CEEM222

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) MECHANICAL

MEC 435

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

TITLE: MINI-PROJECT REPORT (TRICYCLE KIDS)

GROUP: EMD3M2C

PREPARED BY:

NAME UITM ID NO.

NUR FARHANA AINI BINTI MOHD ZUNIJAM 2023643582

NUR AMIRAH BINTI GHAFAR 2023899504

NURUL A’QILAH BINTI MOHD NASNOR 2023836848

NUR EZZA NISHA SYAHERAH BINTI M0HAMMAD EZAM 2023406006

PREPARED FOR: IR. TS. DR. KAUSALYAH A/P VENKATASON

SEMESTER: OKT 2024 - JAN 2025

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT................................................................................................... 5
1.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................6
1.3 REASONS CHOOSING THIS PRODUCT.......................................................................10
2.0 JUSTIFICATION.................................................................................................................... 11
3.0 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN....................................................................................................... 13
3.1 IDENTIFY PROBLEMS AND NEEDS............................................................................. 13
3.2 BENCHMARK OF TRICYCLE......................................................................................... 14
3.3 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE.............................................................................17
3.4 PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION............................................................................18
3.5 GATHERING INFORMATION..........................................................................................20
3.6 MORPHOLOGICAL CHART...........................................................................................21
3.7 PUGH CHARTS.............................................................................................................. 24
4.0 PRODUCT MODIFICATION..................................................................................................25
5.0 PRODUCT ETHICAL PRINCIPLE........................................................................................ 26
6.0 PART LIST............................................................................................................................ 28
7.0 MANUFACTURING PROCESS............................................................................................ 30
7.0 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS.............................................................................................. 34
8.0 DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................ 36
9.0 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................37
10.0 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 38
11.0 APPENDIX...........................................................................................................................39

Table 1: Benchmark Tricycle​ 16

Table 2: Advantage and Disadvantage​ 17
Table 3: Morphological​ 24
Table 4: Pugh Chart​ 25
Table 5: Modification​ 27
Table 6: Part List​ 31

Figure 1: Tricycle Kids​ 4

Figure 2: Aware of tricycle kids​ 11
Figure 3: Chart Pie if difficult to teach youngster​ 11
Figure 4: Chart Pie suitable tricycle​ 12
Figure 5: Chart Pie suitable age 2 years and above​ 12
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Children’s tricycles are three-wheeled vehicles made specifically for small children to
ride on. These tricycles often have a low, sturdy design that helps kids balance and ride on their
own. For toddlers and preschoolers who are still honing their motor skills and coordination, they
are perfect. From basic models to extra features like bells, storage baskets, or even push
handles that allow parents to help their child while they learn to ride, tricycles come in a wide
range of styles and colors. There’s many key features of a typical kid’s tricycle, including pedals,
handlebars, seats, and safety features. They’re a great technique to help kids develop their
strength, coordination, and confidence.

A tricycle is a great way to help your child develop their coordination and balance in
different body areas. It improves synchronisation between different muscle groups and helps
refine your toddler’s many motor abilities. As your youngster becomes proficient at steering,
you’ll discover that riding a bicycle successfully fosters the development of hand-eye
coordination. Additionally, it helps strengthen arm-leg coordination as your toddler gains the
ability to climb on and off the tricycle and ride it with better balance. One noteworthy aspect is
that as your preschooler learns to balance and ride his tricycle correctly, his hands, arms, and
legs work together in a proper manner.
 In order to address environmental issues, modern tricycles use sustainable materials like
recycled plastics or eco-friendly coatings. Tricycles are becoming more and more popular
because of their lightweight and foldable features, which make them more practical for urban
families. Children's tricycles are more than just toys; they are instruments for enjoyment,
development, and learning. With features that put safety, versatility, and environmental
sustainability first, contemporary tricycles enhance kids' growth while catering to a variety of
family needs. For young riders, choosing the correct tricycle can result in years of enjoyment
and developmental advantages.

Figure 1: Tricycle Kids

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Children’s tricycles are essential tools for early physical development, motor skill
enhancement, and outdoor play. However, many existing tricycles face challenges such as
limited ergonomic design, safety concerns, and durability issues. Poor ergonomics can result in
discomfort or improper posture for young riders, while inadequate safety features, such as
insufficient stability or lack of protective measures, may increase the risk of accidents.
Additionally, low-quality materials or designs often lead to a reduced lifespan, making tricycles
less cost-effective for parents.

In the context of modern needs, there is also a lack of innovation in integrating

sustainable materials or adjustable features to accommodate a growing child. These gaps
highlight the need for a redesigned tricycle that addresses ergonomic comfort, enhanced safety,
durability, and adaptability to ensure a better experience for both children and their parents.
1.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

There are several goals while designing a children’s tricycle to make sure it is secure, useful,
and entertaining for youngsters.

