Comprehensive Guide to Big Data and Hadoop

Types of Digital Data

Digital data is information that exists in digital form and can be processed by computers.
It is categorized based on structure, format, and usage. The key types of digital data are:

1. **Structured Data**: This type of data is highly organized and stored in relational databases. It
follows a predefined schema, making it easy to search, process, and manage. Examples include
customer records, financial transactions, and inventory management systems.

2. **Unstructured Data**: Unlike structured data, unstructured data does not have a specific format.
It consists of multimedia files, social media content, sensor data, emails, and documents. This data
is difficult to store and analyze using traditional relational databases.

3. **Semi-Structured Data**: Semi-structured data falls between structured and unstructured data. It
has some level of organization but does not follow a rigid schema. Examples include XML, JSON,
and NoSQL databases.

4. **Metadata**: Metadata is data that describes other data. It provides information about a file, such
as author name, creation date, and file type. Metadata helps in categorizing and searching data
efficiently.

5. **Machine-Generated Data**: This type of data is generated by devices, sensors, logs, and
automated systems. Examples include website traffic logs, network logs, and IoT (Internet of Things)
sensor data.

Understanding these types of digital data is essential for businesses and organizations to manage
and utilize data effectively in the digital era.

5 Vs of Big Data

Big Data is defined by five main characteristics, often referred to as the **5 Vs of Big Data**:
1. **Volume**: This refers to the vast amounts of data generated every second. With the rise of
social media, IoT devices, and online transactions, organizations generate petabytes of data that
need to be processed and analyzed.

2. **Velocity**: The speed at which data is generated, collected, and processed is crucial in Big
Data. Streaming data from social media, financial markets, and IoT devices must be analyzed in
real-time for effective decision-making.

3. **Variety**: Data comes in multiple formats, including structured (databases), semi-structured

(JSON, XML), and unstructured (videos, images, text). Handling such diverse data types is one of
the major challenges of Big Data.

4. **Veracity**: Data quality and reliability are essential. Inaccurate or inconsistent data can lead to
poor decision-making. Organizations need to ensure data integrity through data cleaning, validation,
and governance processes.

5. **Value**: The ultimate goal of Big Data is to extract valuable insights. Companies leverage data
analytics, AI, and machine learning to gain actionable insights that drive business success.

The 5 Vs of Big Data highlight the challenges and opportunities in managing and analyzing
large-scale data efficiently.

Business Intelligence (BI)

**Business Intelligence (BI)** refers to the technologies, applications, and strategies used for data
analysis and decision-making in organizations. It involves collecting, processing, and visualizing
data to improve business performance.

### Key Components of Business Intelligence:

1. **Data Warehousing**: BI systems rely on data warehouses that store large volumes of historical
and current data from multiple sources.

2. **Data Mining**: This involves discovering patterns, trends, and relationships within data using
statistical and machine learning techniques.

3. **ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)**: The process of extracting data from multiple sources,
transforming it into a usable format, and loading it into a BI system.

4. **Dashboards & Reporting**: BI tools provide interactive dashboards and reports that visualize
key business metrics and trends.

5. **Predictive Analytics**: Advanced BI solutions integrate AI and machine learning to predict future
trends and outcomes.

Business Intelligence empowers organizations to make data-driven decisions, improve efficiency,

and gain a competitive edge.

Hadoop Architecture

Hadoop is a distributed framework designed to process and store large datasets across multiple
computers. Its architecture consists of three primary components:

### 1. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

HDFS is a distributed storage system that splits large files into smaller blocks and distributes them
across multiple nodes in a Hadoop cluster. It follows a **Master-Slave architecture**:
- **NameNode (Master)**: Manages metadata and directory structure.
- **DataNodes (Slaves)**: Store the actual data and perform read/write operations.

### 2. MapReduce
MapReduce is the processing framework of Hadoop that enables parallel data processing across
multiple nodes. It consists of two main phases:
- **Map Phase**: Divides data into smaller chunks and processes them in parallel.
- **Reduce Phase**: Aggregates the processed data to generate final results.

### 3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator)

YARN is the resource management layer of Hadoop 2 that separates resource allocation from job
scheduling. It consists of:
- **ResourceManager**: Allocates resources across applications.
- **NodeManagers**: Manage resources and monitor task execution.

Hadoop's architecture enables scalable, fault-tolerant, and distributed processing of large datasets.

Comparison Between SQL and Hadoop

### SQL vs Hadoop

| Feature | SQL (Traditional RDBMS) | Hadoop |

|---------|----------------------|---------|
| Data Type | Structured Data | Structured, Semi-structured, Unstructured |
| Processing | Transactional (OLTP) | Batch Processing (OLAP) |
| Scalability | Limited | Highly Scalable |
| Speed | Fast for small datasets | Optimized for large-scale processing |
| Storage | Centralized | Distributed across clusters |

SQL databases are suitable for structured transactional data, while Hadoop excels at processing
large volumes of diverse data types.

Hadoop 1 vs Hadoop 2

### Hadoop 1 vs Hadoop 2

| Feature | Hadoop 1 | Hadoop 2 |

|---------|----------|----------|
| Resource Management | Uses JobTracker and TaskTracker | Uses YARN |
| Scalability | Limited | Highly Scalable |
| Fault Tolerance | Lower | Higher due to YARN |
| Multi-tenancy | Not supported | Supported |
| Efficiency | Less efficient | More efficient |

Hadoop 2 introduced YARN, which improved resource management and efficiency, making it more
scalable for enterprise applications.