PHILOSOPHY DUALISM COMPOSITION OF A MAN

PHILOSOPHERS WHO BELIEVE THAT a. Body – imperfect, impermanent

SELF CAMES FROM KNOWLEDGE
b. Soul – perfect, permanent
AND REASON
PLATO
SOCRATES
PLATO 3 components to the soul


ARISTOTLE

rational soul – reason & intellect to
RENE DESCARTES

govern affairs spirited soul – emotions

The philosophy of self is the study of should be kept at bay appetitive soul -
the many conditions of identity that base desires (food, drink, sleep, sexual
make one subject of experience distinct needs, etc.)
from other experiences.
When these are attained, the human
The self is sometimes understood as a person’s soul becomes just & virtuous.
unified being essentially connected to
(ST.) AUGUSTINE
consciousness, awareness, and agency.
• ‘Spirit of man’ in medieval philosophy
 It refers to the study of the basic
essence of knowledge, truth and life, in • Following view of Plato but adds
particular in academic discipline. Christianity
SOCRATES • Man is of a bifurcated nature.
• Concerned with the problem of the • Part of man dwells in the world
self (imperfect) and yearns to be with the
Divine.
• “The true task of the philosopher is
to know oneself.” • Other part is capable of reaching
immortality.
• “The unexamined life is not worth
living.” PARTS OF MIND ACCORDING TO ST.
AUGUSTINE
• Underwent a trial for ‘corrupting the
minds of the youth’ • Body – dies on earth; soul – lives
eternally in spiritual bliss with “God”
• Succeeded made people think about
who they are
• “The worst thing that can happen to (ST) THOMAS AQUINAS
anyone is to live but die inside.”
• Man = matter + form
• “Every person is dualistic.”
• matter (hyle) – “common stuff that
• Man = body + soul makes up everything in the universe”
• Individual = imperfect/permanent • Form (morphe) – “essence of a
(body) + perfect & permanent (soul) substance or thing”; (what makes it
what it is)
Sophists-the first teacher of the west
• The body of the human is similar to
Socratic Method- the search for the
animals/objects, but what makes a
correct/ proper definition of things
human is his essence.
-Pretend that you don’t know nothing
• “The soul is what makes us humans.”
MODERN PHILOSOPHY • You know that other people are
humans not because you have seen
Rene DESCARTES (CARTESIAN
their soul, but because you see them,
PHILOSOPHY)
hear them, feel them, etc.
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• “the self is nothing but a bundle
• Human person = body + mind theory or bundle of impressions and
ideas.”
• “There is so much that we should
doubt.” • Impression – - basic objects of our
experience/sensation - forms the core
• “If something is so clear and lucid as
of our thoughts
not to be doubted, that’s the only time
one should believe.” • Idea – - copies of impressions - not as
“real” as impressions - feeling mo lang
• The only thing one can’t doubt is
yun!
existence of the self.
• Self = a collection of different
• “I think, therefore I am.” – cogito
perceptions which rapidly succeed each
ergo sum
other
• The self = cogito (the thing that
• Self = in a perpetual flux and
thinks) + extenza (extension of
movement
mind/body)
• We want to believe that there is a
• The body is a machine attached to the
unified, coherent self, soul, mind, etc.
mind.
but ~~actually~~ it is all just a
• It’s the mind that makes the man. combination of experiences.

• “I am a thinking thing. . . A thing that “Self is a product of imagination”

doubts, understands, affirms, denies,
Immanuel KANT
wills, refuses, imagines, perceives.”
 Transcendental apperception-
John Locke (FATHER OF LIBERALISM)
experience of the self and its unity with
(concept of memory)
objects
His work on the self is most
 A man’s duty to move towards
represented by the concept “Tabula
perfection
Rasa” which means a Blank Slate. He
believed that the experiences and • Agrees with HUME that everything
perceptions of a person is important in starts with perception/sensation of
the establishment of who that person impressions
can become.
• There is a MIND that regulates these
David HUME impressions.
• Disagrees with the all the other • “Time, space, etc. are ideas that one
aforementioned philosophers cannot find in the world, but is built in
our minds
• “One can only know what comes from
the senses & experiences” (he is an • “Apparatus of the mind”
empiricist).
• The self organizes different
• “The self is not an entity beyond the impressions that one gets in relation to
physical body.” his own Existence.
 • We need active intelligence to NOTHING BUT MATTER EXIST