1.​ Ease of use and assembly

​ Ease of use and assembly are important considerations when creating a tricycle
for children to ensure that both parents and children have a pleasant experience. A
well-designed tricycle should be simple and straightforward for children to use, even if
they are using it for the first time. Ergonomic handlebars, a comfy seat, and smooth,
low-resistance wheels let kids control and manoeuvre the tricycle. Adjustable
components, such as the seat and handlebars, allow the tricycle to grow alongside the
child, assuring comfort and utility throughout time. Furthermore, lightweight frames allow
children to manoeuvre the trike with ease, decreasing strain while riding.
​ A simple-to-assemble tricycle is essential for parents and carers. Clear,
straightforward directions and a few tools necessary for construction make the procedure
faster and less difficult. Tricycles with pre-assembled or easily attachable components,
such as wheels and handlebars, can greatly minimise setup time. If the tricycle has
movable components, the technique should allow for simple changes to meet the child's
growth. The design should guarantee that all pieces fit securely and are easy to install,
decreasing the likelihood of errors and assuring safety from the outset.

2.​ Adaptability and transformation

Adaptability and transformation are crucial features of a children's tricycle
because they allow the product to grow with the child, offering long-term usability and
value. A well-designed tricycle should be able to adapt to the changing needs of a child
as they develop. This incorporates adjustable elements such as seat height and
handlebar adjustment to keep the tricycle comfortable and ergonomic as the youngster
grows. Some tricycles feature adjustable pedals or footrests that can be moved to
accommodate the child's growth stages. Furthermore, tricycles that can be converted
from a basic model to a balancing bike or even a two-wheeled bicycle provide
extraordinary versatility, allowing the same device to support multiple stages of a child's
learning process.
 Transformation characteristics make a tricycle more versatile by allowing it to
switch between multiple modes or functionalities. A 3-in-1 tricycle, for example, can
transition from a push tricycle for younger toddlers to a ride-on tricycle with pedals and
eventually to a balancing bike as the child's coordination and confidence improve. Such
modifications allow the tricycle to evolve as the child's abilities increase, making it an
excellent choice for families searching for a product that will grow alongside their child.
This type of metamorphosis not only increases the life of the tricycle but also promotes a
smoother learning curve for youngsters as they progress from one level to the next.

3.​ Safety and stability

​ When creating a tricycle for children, safety and stability are critical since they
have a direct impact on the child's comfort and confidence when riding. A safe tricycle
design should have several critical characteristics to reduce dangers while in use. First,
a low centre of gravity helps to prevent tipping, keeping the tricycle balanced and stable
even throughout turns. Furthermore, the tricycle should have non-slip pedals, soft grip
handlebars, and a sturdy seat to keep the child comfortable and in charge. The use of
rounded edges and non-toxic, child-safe materials improves safety by lowering the
chance of injury from sharp objects or hazardous substances. Parents can also use
safety measures like a foot brake or a back wheel lock to maintain control of the trike
when necessary. To ensure that the tricycle is safe for children, it must meet safety
criteria and be certified. Stability is essential for young riders, particularly those who are
learning to balance. Tricycles with a broader wheelbase and larger, rubberised tires give
improved traction and balance, lowering the risk of toppling. A tricycle with three wheels
is more stable than a two-wheeled bike, providing additional support as children acquire
confidence. Some tricycles include supplementary features such as stabilising wheels or
training wheels to help children and beginners maintain their balance. Proper weight
distribution in the frame helps to maintain stability during movement.
To summarise, a well-designed tricycle for children prioritises safety with secure
components, non-toxic materials, and accident-prevention features, while also assuring
stability with a wide base, large wheels, and a balanced frame to make children feel
secure and confident while riding.
4.​ Comfort and ergonomics
Comfort and ergonomics are important concerns in the design of a children's
tricycle, as they ensure that the child has a pleasant and safe riding experience while
also encouraging healthy physical development. A comfy tricycle helps youngsters to
ride for extended lengths of time without becoming uncomfortable or tired. Key comfort
elements include a well-padded, adjustable seat that supports the child's posture and
provides enough cushioning. The seat height should be adjustable to fit youngsters of
various sizes and allow for optimal leg extension while pedalling. Soft-grip handlebars
improve comfort by decreasing hand strain and fostering a solid grip. The pedals should
be designed such that youngsters can easily reach and push them without having to
extend their legs, resulting in a more enjoyable ride.
Ergonomically built tricycles are essential for encouraging healthy physical
development, especially in young children who are still establishing their motor abilities.
The handlebars should be at a height that children may hold comfortably without
straining their arms or shoulders. Similarly, the frame design should allow the youngster
to sit erect or at a natural tilt, preventing poor posture. Adjustable elements like the seat
and handlebars allow the tricycle to grow with the child, keeping them in a comfortable,
ergonomically sound posture as they grow. Proper legroom and foot placement on the
pedals promote greater control and balance when riding.

