for animal feed in both domestic and

international markets. Important species is tilapia, and the Philippines is one of the

top producers of this fish. In the Philippines, tilapias rank second in popularity and

account for around 12% of all aquaculture production in the country as of 2018.

Tilapia cultivation is a practice that is carried out around the country,

primarily in fish ponds and cages in diverse settings. Even though tilapias are

nearly indestructible fish, studying them for bacterial diseases also gave us insight

into how the bacterial world is evolving. For this investigation, we looked at papers
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

21

that previously discussed bacterial illnesses and the application of antibiotics to

tilapia production in the Philippines.

Catacutan et al., (2013) The Philippines has become a more significant

producer of tilapia in Asia. steadily over the last five years as it tackles the region's

hunger and poverty reduction. As farmers have realized how important it is to

implement cutting-edge husbandry techniques, commercial tilapia aquaculture in

the Philippines has improved. Intensive culture, the use of cutting-edge feed

components, raising the standard of commercial aquafeeds, implementing

economical feeding plans and successful pond fertilization techniques, and

cultivating enhanced genetic strains are a few of these.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

From the reviewed studies, the following similarities were noted. The

researchers made use of previous studies from foreign and local settings that have

a direct bearing on the subject matter being undertaken, the similarities a

differences between the earlier investigations were nevertheless acknowledged

here. Elena et al., (2017), and Mualil et al., (2013) collaboratively focused their

studies on food security and the livelihood of its people. This literature is relevant

to the study as it mentions the importance of food security to the individuals who

work in the fish industry.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

22

Lynch et al., (2020), and Ghana et al., (2019) both discussed the impacts

of feeds that could affect the bodies of water where fish takes place. Toxic residue

and organic and inorganic wastes can have an unpleasant potential impact on the

fish. Cabral et al., (2013) identify the demographic profile of the fisherfolk

population including local government units (LGUs) or some local experts.

Cornelisen et al., (2013) cited that management options for minimizing effects on

wild fish include proper site selection which requires assessment of potential

impacts of farm developments on wild fish stocks. Shrestha et al., (2012) focused

on extensive fish farming and an environmentally friendly fish farming system.

Hence, this literature showed similarities that could support the effectiveness of

the study.

Gap of the Study

Asche et al., (2018) improve the sustainability of fisheries strategies in

fishery management is implemented. Mualil et al., (2013) identify the problems in

food security and the critical role of fishing arise as households cannot sustain

their living expenses through alternative livelihood alone. Moreover, both studies

used different methods to solve an issue about sustainability matter. In addition,

different techniques and practices in fishing were identified. Dejongh et al., (2021)

mentioned that fishing gear has historically been made from lead, but now there

are substitutes made lead-free that don't endanger marine life. Fabian, (2019)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

23

stated that the majority of the fishing equipment they use was passed down from

parents or ancestors. On the other hand, the review of related literature and

studies revealed that no study had been conducted about Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis

niloticus ) Culture Operation of Cage Owners. No study provides strong information

on fish cage owners in culturing tilapia.

Theoretical Framework

The Fishing Theory of Avro (2018) Consists of Three Principles, Principle 1:

Sustainable fish stock, Principle 2: Minimizing environmental effect, and lastly

principle 3: Effective management. These principles are anchored to the present

study.

The first principle is connected to the present study. The word sustainability

corresponds to the title of the study wherein it is one of the essential parts of the

fish culture. The theory contends that fishery must be disciplined so that it will not

lead to over-fishing. All things considered, securing the long-term health and

resilience of marine ecosystems and the communities who depend on them

requires a complex strategy that balances ecological, economic, and social factors

to achieve and maintain sustainable fish stocks.

The second principle encompasses the environmental effect of fishing

operations. It is connected to the present study in terms of environmental concerns

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

24

in fishing. The Ecosystem's structure, productivity, function, and diversity are all

essential to the fishery and should be preserved through fishing operations. By

incorporating such strategies into aquaculture and fisheries management,

stakeholders can minimize environmental impacts and advance the long-term

sustainability of aquatic environments and resources.

The third principle focuses on effective management that complies with

local, state, federal, and international laws and standards as well as institutional

and operational frameworks that mandate sustainable and responsible resource

use. For millions of people whose livelihoods depend on fisheries and marine

resources, sustainability, ecosystem protection, and assistance, effective

management is crucial. Given the interdependence of marine ecosystems,

management initiatives ought to take into account the wider ecosystem context in

addition to concentrating exclusively on specific species. The goal of ecosystem-

based management is to preserve the resilience and health of complete

ecosystems, which include biological processes, habitats, and biodiversity. It

connects to the study as it describes the importance of discipline in fishing as it

follows the laws and standards resulting in responsible fishing.

This present study was anchored to the Fishing Theory of Avro (2018). This

relates to the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture operation of cage owners

at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur as shown in Figure 1.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

25

PRINCIPLE 1 PRINCIPLE 2
SUSTAINABLE FISH STOCKS MINIMIZING
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

NILE TILAPIA
(Oreochromis niloticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF
CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE
BUHI, CAMARINES SUR

PRINCIPLE 3
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT

Figure 1

Theoretical Paradigm
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

26

Conceptual Framework

The theories conveyed concepts, ideas, and principles, forming the basis

for the study's conceptual framework. This framework illustrates the flow of the

study's paradigm.

The Demographic Profile of the respondents is to determine the

comprises of age, educational background, years in the fish cage industry, and the

starting capital per cage.

The Tilapia Culture Operation includes rearing and harvesting was used

in this method in their fishing operation. These methods served as indicators for

the data gathering. Also, the researcher used the data analysis and interpretation

of information from the fish cage owners at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur.

The Challenges Encountered for fish culture, rearing, and harvesting are

included in this study to be used in the data collecting. Therefore, the main

common challenge facing fish cage owners is fish kills. Additionally, this was done

as a part of the research to determine how challenging it is for the cage owners

or fisher folks at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

27

Demographic Profile

a. Age

b. Educational Background

c. Years in the Fish Cage

Industry

d. Starting Capital per Cage

Tilapia Culture Operation

a. Rearing

b. Harvesting

Challenges Encountered

a. Fish Culture

b. Rearing

c. Harvesting

Figure 2
Conceptual Paradigm
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

28

NOTES

Asche, (2018). More-Sustainable-Financing-of-Small-Farmers-and-Fisherfolks

Agricultural Production.