MODULE 2 From
synthesize all knowledge and
-

experience.
• The self is not only personality but Sociological Perspective
also the seat of knowledge.
“Socialization” is a term used by
Gilbert RYLE sociologists, social psychologists,
anthropologists, political scientists, and
-Believe that self comes from behavior
educationalists.
- “I act therefore I am”
socialization: The process of
• Denies the internal, non-physical self learning one’s culture and how to


live within it.

Do not believe in dualism
is the means by which human
• “What truly matters is the behavior
infants begin to acquire the skills

that a person manifests in his day-to-
necessary to perform as a
day life.”
functioning member of their
• Looking for the self is like entering society and is the most influential
LU and looking for the “university” learning process one can
(explain!) experience.

• The self is not an entity one can SOCIOLOGY – is a social science

locate and analyze but simply the concerned with the study of social
convenient. relationships.

Name that we use to refer to the Different Forms of Socialization

behaviors that we make.
Primary Socialization occurs
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (SELF when a child learns the attitudes,


PERCEPTION) Do not believe in values, and actions appropriate to

dualism individuals as members of a
particular culture.
• A phenomenologist who says the
mind- body bifurcation is an invalid Secondary socialization refers to
problem the process of learning the


appropriate behavior as a
• Mind and body are inseparable.
member of a smaller group within
• “One’s body is his opening toward his the larger society.
existence to the world.”
Group socialization is the theory
• The living body, his thoughts, that an individual’s peer groups,


emotions, and experiences are all one. rather than parental figures,
influences his or her personality
• If you hate this subject, Merleau-
and behavior in adulthood.
Ponty understands you
Organizational socialization is the
PAUL MONTGOMERY Churchland
process whereby an employee


has this idea that the “self” is learns the knowledge and skills
defined by the movements of our necessary to assume his or her
-

brain organizational role.

built the idea of “eliminative
materialism”.
-
 Gender socialization refers to the “Self as a dimension of personality that
learning of behavior and attitudes is made-up of the individual’s self-


considered appropriate for a awareness and self-image.

given sex.
Theory of the self- the process of
Cultural socialization refers to
moving from non-existent self of being
parenting practices that teach

the central character to understanding
children about their racial history
others around them.
or heritage and, sometimes, is
referred to as pride development. Composition of the self
Egalitarianism refers to I self - initiate of perform a social
socializing children with the

action
belief that all people are equal
and should be treated with a Me self - take the role of other
common humanity
SIGMUND FREUD - (1856 to 1939)
• The looking-glass self is a social was the founding father of
psychological concept, created by psychoanalysis, a method for treating
Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 mental illness and also a theory which
(McIntyre 2006), stating that a explains human behavior.
person's self grows out of society's
interpersonal interactions and the proposed that the human psyche
could be divided into three parts:

perceptions of others
Id, ego, and super-ego.
There are three main components of
the looking-glass self: ID – operates on the pleasure principle
and gratification.
First, we imagine how we must
appear to others. EGO – acts according to the reality


principle, one that balances the ID and

Second, we imagine the judgment SUPEREGO
of that appearance.