5.​ Stability and durability

​ Stability and durability are important design considerations for children's tricycles
since they have a direct impact on both safety and product longevity, ensuring that it can
survive the rigours of everyday use while keeping the youngster secure. A stable tricycle
reduces accidents and increases the child's confidence when riding. Stability is heavily
determined by the tricycle's design, particularly its wheelbase and frame structure. A
larger wheelbase improves balance, making it less likely to flip over during spins or when
the child is beginning to ride. Larger, rubberised tires provide superior traction, lowering
the chance of slipping and increasing stability on a variety of surfaces. A low centre of
gravity improves stability by keeping the trike grounded even when the child leans or
shifts their weight. Some tricycles additionally include stabilising wheels or bigger rear
wheels for added balance, which can be especially useful for younger or less
experienced riders.
 ​ Durability means that the trike can resist the wear and tear of everyday use, such
as outside play and hard handling. Tricycles manufactured of high-quality materials,
such as steel or reinforced plastic frames, are more durable and resistant to impact and
weather damage. Scratch-resistant paint and UV-protected materials assist to preserve
the tricycle's beauty and prevent fading over time. The wheels should be strong, with
rubber tires that are both durable and provide a smooth ride on diverse surfaces.
Fasteners and joints should be securely built to resist repeated load without loosening or
breaking. Durability is also maintained when the tricycle is designed for easy
maintenance, allowing parents to repair or replace parts as needed, extending the trike's
lifespan.

6.​ Versatility and growth

Versatility and growth are important concerns in the design of a children's tricycle
because they ensure the product adjusts to the child's changing needs over time,
delivering both long-term usability and value. A multifunctional tricycle can be used for a
variety of activities during a child's development. Many modern tricycles are meant to
grow with the child and include adjustable features like seat height, handlebar position,
and pedal location. This allows the tricycle to grow with the child, providing a pleasant
ride as they gain height and competence. Some tricycles can also switch from a push
tricycle (in which the parent pushes the child) to a pedal-powered tricycle when the
youngster learns to ride independently. This versatility transforms the tricycle into a
multi-functional instrument that supports all stages of a child's learning experience, from
early toddlerhood to more sophisticated riding abilities.
The capacity of a tricycle to grow with the child is an important feature because it
increases the product's lifespan and makes it a viable investment. Many tricycles are
built to adapt to the child's growing size and ability, with movable seats and handlebars
that may be changed as the youngster grows. Some versions can also be changed into
balancing bikes or two-wheeled bikes once the child is ready to progress, promoting
additional growth and ensuring a smooth transfer from one phase to the next. These
adaptable qualities enable the tricycle to be useful even beyond the toddler years,
promoting the child's physical development and boosting their confidence as they grow.
1.3 REASONS CHOOSING THIS PRODUCT
Tricycles are frequently utilized as young children's first riding experiences, making them
an important product for design, safety, and functionality examination and improvement.
Focussing on safety and ergonomics is critical, as children require designs that promote
physical growth while reducing the danger of injury. Redesigning a tricycle enables the team to
solve these crucial issues. The tricycle's structure also provides important mechanical design
options, such as frame design, weight distribution, stability, and movement mechanics, allowing
you to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world engineering issues. Additionally, tricycles
provide opportunities for innovation by introducing features like changeable components,
sustainable materials, or modern safety advancements that fit with current market trends and
customer needs. Considering their popularity and consistent demand.
2.0 JUSTIFICATION
Stephan Farffler, a handicapped German watchmaker, developed tricycles to be used as
wheelchairs to travel around. The first tricycle was created in 1680 by It used hand cranks and a
sequence of gears rather than pedals. The availability of tricycle kids has increased children's
mobility, allowing them to practice balancing their bikes or walking. Surveys were conducted to
research and acquire information from the local community on how tricycle youngsters would
do. Figure 2 shows that some parents still do not have experience with tricycle kids. This
demonstrates that tricycle kids are still disliked with people.

Figure 2: Aware of tricycle kids

On the other side, according to figure 3, most parents find it difficult to teach their
children how to walk and balance their bodies. As a result, we are here to design
tricycles that are more appropriate for youngsters. This demonstrates that individuals
find it difficult to teach their children.

Figure 3: Chart Pie if difficult to teach youngster

According to the data, 82.9% of respondents to this poll believe that three-in-one tricycles are
more suited for balancing and managing than big tricycles and electric tricycles. This is due to
the utilisation of wheels, with another wheel supporting the tiny wheel. In addition, the design
may pique parents' curiosity.

Figure 4: Chart Pie suitable tricycle

Tricycles for children should be appropriate for ages ranging from 2 to 7 years old, with limited
contact for those under 2 and 12 years old (see Figure 5). This demonstrates that the tricycle
kids are suitable for children aged two and up.

Figure 5: Chart Pie suitable age 2 years and above

3.0 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

3.1 IDENTIFY PROBLEMS AND NEEDS

No Problems Needs

1. Normal and standard tricycles cannot be The tricycle need to be designed as a

folded into a smaller size, thus it is difficult folded tricycle to make it more portable
to carry anywhere and difficult to store.

2. Normal tricycle cannot play outdoor only in The tire must be suitable to play outdoors
indoors or indoors.

3. Standard tricycles are too heavy when we The application of the material needs to
need to lift them up. suit the needs from customers, which is a
lightweight tricycle
3.2 BENCHMARK OF TRICYCLE
Three varieties of tricycles—Big Tricycle, 3-in-1 Tricycle, and Electric Tricycle—were
selected and evaluated for product benchmarking purposes. Both have distinct characteristics in
terms of design, stability, performance, and so on. Table 2.1 below displays the features of each
model of tricycle.