R. Juskus, (2017). Strengthening Governance of Small-Scale Fisheries: An Initial

Assessment of Theory and Practice.

Maddox, B. (2009). New Literacies, New Demands and New Technologies: The
Changing Literacy Practices of Bangladeshi Fishing Communities, Working
Paper

Akinik, (2023). Destructive Fishing Practices and their Impacts on Fisheries

Aldaba, R. M. (2005). The impact of market reforms on competition, structure and

performance of the Philippine economy. Makati: Philippine Institute for
Development Studies.

Obiero, (2022). Economic feasibility of fish cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Boyra, A.; Sanchez-Jerez, P.; Tuya, F.; Espino, F.; Haroun, R. (2004). Attraction
of wild coastal fishes to Atlantic subtropical cage fish farms, Gran Canaria,
Canary Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes.

Nelson, (2013). Literature Review of Ecological Effects of Aquaculture.

Lopez, F.J.M. (2009). Coastal fish farms are settlement sites for juvenile fish.
Marine Environmental Research.

B.M. (2010). Effect of artificial light on marine invertebrates and fish abundance
in an area of salmon farming. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

Papaconstantinou, C. (2004). Changes in wild fish assemblages after the

establishment of a fish farming zone in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

29

Fogle, (2015). Fishing Techniques of the Philippines.

B. Asia, (2015). Traditional fishing gears and fishing methods of Ilocos Norte,
Philipppines, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac 2906, Ilocos
Norte, Philippines.

Dickson, (2003). Fishing Gear and Methods in Southeast Asia, vol. 1, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department.

Garcia, (2009). "Catching efficiency of multiple handlines operated in payaw

areas," Asian Fisheries Science.

Israel, (2008). Fishpen and Fishcage Culture in Laguna de Bay: Status, Economic
Importance, and the Relative Severity of Problems Affecting its Practice.

Lopez, (2010). Dynamic optimal ration size in tilapia culture: Economic and
environmental considerations
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

30

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research designs, respondents, research

instruments, data gathering procedure, data analysis, and ethical considerations

that were used.

Research Design

This study used the Descriptive Research Method. This study involves

collecting various data and describing the existing conditions or situations,

objectives, or people, without being affected by the researcher. Also, a descriptive

research method was used to identify the demographic profile, tilapia culture

operation, and challenges encountered. Quantitative research works with data that

is numerical or can be translated into numbers. Statistical methods are

fundamental techniques used to analyze numerical data (Sheard et al., 2018)

Divya et al., (2023) mentioned utilizing quantitative research methods,

events that impact a certain set of people in the sample population are observed.

Respondents

The respondents of this study were composed of fifty (50) fish cage owners

from Brgy. Sta Elena, San Buenaventura, Sta Cruz, Sta Clara, and Cabatuan in
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

31

Buhi, Camarines Sur using the purposive sampling with replacement method taking

into consideration their availability and willingness to cooperate.

Additionally, these respondents are also registered in the Lake Development

Office. However, those fish cage owners that do not directly engage and operate

the fishing operations, for example, financier only, were excluded. The

respondents of the study were also provided with the ideas and information

needed by this study.

Research Instrument

The researchers utilized the survey questionnaire as the primary research

instrument to gather data. To clarify the data and information regarding this

research study.

Survey Questionnaire. The researchers used a survey questionnaire

based on the specific problems of the study.

A questionnaire is a research instrument composed of several sets of

questions to collect important information that could fill the important parts of the

research. Including the demographic profile of the respondents, tilapia culture

operation, challenges encountered by the fish cage owners, and the

recommendations based on the findings of the study.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

32

Validation of the questionnaire was done to check the validity and reliability

of the instruments with the expert to the researcher's study. More particularly the

mismatch questionnaire to the given problems. The evaluators of the questionnaire

were included in the research respondents.

Administration and Retrieval of the Questionnaires. The primary

step in gathering the data is to request permission from the College Dean of the

College of Technological and Developmental Education, Camarines Sur Polytechnic

Colleges to allow the researcher to conduct the study in Buhi, Camarines Sur. Upon

the approval of such request, the researcher proceeds to the finalization of the

questionnaires which includes a letter for the respondents individually.

The letter is composed of thorough and described aims and objectives of

the study which was presented to authorize the cooperation of the respondents.

Moreover, the confidentiality of the data gathered is the priority of the researchers

so that the respondents was not feel uncooperative in answering the

questionnaire.

The researchers provide an approval letter to survey the Local Government

of Buhi and the barangays where the respondents came from. The retrieval of the

questionnaires was done immediately after the respondents had responded on the

same day to avoid delay or losses.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

33

Data Analysis

The results were tallied, tabulated, and analyzed through statistical

methods to test the problem formulated.

Percentile was used to indicate the value of which a given percentage of

observations in a group of observations fall.

𝑭
P = 𝑵 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

Where:

P = refers to the percentage

F = refers to the number of responses or frequency

N = refers to the total number of respondents

Frequency count was used to determining the percentage of each

response.

Ethical Considerations

The proceedings of this research adhere to the ethical guidelines of the

CSPC Research Ethics Board and the 2022 National Ethical Guidelines for Research

Involving Human Participants issued by the Philippine Health Research Ethics

Board (PHREB). Any involvement of the respondents and participants in the

interview or survey of this research shall be voluntary and with consent. The
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

34

identity and the information given by the people involved in this research will be

treated with utmost confidentiality.

Potential ethical issues might arise during the conduct of semi-structured

interviews, surveys, and secondary data collection. Approval and consent will be

acquired first before administering any data collection tools to the

participants/respondents. In addition, due to the declaration of the research site

as a protected area, letters of approval to conduct the study will be sent first to

the respective offices (i.e. Municipal Mayor's office,) before gathering any data.

Furthermore, this research shall be conducted with careful adherence to policies

and regulations
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

35

NOTES

Garcia, (2009). "Catching efficiency of multiple handlines operated in payaw

areas," Asian Fisheries Science.

Israel, (2008). Fishpen and Fishcage Culture in Laguna de Bay: Status, Economic

Dickson, (2003). Fishing Gear and Methods in Southeast Asia, vol. 1, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department.

