Senior High School
Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Concepts of Politics and
Governance
Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Concepts of Politics and Governance First
Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Christian C. Linsangan
Anna Maria G. Mejia
Rochelle G. Tuliao
Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Erwin C. Pagtalunan
Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
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Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco
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Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Management Team:
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Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD
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Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD
Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
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Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Concepts of Politics and
Governance
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior
High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The
Concepts of Politics and Governance!
This module was designed, developed and reviewed to assist
you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the
standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided
and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to
keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.
For the learner: Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School
Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Concepts of Politics and Governance! The hand is one of the most
symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our
hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you
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active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies
you are expected to learn in the module. This part
includes an activity that aims
ii
What I Know to
check what you already know about the
What I Can Do what you learned from the lesson. This section
provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.
lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct
(100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This a ims to help you discover and
What’s More understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice
to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank s
entence/paragraph to be filled in to process
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6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
This module introduces to you the basic concepts
and vital elements of politics,
government and governance. Specifically, it
willdiverse help you understand the
meanings of politics and the different ways of viewing
it. The part about government and governance will
make it clear to you the differences between the two
concepts and explain their interconnectedness. At the
end of the module, you will be able to relate the
concepts that you have learned with your everyday
life by identifying a specific political phenomenon and
how it can be studied.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – The Meaning of Politics and How it can be Studied
• Lesson 2 – Government and Governance
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the definition of politics;
2. differentiate the various views on politics;
3. recognize the value of politics; and
4. differentiate governance from government.
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the exercise of control within society through the making and
enforcement of collective decisions. a. Civil Society
b. Governance
c. Government
d. Politics
2. Indicator of good governance wherein the most vulnerable ones are taken
into consideration. a. Accountability
b. Equity and inclusiveness
c. Participatory
d. Transparency
3. How did Aristotle view politics?
a. Politics as compromise is preferable to violence
b. Politics is closely associated with the activities of politicians.
c. Politics does not infringe upon ‘personal’ affairs and institutions.
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d. Politics allows human beings to have an attempt in improving their lives and create
the Good Society.
4. What view about politics stresses the statement: Conflict resolution is at
the heart of politics? a. Politics as power
b. Politics as public affairs
c. Politics as art of government
d. Politics as compromise and consensus
5. If you are studying politics, you are studying the government. Two aspects
are under this setting: one is on the personnel of the government,
while the other aspect is on what? a. Civil Society
b. Government policies
c. Machinery of government
d. Officials of government
6. What do you call the formal institutions through which a group of
people is ruled or governed? a. Civil Society
b. Governance
c. Government
d. Politics
7. According to this characteristic of good governance, every person or
group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts
affect public interest. a. Accountability
b. Responsiveness
c. Rule of Law
d. Transparency
8. Which among the choices below refers to the importance of government?
a. building alliances
b. maintenance of peace and order
c. promotion of war
d. winning elections
9. What do you call the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for
the well-being of their country’s citizens or inhabitants and is also based on
the realization that the government alone cannot do everything for the
people? a. Authority
b. Basic rights
c. Corruption
d. Governance
10. What characteristic of good governance requires that people are open to
information regarding decision-making process
and the implementation of decisions? a. Accountability
b. Responsiveness
c. Transparency
d. Zeal
11. What term pertains to organizations that are private in nature but have
public functions or objectives that affect the process of governance? a. Civil
Society
b. Governance
c. Government
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d. State
12. Which view on politics states that the distinction between ‘the political’and
‘the ‘nonpolitical’ coincides with the division between the activities of the
state and civil societies? a. Politics as power
b. Politics as public affairs
c. Politics as art of government
d. Politics as compromise and consensus
13. According to this view, to study politics is in essence to study government
or the exercise of authority. a. Politics as power
b. Politics as public affairs
c. Politics as art of government
d. Politics as compromise and consensus
14. Active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the
decisionmaking process is the hallmark of this indicator of good
governance. a. Accountability
b. Consensus
c. Equity and inclusiveness
d. Participatory
15. This view sees politics to be present in all social activities, the ability to
achieve a desired outcome and a struggle over limited resources. a. Politics
as power
b. Politics as public affairs
c. Politics as art of government
d. Politics as compromise and consensus
Lesson
The Meaning of Politics and
1 How It Can Be Studied
What’s New
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The image above was lifted from an article about fighting against terrorism in the Philippines.
What can you say about the image?