Name Big Tricycle 3 in 1 Tricycle Electric Tricycle Kids

Picture
Criteria

Perfomance ●​ The huge rubber ●​ Designed for ●​ Ideal for flat indoor
wheels with deep diverse terrain, with surfaces or smooth
treads make them smoother outside pavements.
ideal for tough and routes. ●​ Plastic wheels have
uneven terrains. ●​ The rubber tires inadequate traction
●​ When it comes to provide grip, but the and durability on
mud, gravel, and smaller auxiliary tough or uneven
grass, this tricycle wheels may hinder terrain.
outperforms the performance on ●​ Very user-friendly,
competition. lumpy or uneven particularly for
●​ Pedalling and ground. novices.
steering need greater ●​ Suitable for ●​ The low seat height
muscle and somewhat older and backrest make
coordination; youngsters who it pleasant and
therefore, they are have acquired motor easy to ride for
best suited for older abilities. young children.
or stronger ●​ Comfortable design,
youngsters. but lacks the
●​ Toddlers may have support elements
difficulty mounting or (such as a backrest)
dismounting because of the Tricycle 1.
of the high seat
height.
Safety ●​ Larger wheels ●​ Fully enclosed ●​ Fully enclosed
provide more traction wheels decrease wheels decrease
but may be less safe the possibility of feet the possibility of
on uneven terrain getting entangled. feet getting
due to their greater ●​ The rounded entangled.
centre of gravity. corners and low ●​ The rounded
●​ A lack of a visible profile make it corners and low
backrest may make suitable for small profile make it
children less secure. toddlers. suitable for small
●​ The pedals are ●​ The seated posture toddlers.
further from the seat, appears to be ●​ The seated
which may cause secure, with a posture appears to
instability in smaller backrest. be secure, with a
children. backrest.

Durability ●​ Long-term durability ●​ For durability, it ●​ It appears to be

is suggested by the probably combines composed of tough
sturdy rubber wheels plastic and metal plastic, which is
and all-metal frame. parts, making it weather-resistant
●​ Best suited for suitable for harsher but less sturdy than
off-road and outdoor use and outdoor metal.
applications. play. ●​ Ideal for indoor or
smooth outdoor
use.

Ergonomic ●​ Traditional designs ●​ Modern design with ●​ A backrest and

may not fit extremely a comfy seat but ergonomic grips
small children. less back support make this chair
●​ The elevated sitting than Electric ideal for smaller
and pedal posture Tricycle Kids. children.
may strain little legs. ●​ The hand grips are ●​ Its small size and
conveniently lightweight design
positioned for easy make it easy to
use. transport.

Stability ●​ The bigger wheels ●​ Dual rear wheels ●​ The wide front and
provide excellent give strong stability, back wheels
stability on uneven although its taller provide exceptional
ground, but they frame may lower stability.
might tilt if the rider overall balance ●​ The low height
leans too much. significantly when further improves
compared to balance and makes
Tricycle 1. tipping rare.

Aesthetic Old Modern Modern

Cost High Low Medium

Weight 21 kg 2.8 kg 3 kg

Size 93.98cm (L) × 33.02cm 82cm (L) × 43cm (W) × 75cm × (L) × 44CM ×
(W) × 60.96cm (H) 50cm (H) 55cm (H)

Suitable All ages 2 - 10 years 3–7 years

Age

Suitable 61 cm and up 85 - 120 cm 56 - 100 cm

height

Maximum 90kg 90kg 25kg

Load

Table 1: Benchmark Tricycle

3.3 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Table 2.2 summarises the advantages and disadvantages of the 3-in-1 tricycle based on
the preceding benchmarking. It is particularly beneficial for analysing and improving the quality
of the product, as well as preventing the production of rejected products.

Advantage Disadvantage

Its have modern design Sits not friendly to kids

More affordable prices Durability concern (shorter lifespan)

The weight is lighter

Have many mode

Table 2: Advantage and Disadvantage
3.4 PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION
1.​ Product Identification
●​ 3 in 1 tricycle.

●​ Function:
❖​ To create a small but many-mode tricycle with new functions and features.
❖​ To help children play and learn how to balance by using a tricycle instead of
walking
❖​ To create a tricycle that can develop coordination and physical strength in a
more comprehensive way.
❖​ To make children enjoy riding the tricycle comfortably.
●​ Special feature:
➔​ The tricycle can be folded and easy to keep anywhere because it
becomes compact.
➔​ The tricycle has excellent safety using high-quality material and an
anti-rollover design with triangular support design.
➔​ The weight of the 3-in-1 tricycle is very light compared to other tricycle
bikes.
➔​ The performance for the tricycle is very excellent because it is equipped
with many modes.

2.​ Market identification

●​ Market size: 2000–4000 units/year.
●​ Branding strategy: online and offline shop.
●​ The major promotional platforms are the website, television, and well-known
social media influencers.