SUPEREGO – aims for perfection

Finally, we develop our self
through the judgments of others. 2 kinds of instinct:


GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S 1. Eros –called libido and includes

SPECIFIC PATH OF DEVELOPMENT urges necessary for individual and
species survival like thirst, hunger and
PREPARATORY STAGE-Children are sex.
only capable of imitation:
2. Thanatos- man’s behavior is directed
PLAY STAGE-Children begin to take on towards destruction in the form of
the role that one other person might aggression and violence
have.
Psychoanalysis is a clinical
GAME STAGE-Children learn to method for treating


consider several roles at the same time psychopathology through

and how those roles interact with each dialogue between a patient and a
other. psychoanalyst.
George Herbert Mead The maturation process into
 Social Behaviorism-power of the psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic,
environment in shaping human latency, and genital.
behavior
 Oedipus complex: In Freudian of others’ feelings and take those into
theory, the complex of emotions consideration when determining what’s


aroused in a child by an “good” and “bad.”

unconscious sexual desire for the
post conventional, is when people begin
parent of the opposite sex.
to think of morality in abstract terms,
the unconscious: For Freud, the
SIX STAGES OF MORAL
unconscious refers to the mental


DEVELOPMENT
processes of which individuals
make themselves unaware. 1. PUNISHMENT VS. OBEDIENCE
2. GOOD GIRL GOOD BOY IMAGE
PARTS OF MIND ACCORDING TO
3. SOCIAL APPROVAL
SIGMUND FREUD
4. LAW AND ORDER
1. THE CONSCIOUS 5. SOCIAL CONTRACT
2. THE SUBCONSCIOUS 6. UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
3. THE UNCONSCIOUS
Jean Piaget: was a French-speaking
PSYCHOLOGY -Is the scientific study of Swiss developmental psychologist and
mind and behavior. philosopher known for his
epistemological studies with children.
SOCIOLOGY - is the study of social life,
social change, and the social causes
Piaget identified four stages of
and consequences of human behavior
cognitive development:


Émile Durkheim (1958–1917) was the sensorimotor, pre-operational,

first to make this distinction in concrete operational, and formal
research, when he attributed operational. Through these
differences in suicide rates among stages, children progress in their
people to social causes (religious thinking and logical processes.
differences) rather than to
psychological causes (like their mental Assimilation is the process of
taking one’s environment and


wellbeing) (Durkheim 1897)

new information and fitting it into
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) created a pre-existing cognitive schemas
theory of personality development
based, in part, on the work of Freud. Accommodation is the process of
taking one’s environment and


Psychosocial theory new information, and altering

one’s pre-existing schemas in

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) was
order to fit in the new
interested in how people learn to
information.
decide what is right and what is wrong.
Object permanence is the
Theory of moral development that understanding that objects


includes three levels: pre conventional, continue to exist even when they
conventional, and post conventional. cannot be seen, heard, or
pre conventional stage - young touched
children, who lack a higher level of Genetic epistemology is a study
of the origins of knowledge.

cognitive ability, experience the world
around them only through their senses The pre-operational stage It
begins around the end of the

conventional theory develops, when
youngsters become increasingly aware second year. During this stage,
 the child learns to use and to 3. Biological Anthropology-
represent objects by images, specializes in evolution, genetics,
words, and drawings. and health.
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (Ages 4. Cultural Anthropology is a branch
0-2) - infants gain knowledge of of anthropology focused on the


the word from the physical study of cultural variation among

actions they perform humans.
the “concrete operational stage” Material Component pertains to all
and occurs approximately

tangible materials that are inherited
between the ages of 7 and 11 from the previous generation
years. In this stage, children
develop the appropriate use of Cognitive Component are divided into
logic and are able to think ideas, knowledge and beliefs, values
abstractly, make rational and accounts.

MODULE 4 - The Self

judgments about concrete
phenomena, and systematically
manipulate symbols related to from the Perspective of
Psychology
concrete objects.
the “formal operational stage”
(adolescence and into adulthood).


Psychology - the ‘study of the soul’ or

Intelligence is demonstrated more commonly called
through the logical use of
symbols related to abstract
concepts.
- is now a field of study that deals with
the mental processes and human
behavior.