Politics is exciting because people have different viewpoints. As Andrew Heywood stated,
people may disagree about how they should live. Who should get what? How should power
and other resources be distributed? Should society be based on cooperation or conflict? He
further stressed that humans also disagree about how such matters should be resolved.
How should collective decisions be made? Who should have a say? How much influence
should each person have?
Defining politics and identifying its scope of study is not easy. Although there is no agreed
single meaning of politics, it is often understood as a social activity.
What is It
Defining Politics
Here are some of the definitions of
politics offered by subject matter
experts:
- in broadest sense, it is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend
the general rules under which
- binding decisions.
(Hague & Harrop, 2013)
- they
activitylive. (Heywood,
by which different2007) activity
interests withinor process
a given unit by which
of rule groups reach
are conciliated by and
enforce
giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare and
the survival of the whole community. (Crick, 2005) set of activities
- that organizes individuals, systematically resolves disputes, and maintains order in
society through creation and enforcement of rules and government policy.
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(Barrington et al. 2010) activity through which human beings attempt to improve
their lives and create
-
the Good Society. (Aristotle in Heywood, 2007)
Studying Politics - The Different Views About Politics (Heywood, 2007)
This topic will help you gain a deeper understanding about politics.
A. Politics as the art of government
Politics is viewed as an art or practical application
of knowledge for the achievement of a particular
objective. This is considered the classical definition
of politics: the art of government or the exercise
of control within society through the making and
enforcement of collective or group decisions.
Here are the additional features of this view
about politics:
➢
This view was developed in Ancient Greece. Remember, the word politics is derived
from the ancient Greek word polis, which literally means city-state.
Politics can be understood to refer to the affairs or concerns of the polis or its modern
meaning what concerns the state.
➢
If you are studying politics, you are studying the government. Two aspects are under
this setting: Government personnel or the people in government and government
machinery or the different government departments, offices, or agencies.
➢
Politics happens in cabinet rooms, legislative chambers, government departments.
To study politics is to study the exercise of authority defined as legitimate
➢
power. Legitimate means it is acceptable for the people.
Politics is engaged in by a limited and specific group of people, notably ➢
politicians, civil servants and lobbyists.
B. Politics as public affairs
This second view considers politics as what happens in the public sphere of life. It is important
that you remember the distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘the nonpolitical’. It coincides with
the division between what is public and what is private. If it happens in the public sphere, it is
political.
To clarify, the distinction between the public and the private conforms with the division
between the state and civil society. The institutions of the state (the offices of government,
the courts, the police, the army, and so forth) can be regarded as ‘public’ because they are
responsible for the collective organization of community life. Moreover, they are funded at
the public’s expense or out of taxation. In contrast, civil society consists of institutions such as
private businesses, trade unions, clubs, community groups and so on that are ‘private’ in the
sense that they are set up and funded by individual citizens to satisfy their own interests,
rather than those of the larger society.
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C. Politics as compromise and consensus
The third view about politics refers to the way in which decisions are made. Politics is seen as a
particular means of resolving conflict: that is, by
compromise, conciliation and negotiation, rather
Thethan through force and naked power.
description of a solution to a problem as a ‘political’
solution implies peaceful debate and arbitration, as
opposed to what is often called a ‘military’ solution. It is
based on the belief that society is characterized by
consensus rather than by irreconcilable conflict. In other
words, the disagreements that exist can be resolved
without resort to intimidation and violence. This view of
politics has a positive character. People should be encouraged to respect politics as an
activity, and should be prepared to engage in the political life of their own community.
D. Politics as power
The fourth view sees politics to be
present in all social activities. Politics
takes place at every level of social
interaction; it can be found within
families and amongst small groups of
friends just as much as amongst nations
and on the global
stage.The presence of power makes a
particular social behavior or activity
distinctively political. Politics under this view is in essence power or the ability to achieve a
desired outcome, through whatever means. Politics is seen as a struggle over limited
resources, and power can be seen as the means through which this struggle is conducted. In
politics, power is usually thought of as a relationship: that is, as the ability to influence the
behavior of others in a manner not of their choosing. It is referred to in terms of having
‘power over’ people.
Remember, politics may be defined as: the art of government, public affairs, compromise and
consensus, and power.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1
Complete the concept map below. Write descriptions or related concepts around the main
concept politics. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Politics
Using the concept map that you accomplished, explain the meaning of politics.
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ACTIVITY 2
On the second column, write the view about politics that corresponds with each given
statement on the first column. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Politics is seen as a peaceful way of
resolving conflict.
2. Politics is seen as a struggle over
limited resources, and power can be
seen as the means through which this
struggle is conducted.