3.​ Key Project Target

●​ The project will take three to fourteen weeks to complete.
●​ The project's deadline will be March 2025.
4.​ Physical Description
●​ The main part that is required for the product is the body view.
●​ Material of the product is stainless steel, microfiber, aluminium, alloy, and others.
●​ Equipped with microfibre material for the seat to ensure better durability for long
usage.
●​ Weight is 3 kg
5.​ Financial Requirement
●​ The warranty policy of this product is for a period of 6 months.
●​ Target manufacturing cost is RM 150 000.
●​ Target selling price is RM 200,000.
●​ Get a free bell.

6.​ Life Cycle Target

●​ The product can be used for a long time period compared to other competitors.
●​ Maintenance of the equipment is very easy and not so expensive.

7.​ Social, Political and Legal requirements

●​ Follows the safety and environment regulations, which are applicable to the
government regulations for all intended markets.
●​ Material used is to comply with the best selection of material

8.​ Manufacturing Specification

●​ Manufacturing will be made 100% in Malaysia.
●​ All the material will be chosen by the company.
●​ Suppliers will be contacted after all the details have been determined.
●​ Body parts, handles, rims, paddles, and others will be made in production and
assembly.
3.5 GATHERING INFORMATION
1.​ Brainstorming and discussion

For this assignment, all of the group members decided to share and discuss the most
suitable design of a tricycle in the classroom or in modern days via ”Whatsapp or Google
Meet." First, we gather information for the tricycle's main body, which houses the
majority of the product's components. We addressed the other pieces' designs and how
they might all be compatible with the tricycle's main body during our next meeting. After
discussing and gathering information, we identified numerous issues to address,
including:
1)​ What body style is best for a motorcycle?
2)​ How much weight can this product withstand?
3)​ How well did the plan work for all age groups?
4)​ How do we balance the tricycle with the chosen designs?
5)​ Which motorcycle tyre increased the safety of its users?
6)​ Was the length of the main body sufficient to support loads?
2. Website
In addition to brainstorming, group members gathered and analysed online
resources to help create the e-scooter. There were various e-scooter designs
available on the internet, which helped us create a better and more dependable
design. We gathered data from websites regarding e-scooter specifications,
design, and proportions, resulting in a safe and appealing design.
3.6 MORPHOLOGICAL CHART

Class Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Size of Wheels

Small wheels (10 cm Medium wheels (20 cm Large wheels (30 cm

diameter) diameter) diameter)

Body

Steel frame (50 cm Aluminum frame (45 cm Plastic frame (40 cm

length) length) length)

Tire

Solid rubber tires (5 Air-filled tires (4 cm Foam tires (3 cm width)

cm width) width)
Seat

Fixed seat (20 cm Adjustable seat (15-25 Cushioned seat (20 cm

height) cm height) height)

Handlebars

Fixed handlebars (30 Adjustable handlebars Ergonomic handlebars

cm width) (25-35 cm width) (30 cm width)

Frame Shape

Traditional tricycle Foldable frame Convertible frame

frame
Additional
Features

Bell and basket Safety harness and Bottle holder

backrest

Table 3: Morphological
3.7 PUGH CHARTS
The Pugh Chart compares and evaluates three concepts to formalise the
decision-making process as well as to assist the team in selecting one or more enhancement
possibilities to pursue further. The Pugh Chart's comparison employed the weightages of
positive (+), zero (0), and negative (-). If the conditions for each notion are better than the
datum, it will be considered positive (+), otherwise negative (-), and if it is the same as the
standard scooter, zero (0). The highest net score will be picked as the best concept. Based on
Table 3.6 below, the net score for a self-balancing scooter is the highest, hence it was chosen
as the product design.

Image

Criteria Weight Datom Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Weight 1 0 ₋ + ₋

Safety 2 0 0 + +

Price 2 0 - + -

Aeshetic 1 0 + 0 +

Ergonomics 2 0 - + +

Weight limit 2 0 + + -
load

Durability 2 0 + + 0

Stability 2 0 - + +

Foldable 1 0 - - -

Sum of (+) -​ 5 13 7

Sum of (0) -​ 2 1 2

Sum of (-) - 9 1 6

Net Score - -​ 4 12 1
Table 4: Pugh Chart
4.0 PRODUCT MODIFICATION
An alteration is made to the present product, which is a standard tricycle, in order to
increase attractiveness and functionality. This update adds more features and improves mobility.
The goal of these adjustments is to solve the difficulty that consumers had with the prior
conventional tricycle.

No Modifications Functions Benefits

1 Foldable 3 in 1 ➢​ There is not much storage ➢​ Folds compactly for easy

space available. storage.
➢​ It is foldable and suitable ➢​ Convenient and portable.
for public transit.

2 Backrest ➢​ Helps to maintain an ➢​ More confidently

upright and ergonomic ➢​ More concentrated and
sitting position focused balancing
➢​ providing youngsters the
confidence to concentrate
on pedalling and steering
without worrying about
tipping or sliding.

3 Adjustable sit ➢​ Allows the tricycle to ➢​ The youngster may sit

"grow" with the child, securely without
making it appropriate for a overreaching for the
variety of ages and stages pedals or handlebars,
of development. which promotes
➢​ Allows for optimal leg appropriate spinal
extension when pedalling, alignment.
reducing knee strain and ➢​ allows novices to focus on
increasing efficiency. practicing pedalling and
steering without straining.

