Dimensions of Globalization Example:

1. Economic Dimension -extensive development of economic relations  Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and Singapore are closely
across the globe as a result of technology and the enormous flow of connected with one another than they are to various cities in their
own countries.
capital that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods.
 European Union, United nations, NATO, The World Trade Organization
 Major players in the current century ’ s global economic order
3. Cultural Dimension -increase in the amount of cultural flows across the
 Huge international corporations
globe. Cultural interconnections are at the foundations of contemporary
(General Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
globalization
 International Economic Institutions
-Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant cultural
(IMF, World Bank, The World Trade Organization
characteristics of our age circulate much more easily than they did
 Trading Systems
in earlier periods.
Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries -Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a constructive
interaction process between global and local characteristics which is
1. Property rights
often visible in food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language.
2. Regulatory institutions
-Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of
3. Institutions for macro-economics
culture. Examples of these are Yahoo, Google, Microsoft, and
4. Stabilization
Disney. Advertisement plays an important role in this cultural flow
5. Institutions for social influence
by featuring various celebrities in the television aside from
6. Institutions for conflict management
transforming newscast into entertainment
Economic institutions have decisive influence on investment in physical
4. Religious Dimension
and human capital, technology, and industrial productions. It is also
important for resource distribution Religion - personal or institutionalized set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices
relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate
2. Political Dimension -an enlargement and strengthening of political
reality or deity
interrelations across the globe
Political Issues that surfaces in this Dimension -most important defining element of any civilization as contrasted with race,
1. The principle of state sovereignty language, or way of life.
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental organization
Jihadist globalism - religious response to the materialist assault by the
3. Future shapes of regional and global governance.
ungodly West in the rest of the world
The globalization rendered almost powerless any political efforts to introduce
restrictive policies affecting individual states, with the results that the world in -considered a pure form of Islam, its disciples seek to destroy all those alien
many ways turned into a borderless world. Governments often seek to restrict the influences that have been imposed on Muslim people.
migration of peoples, especially those coming from the poor countries in the global
It applies to those extremely violent strains of religion that convert the
South.
global imaginary into very concrete political agendas and terrorist tactics. It
In the development of supra-national structures and associations held is also applied to those violent fundamentalists in the West who seek to
together by common concerns and mutually agreed upon norm, the most obvious is transform the world into a Christian Empire
political globalization.
Example: 2. Distributive justice ensures a basic equity in how both the burden
and the goods of society are distributed and that ensures that every person
 Bin Laden understands umma as a single community of believers
enjoys a basically equal moral and legal standing apart from differences in
professing faith in the one and only God, but at the same time
wealth, privilege, talent and achievements
committed to destroying not only alien invaders but also corrupt
Islamic elites in order to return power to the Muslim masses. 3. Social justice refers to the creation of the conditions in which the
 Since one third of the world’ s Muslim population lives in non- first two categories of justice can be realized and the common good
Islamic countries, the restoration of God’ s proper reign must be a identified and defended.
global event. Hence, Al-Qaeda established jihadist cells in various
According to catholic teaching, a just society is one which these
parts of the world.
forms of justice are assured because they are required by human dignity.
ROMAN CATHOLIC TEACHING OF GLOBALIZATION (8 principles that
[Link] Dimensions
summarize the Roman Catholic Teachings)
Ideology - system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms and values among a
1. Commitment to universal human rights
group of people.
2. Commitment to the social nature of the human person
- often used to legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant
3. Commitment to the common good power structures