3. Politics happens in the public sphere
of life.
4. Politics as practical application of
knowledge in the exercise of control
within society through the making and
enforcement of collective decisions.
Cite a recent political phenomenon or event and select the view about politics that can be used
in studying it. Explain how that view can help you understand the cited political event.
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Political Phenomenon View About Politics Explanation
What I Have Learned
Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What are the similarities among the given definitions of politics?
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2. Why is it important to know the different meanings of politics?
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3. What is the importance of politics in our society? Explain your answer .
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What I Can Do
Make a campaign statement or slogan that promotes the importance or value of politics in
society. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Lesson
Government and
2 Governance
What’s In
You learned in Lesson 1 the various meanings and different views about politics.
Remember that politics is a social activity and it can be studied using
different perspectives.
What’s New
This lesson will introduce to you the two important concepts of government and governance
as well as the connections and differences between them.
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What is It
The Government and its Purposes
Government is the term generally used to describe
the formal institutions through which a group of
people is ruled or governed. The term extends to
include the persons and organizations that make,
enforce, and apply political decisions for a society.
(Mendoza n.d.)
Government is created for the benefit of the people
governed. It performs services or functions that are
beyond the capabilities of any individual or
enterprise. The important purposes of government
are: (1) the maintenance of peace and order; (2) the protection of persons and property; (3)
the administration of justice; (4) the promotion of education; (5) the preservation of the
state from external danger and; (5) the advancement of the physical, economic and social
and cultural well-being of the people. (Leon 1991)
Governance
Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the
well-being of their country’s citizens or inhabitants.
It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society exercise power, and create public
policies which directly affect the members of society. Governance is broader than government in
that other sectors are included in it. The government (also called the public sector) is always the
main actor in governance but it is not the only actor. Governance is based on the realization that
the government alone cannot do everything for the people. The main role of the government is
to provide an enabling environment for the other actors of governance to participate and
respond to the mandate of the common good. All actors other than the government are called
the “civil society.” The civil society includes non-governmental organizations, and other
community-based and sectoral organizations, such as association of farmers, charitable
institutions, cooperatives, religious communities, political parties, and research institutes. These
organizations are private in nature but have public functions or
objectives.
Indicators of Good Governance
Good governance is understood through its eight indicators
or characteristics: (1) Participatory; (2) Rule of Law; (3)
Effective and Efficient; (4) Transparent; (5) Responsive; (6)
Equitable and Inclusive; (7) Consensus Oriented; and (8)
Accountability.
1. Participatory
Good governance essentially requires participation of different
sectors of the society. Participation means active involvement of all affected and interested
parties in the decision-making process. It requires an enabling environment. Governance
should no longer be government monopoly but government management or inter-sectoral
participation.
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2. Rule of Law
Good governance is fundamentally adherence to the rule of law. Rule of law demands that
the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law and the government
acts within the limits of the powers and functions prescribed by the law.
Rule of law also requires that laws are responsive to the needs of the society.
3. Effectiveness and Efficiency Good governance requires that the institutions, processes,
and actors could deliver and meet the necessities of the society in a way that available
resources are utilized well. Public service delivery, especially of front-line agencies, must
promptly and adequately serve the needs of the citizens. Doing so requires simplified
government procedures and inexpensive transaction costs.
4. Transparency
Transparency means that people are open to information regarding decision-making process
and the implementation of decisions. Information on matters of public concern are made
available to the citizens or those who will be
directly affected.
5. Responsiveness
Responsiveness means that institutions and
processes serve all stakeholders in a timely and
appropriate manner. The interests of all citizens
must be well protected in a prompt and
appropriate manner so that each of them can
appreciate and take part in the process of
governance.
6. Equity and Inclusiveness
Equity and inclusiveness mean that all the members of the society, especially the most
vulnerable ones must be taken into consideration. Everyone has a stake in the society and
no one should feel alienated from it. Those who have less in life should have more in law.
Good governance demands that the actors must give preferential attention to the
conditions of the poor.
7. Consensus Oriented
Governance is consensus oriented when decisions
are made after taking into
viewpoints.consideration the different
Mechanisms for conflict resolution must be in place
because inevitably conflict will arise from
competing interests of the actors. Governance is
based on the partnership of the actors of the
society in providing public services.
8. Accountability Accountability means
answerability or responsibility for one’s action. It is based on the principle that every
person or group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect
public interest. The actors have an obligation to explain and be answerable for the
consequences of decisions and actions they have made on behalf of the community it
serves.