Table 5: Modification
5.0 PRODUCT ETHICAL PRINCIPLE

1.​ Quality of the product.

A 3-in-1 convertible model intended to grow with a child, providing versatility and
functionality. Its structure appears to be robust and lightweight, and it is most likely built
of long-lasting materials like metal or high-quality plastic composites. The seat design
appears to be adjustable, making it suitable for a growing youngster, and the inclusion of
an additional little back wheel suggests that it can be used as a tricycle or a balance
bike. The padded grips provide extra comfort and grip, while the low-profile seat ensures
stability and safety during rides. The sporty red and black style is visually appealing,
making it a good choice for kids. The tricycle appears to be durable, comfortable, and
adaptable, making it appropriate for frequent usage.

2.​ Safety of the product.

The graphic shows a tricycle with numerous characteristics that appear to add to
the product's safety. It includes a low-profile seat that promotes stability and decreases
the risk of toppling over, making it safer for younger children. The handlebars have
padded grips, which improve control and reduce the possibility of slipping while in use.
The design features a three-wheel arrangement, which provides more balance and
stability than two-wheeled options. The rear training wheel improves stability, which is
especially crucial for toddlers starting to ride.
​ However, the product's real safety is determined by other aspects such as
material quality, joint strength, and if the tricycle passes safety regulations. Parents
should verify that the tricycle is properly installed, inspect it on a regular basis for wear
and tear, and watch their children while they use it. It is also advisable to wear a helmet
for extra protection, especially if the trike is used outside.
3.​ Product warranty
​ Warranty terms are often determined by brand, manufacturer, and retail rules.
These facts are frequently found in the product handbook, on the package, or in the
product description if purchased online. To confirm the warranty, consult the product
documentation, contact the manufacturer or store directly, or look up online listings for
the same model. Most children's tricycles come with a standard warranty that lasts 6
months to a year and covers manufactured faults but excludes damage caused by
normal wear and tear or misuse. It is suggested that you verify the warranty terms with
the seller or manufacturer to ensure accuracy.

4.​ Environmentally friendly

​The environmental friendliness of a kids' tricycle is determined by the materials
used, the manufacturing method, and the product's lifespan. Tricycles manufactured with
recyclable or sustainable materials, such as recyclable plastics or metal frames, are
more environmentally friendly than those made from non-recyclable materials.
Furthermore, tricycle durability is important; a well-built tricycle that lasts for years or can
be passed down eliminates the need for frequent replacements and contributes to waste
reduction. The sustainability of the production process is also important; tricycles made
with renewable energy or non-toxic materials have a lower environmental impact. If the
trike can be dismantled into recyclable components when it is no longer in use, it is less
likely to wind up in a landfill. Finally, environmentally friendly packaging.
6.0 PART LIST

Figure 6: Tricycle Kids with dimension

NO Parts Picture Dimension

1. Frame Normal Frame:

Length : 45 cm
Height (ground to base seat): 25-
30 cm

Folded Frame:
Length : 45 cm
Width : 30 cm
Height : 20 cm

2. Wheels and tyres Diameter : 19 cm

Front Width : 3 cm

3. Steering mechanism Width : 30 cm

(Handlebars) Height : 20 cm (from seat height)
Grip diameter : 2 cm
Turning radius : 10 - 15 cm
4. Seat Adjustable Height : 15 - 25 cm
Width : 20 cm
Depth : 20 cm
Backrest Height : 15 cm

5. Pedals Pedal Diameter : 6 cm

Pedal Crank Length : 10 cm

6. Crank Depth : 12 cm
Width (inner diameter) : 8 cm

7. Fork Material : Steel

8. Cap Material: Plastic

9. Rim and back tire Diameter : 150 cm

Table 6: Part List

7.0 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
For this project, each of the components have different manufacturing process based on their

materials. All the manufacturing process are shown in table below:

MATERIAL COMPONENT PROCESS

Steel 1.​ Body 1.​ Raw Material Processing:

2.​ Handle
This is the initial step in creating a
3.​ Fork
4.​ Crank steel component. The raw
materials will go through density,
flow, level, element analysis, and
weight verification.
2.​ Casting and Steel
Manufacturing:
After the material has been
completed, the steel is made and
cast, during which laboratory
information, online gas analysis,
portable analysis, flow
measurement, radiation
measurement and protection, and
elemental analysis have all been
used.
3.​ Rolling, Hot and Cold:
In both the hot and cold rolling
stages, the material'sthickness
gauging, elemental analysis, profile
measurement, data collection and
management, radiation protection
and measurement, stability of X-ray
sources or flux, and gas analysis.
This procedure was used to give
the steel the appropriate form.
 4.​ Processing in Strips:
In this procedure, the measurement
of coating weight,The steel had
undergone thickness gauging, gas
analysis, radiation protection and
measurement, and particle
monitoring.
5.​ Coating, Galvanizing, and
Hardening:
Heat is felt by the steel.treatment
procedure to guarantee they get
the required strength and
hardness.The process of
galvanizing steel makes it more
resistant to corrosion. Epoxy
powder was also applied to the
steel.
6.​ Quality Assurance
The elements of this process are
moving through their dimensions,
tolerance, and other necessary
testing, including endurance and
deformation tests, as well as the
inspection procedure.

