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Complex Numbers & Phasors Guide

The document provides a review of complex numbers and their properties, including rectangular and polar forms, complex conjugates, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and division. It also discusses phasor techniques for solving sinusoidally time-varying voltage sources in circuits, detailing a step-by-step procedure for converting time-dependent variables into the phasor domain and back. The objective is to find the instantaneous current by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and utilizing phasor algebra.

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9 views14 pages

Complex Numbers & Phasors Guide

The document provides a review of complex numbers and their properties, including rectangular and polar forms, complex conjugates, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and division. It also discusses phasor techniques for solving sinusoidally time-varying voltage sources in circuits, detailing a step-by-step procedure for converting time-dependent variables into the phasor domain and back. The objective is to find the instantaneous current by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and utilizing phasor algebra.

Uploaded by

mhmtyvuzz01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electromagnetic Wave Theory

----Chap II----
H. Açıkgöz
2020-2021
Review of Complex Numbers

Any complex number z can be expressed in rectangular form as

where x and y are the real (Re) and imaginary (Im) parts of z, respectively, and j =√−1.

Alternatively, z may be cast in polar form as

where |z| is the magnitude of z, θ is its phase angle, and ∠θ is a useful shorthand representation for ejθ .

Applying Euler’s identity,


Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers

The complex conjugate of z is obtained by replacing j (wherever it appears)


with −j

The magnitude |z|


Review of Complex Numbers

Properties of complex algebra

Equality: If two complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by

then z1 = z2 if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 or, equivalently, |z1| = |z2| and θ1 = θ2.

Addition:

Multiplication:
Review of Complex Numbers

Properties of complex algebra

Division: For z2 ≠ 0,
Review of Complex Numbers

Properties of complex algebra

Powers: For any positive integer n,

Useful Relations:
Review of Phasors

Sinusoidally time-varying voltage source:

where V0 is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency,


and φ0 is a reference phase.
RC circuit connected to a voltage source υs(t).

Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law gives the following loop equation:

Objective: i(t) ?

It is easier to solve this equation by taking the advantage of the pahsor domain solution technique
Review of Phasors

Solution Procedure

Step 1: Adopt a cosine reference where we used the properties:

sinx =cos(π/2−x) and


cos(−x)=cosx.

Step 2: Express time-dependent variables as phasors

where 𝑍෨ is a time-independent function called the phasor of the instantaneous function z(t)

The voltage υs(t) given by the integro-differential equation can be cast in the form

where
The phasor 𝑉෨𝑠 correponding to the time function υs(t) contains amplitude and phase
information but is independent of the time variable t.
Review of Phasors

Solution Procedure

ሚ
Next we define the unknown variable i(t) in terms of a phasor 𝐼,

if the equation we are trying to solve contains derivatives or integrals, we use the
following two properties:

Derivative

Integral
Review of Phasors

Solution Procedure

Step 3: Recast the differential/integral equation in phasor form

Combining all three terms under the same real-part (Re) operator leads to

If a sine reference were adopted:

since 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 ≠ 0, it follows that

The time factor 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 has disappeared because it was contained in all three terms.
Review of Phasors

Solution Procedure

Step 4: Solve the phasor-domain equation

The phasor current 𝐼ሚ is given by

Convert the right hand side into the form 𝐼0 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 with 𝐼0 being a real quantity.

where we have used the identity 𝑗 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜋/2

The phase angle associated with


Review of Phasors

Solution Procedure
Step 5: Find the instantaneous value

To find i(t), we simply apply and then take the real part

In summary, we converted all time-varying quantities into the phasor domain, solved for the
phasor 𝐼ሚ of the desired instantaneous current i(t), and then converted back to the time domain to
obtain an expression for i(t).
Review of Phasors

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