15-462 Computer Graphics I Lecture 13
Texture Mapping
Texture Mapping Dealing with Texturing problems Advanced Texturing techniques [Angel 9.2] March 14, 2002 Shayan Sarkar Carnegie Mellon University
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Administrative Stuff
Assignment 5 is due next week Any questions on the lab so far?
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Why Texture Map?
So far we have done flat shading and Gouraud shading
Not good to represent everything in real world
What are some of our other options?
Represent everything with tiny polygons
Geometry would get complicated very quickly
Apply textures across the polygons
This allows for less geometry but the image looks almost as good
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Texture mapping sample
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Basic Concept
We need to find a way to relate a 2D image to a 3D model Thats where texture coordinates come in
A texture coordinate is a 2D coordinate (s,t) which maps to a location on a texture map Generally the texture coordinates are over the interval [0,1]
Assign a texture coordinate to each vertex
The texture coordinate is applied using some function which relates a spot on the texture with a vertex on the 3D model
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Basic Concept
Once you know the spot of the texture which applies to an area of your model, change the RGB value of that part of the model by the values in the texture This is called parametric texture mapping
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Texture Coordinate sample
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Difficulties with texture mapping
Interested in mapping from screen to texture coordinates
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Difficulties with texture mapping
Aliasing issues, it is especially apparent with regular textures
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Some Solutions to Aliasing
Pre-calculate how the texture should look at various distances, then use the appropriate texture. This is called mipmapping
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Some Solutions to Aliasing
Take the average of surround values within the texture before applying the RGB value Bilinear
average of 4 surrounding pixels
Trilinear
two bilinear filters
Anisotropic
elliptical mask over the texture expensive since elliptical mask can change so nothing can be pre-calculated
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Bilinear Filtering
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Trilinear Filtering
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Anisotropic Filtering
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Difficulties with texture mapping
Another difficulty is how to map a 2D image onto an arbitrary 3D model
Ex: If you wanted to map onto a sphere, you cant do it without distorting the texture
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Linear Texture mapping
Do a direct mapping of a block of texture to a surface patch
u = u min v = v min s s min ( u max u min ) + s max s min t t min + ( v max v min ) t max t min
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Two-part mapping
Map texture to intermediate 3D object Map 3D object to the final model Common intermediate objects
Cylinder Cube
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Cube Mapping
Unwrap cube and map texture over the cube
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Cylinder Mapping
Wrap texture along outside of cylinder, not top and bottom
This stops texture from being distorted
x = r cos(2u ) y = r sin( 2u ) z = v/h
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3D Object to Model
This step can be done in many ways
Normal from intermediate surface Normal from object surface Use center of object
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glTexImage2D
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, level, components, width, height, border, format, type, tarray) GL_TEXTURE_2D
Specify that it is a 2D texture
Level
Used for specifying levels of detail for mipmapping (more on this later)
Components
Generally is 0 which means GL_RGB Represents components and resolution of components
Width, Height
The size of the texture must be powers of 2
Border Format, Type
Specify what the data is (GL_RGB, GL_RGBA, ) Specify data type (GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL_BYTE, )
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glTexCoord2f
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, texture->nx, texture->ny, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, texture->pix); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(1.0, 0.0, 1.0); glTexCoord2f(1.0, -1.0); glVertex3f(1.0, 0.0, -1.0); glTexCoord2f(-1.0, -1.0); glVertex3f(-1.0, 0.0, -1.0); glTexCoord2f(-1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(-1.0, 0.0, 1.0); glEnd();
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Other Texture Parameters
glTexParameterf()
Use this function to set how textures repeat
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT) glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP)
Which spot on texture to pick
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST) glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
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Mipmapping in OpenGL
gluBuild2DMipmaps(GL_TEXTURE_2D, components, width, height, format, type, data) This will generate all the mipmaps using gluScaleImage glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST)
This will tell GL to use the mipmaps for the texture
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Mipmapping in OpenGL
If you design the mipmaps yourself
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 128, 128, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, LOD1) glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGB, 64, 64, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, LOD2)
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Other Texturing Issues
glTexEnvi(GL_TEX_ENV, GL_TEX_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE)
Will balance between shade color and texture color
glTexEnvi(GL_TEX_ENV, GL_TEX_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL)
Will replace shade color with texture color
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION, GL_NICEST)
OpenGL does linear interpolation of textures
Works fine for orthographic projections
Allows for OpenGL to correct textures for perspective projection
There is a performance hit
Texture objects
Maintain texture in memory so that it will not have to be loaded constantly
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OpenGL texturing code
Look at sample code This code assumes that its an RGB texture map
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3D Texture Mapping
Almost the same as 2D texture mapping
Texture is a block which objects fit into Texture coordinates are 3D coordinates which equal some value inside the texture block
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Tricks with Texture mapping
Bump Mapping Environment Mapping Light Maps
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Bump Mapping
How do you make a surface look rough?
Option 1: model the surface with many small polygons Option 2: perturb the normal vectors before the shading calculation
the surface doesnt actually change, but shading makes it look that way bump map fakes small displacements above or below the true surface can use texture-mapping for this For the math behind it all look at Angel 9.4
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Bump Mapping
In CG, we can perturb the normal vector without having to make any actual change to the shape. What would be the problems with bump mapping?
Original model (5M)
Simplified (500)
Simple model with bump map
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Environment Mapping
Allows for world to be reflected on an object without modeling the physics Map the world surrounding an object onto a cube Project that cube onto the object During the shading calculation:
Bounce a ray from the viewer off the object (at point P) Intersect the ray with the environment map (the cube), at point E Get the environment maps color at E and illuminate P as if there were a virtual light source at position E You see an image of the environment reflected on shiny surfaces
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Light Mapping
Quake uses light maps in addition to (radiance) texture maps. Texture maps are used to add detail to surfaces, and light maps are used to store pre-computed illumination. The two are multiplied together at run-time, and cached for efficiency.
Radiance Texture Map Only
Radiance Texture + Light Map
Light Map 03/14/2002 15-462 Graphics I 33
Summary
Texture Mapping
Why is it good? Ways of projecting the texture Problems with texture mapping
Hacks you can do with it
Bump mapping Environment Mapping Light Mapping
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Where were headed
This is the last lecture using OpenGL Going to be going into more low-level rendering
Per-pixel stuff Ray-tracing
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