4. Solidarity (The principle of Solidarity affirms that membership in Globalization is a social process of intensifying global interdependence
the human family means that all bear responsibility for one another.) while... Globalism is an ideology that gives the concept of neo-liberal values
and meanings to globalization.
5. Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the
Incarnation- Christ God became poor for us so as to enrich us by his poverty. MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS OF ADVOCATES OF GLOBALISM
The poor are susceptible to the effects of environmental irresponsibility
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of
because they live in countries where cheap building materials and cheap
markets. The problem with this claim is that liberalization and
labor are readily available. They regularly work in farming, fishing, and
integration of markets happen through political project of
forestry, areas which suffer environmental damage)
engineering free markets by interference of centralized state power,
6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teaches that decisions should be and it is in contrast to the neoliberal ideal of limited role of
made at the lowest level in order to achieve the common good. governments
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. Globalists believe that
7. Justice
spread of market forces driven by technological innovations is
8. Integral Humanism- is concerned with whole person inevitable in globalization. Neoliberals use this claim to convince
people to adopt the natural discipline of the market if they want to
Justice is divided in three (3) categories: prosper, which implies the elimination of government controls over
1. Commutative justice aims at fulfilling the terms of contracts and the market
other promises on both personal and social level.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization. This claim seeks to depoliticize
the public debate on globalization and neutralizing anti -globalist
movements.
4. Globalization benefits everyone. Globalists talk about the benefits
of market liberalization such as rising global living standards,
economic efficiency, individual freedom, and technological progress.
But the reality is that the opportunities of globalization are spread
unequally and power and wealth are concentrated among a specific
group of people, regions and corporation
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world. For
the globalists democracy and free markets are synonymous. The
neoliberal explanation of globalization is ideological because it is
politically motivated and contributes to the construction of
particular meanings of globalization which stabilize existing power
relations. Globalism tries to create collective meaning and shape
people’s identities.
 CHAPTER 1 (CONTINUATION SA NOTEBOOK’S NOTES) school
3. Standard of living, measured by real GDP per capita at purchasing
LIFE EXPECTANCY power parity
A variety of factors may contribute to differences in life expectancy, What the figures mean:
including:  An index of 0 – 0.49 means low development – for example, Nigeria was
1. The stability of food supplies 0.42 in 2010.
2. War  An index of 0.5 – 0.69 means medium development – for example,
3. The incidence of disease and natural disasters Indonesia was 0.6.
According to World Bank figures, life expectancy at birth in  An index of 0.7 to 0.79 means high development – for example, Romania
developing countries over the past 40 years has increased by 20 years. was 0.76. 4.
However, these increases were not evenly distributed. Indeed, in many  Above 0.8 means very high development – Finland was 0.87 in 2010.
countries in sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy is falling due to the AIDS
epidemic.
ADULT LITERACY Evaluation of the HDI Despite the widespread use of the HDI there are a
The percentage of those aged 15 and above who are able to read number of criticisms that can be made, including:
and write a simple statement on their everyday life.
More extensive definitions of literacy include those based on the 1. The HDI index is for a single country, and as such does not distinguish
International Adult Literacy Survey. between different rates of development within a country, such as between
This survey tests the ability to understand text, interpret documents urban and traditional rural communities.
and perform basic arithmetic 2. Critics argue that the equal weighting between the three main
THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) components is rather arbitrary.
The Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI was introduced in 3. Development is largely about freedom, but the index does not directly
1990 as part of the measures this. For example, access to the internet might be regarded by
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to provide a many as a freedom which improves the quality of people's lives.
means of measuring 4. As with the narrow measure of living standards, GDP per capita, there is
economic development in three broad areas – per capita income, no indication of the distribution of income.
health and 5. In addition, the HDI excludes many aspects of economic and social life
education. that could be regarded as contributing to or constraining development, such
 The HDI tracks changes in the level of development of as crime, corruption, poverty, deprivation, and negative externalities.
countries over time. 6. GDP is calculated in terms of purchasing power parity, and the value can
 The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their change.
capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the
development of a country, not economic growth alone. CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The HDI has two main features:
• Development is a process of disproportionate growth of systems.
 A scale from 0 (no development) to 1 (complete development). • In economics, development is a multidimensional process that generates
 An index, which is based on three equally weighted components: economic, technological, social and institutional change to support wealth of
1. Longevity, measured by life expectancy at birth nations and a comprehensive wellbeing of people in society.
2. Knowledge, measured by adult literacy and number of years children • Economic development is a process that generates economic, social and
are enrolled at technical progress of nations.
• The fundamental elements of development in society are: the twentieth century.
improvement of health, the growth of wealth, the creation of new • Over the nearly two decades it lasted, the global monetary system
knowledge and technology, etc. established during
• Economic development is fostered in appropriate social systems with high World War II was abandoned, there were four economic recessions, two
democracy and culture, good economic governance, efficient higher severe
education system, and high innovative outputs (Coccia 2010, 2014, 2014b, energy shortages, and the unprecedented peacetime implementation of
2018a).
wage and
Growth of Gross National Product
price controls.
-The goal of economic development in its simplest form is to create the
wealth of a nation. • It was, according to one prominent economist, “the greatest failure of
-Economic performance is measured by an annual increase in gross national American
product (GNP) [an alternative measure is gross domestic product (GDP)]. macroeconomic policy in the postwar period” (Siegel 1994).
-For the purpose of comparability, GNP is expressed in a common currency, Quality of Life
usually US dollars, and reported in per-capita terms to take into account the By questioning whether it is the goal of development that per-capita income
size of a nation’s population (Jaffee 1998). increases but poverty, inequality and unemployment are growing worse,
-The World Bank now replaces GNP per capita with gross national income Seers (1969) marked the change needed in setting development objectives.
(GNI) • The goal of development during the period was thus not limited to
per capita to compare wealth among countries. economic growth but to concentrate on the reduction of poverty, inequality
-The World Bank defines GNI as the sum of value added by all resident and unemployment (Seers 1979).
producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the • Stiglitz (1998) contributed to shift the development goals set by
valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of governments in developing countries to wider objectives, including
employees and property income) from abroad. improvements in income distribution, environment, health and education.
-Meanwhile, the World Bank still uses GDP in many other featured economic • A broader perspective of development goals is hence necessary as
indicators (World Bank 2011). reflected in
Basu,2000 the World Bank’s Development Report (1991, p. 4) as “to improve the
• “To maximize income growth, environmental considerations were left to quality of
languish on the sidelines; the standard of living was often allowed to slide; life. Especially, in the world’s poor countries, a better quality of life generally
large inequalities between classes, regions, and genders were ignored; and calls for higher incomes— but it involves much more. It encompasses as
poverty was tolerated more than it ends in themselves better education, higher standards of health and
should have been in the rush to generate maximum growth” nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more equality of opportunity,
Quality of Life greater individual freedom, and a richer cultural life.”
During the 1970s, the concern of millions of people living subsistence • According to Sen (1985), the ultimate goal of development is to enhance
lives in poverty turned the attention of development economists to human
people’s lives rather than their incomes. capabilities, which is defined as “the freedom that a person has in terms of
the
Great Inflation of the 1970s choice of functionings, given his personal features (conversion of
The Great Inflation was the defining macroeconomic event of the second characteristics
half of the into functionings) and his command over commodities...” (Sen 1985, p. 13).
• Higher income is necessary but not sufficient in terms of quality of life. • (original work published in 1776) “The Wealth of Nations”
Under his • He argued that under competition, private investors while pursuing their
approach, goals of economic development change from promotion of own interests guided by the “invisible hand” would maximize national
growth to output and thus promote public interests.
promotion of well-being. • The “invisible hand” doctrine has become the foundation for the working
Sustainable Development of the market economy or capitalism (Skousen 2007).
Thampapillai ,2002 Karl Marx
• Environmental economists are concerned that the long-term neglect of the • “Capital” (Marx 1933) (original work published in 1867) argued that the
environmental assets is likely to jeopardize the durability of economic feasible system should be based on social or public ownership of property.
growth • He emphasized that the wealth of the capitalists comes from the
Pearce and Turner ,1990 exploitation of the surplus value created by the workers.
• Sustainable development therefore “involves maximizing the net benefits • He believed that a revolution would be inevitable to break down the
of increasing concentration of the capitalists, and to establish socialism
economic development, subject to maintaining the services and quality of (Roemer 1988; Skousen 2007).
natural Classical Theories of Economic Development
resources over time” The Linear Stages of Growth Models
World Commission on Environment and Development ,1987 The first generation of economic development models was formulated in the
• Sustainable development is defined as “progress that meets the needs of early years after the World War II. These early models focused on the utility
the present of massive injections of capital to achieve rapid GDP growth rates.
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own • The two famous models are Rostow’s stages growth model and the
needs” Harrod–Domar model (Todaro and Smith 2009).
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Adopted by member countries of the United Nations in September 2000
• poverty and hunger,
• primary universal education,
• gender equality,
• child health,
• maternal health,
• HIV/AIDS,
• environmental sustainability and global partnership.
The Evolution of Economic Development Thoughts
Early Views about the Nature of Economic Society and Prosperity
CAPITALISM VS. SOCIALISM
Adam Smith VS. Karl Marx