Rubber 1.​ Handle Grip 1.​ Blend:

2.​ Front and back
The tire's rubber blend is made up
tire
of over thirty ingredients. A
massive mixer known as the
Banbury Mixer was used to
combine several rubber kinds,
fillers, and other substances to
produce a black, gooey substance.
 2.​ Milling:
The rubber is chopped into strips
using a milling machine.until the
rubber has cooled to allow for the
formation of the tire's fundamental
structure.
3.​ Constructing:
All of the steel and textile
components used in the tire's
constructionTo ensure that every
component remains in its exact
place, belts, beads, ply, tread, and
other parts are put into a
tire-building machine.
4.​ Cure:
Once construction is finished, the
tire will be vulcanized using heated
molds in a curing press, which 32
compresses the tire's constituent
pieces to create the finished form.
During the procedure, the
manufacturer's sidewall and thread
pattern are also created.

Hard Plastic 1)​ Cap 1.​ Molding Process:

2)​ Front and
The polymers and other agents
Back rim
are introduced into the tanks,
where they will be heated in a liquid
condition and mixed. The liquid
polymers and the other agents
were then injected into a mold
cavity.
2.​ The Curing Procedure:
When the substance cools and
solidifies into the desired shape of
the cavity, they will go through a
curing phase in which the polymers
crosslink to form an irreversible
chemical bond that guards against
the material melting, weakening, or
warping when the finished product
is exposed to high temperatures or
harsh conditions. Because of this
procedure, the product may now be
utilized in high-heat environments,
applications, as well as outdoor use
due to its durability.

3.​ Testing of Products and Quality

Assurance
Following both procedures
are,when finished, the product will
be examined by the responsible
party to ensure that the necessary
dimensions, form, and mechanical
attributes match the intended
features.
7.0 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Since it ties everything together, the main body is an essential component of the Tricycle
Kids. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is therefore selected for this section. Steel makes up the
majority of the body, and the clamping bounty condition is located on the rear end, where it
connects to the back support. All loads placed on the body are supported primarily by the main
body, which is uniquely designed to handle human weight. Additionally, it serves as an anchor
for the back and front wheels. We used the maximum load of 200 N, for the main body analysis.
This figure is suitable as it demonstrates the product's capabilities substance.

The Von Mises stress acting on the major body portion is depicted in the above figure, which
also shows that the center of the body experiences the most stress. In the negative Z-direction,
a downward force is at work. Since there is no force operating on that axis, the applied force is
500 N in the Z direction and zero in the X and Y directions. According to an examination of the
preceding image, the region covered in tiny red indicates the most critical stress that might
occur during the test on the main body portion, which is 4.93e+006 N_m2, while the majority of
the blue-covered area shows the least amount of force, ranging from 4.93e+005 N_m2 to
6.22e+003 N_m2.
The area enclosed by the red zone had the most crucial displacement on 200 N before to the
steel broke and beyond the yielding threshold at 0.041 mm, according to the translation
displacement study. Pressure on the handle and seat is the cause of this. In addition, the blue
area, which is at 0 mm, shows the least translation displacement.
8.0 DISCUSSION

The tricycle kids are what we go for, as they are much more than simple toys;
they hold significance in the development of a child. In the process of pedaling and
steering, a child develops muscle strength, coordination, and balance, hence laying a
solid foundation in motor skills and fitness. Their cognitive benefits are equally
impressive, and they enable children to develop spatial awareness and problem-solving
skills by navigating their environment. This type of learning develops critical thinking and
introduces early educational concepts, making tricycles invaluable during the childhood
playing years.

Riding a tricycle develops social and emotional attributes in a child through

providing that much-needed independence and confidence. A child will attain a sense of
fulfillment and mastery as he/she becomes free to view the environment, therefore
developing his/her self-esteem. Tricycles also encourage socialization when children ride
together, teaching them vital lessons of sharing, teamwork, and turn-taking. Regular
riding of tricycles encourages physical activities that are important for overall health, the
prevention of obesity, and inculcating lifelong healthy behaviors. Safety through proper
tricycle selection, helmet use, and supervised play will prevent accidents and make the
experience of using a tricycle memorable. Despite common misconceptions, tricycles are
useful tools that enhance a child's development in many dimensions.
9.0 CONCLUSION

The tricycle is far more than a toy; it is an essential tool for a child's general
development. By pedaling and steering, children build up their muscles, coordination, and
balance, thereby laying a very strong foundation for motor skills and fitness. Equally impressive
are the cognitive benefits, where children build spatial awareness and problem-solving abilities
as they learn to navigate around their environment. This hands-on learning experience fosters
critical thinking and early educational concepts, making tricycles an invaluable part of childhood
play.