MODULE 3: FROM THE

Aristotle who wrote the book De Anima
that became an inspiration to other
PERSPECTIVE OF writings and explorations on the study
Anthropology of psychology.

Anthropology is the field of social Psychodynamic Theory

sciences that focuses on the study of Freud put significance on childhood
man. experiences from birth until age of
Person” or personhood is a bundle of seven which has crucial impact on the
roles, norms of behavior, expectations, individual’s personality.
responsibilities, obligations that situate Behaviorist Theory
a human being in social life.
Behaviorist like Pavlov, Thorndike,
THE FOUR SUBFIELDS Contemporary Skinner, and Watson believes that an
Anthropology individual’s behavior can be described
1. Archeology-examines peoples and and explained not through mental
culture of the past events or to internal psychological
2. Linguistic Anthropology - is a processes (cognitive and affective) but
concentration of cultural observed as an individual respond and
anthropology that focuses on react to external stimuli coming from
language in society his environment.
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura, he believes that get into accidents of all kinds
learning occurs in a social context with

get involved in fights
a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of

the person, environment, and behavior. engage in dangerous or risky
behavior

Humanist/Existentialist Theory
is a perspective that emphasizes
looking at the whole individual Adolescents are less likely to:
-

and stresses concepts such as

think before they act
free will, self-efficacy, self-

actualization and meaning. pause to consider the
consequences of their actions


change their dangerous or

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino

inappropriate behaviors
Psychology) and the Self 

Dr. Virgilio Enriquez - is the proponent

of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 1) kapwa - e) shared inner self

the study of diwa (psyche) which

 2) pakiramdam - f) shared inner

refers to the wealth of ideas or

- perception

essence and an entire range of

 3) kagandahang loob – g) shared

psychological concepts from

humanity

awareness to motives to behavior

 accommodative surface values
(hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama),
- the core value of Filipino personality is  confrontative surface values (bahala
kapwa as a shared inner self is na), and societal values (karangalan,
important both psychologically and katarungan, and Kalayaan
philosophically.  unconscious mind - j) influence
- pakikibaka is a valid aspect of judgments, feelings, or behavior
pakikipagkapwa in the face of  Behaviorist theory -psychology is the
injustice and adversity science of behavior not internal

The Adolescent’s Psychological Self

processes.

and Mental Health

 Social cognitive theory - b)
personality is derived from social
pre-frontal cortex involved in high-level forces and the experiences learned
cognitive functions such as decision
through social interactions.
making, planning, inhibiting
 Humanist/Existentialist Theory - a)
inappropriate behavior, social
free will, self-efficacy, self-actualization
interaction and self-awareness.
and meaning.

limbic system that controls emotions,

 Affective - d) emotions and feelings

and those parts that provides

 Cognitive - h) thoughts, memory,
imagination
rewarding feeling that comes from
taking risks TIPS FOR GOOD MENTAL HEALTH
Based on the stage of their brain 1. Build relationships
development, adolescents are more
2. Exercise and stay healthy
likely to:
3. Develop gratitude
act on impulse
4. Identify and use your strengths

misread or misinterpret social
cues and emotions 5. Create flow

6. Give to others
7. Spirituality or religion
8. Seek help

Lesson 5: THE SELF IN WESTERN

AND EASTERN THOUGHT

1. Individualistic Self - aware of his

rights and the limitations of his
freedom in the extant society.
2. Collective Self - ingrained into
the individual is lost and does not
exist except as a part of the
group.
3. Ecological self describes the
wider sense of identity that arises
when our self-interest includes
the natural world.
Confucius
- was the name for which Kong Zhongni
of China was known in the West.
- His philosophy came to be known as
humanistic social philosophy.
- Confucius experiences in politics made
him focus on social reform.
- Confucianism is centered on the Ren
which can be manifested through li
(propriety)(e.g. ceremonies or rituals),
xiao (filiality) and Yi (rightness)
- Ren is a reflection of the person’s own
understanding of humanity.
-