Papaconstantinou, C. (2004). Changes in wild fish assemblages after the

establishment of a fish farming zone in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.

B.M. (2010). Effect of artificial light on marine invertebrate and fish abundance in
an area of salmon farming. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

R. Juskus, (2017). Strengthening Governance of Small-Scale Fisheries: An Initial

Assessment of Theory and Practice.

Dickson, (2003). Fishing Gear and Methods in Southeast Asia, vol. 1, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department.

Nelson, (2013). Literature Review of Ecological Effects of Aquaculture.

Lopez, F.J.M. (2009). Coastal fish farms are settlement sites for juvenile fish.
Marine Environmental Research.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

36

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The chapter presents the interpretation of the results and data gathered

from the study. The study focuses on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

culture operation of cage owners at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur, and the research

delves into analyzing and interpreting key aspects related to the demographic

profile of respondents.

Hence, the study explores these dimensions to gain insights into the

practices, profiles, and obstacles fish cage owners face in Lake Buhi, providing

valuable information for understanding the dynamics of fish cage farming in the

region and suggesting potential areas for improvement and sustainability

measures and shedding light on the various factors influencing tilapia culture

operation and challenges within the fish cage industry at Lake Buhi, Camarines

Sur.

Demographic Profile of Tilapia Cage Owners

The demographic profile of the respondents includes age, educational

background, years in the fish cage industry, and the starting capital per cage of

the respondents discussed in this study.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

37

Table 1

RESPONDENTS DISTRIBUTION ALONG AGE

Age Frequency Percentage

Count
21 to 30 years old 2 4%
31 to 40 years old 9 18%
41 to 50 years old 16 32%
51 to 60 years old 19 38%
61 years old and above 4 8%
Total 50 100%

Table 1 presents the age of the fish cage owners (50) individuals aged 21

to 61 participated in the study. The data in the table shows the age distribution of

respondents in different age groups. The data also shows that the majority of fish

cage owners 38% (19) are between the ages of 41 and 60 years old, while the

lowest percentage 4% (2) are between the ages of 21 and 30 years old.

Monte Claro et al., (2024) state that the average age at which the

respondents begin fishing is less slightly comparable for municipal than for

commercial fishers. Municipal fishers are much older than commercial fishers as

commercial fishers have an average age of 20 years old.

This data implied that experienced fisher folks are mostly in the fishing

industry.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

38

Table 2

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ALONG EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Educational Background Frequency Percentage

Count
Elementary Level 20 40%
High School Level 26 52%
College Level 4 8%
Total 50 100%

Table 2 presents the educational background of the fish cage owners. (50)

Fish cage owners with an academic background from elementary to college

participated in the study.

According to the data, out of the (50) fish cage owners, (26) 52%, had

completed high school. The lowest percentage of respondents had four (4) college

degrees, with eight percent 8% of them having completed.

Monte Claro et al., (2024) mentioned that the majority of the commercial

fisher’s highest educational attainment is within elementary and high school levels.

The table further shows that high school level was the highest educational

attainment of the fisherfolks which covered the majority of the respondents who

responded to the study.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

39

Table 3

YEARS IN THE FISH CAGE INDUSTRY

Years in the Fish Cage Industry Frequency Percentage

Count
2 to 4 years below 4 8%
5 to 9 years 19 38%
10 to 20 years 21 42%
21 to 30 years 4 8%
31 to 40 years 2 4%
Total 50 100%

Table 3 presents fish cage owners` years in the fish cage industry. The

Table presents a diverse distribution of experience levels. The owner of the fish

cage with the highest response rate is 42% (21) is 10 to 20 years while the owner

with the lowest response rate is four percent 4% two (2) is 31 to 40 years.

Most fall within the five 5 to 20-year experience brackets, indicating a mix

of relatively newer entrants and more seasoned professionals. The absence of

respondents with over 50 years of experience suggests a younger workforce or

turnover in this sector. The distribution across different experience categories

provides insights into the tenure and demographic composition within the fish cage

industry among the fisher folks or fish cage owners.

Monte Claro et al., (2024) mentioned that the average number of years in

municipal is higher compared to commercial where municipal have 26-29 years

and commercial have 16-19 years. Hence, the respondents were comprised of fish
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

40

cage owners who have 10 to 20 years of experience. They all have a positive

perception and behavioral attitude towards fish culture operation.

Table 4

STARTING CAPITAL PER CAGE

Starting Capital Per Cage Frequency Percentage

(Php) Count
Php 10,000 below 14 28%
Php 10,001 to 50,000 24 48%
Php 50,001 to 80,000 8 16%
Php 80,001 to 100,000 above 4 8%
Total 50 100%

Table 4 presents the starting capital of the fish cage owners. The Table

shows that 50 fish cage owners participated in the starting capital per cage, from

Php 10,000-Php100,000 above. Moreover, the majority of fish cage owners

answered that 48% (24) of their initial capital is between Php 10,001 and Php

50,001, and eight percent 8% four (4) responding that their capital is between

Php 80,001 and Php 100,000 and above.

Roe et al., (2023) cited that setting up and running a tilapia farm here in

the Philippines can cost around Php 500k – Php 1,000,000 per hectare.

Consequently, the researcher concluded that the majority of the respondents’

starting capital ranges from Php 10,001 – Php 50,000.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

41

Tilapia Culture Operation

This study also identified various techniques of fish cage owners in their

fishing operations, rearing, and harvesting are a few of them. Also, it identified

the present tilapia species such as Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Table 5

REARING

Rearing Frequency Percentage

Count
Care and Maintenance
Everyday 47 94%
Once a week or more 2 4%
Twice a month 1 2%
Total 50 100%
Cage Inspection
Everyday 50 100%
Total 50 100%
Feeding Method
Dry Feeds 50 100%
Total 50 100%
Frequency of Feeding
Once a day 28 56%
Twice a day 22 44%
Total 50 100%

Table 5 presents the rearing methods used in the culture operation of cage

owners in the cage industry. The rearing method includes care maintenance, cage

inspection, feeding method, and feeding frequency.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

42

Table 5 shows the four subtopics that the Table has care and maintenance.

