The image provides terms commonly used in a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).

Let's go through
each one with an explanation and example.

1. Eta-Squared (η²)

Explanation: Eta-squared (η²) is a measure of effect size, representing the proportion of variance in the
dependent variable (Y) that is explained by the independent variable (X). It ranges from 0 to 1, with
higher values indicating a stronger effect of X on Y.

Example: Suppose you are studying the effect of different types of diets (X) on weight loss (Y). After
conducting an ANOVA, you calculate an η² of 0.3, meaning 30% of the variance in weight loss can be
explained by diet type.

2. F Statistic

Explanation: The F statistic tests the null hypothesis that the means of the groups (categories of X) are
equal. It is calculated as the ratio of mean square between groups to mean square within groups.

Example: Continuing with the diet study, you want to test if there is a significant difference in weight loss
between the diet groups. The F statistic calculated from the ANOVA would help you determine if the
differences between the group means are statistically significant.

3. Mean Square

Explanation: Mean square is obtained by dividing the sum of squares (SS) by the degrees of freedom
(df). There are mean square values for both between-group variation (MS_between) and within-group
variation (MS_within).

Example: In the diet study, the mean square between groups shows the variation in weight loss between
diet types, while the mean square within groups shows the variation within each diet group.

4. SS_between (Sum of Squares Between)

Explanation: SS_between represents the variation in Y (weight loss) that is due to the differences
between the means of different groups (diet types).

Example: Suppose SS_between is high in your diet study; this suggests that there is considerable
variation in weight loss based on diet type, meaning diet might have a strong effect on weight loss.

5. SS_within (Sum of Squares Within)

Explanation: SS_within measures the variation within each category of X. It represents the error or
unexplained variation in Y that cannot be accounted for by the differences between groups.

Example: If SS_within is high in the diet study, it implies that weight loss varies a lot within each diet
type, suggesting that other factors (e.g., exercise, metabolism) might also influence weight loss.

6. SS_y (Total Sum of Squares)

Explanation: SS_y represents the total variation in Y, combining both the between-group and within-
group variations.
Example: In the diet study, SS_y would represent the total variation in weight loss for all participants,
considering all diets.

Issue interpret

When interpreting ANOVA results, several important issues arise. These include interactions, the relative
importance of factors, and multiple comparisons. Here’s a breakdown of each, along with examples to
clarify.

1. Interactions

Explanation: An interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable (factor) on the
dependent variable depends on the level of another independent variable. In one-way ANOVA, we
typically test for a single factor, so interactions aren’t relevant. However, in factorial ANOVA (when there
are multiple factors), interactions are a key component of the analysis.

Example: Suppose you’re studying the effect of diet type and exercise on weight loss. If there is an
interaction between diet and exercise, this means the effectiveness of a particular diet on weight loss
depends on whether or not the person exercises. For instance, a low-carb diet might be more effective
with high-intensity exercise but less effective without exercise. Identifying interactions helps you
understand that factors may not act independently.

2. Relative Importance of Factors

Explanation: In studies with multiple factors, it's important to understand which factor has the greatest
impact on the dependent variable. Relative importance indicates the strength or influence of each factor.
In factorial ANOVA, we can examine main effects to compare the contribution of each factor.

Example: Continuing with the weight loss study, let’s say you’re analyzing the effects of diet type and
sleep quality on weight loss. After running ANOVA, you find that diet type has a larger effect size (higher
η²) than sleep quality, meaning diet type has a stronger influence on weight loss than sleep quality. This
helps prioritize which factor to focus on for greater impact.

3. Multiple Comparisons

Explanation: When ANOVA reveals significant differences among group means, it does not tell you
specifically which groups differ from each other. To pinpoint these differences, you perform multiple
comparisons (also known as post hoc tests). However, with multiple tests, there’s an increased risk of
Type I errors (false positives). Adjustments, like Bonferroni or Tukey’s HSD, are often applied to control
this risk.

Example: In a study testing different diets (say Diet A, Diet B, and Diet C), ANOVA might show a
significant difference in weight loss among the groups. To determine which specific diets differ, you could
perform a Tukey’s HSD test. This post hoc test would tell you, for instance, that Diet A results in
significantly more weight loss than Diet B, but there’s no significant difference between Diet A and Diet
C.