Adam Smith
The Harrod– Domar model emphasized that the prime mover of the The analysis identified that the steady accumulation of physical and human
economy is investments (Ghatak 2003). capital is among conditions necessary for economic growth, apart from
savings and invest ments.
• Every country therefore needs capital to generate investments. The
• Moreover, the structural changes occurred not only in the two sectors but
principal strategies of development from the stage approach were
also in all economic functions, including the change in consumer demand
commonly used by developing countries in the early post-war years. With a
from an emphasis on food and basic necessities to desires for diverse
target growth rate, the required saving rate can then be known. If domestic
manufactured goods and services, international trade and resource use as
savings were not sufficient, foreign savings would be mobilized.
well as changes in socioeconomic factors such as urbanization and the
growth and distribution of a country’s population.
• The structural change models focused on the pattern of development and
hypothesized that the pattern was similar in all countries and was
identifiable.
• However, empirical works, such as Chenery (1960), Chenery and Taylor
(1968), and Chenery and Syrquin (1975), on the process of structural change
does recognize that pattern of development can be different among
countries, which is dependent on the countries’ particular set of factors
including “a country’s resource endowment and size, its government’s
policies and objectives, the availability of external capital and technology,
and the international trade environment” (Todaro and Smith 2009, p. 120).
International Dependence Model
Structural Change Models • The international dependence theory was very popular in the 1970s and
Two-sector Model (Lewis 1954) early 1980s.
• In Lewis’ (1954) two-sector model or theory of surplus labour, labour • The dependence theorists argued that underdevelopment exists because
increasingly moves away from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector. of the dominance of developed countries and multinational corporations
• However, with unlimited supply of labour from the traditional sector, these over developing countries.
transferred workers continually received only subsistence wages. • The theory is considered an extension of Marxist theory (Hein 1992).
• The excess of modern sector profits over wages and hence investments in Neoclassical Counter-Revolution Models
the modern sector continued to expand and generate further economic In the 1980s, neoclassical counter-revolution economists used three
growth on the assumption that all profits would be reinvested. approaches, namely
• Lewis model considered savings and investments to be the driving forces • the free market approach,
of economic development but in the context of the less developedcountries. • the new political economy approach and
• However, several Lewis’ assumptions are not valid such as those relating to • the market-friendly approach
rural surplus labour, and the proportional rate of expansion in capital • In contrast with the international dependence model, these approaches
accumulation in the modern sector (Todaro and Smith 2009). mainly argued that underdevelopment is not the result of the predatory
Structural Change Models activities of the countries and the international agencies but was rather
The structural change and patterns of development (Chenery 1960) caused by the domestic issues arising from heavy state intervention such as
poor resource allocation, government-induced price distortions and human capital (education), infrastructure, or research and development
corruption (Meier 2000). (R&D)
• As a response to public sector inefficiency, economists of the counter- • The new growth models therefore promote the role of government and
revolution thinking, for example Bauer (1984), Lal (1983), Johnson (1971), public policies in complementary investments in human capital formation
and Little (1982), focused on promoting free markets, eliminating and the encouragement of foreign private investments in knowledge-
government-imposed distortions associated with protectionism, subsidies intensive industries such as computer software and telecommunications
and public ownership (Meier 2000).
Expanding the Harrod– Domar formulation, Solow neoclassical growth Contemporary Theories of Economic Development
model stresses the importance of three factors of output growth: Theory of Coordination Failure
• increases in labour quantity and quality (through population growth and
education), • The foundation of the theory of coordination failure is the idea that the
• increases in capital (through savings and investments) and market may fail to achieve coordination among complementary activities.
• improvements in technology (Solow 1956) • The theory of coordination failure became influential in the 1990s.
Neoclassical economists focused on the market to find a way out for the • Coordination issues among complementary industries were first raised by
developing countries. Policies of liberalization, stabilization and privatization Rosenstein-Rodan (1943).
therefore become the central elements of the national development • Like Rosenstein Rodan (1943), early coordination failures economists
agenda. Foreign trade, private international investments and foreign aid Nurkse (1953) and Hirsch man (1957) emphasized the role of the
flowing into the developing countries are expected to accelerate economic government to solve the problem. In order to reach an optimal level of
efficiency and economic growth of these countries. coordination, the policy they recommended was a “big push”—a public-led
Contemporary Theories of Economic Development massive investment program— which can cause complementarities to take
New Growth Theory place in the rest of the economy.
• Hoff (2000), and Bowles Durlauf and Hoff (2006) described the economy as
Endogenous growth or the new growth theory emerged in the 1990s to an ecosystem where the behaviour of one can affect the others’.
explain the poor performance of many less developed countries, which have • “A firm’s productivity depends not only on its own efforts, and abilities,
implemented policies as prescribed in neoclassical theories. and on general economic conditions (for example, the macroeconomic
• Unlike the Solow model that con siders technological change as an environment and the legal system), but also on the actions of other firms,
exogenous factor, the new growth model notes that technological change infra-structure, regulation and other public goods” (Rodriguez-Clare 2005, p.
has not been equal nor has it been exogenously transmitted in most 3).
developing countries (World Bank 2000). • Rodrik (2004) also indicated that success or failure of an action could
• New growth theorists (Romer 1986; Lucas 1988; Aghion and Howitt 1992) depend on its milieu.
linked • The theory often highlights the problems of market failure that require
the technological change to the production of knowledge. selective government intervention to ensure that several things work well
• The new growth theory emphasizes that economic growth results from together at the same time.
increasing returns to the use of knowledge rather than labour and capital. • The “big push” strategy is recommended recently by United Nations
• The theory argues that the higher rate of returns as expected in the Solow Development Programme (2005).
mode is greatly eroded by lower levels of complementary investments in • The programme suggests that for developing countries to break out of the
poverty trap, a big push of basic investments between now and 2015 in
public adminidtration, human capital and key infrastructure is necessary.