The data presented in the table reveals that out of (50) fish cage owners, 94%

(47) responded to questions about daily in care and maintenance, while the least

number of owners two percent 2% one (1) responded twice a month.

Cage Inspection: The Table presents the majority of the fish cage owners

who responded everyday with a percentage of 100% (50). Feeding Method:

According to the table, the majority of fish cage owners (50) 100% choose dry

feeds for their tilapia. Frequency of Feeding: The table shows highlights that 56%

(28) of the owners of fish cages stated that their frequency of feeding was every

day, while 44% (22) indicated that twice a day.

Lee., et al (2022) cited that the activities of humans and climate change

affect negatively the marine ecosystem and fishery resources. Effective methods

such as Habitat Conservation and Stock enhancements have been pondered.

These relate the conservation of habitats and stock enhancement to the study as

it brought awareness to the researchers regarding habitat conservation and stock

enhancements as it provides quality preservation of fishes.

Thus, the present study stressed that the efficient and proper management

of fish operation is an effective way to produce quality cultured fish. As a result,

the operation's Tilapia fish farming is reflected in the indicators that follow.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

43

Table 6

HARVESTING

Harvesting Frequency Percentage

Count
Harvest Time

3 to 5 months 32 64%
6 to 9 months 18 36%
Total 50 100%
Tools & Equipment's
Fishing Nets 50 100%
Total 50 100%
Techniques & Strategies
Proper Handling Storage 3 6%
Proper Cleaning and Washing 4 8%
Quality Inspection 43 86%
Total 50 100%

Table 6 presents the method used in harvesting the fish cage owners or

fisher folks. It is clear in the table that 50 fish cage owners responded to the data

of harvesting.

The data indicates that 64% (32) of fish cage owners harvest their tilapias

in 3-5 months, whereas 36% (18) of fish cage owners harvest their tilapias in 6-9

months. This is one of the three sub-topics that are also included in the table.

Fishing nets were used as tools and equipment by 100% (50) of fish cage owners,

according to the data. Techniques & Strategies: According to the data, 86% (43)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

44

of the owners of fish cages engaged in quality inspection, and 6% (33) engaged

in proper handling and storage.

Therefore, based on the result it indicates the good harvest time, the proper

tools and equipment, and lastly the techniques & strategies used is quality

inspection these results can be used as a baseline for the fish cage owners for

harvesting.

Karadamus U, Bilgili L., (2023) said that fishing nets have a limited life

span, and improper disposal of fishing nets could lead to harm to land and sea.

Thus, encouraging the recycling of fishing nets is a better way to reduce waste

and promote a greener environment. The present study implied that most of the

fisherfolks inspect their fish cage regularly to ensure the quality of the fish before

they harvest within 3-5 months using only fish nets. Whereby they harvest their

tilapia for market sale.

Challenges Encountered in Tilapia Culture Operation

This section shows the challenges encountered by the fish cage owners in

fish culture, rearing, and harvesting. The data is presented in tables, displaying

frequency counts and percentages to illustrate the results for each aspect.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

45

Table 7

FISH CULTURE

Fish Culture Frequency Percentage

Count
Disease Outbreaks 6 12%
Water Quality 1 2%
Typhoon 13 26%
Fish kill 30 60%
Total 50 100%

Table 7 shows that, of the (50) fish cage owners, 60% (30) of them

experience fish kill during fish culture, and 2% of them, one (1), have issues with

the water quality.

Similarly, the study of Alosairi, Al-Ragum, Al-Houti et al., (2021), states that

Fish kill incidents are distressing for the fisher folks and other related to fishing,

as fish kill incidents affects drastically the economy of the fisher folks, livelihood

and the society.

Hence, the researcher concluded that fish kill was the primary challenges

that fisherfolks inevitably encountered this cause for a massive loss to them. Fish

kills are cyclical and destructive once more, there was a significant fish kill that

nearly destroyed the fish stocks.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

46

Table 8

REARING

REARING Frequency Percentage

Count
Financial Constraints 30 60%
Unbalanced Feed Nutrition 11 22%
Contamination 9 18%
Total 50 100%

Table 8 presents the challenges in rearing encountered by the fish cage

owners. Based on the Table, challenges such as financial constraints, unbalanced

feed nutrition, contamination, and overcrowded were included.

The table highlights that, among the (50) fish cage owners, 60% (30) face

financial difficulties during the rearing process, with 18% contamination recording

as the least significant issue for these nine (9) fish cage owners.

Onsay et al., (2022) mentioned that fisherfolks also frequently have low

perception when it comes to socio-economic position and low level of acuity to

digital and general literacy. Therefore, fish cage owners face financial constraints

in rearing and these challenges affect the culture operation of the fish cage

owners. A subsidy for the fish cage owners could aid the financial difficulties of the

cage owners.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

47

Table 9

HARVESTING

HARVESTING Frequency Percentage

Count
Seasonal Harvest Time 5 10%
Market Fluctuations 43 86%
Higher Pricing 2 4%
Total 50 100%

Table 9 presents the challenges in the harvesting encounter of the fish cage

owners. Harvesting includes seasonal harvest time, market fluctuations,

negligence quality during transportation, and higher pricing.

According to the table (50) fish cage owners, 86% (43) had market

fluctuations during harvesting, which is not favorable for the owners' businesses,

the other 4% (2) experienced higher price. With the exception of hatching, the

bulk of fish cage owners and fishermen faced difficulties with fish culture, rearing,

and harvesting they only concentrated on purchasing fingerlings from different

suppliers. Marasco et al., (2015) state that fish losses affect the market. Frequent

fish losses caused market fluctuations and affected the occupations of many

fishers. Consequently, the present study asserted that market fluctuation affects

the harvesting season of the fish cage owners resulting in negative outcomes. That

is a major impact faced by the fish cage owners.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

48

NOTES

Rahman, (2013). Socio-economic and ecological challenges of small-scale fishing

and strategies for its sustainable management.

Ranjan, (2021). Destructive Fishing Practices and their Impacts on Fisheries.

Schwab, (2007). Fish welfare: a challenge to the feelings-based approach, with

implications for recreational fishing.

Marasco, (2015). Effect of a fish–rice co-culture system on the growth

performance and muscle quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Obiero, (2022). Economic feasibility of fish cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Sophia Roa, (2023). bootstrapbee.com/fish/tilapia-farming-in-the-philippines-

cost-and-profit.

