Learning is a relatively lasting change in behavior resulting from observation and experience.
It is the acquisition of information, knowledge, and problem-solving skills.
When you think of learning, it's easy to focus on formal education that takes place during
childhood and early adulthood. However, learning is an ongoing process that takes place
throughout life and isn't confined to the classroom.
Learning can be a complex process.
Several different theories have emerged to explain how people learn. Some of the
main theories of learning include:
Behavioral learning theory
Cognitive learning theory
Constructivist learning theory
Social learning theory
Experiential learning theory
Behavioral Learning Theories:
During the early part of the twentieth century, many psychologists became increasingly
interested in turning psychology into a more scientific endeavor. These psychologists,
known as behaviorists, argued that psychology needed to study only things that could be
measured and quantified to be more scientific.
According to behaviors, we don't need to consider the internal cognitive processes to
understand how learning works. Instead, we must examine how someone interacts with
the environment to see how information is acquired. Important types of learning in
behavioral theory include classical conditioning (which involves learning by association)
and operant conditioning (which involves learning through reinforcement and punishment).
Learning Through Association
Classical conditioning suggests that learning occurs when an association is formed
between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Learning Through Reinforcement
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that involves strengthening or
weakening a behavior by using reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning was first described by the behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner. It is
sometimes also referred to as Skinnerian conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
Skinner believed that classical conditioning simply could not account for all types of
learning .
Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning relies on forming associations. In operant
conditioning, however, associations are made between a behavior and the consequences
of that behavior.
In operant conditioning:
Learning occurs when behaviors are followed by
either reinforcement or punishment
The consequences must quickly follow the behavior
Focuses on voluntary behaviors
Imagine that a trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball. When the dog successfully
chases and picks up the ball, the dog receives praise as a reward. When the animal fails to
retrieve the ball, the trainer withholds the praise. Eventually, the dog forms an association
between the behavior of fetching the ball and receiving the desired reward.
Explination
In this example, the trainer is using reinforcement to teach the dog to fetch a ball. When the dog performs
the desired behavior (chasing and picking up the ball), the trainer rewards it with praise. If the dog fails to
perform the behavior, the trainer withholds the praise (no reinforcement). Over time, the dog learns to
associate fetching the ball with receiving the reward. As a result, the dog is more likely to fetch the ball in
the future because it expects praise for doing so.
Explanation in English:
In this example, the trainer is using reinforcement to teach the dog to fetch a ball. When the dog performs
the desired behavior (chasing and picking up the ball), the trainer rewards it with praise. If the dog fails to
perform the behavior, the trainer withholds the praise (no reinforcement). Over time, the dog learns to
associate fetching the ball with receiving the reward. As a result, the dog is more likely to fetch the ball in
the future because it expects praise for doing so.
ٹرینر کتے کو گیند النے کی تربیت دینے کے لیے مساعدت کا استعمال کر را جب کتا گیند کو دوڑ کر پکڑ،اس مثال میں
کتا اس بات کو، تو ٹرینر تعریف نہیں دیتا ( یعنی انعام نہیں ملتا)۔ وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ، تو ٹرینر اس کی تعریف کے ذریعے انعام دیتا ہے۔ اگر کتا گیند نہیں لاتا،ہے
کتا مستقبل میں زیادہ بار گیند لانے کی کوشش کرے گا کیونکہ وہ انعام کی توقع کرتا،سیکھتا ہے کہ گیند لانے کا عمل انعام کے ساتھ جڑا ہوا ہے۔ اس کے نتیجے میں
ہے۔
Explination of Upper Example
In this example, the schoolteacher is using punishment to reduce the student’s behavior of talking out of
turn. The punishment is that the student is not allowed to go outside for recess. Over time, the student learns
to associate the behavior (talking out of turn) with the consequence (missing recess). As a result, the student
is less likely to talk out of turn in the future, because they want to avoid the negative consequence.
استاد سزا کا استعمال کر رہا ہے تاکہ طالب علم کے "بات کرنے" کی عادت کو کم کیا جا سکے۔ یہ سزا یہ ہے کہ طالب علم کو وقفے،اس مثال میں
تو اس کا نتیجہ یہ ہوتا ہے کہ وہ، طالب علم اس بات کو سیکھتا ہے کہ جب وہ بے وقت بات کرتا ہے،کے دوران باہر جانے کی اجازت نہیں دی جاتی۔ وقت کے ساتھ
وہ دوبارہ بے وقت بات کرنے سے بچنے کی کوشش کرتا ہے تاکہ اسے یہ منفی نتیجہ نہ بھگتنا،وقفے کے لئے باہر نہیں جا پاتا۔ اس کے نتیجے میں
In addition to being used to train people and animals to engage in new behaviors, operant
conditioning can also be used to help people eliminate unwanted ones.
Using a system of rewards and punishments, people can learn to overcome bad habits that
might have a negative impact on their health such as smoking or overeating
In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, 5 while classical
conditioning involves no such enticements. Also, remember that classical conditioning is
passive on the part of the learner, and operant conditioning requires the learner to actively
participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
For operant conditioning to work, the subject must first display a behavior that can then be
either rewarded or punished. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves forming an
association with some sort of already naturally occurring event
In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a partial schedule of reinforcement in
which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. 1 This schedule
creates a steady, high rate of response. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of
a reward based on a
Negative renforcement Negative punishment
-ive reinforce
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