Contemporary Theories of Economic Development

Sustainable Development and Conclusions
Coccia, 2015
• The global and industrial society, driven by new technology, is generating
economic growth rather than a sustainable development of nations.
• Scholars assert that one of the main effects of development on
environment is pollution, which started with the Industrial Revolution in
Europe and North America, driven by technical and economic change of
steam engine, internal combustion engine, and other new technology

The development of nations generates economic growth but also a general

pollution that has negative consequences on environment, health (e.g.,
cancers), and food safety in society.
• The concept of development is driven by the expanding content of human
life interests, using new technology and science advances (Coccia 2019,
Coccia and Wang, 2016).

• Human society should focus on patterns of sustainable development,

rather than economic growth, for improving long-run environmental and
social factors, and health of people.

• Development is also affected by economic, social, psychological,

anthropological, and perhaps biological factors that can generate uncertain
and unknown long-term effects in environment and society
 FIILIPINO Paglalagom
Ano ang WIKA?
Ang kalikasan, katuturan, at gamit ng wika ay maaaring lagumin sa
 Ang wika ay simbolo ng pagkakakilanlan, ng kultura, ng kalayaan. mga sumusunod:
 Ito ang susi ng pagkakaisa at tagumpay ng isang bayan. 1. Sistema ng komunikasyon ang wika.
 Ang wika ay isang mahalagang kasangkapan sa buhay.
2. Kultural ang wika.
 Tinatayang ang wika ay isa sa pinakamahalagang likha/ambag ng tao
sa mundo. 3. Likha ang wika.
 Wika ang daluyan ng komunikasyon.
 Ang wika ay isang sistema ng pakikipag-unawaan. Filipino Bilang Wikang Pambansa
 Ang wika ay buhay ng tao.
 Ang wika ang pangunahing instrumento ng komunikasyong CMO No. 20, Series of 2013
panlipunan; sa pamamagitan nito ay maaaring matamo ng tao ang
mgainstrumental at sentimental niyang pangangailangan – nag-aatas ng pagpapatupad ng Bagong General Education Curriculum
(Constantino, 1996) (GEC) alinsunod sa programang K to 12
 Ayon kay Salazar (1996), ang wika ang ekspresyon, ang imabakan-
hanguan at agusan ng kultura ng isang grupo ng tao, maliit man o – naging kontrobersyal dahil tinangka nitong alisin o burahin ang espasyo
malaki, na may sarili at likas na katangian. ng wika at Panitikang Filipino sa kurikulum ng kolehiyo