McQuerrey L. (2018). Recommendation for improvement in Employee Appraisals.

Arizona State University.

R. Juskus, (2017). Strengthening Governance of Small-Scale Fisheries: An Initial

Assessment of Theory and Practice.

Monte Carlo. (2024). Fish fights over fish rights: Philippine case study on conflict
over use of municipal water: synthesis of three case studies in the Visayan.

Molina, (2018). Socio-Demographic Profile and Handling Practices of Flying Fish

Fishers: Policy Implication.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

49

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter tackles the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations of the study.

Summary

This study aimed to determine the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Culture Operation of Cage Owners at Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur, which was

premised on the following assumptions that the demographic profile of the

respondents varies in Age, Educational Background, Years in the fish cage industry

and their starting capital. There is a tilapia culture operation for fish cage owners,

and identified challenges encountered by the fish cage owners. The finding of this

study is expected to be beneficial to the fish cage owners of Lake Buhi, Camarines

Sur for them to enhance the sustainability of their fishing culture operation. This

study was conducted and delimited to the fish cage owners in Lake Buhi,

Camarines Sur. With a total of 50 respondents whose age are ranging from 21 to

60 years old.

The different terms utilized in this study that needed better understanding

were defined conceptually as well as operationally. A review of related literature

and studies was conducted. This study was affixed to the fishing theory of Avro

(2018) that consists of three principles such as sustainable fish stocks, minimizing
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

50

environmental effects and effective management wherein the researchers are

guided. The researcher made use of the Quantitative Research Method and also

utilized the Descriptive Research Design, and the data were gathered through a

survey-questionnaires that used percentile and frequency count to determine the

number of respondents answered and the percentage of results to quantify and

interpret the data.

Findings

The following are the findings that were gathered during the research after

the thorough and careful treatment of the data.

1. Demographic Profile

1. Age. 19 out of 50 fish cage owners are majority ranging 50 to 60 years

old and above. It is inferred from this that the sample population is characterized

by fisherfolk aged 51 to 60 years old.

2. Educational Background. Fish cage owners with an academic

background majority are belong to high school level ranging 26 out of 50. The

table further shows that high school level was the highest educational attainment

of the fisherfolks which covered the majority of the respondents who responded

to the study.

3. Years in the Fish Cage Industry. 21 out of 50 majority of fish cage

owners range 10 to 20 years in the fish cage industry. Hence, the respondents'
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

51

was comprised of fish cage owners who have 10 to 20 years of experience. They

all have a positive behavioral attitude towards fish culture operation

4. Starting Capital per Cage. Fish cage owners experienced 24 out of

50 ranging from Php 10,001 to Php 50,000. Consequently, the researcher

concluded that the majority of the respondents’ starting capital ranges from Php

10,001 - Php 50,000.

2. Tilapia Culture Operation

5. Rearing. There are four sub-topics in the rearing method of the fish

cage owners namely; Care and maintenance, feeding method, cage inspection,

and frequency of feeding. The finding in rearing shows that in care and

maintenance 47 out of 50 fish cage owners responded every day, for the cage

inspection all of the cage owners 50 responded every day, for the feeding method

all of the cage owners 50 utilized dry feed as their feeding method and for the

frequency of feeding 28 out of 50 cage owners feeds the fishes once a day. Thus,

the present study stressed that the efficient and proper management of fish

operation is an effective way to produce quality cultured fish. As a result, the

operation's Tilapia fish farming is reflected in the indicators that follow.

6. Harvesting. Three sub-topics are presented in harvesting, these are;

Harvest time, Tools and equipment, and Techniques and Strategies. The findings
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

52

in the method of harvesting are 32 out of 50 fish cage owners harvest within 3 to

5 months, the tools and equipment used by all the fish cage owners 50 are fishing

nets and for the Techniques and strategies 43 out of 50 fish cage owners practiced

Quality inspection. The present study implied that most of the fisherfolks inspect

their fish cage regularly to ensure the quality of the fish before they harvest within

3-5 months using only fish nets. Whereby they harvest their tilapia for market sale.

3. Challenges Encountered in Tilapia Culture Operation

7. Fish Culture. 30 out of 50 fish cage owners are affected by Fish Kills.

Thus, frequent fish kills in the lake could lead the fish cage owners to a financial

crisis due to a lack of fish products to sell.

8. Rearing. 30 out of 50 fish cage owners encountered financial

constraints, based on the feedback gathered by the researcher from the fish cage

owners, money is really hard to earn nowadays. Therefore, fish cage owners

experienced challenges such as financial constraints and other problems related to

the financial concerns of the fish cage owners.

9. Harvesting. Due to the absence of fixed pricing on tilapia products in

the market of Buhi, 43 out of 50 fish cage owners experienced market fluctuations.

Consequently, the present study asserted that market fluctuation affects the
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

53

harvesting season of the fish cage owners resulting in negative outcomes. That is

one of the major impacts faced by the fish cage owners.

Conclusion

Based on the aforementioned data, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The majority of the respondents are aged ranging from 51-60 years old

as expected that they are the ones who are experienced when it comes to fish

caging. The respondents' educational background is mostly high school, and their

years in the fish cage industry are mostly 10 to 20 years with a starting capital of

Php 10,001 to Php 50,000. It is very evident that these respondents are living a

typical lifestyle of fishermen, the years they spent in fish farming, and the money

spent in fish farming signify that they strive for more to provide for their families.

2. The tilapia culture operation by the respondents when it comes to rearing

consistency is one of the keys to sustaining fish farming, every day visiting the

cage, proper feeding, and quality inspection are the things to consider in fish

caging. The harvesting period mostly comes from 3 to 5 months some are 6 to 9

months. These respondents who answered 3 to 5 months come from Barangay

Sta. Cruz these fish cage owners live near the mountains far from the center of

the municipality, considering that they are living far from the center of the

municipality therefore the fish live in water that is not polluted or degraded which

makes it an indicator for fast growth of fish comparable to the fish of fish cage
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

54

owners who lives near the center of municipality that took 6 to 9 months to

harvest.

