CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (câu điều kiện)

PHẦN LÝ THUYẾT:
A. Câu điều kiện loại I (the conditional sentence - Type I)

1. Cấu trúc:
Clause 1 (the simple future ) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present )

2. Cách sử dụng và ví dụ:

– Diễn tả sự việc có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ví dụ:
I’ll see her if I come on time.
We’ll pass the exam if we study hard.

3. Một số dạng cần lưu ý:

a. Simple present + Simple present:
+ Thói quen, điều đương nhiên:
I usually walk to school if I have time.
If I have lesson in the morning, I visit them in the afternoon.

b. If you will/would ...(chỉ sự lịch sự): (Nếu ... vui lòng...) (Dùng would lịch sự hơn)
If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.
c. If you could ...: Xin vui lòng. Diễn đạt lịch sự 1 yêu cầu mà người nói cho rằng người kia sẽ đồng ý
như là một lẽ đương nhiên.
If you could open your book, please.
d. Subject + may/might/do +V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present )
→ để chỉ khả năng khách quan
Ví dụ: It’s sunny. We may get a headache if we go out without a hat.
e. Subject + may/can + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present )
→ để chỉ sự cho phép
f. If + clause + command: Mệnh lệnh
If you go to the post ofice, mail this letter for me.
Ví dụ: You can go home if you finish your test.
g. Subject (must/should + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present )
→ để chỉ yêu cầu, đề nghị.
Ví dụ: You must do exercises if you want to get good marks.
h. If….not…= Unless
Ví dụ:
- I won’t visit you if I don’t have time
→ Unless I have time, I won’t visit you.
- We’ll go camping if the weather is fine.
→ Unless the weather is fine, we won’t go camping.
- If you miss seeing the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it.
→ Unless you see the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it.

Chú ý: mệnh đề chứa “unless” KHÔNG dùng dạng phủ định.

B. Câu điều kiện loại II (the conditional sentence - Type II)

1. Cấu trúc:
Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2 ( past subjunctive)

2. Cách sử dụng và ví dụ:

– Diễn tả sự việc không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ:
- If it were cold now, we wouldn’t switch on the fans.
(but it’s hot and we have to switch on the fans)
- I would fly if I were a bird.
(but I am not a bird and I can’t fly)
Chú ý: Chúng ta nên dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi.

3. Một số lưu ý
Clause 1 (might/ could + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple past tense )
→ chỉ khả năng
Ví dụ: He might succeed if he tried
I could speak Russian well if I lived in Moscow.

C. Câu điều kiện loại III (the conditional sentence - Type III)
1. Cấu trúc cơ bản:
Clause 1 (would have + P2) + if + Clause 2 (the past perfect )
2. Cách sử dụng và ví dụ:
– Câu điều kiện loại III là câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
a. Miss Phuong wouldn’t have won the prize if she hadn’t attended the beauty contest.
(but the fact that she attended and she won the prize)
b. We would have got good marks if we had prepared our last lesson carefully.
(but the fact that we didn’t prepare our last lesson carefully and we didn’t get good marks).

D. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp II, III (the mixed conditional sentences - Type II and III)
1. Cấu trúc cơ bản:
If + had + V3/-ed…, S + would + V1…

2. Ví dụ:
a/ If I had been born in town, I would like the life there.
(the fact that I wasn’t born in town, so I don’t like the life there now)
b/ If I had followed your advice, I would have a job now.
(the fact that I didn’t follow your advice, so I don’t have a job now)

3. But for + noun + điều kiện loại II, III

But for: nếu không có…
Ví dụ:
- You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
→ But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work.
- She encouraged him and he succeeded.
→ But for her encouragement, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
- The teacher explained and we understood.
→ But for the teacher’s explanation, we wouldn’t have understood.

E. Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện

1. Điều kiện loại I
• Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề if, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu
If he should ring , I will tell him the news.
→ Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
• Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”
If he has free time, he’ll play tennis.
→ Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis.
 If she comes early, we’ll start.
→ Should she come early, we’ll start.

2. Điều kiện loại II

• Nếu trong câu có động từ “were”, thì đảo “were” lên đầu.
If I were a bird, I would fly.
→ Were I a bird, I would fly.
They would answer me if they were here.
→ Were they here, they would answer me.
• Nếu trong câu không có động từ “were” thì mượn “were’ và dùng “ to -V”
If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.
→ Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.
→ Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming.

3. Điều kiện loại III

• Đảo trợ động từ của thì quá khứ hoàn thành .
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
→ Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
→ Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.

Chú ý: ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ :
Had it not been so late, we would have called you.
Chú ý:
1/ Những từ (adv and prep.) có thể thay thế cho If trong câu điều kiện:
 only if (chỉ khi)
 provided (that)/ providing (that) (miễn là)
 so long as/ as long as (miễn là)
 on condition that (với điều kiện là)
 supposing (giả sử như)
 in case (trong trường hợp)
 even if (ngay cả khi)
 otherwise, (+ a main clause)
 (prep) without # but for

2/ “If it wasn’t / weren’t for sth/sb, + main clause.”