 Wika ang ginamit ng mga naunang henerasyon sa kodipikasyon ng Abril, 2015 - bunsod ng petisyon ng Tanggol Wika ay naglabas ng Temporary
mga kaalamang natuklasan nila at sa pagsasalin ng mga ito sa Restraining Order (TRO) ang Korte Suprema para ipahinto ang pagtatanggal
kasunod na salinlahi. sa Filipino at Panitikan sa Kolehiyo
 Wika ang gamit ng tao sa pagbuo ng mga batas na kokontrol sa kilos
at titiyak ng kaayusan. CMO No. 4, Series of 2018
Mga pangunahin at unibersal na katangian ng wika
– inilabas noong Abril, 2018 upang ipatupad ang nasabing resolusyon ng
1. Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas. Korte Suprema

2. Ang wika ay sinasalitang tunog. – naging matibay na batayan ng mga argumento ng Tanggol Wika sa
pagpapanatili ng Filipino at Panitikan sa kolehiyo ang natatanging papel ng
3. Ang wika ay pinipili at isinasaayos.
wikang Filipino bilang wikang pambansa, wika ng bayan, at wika ng
4. Ang wika ay arbitraryo. pananaliksik na nakaugat sa pangangailangan ng sambayanan. Ang mga
kaisipang ito ang matibay na pundasyon ng pangangailangan sa pagtuturo ng
5. Ang wika ay ginagamit. Filipino bilang larangan at ng Filipino sa iba’t ibang larangan.
6. Ang wika ay nakabatay sa kultura. Wika
7. Ang wika ay nagbabago. – simbolo ng pagkakakilanlan, ng kultura, ng kalayaan

– napakahalaga ng papel na ginagampanan nito sa pang-araw-araw na

buhay ng tao
– susi ng pagkakaisa at tagumpay ng isang bayan Disyembre 30, 1937

– sa mga nakalipas na panahon, wika ang naging sandata upang pag-isahin  naiproklama ang wikang Tagalog bilang batayan ng Wikang
ang mga nag-aalab na puso ng mamamayang Pilipino laban sa mga mapang- Pambansa alinsunod sa Saligang Batas ng 1935 kung saan ang
aping dayuhan na gustong angkinin ang kariktan at kayamanan nitong ating Kongreso ay gagawa ng hakbang sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapayaman
bayan ng wikang pambansa batay sa mga umiiral na katutubong wika

Wikang Filipino 1940

– buhay at dinamiko (sa desripsyon ng KWF)  ipinag-utos ang pagtuturo ng Wikang Pambansa sa ikaapat na taon
sa lahat ng pampubliko at pribadong paaralan sa buong bansa.
– dumaan ito sa proseso ng paglinang sa pamamagitan ng panghihiram sa
mga wika sa Pilipinas at mga di-katutubong wika Batas Komonwelt Blg. 570 (nagkaroon ng bisa – Hunyo 4, 1946)

– nagkaroon ng ebolusyon ng iba’t ibang barayti ng wika para sa iba’t ibang  pinagtibay ng Pambansang Asambleya noong Hunyo 7, 1940 kung
saligang sosyal at para sa mga paksa ng talakayan ng iskolarling saan ang wikang opisyal ng bansa ay tatawaging Wikang
pagpapahayag. Pambansang Pilipino

Wika Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7 (1959)