3. The challenges encountered by the respondents are very common for

the fish cage owners as fish kills come as the biggest factor that affects the fish

cage owners in fish culture. Challenges encountered in rearing by the respondents

in fish caging are financial constraints, money is hard to earn at these times and

the decline in fish sales is continuing to bar down that causes the fish cage owners

not to continue their fish caging business. Harvesting is an important part of fish

caging market fluctuations, and this challenges most of the fish cage owners in

selling their fish to markets. The recommendation for the improvement of tilapia

culture operation in proper nutrition of feeding, balancing proper nutrition, and

seasonal harvest times. Proper feeding and balancing nutrition are essential in

growing Tilapia. It is common to feed properly the fishes for fish cage owners as

it keeps the fish in good shape and healthy up to harvesting.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following are

recommended:

1. This study provides initial and baseline data and details to encourage fish

cage owners to enhance their fishing practices.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

55

2. The researchers recommend emphasizing the importance of addressing

this problem wherein fish cage owners are dependent on the theories they have

in mind that they think could sustain the fishing practices.

3. This study could provide proper information dissemination with the help

of the Local Government Unit of Buhi that fish cage owners could use and learn

about what is best for them.

4. The researcher also recommends conducting a meeting, training, and

seminars for the fish cage owners from the BFAR, private sectors, or any agency

that covers the fish industry to enhance fishing practices and improve their

knowledge about the sustainability of their fish cages.

5. The researchers also recommend that the government of Buhi maintain

the water quality of the Lake so that the fish can grow nutritious, and delicious,

and have fast production of fish that could have a positive impact on the economic

development and is beneficial to the Municipality of Buhi.

6. The researchers recommend fishery management to use an ecosystem-

based strategy. To protect a variety of goods and services from marine ecosystems

and to continue giving humans access to food, income, and recreational

opportunities.

7. The researchers also recommend boosting the socioeconomic standing

of fish growers, fish cage owners, and other members of the fishing industry.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

56

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Online Journal

Aldaba, R. M. (2005). The impact of market reforms on competition, structure and

performance of the Philippine economy. Makati: Philippine Institute for
Development Studies.

A. R. Zulkafli. (2015). Water quality influences the presence of Streptococcus

agalactiae in cage cultured red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus ×
Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture Research.

Alosairi Y., Al-Ragum A., Al-Houti D. (2021). Environmental mechanisms

associated with fish kill in a semi-enclosed water body: An integrated
numerical modeling approach. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Asche, (2018). More-Sustainable-Financing-of-Small-Farmers-and-Fisherfolks-

Agricultural Production.

Akinik, (2023). Destructive Fishing Practices and their Impacts on Fisheries.

Ahmad M.H., (2007) Effect of diet supplementation on water quality,

phytoplankton community structure, and the growth of nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus (L.), common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), and
silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (V.), polycultured in fertilized
earthen ponds Journal of Applied Aquaculture.

Alvarenga, E. R. (2018). Moderate salinities enhance growth performance of

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in the biofloc system.
Aquaculture Research.

Avnimelch, Y. (2011). Tilapia production using biofloc technology: saving water,

waste recycling improves economics. Global Aquaculture Advocate.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

57

Assefa WW, Getahun A. (2015). The food and feeding ecology of Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus, in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia.

Beveridge M.C.M., (2003) Ingestion and utilization of periphyton grown on artificial

substrates by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquaculture Research.

Boyra, A.; Sanchez-Jerez, P.; Tuya, F.; Espino, F.; Haroun, R. (2004). Attraction
of wild coastal fishes to Atlantic subtropical cage fish farms, Gran Canaria,
Canary Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes.

B.M. (2010). Effect of artificial light on marine invertebrate and fish abundance in
an area of salmon farming. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

B. Asia, (2015). Traditional fishing gears and fishing methods of Ilocos Norte,
Philipppines, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac 2906, Ilocos
Norte, Philippines.

Bhujel, R. C. (2013). On-farm feed management practices for Nile Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) in Thailand. Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper.

Dickson, (2003). Fishing Gear and Methods in Southeast Asia, vol. 1, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center, Training Department.

Fitzsimmons K., (2008) Tilapia-shrimp polyculture in Negros Island, Philippines: a

review. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.
Fogle, (2015). Fishing Techniques of the Philippines.

Garcia, (2009). “Catching efficiency of multiple handlines operated in payaw

areas,” Asian Fisheries Science.

Israel, (2008). Fishpen and Fishcage Culture in Laguna de Bay: Status, Economic
Importance, and the Relative Severity of Problems Affecting its Practice.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

58

J. Bioecon, (2010). Economic impact of ocean fish populations in the global fishery.

Kam L., and Leung P. (2008). Financial Risk Analysis in Aquaculture. Department
of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering.

Lopez, F.J.M. (2009). Coastal fish farms are settlement sites for juvenile fish.
Marine Environmental Research.

Lopez, (2010). Dynamic optimal ration size in tilapia culture: Economic and
environmental considerations

L. Jun., (2018). Influence of traditional Chinese medicine and Bacillus species

(TCMBS) on growth, immune response and disease resistance in Nile
Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research

Luo, G., (2014). Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness
of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in
a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system.

M. El-Sayed., (2019). Efficacy of injectable and immersion polyvalent vaccine

against streptococcal infections in broodstock and offspring of Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology.

Maddox, B. (2009). New Literacies, New Demands and New Technologies: The
Changing Literacy Practices of Bangladeshi Fishing Communities, Working.
Nelson, (2013). Literature Review of Ecological Effects of Aquaculture.

McQuerrey L. (2018). Recommendation for improvement in Employee Appraisals.

Arizona State University.

Molina, (2018). Socio-Demographic Profile and Handling Practices of Flying Fish

Fishers: Policy Implication.

Marasco, (2015). Effect of a fish–rice co-culture system on the growth

performance and muscle quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

59

Monte Carlo. (2024). Fish fights over fish rights: Philippine case study on conflict
over use of municipal water: synthesis of three case studies in the Visayan.

Obiero, (2022). Economic feasibility of fish cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Papaconstantinou, C. (2004). Changes in wild fish assemblages after the

establishment of a fish farming zone in an oligotrophic marine ecosystem.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.

R. Juskus, (2017). Strengthening Governance of Small-Scale Fisheries: An Initial

Assessment of Theory and Practice.

