EARTH
AND
LIFE SCIENCE
Learning Competencies
❑ Describe the physical and chemical
changes in rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature.
❑ Compare and contrast the formation
of the different types of igneous
rocks. S11/12ES-Ic-18
Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are
formed by the cooling
and crystallization of
molten rocks.
Sedimentary
Rock
Sedimentary rocks are
formed by the
accumulation or
deposition of minerals
or organic particles.
Metamorphic
Rock
Metamorphic rocks came
from preexisting rocks that
may undergo changes in
the mineralogy, texture,
and chemical composition
by the action of heat,
pressure, and chemical
agents.
Metamorphism
Agents of Metamorphism
Different Agents of Metamorphism
heat
heat pressure chemically
or stress active fluids
Different Agents of Metamorphism
DEPTH TEMPERATURE
HEAT is the most important agent of metamorphism.
Different Agents of Metamorphism
DEPTH PRESSURE
Pressure causes the spaces between mineral grains in the buried
rocks to close producing a more compact rock with higher density.
Different Agents of Metamorphism
Aside from pressure and heat, chemically active fluids are the other
agents of metamorphism.
These include water, carbon dioxide, and other volatile materials.
They serve as catalysts for recrystallization.
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Metamorphic Rocks - Formation
Lava intrusions can provide
heat that causes
metamorphic rocks to form.
These small areas of
metamorphic rock form from
contact metamorphism.
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Metamorphic Rocks - Formation
Rocks that metamorphose
because of increasing heat and
pressure found at plate
subduction zones and in deep
mountain roots form large areas
of metamorphic rock through
regional metamorphism.
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Classification of
Metamorphic Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks - Classification
Metamorphic rocks are classified into 2 major groups:
◦Foliated
◦Non-foliated
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Foliation refers to the
arrangement of the
mineral crystals in the
metamorphic rock and is
often exhibited by those
that are formed by
regional metamorphism.
Regional Contact
Metamorphism Metamorphism
Metamorphic Rocks - Classification
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Foliated rocks form when differential pressure causes
minerals to form in layers.
Foliated metamorphic rocks are rocks that exhibit parallel
alignment of minerals.
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Metamorphic Rocks - Classification
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Non-foliated metamorphic rocks formed in areas where
the pressure from all sides was equal, so there is no
“linear” quality to the rocks.
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Metamorphic Rocks - Examples
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Some common types of
metamorphic rock include:
◦Slate
◦Schist
◦Gneiss
◦Amphibolite
◦Marble
◦Quartzite
◦Metaconglomerate
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Foliated metamorphic rocks.
SLATE
SCH IST
GNEISS
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
MARBLE
QUARTZITE
HORNFELS
Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks
• Latin word ignis means “fire”
• Any rock that is formed when magma expelled from
volcanic eruption cools and solidifies at the surface.
• Magma- consists mainly of silicon and oxygen as silica
(SiO2), and lesser amounts of aluminum(Al), calcium (Ca),
sodium (Na), potassium(K), magnesium (Mg), and iron
(Fe).
Igneous Rocks
• Extrusive igneous rocks or volcanic rocks- when
molten rocks solidify at the surface.
• Intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks- igneous
rocks formed at depth.
Igneous Rocks
• Texture describes the overall appearance of the igneous
rocks based on the size, shape, and arrangement of the
interlocking crystals.
Types of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
1. Coarse-grained or phaneritic texture-
consists of large crystals that are
clearly visible to the eye, with or
without a hand lens or microscope.
Example: Granite
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Granite
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Types of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
2. Fine-grained or aphanitic texture-
consists of small crystals that cannot be
seen by the eye even with the aid of a
hand lens.
Example: Basalt
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Basalt
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Types of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
3. Porphyritic rocks-consists of two
minerals having a large difference in grain
size.
Example: Feldspar
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Feldspar
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Types of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
4. Glossy-textured rocks – these are non
crystalline and contain no mineral grains.
Example: Obsidian
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Obsidian
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