– may apat na facets ang sistema ng paglinang (Haugen, 1972 at Ferguson,  ibinaba ni Kalihim Jose B. Romero, Kalihim ng Edukasyon,
1971) ayon sa modyul ni Gonzales (n.d)
 nagsasaad na ang Wikang Pambansa ay tatawaging Pilipino upang
– paglinang na ito ay binubuo ng kodipikasyon, o pagpili ng wika o sistema mailagan ang mahabang katawagang “Wikang Pambansang Pilipino”
ng pagsulat na gagamitin, istandardisasyon, diseminasyon o pagpapalaganap o “Wikang batay sa Tagalog”
at elaborasyon o pagpapayabong nito
1987
– bahagi ng pagpapayabong ng wika ang paggamit nito bilang isang wikang
 alinsunod sa Konstitusyon, ang wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas ay
panturo at higit sa lahat ay Filipino bilang isang disiplina o larangan.
tatawaging Filipino
Mga Layunin
 hindi batay sa pinaghalo-halong sangkap ng katutubong wika na
1. Maipaliwanag ang ugnayan ng mga tungkulin ng wikang Filipino umiiral sa bansa bagkus ito ay nucleus ng Pilipino at Tagalog.
bilang wikang pambansa, wika ng bayan at wika ng pananaliksik na
Artikulo XIV ng Konstitusyong 1987
nakaugat sa pangangailangan ng sambayanan.
 Nagsasaad ng mga legal na batayan ng konsepto ng Filipino bilang
2. Makapag-ambag sa pagtataguyod ng wikang Filipino bilang daluyan
wikang Pambansa at ng magkarugtong na gampanin nito bilang wika
ng makabuluhan at mataas na antas ng diskurso na akma at
ng opisyal na komunikasyon, at bilang wikang panturo sa Pilipinas.
nakaugat sa lipunang Pilipino, bilang wika ng pananaliksik na
nakaayon sa pangangailangan ng komunidad at ng bansa. Seksyon 6
3. Malinang ang adhikaing makibahagi sa pagbabagong panlipunan.  Ang wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang
nalilinang ito ay dapat na payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa
 umiiral ng mga wika sa Pilipinas. Alinsunod sa tadhana ng batas at demokrasya at ng partisipasyon ng sambayanan sa proseso ng
sang-ayon sa nararapat na maaaring ipasya ng kongreso, dapat pagbubuo ng at pagpapaunlad sa bansa.”
magsagawa ng mga hakbangin ang Pamahalaan upang ibunsod at
Seksyon 9
puspusang itaguyod and paggamit ng Filipino bilang midyum ng
opisyal na komunikasyon at wika ng pagtuturo sa sistemang pang-  Dapat magtatag ang Kongreso ng isang Komisyon ng Wikang
edukasyon. Pambansa ng binubuo ng mga kinatawan ng iba’t ibang mga
rehiyon at mga disiplina na magsasagawa, mag-uugnay at
Seksyon 7
magtataguyod ng mga pananaliksik sa Filipino at sa iba pang mga
 Ukol sa mga layunin ng komunikasyon at pagtuturo, ang mga wika para sa kanilang pagpapaunlad, pagpapalaganap at
wikang opisyal ng Pilipinas ay Filipino, at hangga’t walang ibang pagpapanatili.
itinatadhana ang batas, Inggles. Ang mga wikang panrehiyon ay
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)
pantulong na mga wikang opisyal sa mga rehiyon at magsisilbi na
pantulong ng mga wikang panturo roon. Dapat itaguyod nang kusa  itinatag upang magbalangkas ng mga patakaran, mga plano at
at opsyonal ang Espanol at Arabic. mga programa upang matiyak ang higit pang pagpapaunlad,
pagpapayaman, pagpapalaganap at preserbasyon ng Filipino at iba
pang wika sa Pilipinas
Atienza (1994)
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)
 nagbuod sa artikulong “Drafting the 1987 Constitution the Politics of
Language,” ng mga praktikal na kahalagahan ng Wikang Pambansa  naglalayong ganyakin ang mga iskolor at manunulat na itaguyod
sa isang bansang gaya ng Pilipinas na dati’y kolonya, laban sa ang wikang Filipino sa pamamgitan ng pagbibigay ng insentibo
dominasyon ng wikang banyagang gaya ng Ingles. tulad ng mga grant at award
 “…ang paggamit ng mga wikang dayuhan, lalo na ng Ingles, ay Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)
nagbunsod ng mabagal na pag-unlad (underdevelopment) hindi
lamang ng mga wika sa Pilipinas kundi maging ng mabagal na pag-  humihikayat ng paglalathala ng iba’t ibang orihinal na obra at
unlad ng pambansang kultura at identidad.” teksbuk at mga materyales na reperensiya sa iba’t ibang disiplina
gamit ang Filipino at iba pang wika sa bansa
Atienza (1994)
Deskripsyon ng Wikang Filipino Ayon sa Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
 “ang Ingles ay naging hadlang na naghihiwalay sa mga edukadong (KWF) – Resolusyon 96-1
Pilipino at sa masang Pilipino” at “ang mga wika sa Pilipinas ay
mula sa iisang pamilya ng wika; kaya’t posibleng makabuo ng isang  Ang Filipino ang katutubong wika na ginagamit sa buong
wikang pambansa mula sa mga wikang ito. Pilipinas bilang wika ng komunikasyon ng mga etnikong
grupo. Katulad ng iba pang wikang buhay, ang Filipino ay
Atienza (1994) dumaraan sa proseso ng paglinang sa pamamagitan ng
panghihiram sa mga wika sa Pilipinas at mga di-katutubong
 “…ang wikang pambansa ay kahingian (prerequisite) sa pagkikintal
wika at ebolusyon ng iba’t ibang barayti ng wika para sa
ng nasyonalismo, pagbubuo ng pambansang pagkakaisa at
pagbubunsod ng pambansang paglaya, at pagtataguyod ng
 iba’t ibang saligang sosyal at para sa mga paksa ng  ang opisyal na wikang ginagamit sa pormal na edukasyon. Ito ang
talakayan at iskolarling pagpapahayag wikang ginagamit sa pagtuturo at pag-aaral sa mga eskwelahan at
ang wika sa pagsulat ng mga aklat at kagamitang panturo sa mga
silid-aralan.
Kaibhan ng Filipino sa Tagalog at Pilipino
 Sa pagpasok ng K to 12 Curriculum, ang Mother Tongue o unang
 Tagalog ang wika ng Bulacan, Batangas, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,
wika ng mga mag-aaral ay naging opisyal na wikang panturo mula
Cavite, Mindoro, Marinduque, ilang bahagi ng Nueva Ecija, Puerto
Kindergarten hanggang Grade 3 sa mga paaralang pampubliko at
Pricesa at maging sa Metro Manila.
pribado man. Tinawag itong Mother Tongue-Based Multi-Lingual
 Tagalog ay isang wikang natural at may mga katutubo itong Education (MTB-MLE).
tagapagsalita. Isa rin itong particular na wika na sinasalita ng isa sa
Brother Armin Luistro, FSC (DepEd Secretary)
mga etnolinggwistik na grupo sa bansa na tinatawag ding Tagalog
(Constantino, sa Bernales, et al., 2002).  “ang paggamit ng wikang ginagamit din sa tahanan sa mga unang
baiting ng pag-aaral ay makatutulong mapaunlad ang wika at
Kautusang Pangkagawaran Bilang 59
kaisipan ng mga mag-aaral at makapagpatibay rin sa kanilang
 nagtakda na tuwing tutukuyin ang wikang pambansa, ito ay kamalayang sosyo-kultural.”
tatawaging Pilipino.
Brother Armin Luistro, FSC (DepEd Secretary)
Pinakaesensya ng konsepto ng wikang Filipino
 “ang paggamit ng wikang ginagamit din sa tahanan sa mga unang
 Walang iba kundi ang pagiging pambansang lingua franca nito. baiting ng pag-aaral ay makatutulong mapaunlad ang wika at
kaisipan ng mga mag-aaral at makapagpatibay rin sa kanilang
Lingua Franca kamalayang sosyo-kultural.”
 Nagsisilbi itong pangalawang wika ng higit na nakararami sa buong Wika Rehiyonal at Dayalekto Para sa MTB-MLE (2013)
bansa na ating ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan sa isa’t isa lalo na
sa mga syudad, kahit pa mayroon tayong kani-kaniyang katutubo at  Tagalog, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, Iloko, Bikol, Cebuano,
unang wika gaya ng Cebuano, Ilocano, Pampango, Tausug, Kalinga, Hiligaynon, Waray, Tausug, Maguindanaoan, Mëranao, Chavacano,
at iba pa. pa. Ybanag, Ivatan, Sambal, Aklanon, Kiniray-a, Yakan, at Surigaonon.