Rahman, (2013). Socio-economic and ecological challenges of small-scale fishing

and strategies for its sustainable management.

Schwab, (2007). Fish welfare: a challenge to the feelings-based approach, with

implications for recreational fishing.

Y. Alosairi, (2021). Environmental mechanisms associated with fish kill in a semi-

enclosed water body: An integrated numerical modeling approach.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

60

APPENDICES
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

61

APPENDIX A

PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. REY P. LACOSTE

Municipality Mayor
Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

62

APPENDIX - 1

PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. FELIMON CALABINES

Brgy. Captain, Barangay Cabatuan
Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis noliticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

63

APPENDIX - 2

PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. ARTURO E. LAVADIA

Brgy. Captain, Barangay San Buena
Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

64

APPENDIX - 3
PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. JEFFREY S. AFANTE

Brgy. Captain, Barangay Sta. Cruz
Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis nilotius)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

65

APPENDIX - 4
PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. REZ SM. NOBLEZA

Brgy. Captain, Barangay Sta. Elena
Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

66

APPENDIX - 5
PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

HON. RUDYARD C. PESIMO

Brgy. Captain, Barangay Sta. Clara
Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur

Dear Sir:

Greetings!

The undersigned 3rd Year students of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Major in Fish
Processing are in the process of taking a research study entitled " NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR " As a partial requirement in
Fish Processing Research.

This study aims to determine and utilize the Sustainable Fishing Practices of Fish Cage Owners at Lake Buhi in
Camarines Sur.

In view of this, we would like to ask from your good office to allow us to conduct the study.

Hoping for your favorable approval. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Respectfully Yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO

MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Researchers

Noted:

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Adviser

Recommendation Approval:

DR. PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, College of Technological and Developmental Education
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

67

APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: Please check (✓) the appropriate response in the corresponding space
for each item.

Name (optional): _____________________________

Address: ____________________________
PART I. Demographic Profile of the Respondent:

a. Age
( ) 15 to 20 years old and below ( ) 41 to 50 years old
( ) 21 to 30 years old ( ) 51 to 60 years old
( ) 31 to 40 years old ( ) 61 years old and above
b. Educational Background
( ) Elementary Level ( ) College Level
( ) High School Level ( ) Vocational Level
c. Years in the Fish Cage Industry
( ) 2 to 4 years below ( ) 21 to 30 years
( ) 5 to 9 years ( ) 31 to 40 years
( ) 10 to 20 years ( ) 50 years & above
d. Starting Capital per Cage
( ) Php 10,000 below ( ) Php 50,001 to 80,000
( ) Php 10,001 to 50,000 ( ) Php 80,001 to 100,000 above
PART II. Method used in Tilapia Culture Operation Along:

a. Rearing/Cage/Fish Maintenance
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

68

1. Care and Maintenance

( ) Once a week or more ( ) Every harvest times
( ) Twice a month ( ) Everyday
( ) Once a month ( ) Others, please specify_______________
2. Cage Inspection
( ) Once a week or more ( ) Every harvest times
( ) Twice a month ( ) Everyday
( ) Once a month ( ) Others, please specify_______________
3. Feeding Method
( ) Dry Feeds
( ) Wet Feeds ( ) Others, please specify_________________
4. Frequency of Feeding
( ) Once a day ( ) Once a week
( ) Twice a day ( ) Others, please specify________________
( ) Every two days
b. Harvesting
1. How months that ready to harvest
( ) 1 to 2 months ( ) 6 to 9 months
( ) 3 to 5 months ( ) Others, please specify______________
2. Tools and Equipment’s they used in harvesting
( ) Fishing Nets ( ) Fishing Traps and Pots
( ) Hooks ( ) Others, please specify________________
3. Specific techniques and strategies to ensure the quality of harvested fish
( ) Proper Handling Storage ( ) Quality Inspection
( ) Proper Cleaning and Washing ( ) Others, please
specify_____________
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

69

PART III. Challenges Encountered in Tilapia Culture Operation Along:

a. Fish Culture
( ) Disease Outbreaks ( ) Negative Impacts on local Ecosystem
( ) Water Quality ( ) Fish Kill
( ) Typhoon ( ) Others, please specify_________________
b. Rearing
( ) Financial Constraints ( ) Overcrowding
( ) Unbalance Feed Nutrition ( ) Others, please specify_________________
( ) Contaminated
c. Harvesting
( ) Seasonal Harvest Times ( ) Higher Pricing
( ) Market Fluctuations ( ) Others, please specify_________________
( ) Maintaining Quality during Transportation

PART IV. Possible Recommendation for the Improvement in Tilapia

Culture Operation Along:

a. Fish Culture
( ) Water Quality ( ) Fish Products Losses
( ) Proper Nutrition of Feeding ( ) Sorting sizes of Fish
( ) Others, please specify___________

b. Rearing
( ) Controlling Feed Costs ( ) Preventing Overcrowding
( ) Balancing Proper Nutrition ( ) Others, please
specify_________________
( ) Maintaining Water Quality
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

70

c. Harvesting
( ) Seasonal Harvest Times ( ) Higher Pricing
( ) Maintaining Quality during Transportation ( ) Others, please
specify________

Others:
What other recommendations or suggestions do you think apply to

improving fishing practices and achieving sustainable fishing in your

area?________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

71

APPENDIX C

LETTER TO THE ADVISER

21 January 2024

MR. ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Faculty, College of Technological and Developmental Education
This Institution

Dear Sir Badong:

Warm greetings!

I take pleasure in assigning you as Thesis Adviser of:

MR. KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO; MR. ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO; MR. MARC VINCENT P.
SABORDO;
Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education, Major in Fish Processing students in their
undergraduate study titled:
“NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS
AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR”.
It is requested that you meet with the students regularly to evaluate the progress of their
work. Should you accept this assignment, please accomplish the attached Thesis Writing Monitoring
Form, and submit it to the office of the undersigned.

For purposes of civil service, accountability and quality assurance, the undersigned shall monitor and
evaluate the undergraduate study and research mentorship processes.

I hope and pray that through your effective and efficient thesis mentorship that the students graduate
on time.

Thank you.