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What’s More
ACTIVITY 1
On the box provided below, choose three important purposes of government, draw 1 symbol
connected with each purpose and provide a brief explanation. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Purpose of Government Symbols Explanation
1.
2.
3.
ACTIVITY 2
Look for three words/concepts that are related with good governance in the search box below
then explain each word based on your understanding. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
RDRSRESPONSIVENESSTUBWXZ
TRANSPARENCYRSTNMSYOPSJK
ERGHT I BI TYACCOUNTAB I L I
ART I PATEPART I C I PATORYRYU
NMOEFFECTIVEHJASDFTIVEJK
ARCYEFF I C I ENCYYCONSENSUS
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NESS I VI NCLUS I VENESSAAGHS
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What I Have Learned
Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Choose one purpose of the government and explain its significance.
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2. How is government related with governance?
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3. What is the importance of good governance in the lives of the
people?
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What I Can Do
Complete the table below. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
First column: Write your most important learning about good
governance
Second column: Cite a political phenomenon related to your
most important learning.
Third column: How can you apply your most important learning
in analyzing the political phenomenon in second column?
What I Know Political Phenomenon Application
Assessment
MATCHING TYPE. Match the descriptions in Column A with the correct concepts in Column B.
Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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A B
1. Activity through which people make, preserve 13. This view sees politics to as
and amend the rules under which they live. present in all social activities
2. Good governance: every person or group are 14. To study politics is to study
responsible for their actions affecting public government
interest. 15. Exercise of authority by
3. Conflict resolution is at the heart of politics political leaders based on the
4. Legitimate power realization that government
5. Formal institutions through which a group of alone cannot do everything for
people is ruled or governed. the people.
6. Politics allows human beings to have an a. Governance
attempt in improving their lives and create the b. Government
Good Society. c. Participatory
7. Importance of government d. Transparency
8. Good governance: people are open to e. Politics as compromise and
information on decision-making and consensus
implementation f. Equity and inclusiveness
9. Organizations that are private in nature but g. Accountability
affect the process of governance h. maintenance of peace and
10. Good governance gives preferential attention order
to the conditions of the poor. i. Politics as power
11. Exercise of control within society through the j. Authority
making and enforcement of collective k. Rule of Law
decisions. l. Politics as art of government
12. Indicator of good governance pertaining to m. Politics
active involvement of all affected parties n. Aristotle’s view on politics
o. Civil Societies
Additional Activities
Complete the table below. Cite two civil society groups that are helping
the government in governance. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
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Name of Civil Society Advocacy Activities
1.
2.
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Answer Key
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References
Corpuz, Ronald M. 2015. Politics and Governance With 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Heywood, Andrew. 2007. Politics. 3rd Edition.
Leon, Hector De. 1991. Textbook on the Philippine Constitution.
Mendoza, D. n.d. Basic Concepts, Structures, and Functions of Government.” Politics and
Governance: Theory and Practice in the Philippine Context.
What is Governance. Retrieve from https://tamayaosbc.wordpress.com/2014/08/21/what-is-
governance/. (date accessed July 13, 2020)
Yap Kioe Sheng. What is good governance?. Retrieve from
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf. (date accessed
July 12, 2020)
n.d. Retrieve from https://assets.rappler.co/4C448EF346494C738D46A87968403AD6/img/2
FBCC4DE3C5B43FDB43EBBEE668BF17E/Lakad-sa-Kapayapaan-Iwaksiang-Karahasan-
Solidarity-Walk-February-3-2019-004.jpg
n.d. Retrieve from https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2019/feb/07/rules-of-
atraditional-society-1935539.html
n.d. Retrieve from https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ncr-is-now-mecq-20m-facemasks-for-the-
poor/
n.d. Retrieve from
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2413/5043/articles/handshake3200298_1920_1170
x.jpg?v=1526513883
n.d. Retrieve from https://cdnph.upi.com/ph/st/th/9741573581999/2019/upi_com/c63102e
312b017994a36ce5061c265e1/v2.1/Philippine-authorities-mull-liftingmartial-law-in-
Mindanao.jpg?lg=4
n.d. Retrieve from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/success_story/basarural-
teachers.jpg
n.d. Retrieve from https://assets.rappler.co/6B6D37B3B8614ACEB4FB607CDC095EB1/img/
06FCB6029F8A4261A97A56CFA951CD4D/relief-ops-aurora-lando-koppu20151021-
009.jpg
n.d. Retrieve from https://asean.org/storage/2017/11/Signing-ceremony.jpg
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources
Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)