( … hadn’t been … - type III)
Ex: If it weren’t for his father’s money, he wouldn’t be a director.
(# Without his father’s money, …)

Phân biệt “if not” và “unless”:

Thông thường, ở cấp độ cơ bản có thể thay thế if not bằng unless. Tuy nhiên, ở cấp độ nâng cao sẽ gặp
những trường hợp chúng không thể thay thế nhau.
* Không thể dùng “unless” thay cho “if not” trong những trường hợp sau:
- Trong những tình huống không thật. (thường là câu loại 2 và 3)
Ví dụ:
She would be a good friend if she were not selfish.
She would be a good friend unless she were selfish. (sai)
If he had not been absent, he would have known that.
Unless he had been absent, he would have known that. (sai)
- Khi nói về cảm xúc:
I will be disappointed, if you don’t pass the exam.
I will be disappointed, unless you pass the exam. (sai)
- Trong hầu hết các câu hỏi:
Ví dụ:
What do you think if I don’t come?
What do you think unless I come? (sai)

* Không thể dùng “if not” thay cho “unless” trong những trường hợp sau:
- Khi ta nhắc đến việc đã qua với nhận xét về nó. Cách nhận ra tình huống này là có dấu gạch nối
trước unless.

F. Cấu trúc WISH

Loại 1: S + WISH + S + would + V₀
I wish I would see her tomorrow.
Loại 2: S + wish + S + simple past (Subjunctive)
She wishes she were free.
Loại 3: S + wish + S + had + V₃
I wish I had visited her.

G. Câu điều kiện gián tiếp (Conditional sentences in REPORTED SPEECH):

Loại 1-> loại 2
Loại 2, loại 3: -> Loại 2, loại 3 (KHÔNG lùi thì)

Ví dụ:
1. “If I have a lot of money, I’ll build houses for the poor.”, John said.
-> John said if he had a lot of money he would build a house for the poor.
2. “If today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school”, he said.
-> He said if that day were Sunday, they wouldn’t go to school.
3. “If I had not been busy, I would have gone to the countryside with them”, she said.
-> She said if she had not been busy, she would have gone to the countryside with them.
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PHẦN BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG:

EXERCISE 1:
1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.
A. hadn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. wasn't
2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.
A. wouldn't have been B. would have been C. wouldn’t be D. would be
3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.
A. were asked B. would ask C. had been asked D. asked
4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.
A. she has done B. she had done C. she does D. she did
5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal
6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to her.
A. would have been/ hadn't lied B. would be/ didn't lie
C. will be/ don't lie D. would be/ hadn't lied
7. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
A. would invest B. invested C. had invested D. invests
8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.
A. wouldn’t advise B. won't advise C. hadn't advised D. didn't advise
9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.
A. could have climbed B. climb C. is climbing D. climbed
10. If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.
A. climbed B. could climb C. is climbing D. climb
11. If I _____ her phone number, I _____ her last night
A. had known/ could have phoned B. knew/ would have phoned
C. know/ can phone D. knew/ could phone
12. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.
A. tells B. told C. had told D. would tell
13. If you press that button what _____?
A. would happen B. would have happened
C. will happen D. happen
14. She says if she _____ that the traffic lights were red she _____.
A. had realized/ would stop B. realized/ could have stopped
C. has realized/ stopped D. had realized/ would have stopped
15. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I might get fat.
A. stop B. had stopped C. will stop D. stopped
16. If I _____ that yesterday, I _____ them.
A. had discovered/ would inform B. had discovered/ would have informed\
C. had discovered/ could inform D. discovered/ can inform
17. If you _______ to the course regularly, they ________ a certificate last year.
A. go/ gave B. go/ give
C. had gone/ would have given D. went/ would give
18. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.
A. was/ answered B. were / would answer
C. were / would have answered D. had been/ would have answered
19. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. would be
20. If Columbus _______ money from Queen Isabella, he _______ across the Atlantic.
A. do not receive/ could not sail B. had not received/ might not have sailed
C. did not receive/ might not have sailed D. would not receive/ might not sail
D
Exercise 2:
1. If she …………… the lottery last year, She ………… rich now.
A. have won/would be B. had won/would be
C. won/would be D. wins/will be
2. If I …………… the homework last night, I…………… bonus today.
A. had done/would get B. had done/would have got
C. done/would get D. does/will get
3. If we had played this game yesterday, we…………… a lot of money now.
A. will have B. may have C. would have had D. would have
4. If it ……………… last night, it would be cold today.
A. had rained B. rained C. have rained D. was raining
5. If she …………… to me, she ……………… in trouble right now.
A. had listened/would be B. had listened/would have be
C. had listened/would not be D. A & B
6. If it had rained one hour ago, the streets ………… wet now.
A. would have be B. will be C. be D. would be
7. If I ………………. to the beach yesterday, I would be tired today.
A. have gone B. goes C. had gone D. A & B
8. If they had gone to school yesterday, they ………. to the museum now
A. would go B. will go C. could go D. A&C
9. If he had done exercise last night, he ……… soccer right now.
A. will play B. can play C. plays D. could play.
10. If Nina had not gone out last week, she ……………… die now.
A. will B. would C. could D. B&C