Integral Calculus Formula Sheet

Derivative Rules:

d d n
(c ) = 0 (x ) = nx n −1
dx dx
d d
(sin x) = cos x (cos x) = −sin x
dx
d
dx
d
d x
( )
a = a x ln a
(sec x ) = sec x tan x (csc x ) = − csc x cot x dx
dx
d
dx d x
( )
e = ex
d
(tan x ) = sec2 x (cot x) = − csc2 x dx
dx dx
d d d d d
(cf (x )) = c (f (x )) (f (x )  g (x )) = (f (x ))  ( g (x ))
dx dx dx dx dx
d
(f  g ) = f   g + f  g
 f  f g
  =
 − fg  (f ( g (x ))) = f  ( g (x )) g (x )
g g2 dx

Properties of Integrals:

 kf (u)du = k  f (u)du   f (u)  g (u)du =  f (u)du   g(u)du

a b a

 f (x)dx = 0
a
 f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
a b
c b c b
1
b − a a
fave =

a
f (x)dx = a
f (x)dx +  f (x)dx
b
f (x)dx
a a a


−a
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx if f(x) is even
0

−a
f (x)dx = 0 if f(x) is odd
b f (b)

 g( f (x)) f (x)dx = 
a f (a )
g(u)du  udv = uv −  vdu

Integration Rules:

 du = u + C sin u du = − cos u + C du1 u

 = arctan +C
n+1

 cos u du = sin u + C
u
 undu = n +1
+C a +u
2
a 2 
a

 sec u du = tan u + C u
2
du
du
 u = ln u + C  2 2 = arcsin  + C
 csc2 u = − cot u + C a −u a
 
u
 eudu = eu + C  csc u cot u du = − csc u + C 
du 1
= arc sec
 
+C
1
 a du = ln aa + C u u −a a a
2 2
 sec u tan u du = sec u + C
u u
 
 MYEXAMDATA.COM

d x
F ' ( x) = f (t ) dt = f ( x ) where f (t ) is a continuous function on [a, x].
dx  a

 f ( x) dx = F (b) − F (a ) , where F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x).

b

Riemann Sums:
n n b n

 ca
i =1
i = c  ai
i =1
 n→ 
f (x)dx = lim f (a + ix)x
a i=1
n n n
b−a
a
i =1
i + bi =  ai +  bi
i =1 i =1
x =
n
n
(height of ith rectangle)  (width of ith rectangle)
1 = n
i =1
i

Right Endpoint Rule:

n
n(n +1) n n
i =
i =1 2  f (a + ix)(x) =  ( (b−a)
n
) f (a + i (b−a)
n
)
i =1 i =1
n
n(n +1)(2n +1)
 i2 =
i =1 6
Left Endpoint Rule:
n n
n
 n(n + 1) 
2
 f (a + (i −1)x)(x) =  ( (b−a) ) f (a + (i −1) (b−a) )

n n
i3 =   i=1 i=1
i =1  2 
Midpoint Rule:
n n

 f (a + ( (i−1)+i
2 ) x)(x) =  ( (b−a)
n
) f (a + ( (i−1)+i
2 ) (b−a)
n
)
i=1 i=1

Net Change:

b b t t

Displacement:  v(x)dx
a
Distance Traveled:  v(x) dx
a
s(t) = s(0) +  v(x)dx
0
Q(t) = Q(0) +  Q(x)dx
0

Trig Formulas:

sin2 (x) = 1
(1− cos(2x)) tan x =
sin x
sec x =
1 cos(− x) = cos(x) sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
2
cos x cos x
cos2 (x) = 1
(1+ cos(2x)) cot x =
cos x
csc x =
1 sin(− x) = − sin(x) tan2 (x) +1 = sec2 (x)
2
sin x sin x

Geometry Fomulas:

Area of a Square: Area of a Triangle: Area of an Area of a Circle: Area of a

A = s2 A = 1 bh Equilateral Trangle: A =  r2 Rectangle:
2
A= 3 2
s A = bh
4
Areas and Volumes:

Area in terms of x (vertical rectangles): Area in terms of y (horizontal rectangles):

b d

 (top − bottom)dx
a
 (right − left)dy
c

General Volumes by Slicing: Disk Method:

Given: Base and shape of Cross‐sections For volumes of revolution laying on the axis with
b
slices perpendicular to the axis
V =  A(x)dx if slices are vertical b