Wikang Opisyal [Virgilio Almario (2014:12) ]  gagamitin sa dalawang paraan: (1) bilang hiwalay na asignatura at
(2) bilang wikang panturo.
 ang itinadhana ng batas na maging wika sa opisyal na talastasan ng
pamahalaan. Ibig sabihin, ito ang wikang maaaring gamitin sa Wikang Filipino
anumang uri ng komunikasyon, lalo na sa anyong nakasulat, sa loob
 susi sa mabisang komunikasyon at daan sa pagkakaisa ng
at labas ng alinmang sangay o ahensya ng gobyerno.
sambayanan
 Filipino at Ingles ang mga opisyal na wika ng Pilipinas.
 sagisag nito ang pagiging isang tunay na Pilipino at tatak ng
pagkamakabansa
Wikang Panturo [Virgilio Almario (2014:12) ]
Wikang Filipino Ano ang Saysay ng Wikang Filipino, Vitangcol III (2019)
Pangulong Aquino
 gumanap ng napakahalagang papel sa pagsusulong ng demokrasya
sa Pilipinas  “Wika ang dapat pagbubuuin tayo, hindi tayo dapat
paghihiwalayin.” Malinaw sa pahayag na ito, na ang wikang Filipino
 nagbibigkis sa adhikain ng sambayanang Pilipino
ay sandatang nagbubuklod sa lahat ng Pilipino saan mang dako ng
 wikang nag-uugnay sa iba’t ibang pangkat ng mga Pilipino at wika mundo sila naroroon.
rin ng pananaliksik para sa pagyabong ng karunungan at karanasan
Ano ang Saysay ng Wikang Filipino, Vitangcol III (2019)
ng mga mamamayang gumagamit nito