Sincerely,

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Thesis Instructor

Noted:

PATRICK GERARD A. PAULINO, PhD

Dean, CTDE

cc: KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO (student)

Contact Number & Email Address of Student:

[email protected]
Email Address of Adviser:
[email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

72

APPENDIX D

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

ALVIN B. BADONG, MABioEd

Instructor II
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Sir,

Good day!

The undersigned thirrd year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teachers Education

students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are in the process of conducting
research entitled “NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational
Teacher Education major in Fish Processing.

In view of this, the group unanimously chose you to be our EDITOR, considering your
expertise in this field of study and your very inspiring personality and skills. With your
professional assistance, the group believes that innovative research will be achieved
within the school year.

Hope that this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

73

APPENDIX E

LETTER TO THE SECRETARY

RAFAEL A. ABAÑO
Administrative Aide IV
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Sir,

Good day!

The undersigned third year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teachers Education

students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are in the process of conducting
research entitled “NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational
Teacher Education major in Fish Processing.

In view of this, the group unanimously chose you to be our SECRETARY, considering
your expertise in this field of study and your very inspiring personality and skills. With
your professional assistance, the group believes that innovative research will be
achieved within the school year.

Hope that this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

74

APPENDIX F

LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN

MARK RONEL R. OCBIAN, MAEd

Instructor
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Sir,

Good day!

The undersigned thirrd year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are in the process of conducting
research entitled “NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational
Teacher Education major in Fish Processing.

In view of this, the group unanimously chose you to be our STATISTICIAN,

considering your expertise in this field of study and your very inspiring personality and
skills. With your professional assistance, the group believes that innovative research
will be achieved within the school year.

Hope that this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

75

APPENDIX G

LETTER TO THE PANEL CHAIR

RUBY JANE S. GONZALES, MSEnviSci

Associate Professor IV
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Ma’am

We the undersigned third year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

major in Fish Processing 3rd year students will be having our title Defense with our
research study titled: NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR. In partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Technology Research 2 on March 25, 2024 1:00-
2:00 pm at the Research Ethics Services Defense Room.

In view of this we would like to invite as the PANEL CHAIR considering your expertise
in this field study. With your professional assistance, the group believes that an
interesting, relevant and innovative idea will be achieved within this semester. We are
hoping this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Please accept the manuscript with our heartfelt gratitude for being a part of our
research for new avenue of knowledge.

Thank you very much and more power.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO
Student Researchers

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

76

APPENDIX H

LETTER TO THE PANEL MEMBER

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Instructor II
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Sir

We the undersigned third year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

major in Fish Processing 3rd year students will be having our title Defense with our
research study titled: NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR. In partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Technology Research 2 on March 25, 2024 1:00-
2:00 pm at the Research Ethics Services Defense Room.

In view of this we would like to invite as the PANEL MEMBER considering your
expertise in this field study. With your professional assistance, the group believes that
an interesting, relevant and innovative idea will be achieved within this semester. We
are hoping this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Please accept the manuscript with our heartfelt gratitude for being a part of our
research for new avenue of knowledge.

Thank you very much and more power.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO
Student Researchers

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

77

APPENDIX I

LETTER TO THE PANEL MEMBER

CATHERINE B. GUARNES, MAPhysicsEd

Instructor
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Dear Ma’am

We the undersigned third year Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

major in Fish Processing 3rd year students will be having our title Defense with our
research study titled: NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTURE
OPERATION OF CAGE OWNERS AT LAKE BUHI, CAMARINES SUR. In partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Technology Research 2 on March 25, 2024 1:00-
2:00 pm at the Research Ethics Services Defense Room.

In view of this we would like to invite as the PANEL MEMBER considering your
expertise in this field study. With your professional assistance, the group believes that
an interesting, relevant and innovative idea will be achieved within this semester. We
are hoping this will merit your favorable consideration and acceptance.

Please accept the manuscript with our heartfelt gratitude for being a part of our
research for new avenue of knowledge.

Thank you very much and more power.

Respectfully yours,

KENNY JOHN B. BARUNIO

ELMER DOMINGO P. PENOLIO
MARC VINCENT P. SABORDO
Student Researchers

Noted by:

ROMEO B. SOTTO, JR., LPT, MAEd

Research Instructor
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

78

APPENDIX J

DOCUMENTATION
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

79
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

80
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

81

CURRICULUM VITAE

BARUNIO, KENNY JOHN B.

Zone – 4A Salvacion Baao, Camarines Sur
09569334786
[email protected]

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

TERTIARY Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

Major in Fish Processing
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

San Miguel Nabua, Camarines Sur

SECONDARY 2021 - PRESENT
General Academic Strand
Senior High School
ACLC College of Iriga City

San. Miguel, Iriga City

N
Class of 2019

Junior High School

Baao National High School

Sta. Cruz Baao, Camarines Sur

ELEMENTARY Class of 2017

Salvacion Elementary School

Salvacion Baao, Camarines Sur

Class of 2013
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

82

CURRICULUM VITAE

PENOLIO, ELMER DOMINGO P.

Zone – 1 Lourdes Old Nabua, Camarines Sur
09916795612
[email protected]

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

TERTIARY Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

Major in Fish Processing
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

San Miguel Nabua, Camarines Sur

SECONDARY 2021 - PRESENT

Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
Senior High School
Universirty of Saint Anthony

San. Miguel, Iriga City

N
Class of 2021

Junior High School

Nabua National High School

San Miguel Poblacion Nabua, Camarines Sur

Class of 2019
ELEMENTARY Naipitan Elementary School

Lourdes Old Nabua, Camarines Sur

Class of 2015
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

83

CURRICULUM VITAE

SABORDO, MARC VINCENT P.

Zone – 3 Antipolo Old Nabua, Camarines Sur
09916795612
[email protected]

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

TERTIARY Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

Major in Fish Processing
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

San Miguel Nabua, Camarines Sur

SECONDARY Humanities & Social Sciences
2021 - PRESENT
Senior High School
Nabua National High School

San
N Miguel Poblacion Nabua, Camarines Sur
Class of 2021

Junior High School

Nabua National High School

San Miguel Poblacion Nabua, Camarines Sur

Class of 2018

ELEMENTARY Pacifico Elementary School

Antipolo Old Nabua, Camarines Sur

Class of 2014