V =    R(x)  dx if slices are vertical

a 2
d
a

V =  A( y)dy if slices are horizontal d

V =    R( y)  dy if slices are horizontal

c 2

Washer Method: Shell Method:

For volumes of revolution not laying on the axis with For volumes of revolution with slices parallel to the
slices perpendicular to the axis axis
b b

V =    R(x) −   r(x)  dx if slices are vertical V =  2rhdx if slices are vertical

2 2

a a
d d

V =    R( y)  −   r( y)  dy if slices are horizontal V =  2rhdy if slices are horizontal

2 2

c c

Physical Applications:

Physics Formulas Associated Calculus Problems

Mass: Mass of a one‐dimensional object with variable linear
Mass = Density * Volume (for 3‐D objects) density:
Mass = Density * Area (for 2‐D objects) b b

Mass = Density * Length (for 1‐D objects) Mass =  (linear density) d⏟x =   (x)dx
a distance a

Work: Work to stretch or compress a spring (force varies):

b b b
Work = Force * Distance
Work = Mass * Gravity * Distance Work =  ( force)dx =  F (x)dx =  k⏟x dx
Work = Volume * Density * Gravity * Distance a a a Hooke ' s Law
for springs

Work to lift liquid:

d

Work =  (gravity)(density)(distance) (area

c – o–fa slic
– e)
– dy
– volume
d

W =  9.8*  * A( y)*(a − y)dy (inmetric)

c

Force/Pressure: Force of water pressure on a vertical surface:

Force = Pressure * Area d

Pressure = Density * Gravity * Depth Force =  (gravity)(density)(depth) (wid

–th)dy
–
c area
d

F =  9.8*  *(a − y)* w( y)dy (inmetric)

c
Integration by Parts:

Knowing which function to call u and which to call dv takes some practice. Here is a general guide:
u Inverse Trig Function ( sin−1 x, arccos x, etc )
Logarithmic Functions ( log 3x, ln(x +1), etc )
Algebraic Functions x + 5,1 / x, etc )
( x3 ,
Trig Functions ( sin(5x), tan(x), etc )
dv Exponential Functions ( e3x , 53x , etc )
Functions that appear at the top of the list are more like to be u, functions at the bottom of the list are more like to be dv.

Trig Integrals:
Integrals involving sin(x) and cos(x): Integrals involving sec(x) and tan(x):
1. If the power of the sine is odd and positive: 1. If the power of sec( x) is even and positive:
Goal: u = cos x Goal: u = tan x
i. Save a du = sin(x)dx
i. Save a du = sec ( x)dx
2

ii. Convert the remaining factors to

ii. Convert the remaining factors to
cos( x) (using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x .)
tan( x) (using sec x = 1 + tan x .)
2 2

2. If the power of the cosine is odd and positive: 2. If the power of tan( x) is odd and positive:
Goal: u = sin x Goal: u = sec( x)
i. Save a du = cos( x)dx i. Save a du = sec( x) tan( x)dx
ii. Convert the remaining factors to ii. Convert the remaining factors to
sin( x) (using cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x .)
sec( x) (using sec x − 1 = tan x .)
2 2

3. If both sin( x) and cos( x) have even powers: • If there are no sec(x) factors and the power of
Use the half angle identities: tan(x) is even and positive, use sec x − 1 = tan x
2 2

i. sin ( x) = 1 (1 − cos(2x))
2
2 2
2 to convert one tan x to sec x
ii. cos (x) =
2 1

2
(1 + cos(2x)) • Rules for sec(x) and tan(x) also work for csc(x) and
cot(x) with appropriate negative signs
If nothing else works, convert everything to sines and cosines.

Trig Substitution:
Expression Substitution Domain Simplification
 
u = a sin −  
a2 − u2 2 2 a2 − u2 = a cos
 
u = a tan −  
a2 + u2 2 2 a2 + u2 = a sec

u = a sec 0     , 
u2 − a2 2 u2 − a2 = a tan

Partial Fractions:
Linear factors: Irreducible quadratic factors:
P(x)
=
A
+
B
+ ... +
Y
+
Z P(x) Ax + B Cx + D Wx + X Yx + Z
(x − r )m (x − r ) (x − r )2 (x − r )m−1 (x − r )m
= + + ... + 2 +
1 1 1 1 1
(x2 + r )m (x2 + r ) (x2 + r )2 (x + r )m−1 (x2 + r )m
1 1 1 1 1
If the fraction has multiple factors in the denominator, we just add the decompositions.