FILIPINO BILANG WIKA N BAYAN AT/NG PANANALIKSIK Gabay Pangkurikulum

Manuel L. Quezon (sa Pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wika)  nagsasaad ng pagsasama ng Filipino bilang disiplina sa wika kung
saan nilalayon nito ang pagtuturo ng Filipino upang malinang ang
 “Hindi ko nais ang Kastila o Ingles ang maging wika ng pamahalaan. kakayahang komunikatibo, replektibo/mapanuring pag-iisip, at
Kailangang magkaroon ng sariling wika ang Pilipinas, isang wika na pagpapahalagang pampanitikan ng mga mag-aaral sa
nakabatay sa isa sa mga katutubong wika.” pamamagitan ng mga babasahin at teknolohiya tungo sa
Artikulo XIV ng Konstitusyong 1987 pagkakaroon ng pambansang pagkakailanlan, kultural na literasi at
patuloy na pagkatuto upang makaagapay sa mabilis na
Seksyon 8 pagbabagong nagaganap sa daigdig.
 Ang Konstitusyong ito ay dapat ipahayag sa Filipino at Inggles, at Gabay Pangkurikulum
dapat na isinalin sa mga pangunahing wikang panrehiyon, Arabic at
Kastila.  nagsasaad din na isa sa mga pamantayan ng programa ang
pagpapagamit ng wikang Filipino upang madaling maunawaan at
Dr. Pamela Constantino (propesor sa Filipino sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas) maipaliwanag ang mga kaalaman sa araling pangnilalaman,
 “Ang wika ay may malaking papel na ginagampanan sa Pilipinas, sa magamit ng angkop ang wastong salita sa pagpapahayag ng
kaayusan at sa pag-unlad ng lipunan. sariling kaisipan, damdamin o karanasan nang may lubos na
paggalang sa kultura na nagbibigay at tumatanggap ng mensahe
Pangulong Aquino
Gabay Pangkurikulum
 “Imbes na mga galos at pilat ang makuha dahil sa pagtatagisang-
tinig, sana ay umusbong ang pagkakaunawaan at pusong  nagsasaad din na isa sa mga pamantayan ng programa ang
makabayan. May tungkulin ang bawat isa na palaganapin ang pagpapagamit ng wikang Filipino upang madaling maunawaan at
isang kulturang may malalim na pagkakaintindihan sa isa’t isa maipaliwanag ang mga kaalaman sa araling pangnilalaman,
gamit ang isang wikang pinagbubuklod at pinagtitibay ng buong magamit ng angkop ang wastong salita sa pagpapahayag ng
bansa.” sariling kaisipan, damdamin o karanasan nang may lubos na
paggalang sa kultura na nagbibigay at tumatanggap ng mensahe

Gabay Pangkurikulum
 nagsasaad din na isa sa mga pamantayan ng programa ang sa pang-araw araw na buhay kundi bilang isang larangan sa
pagpapagamit ng wikang Filipino upang madaling maunawaan at edukasyon at pananaliksik.
maipaliwanag ang mga kaalaman sa araling pangnilalaman,
Virgilio Almario, Pambansang Alagad ng Sining [sa Manila Bulletin ni
magamit ng angkop ang wastong salita sa pagpapahayag ng
Myca Cielo M. Fernandez (2018)]
sariling kaisipan, damdamin o karanasan nang may lubos na
paggalang sa kultura na nagbibigay at tumatanggap ng mensahe  mas magiging epektibo ang saliksik kung ito ay nasa wikang Filipino

 mas magiging epektibo kung ang bawat unibersidad ay hihikayatin

na gawin sa wikang Filipino ang mga pananaliksik lalo na ang tesis
at disertasyon.

“Filipino, Wika ng Pananaliksik”

Filipino Bilang Wika ng Bayan at/ng
 tema ng pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa
Pananaliksik  mas magiging epektibo ang saliksik kung ito ay nasa wikang
Filipino
Ang Pagpapayabong at Intelektwakisasyon ng Wikang Filipino: Mula
sa Paninging Teoretikal, Historikal, at Sosyolohikal  nakatuon sa paggamit ng wikang Filipino sa larangan ng
pananaliksik.
 modyul ni Gonzales na tumatalakay modelo ng paglinang ng wika
ayon kina Haugen (1972) at Ferguzon (1971) Dalawang Antas ang Pagpaplanong Pangwika [Flores (2015) sa aklat
ni San Juan (2019)]
Haugen (1972) at Ferguzon (1971)
 antas makro sa pagpaplanong pangwika na nakatuon sa
 isang paraan ng pagpapayabong ng wika ay ang elaborasyon o
mandatoring asignaturang Filipino sa Kolehiyo
pagpapayabong nito na tinatawag ding intelektwalisasyon. Ang
wika ay uunlad kung ito ay ginagamit bilang kasangkapan ng  antas maykro sa pagpaplanong pangwika na nauukol sa aktwal na
kultura at mas lalo pang napalalawak kung ginagamit ito sa implementasyon ng gayong patakaran sa bawat lugar
pagpapahayag ng mga pagbabago o pag-unlad ng kabihasnan,
partikular sa mga paksang may kinalaman sa agham at  Para sa karagdagan kaalaman, komunsulta sa aklat na:
 San Juan, et al. (2019). Sangangdaan 1 Filipino sa iba’t ibang
teknolohiya, sa mga makabagong pangangailangan at gawain sa
Disiplina. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
pagsulong ng isang bansa tungo sa industriyalismo nito.

Constantino (2015) sa aklat ni San Juan et al. (2019)

 ang kahalagahan ng intelektwalisasyon ay ang paggamit ng Filipino

sa iba’t ibang larangan tungo sa pagpapaunlad hindi lamang ng
wikang Filipino kundi ng kaisipang Filipino. Ang wika ay mabilis na
uunlad kung ito ay ginagamit hindi lang sa tahanan, sa lansangan o