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State Variable Representation

The document discusses State Space Analysis, contrasting it with traditional transfer function methods that focus solely on input and output without considering internal system conditions. It defines 'state' as a vector representing the system's historical information necessary for predicting future responses, with state variables forming the state vector. The document also outlines the state and output equations that together form the state model of a linear system.

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SADIQUE-UL-ABRAR 2109014
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30 views38 pages

State Variable Representation

The document discusses State Space Analysis, contrasting it with traditional transfer function methods that focus solely on input and output without considering internal system conditions. It defines 'state' as a vector representing the system's historical information necessary for predicting future responses, with state variables forming the state vector. The document also outlines the state and output equations that together form the state model of a linear system.

Uploaded by

SADIQUE-UL-ABRAR 2109014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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State Variable

Representation

Presented by- Tasnuva Jahan Nuva


State Space Analysis T.F. Analysis
Basics and Applications of State Space Analysis
Basics and Applications of State Space
Analysis
Number of
state
variables?
What is meant by ‘State Space’?
The analysis of the system using conventional methods like root locus
or bode plot etc. utilizes the transfer function approach where the
system is analyzed on the basis of output and input.

In this approach, the interior conditions of the system are not taken
into consideration and are restricted to only a single input single
output.

But in the case of a modern approach, brief information on the internal


conditions of the system is considered. These internal conditions
specify the state of the system. Thus, called state space.
What is State?
It represents every smallest past information of the system in order to predict response.
Basically, a state separates the future i.e., the response of the system from the past.

Thus, more simply we can say that to have the accurate response of the system for any
given input, the state holds the information related to the history of the system.

Therefore, at any instant of time, the state signifies the combined effect of each element
of the system. Hence the state is a vector in nature that provides the values from each
component associated with initial conditions of the system.

Due to vector nature, it is generally known as a state vector.

As we have discussed that it is a vector term thus the various variables that constitute
state vector are known as state variables.
Here x(t) denotes the state vector while x1(t), x2(t), etc. are the state variables that are forming state
vector.

State Model
Consider a linear system with two inputs u1(t) and u2(t), while two outputs y1(t) and y2(t).
Suppose the system is having two states x1(t) and x2(t).
State Equation
We know that state variables show variation with time. Thus, writing the
differential equation of the state variable, we will have

Thus, the matrix representation will be given as:

Therefore, the generalized form:


Output Equation
The output of the system will be represented as the linear combination of the state of
the system and the applied input. Thus, is given as:

The coefficients c and d taken over here are constants. Thus, writing the above
equation in the form of a matrix, we will have:

Output equation:
Therefore, in general form, we can write it as : general form of
output equation

Thus, the two equations combinedly form the state model of the
linear system:

State model equations of linear system

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