Furthermore, the social and emotional development opportunities provided by tricycles

cannot be emphasized. Riding a tricycle gives youngsters a sense of freedom and confidence,
which increases their self-esteem and fosters an adventurous attitude. Social interactions in
group play provide critical lessons about sharing, cooperation, and turn-taking, all of which are
essential for developing interpersonal skills. Regular trike riding supports a healthy lifestyle by
preventing obesity and instilling lifelong physical exercise habits. To reap the most benefits,
ensure safety through correct trike selection, helmet use, and supervised play. Overall, tricycles
are effective developmental tools that help a child grow in a variety of areas, making them an
excellent addition to any child's playing activities.
10.0 REFERENCES

COPY CAT STORE. (2024). Children's Multifunction Tricycle (3 Wheels) 3-in-1 Children

Scooter Balance Bike Ride. SHOPEE. https://my.shp.ee/u5ppYZa

The Dirt King Childrens Tricycle. (2024). AMAZON.

https://www.amazon.com/Dirt-King-Childrens-Tricycle-BLUE/dp/B0037AWILY

LAPP WAGONS. (2024). Ages 4+ Big Kids Tricycle. LAPP WAGONS.

https://lappwagons.com/product/large-tricycle/

MUHAMMAD FARIS. (2023). Report Catia. STUDOCU.

https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/computer-aided-design/

report-catia/55252341?origin=search-results

NUR FARHANA AINI. (2024, 11 26). MARKET ANALYSIS. GOOGLE FORM.

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc93otbRhsOenj0c3s5h1dsjNikG8VD3F27R

2NeIvx-FYgNRA/viewform?usp=sf_link

SYAHMI FARHAN. (2022). MINI Project Final Report EMD3M7C. STUDOCU.

https://www.studocu.com/my/document/mara-university-of-technology-shah-alam/sarjan

a-muda-kejuruteraan-mekanikal/group-3mini-project-final-report-emd3m7c/25871588?ori

gin=search-results

Tricycle. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle

USBON BABY. (n.d.). [KDS E Concept] USBON Electric Ride On Tricycle LED Light

Music Motorbike Kid Children Boy Girl. SHOPEE. https://my.shp.ee/DQ7K5qp

 11.0 APPENDICCES

PART DRAWING
 H

A
4
4

38

197.7
25.06

Isometric view
Scale: 1:4
Top view 39.95
Scale: 1:4
3
3

R 154.88

290
R 129.65
20

2
2

199.74
R 7.49
386.24 35.97 Left view
Scale: 1:4

This drawing is our property.

Front view It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
Scale: 1:4 our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA PART DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 BODY NA
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:4 WEIGHT(kg) 4.01 SHEET 1/1
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

37
Top view
Scale: 1:2

3
3

60

R 25 Isometric view
Scale: 1:2
R 35
95

R 10
2
2

10
50 38
70
Front view Left view
Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA PART DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 FORK NA
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 2/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
100

R 15
C B 4
4

94

86.08
87.4

100
1

A A
R 15

30
Section view B-B
0

C B 30
R5

Front view Scale: 1:3 3

3

Scale: 1:3 Left view

Scale: 1:3

45

100
90

50.73
90.83 2
2

30
Section view A-A 0
Scale: 1:3 R1 Section view C-C Isometric view
Scale: 1:3 Scale: 1:3
72.36

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
Top view AMIRAH SIT 1
1

23/1/2025
Scale: 1:3 CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR KAUSALYAH 26/12/2025 A3 3 N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023899504 SCALE 1:3 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 3/12
23/12/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

R 20
R 11

R 10

3
3

Top view
Isometric view
Scale: 2:1
Scale: 2:1

R9
2
2

16

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
40 our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
Front view
NUR FARHANA PART DRAWING 1
1

Scale: 2:1 25/1/2025

CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 CAP N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 2:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 4/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
20 20
4
4

A A

199.95
190
20

3
3

Front view
Scale: 1:3 Left view
Scale: 1:3
300

Top view
2
2

Scale: 1:3
Isometric view
Scale: 1:3
R 10

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Section view A-A or communicated without
Scale: 1:3 our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
300
AMIRAH HANDLE BAR 1
1

23/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 5 0
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023899504 SCALE 1:3 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 5/12
23/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

R8
R 20
23
A

40
A
Front view Left view
Scale: 1:3 Scale: 1:3

3
3

Isometric view
Scale: 1:3

6.5 R 11
R 19
40

85 Section view A-A 2

2

Top view Scale: 1:3

Scale: 1:3

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DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
AMIRAH HANDLE 1
1

24/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 6 N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023899504 24/1/2025
SCALE 1:3 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 6/12

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

20

5
Top view
Scale: 1:2

3
3

15
R 70
Isometric view
R 75 Scale: 1:2

2
2

R 15 R6

This drawing is our property.

Front view
It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
Scale: 1:2 our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA PART DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 BACK RIM NA
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 7/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

R5

Top view
Scale: 1:2

3
3

R 80

Isometric view
Scale: 1:2

2
2

R 75

Front view
Scale: 1:2

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA PART DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 BACK TIRE NA
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 8/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

3
3

Front view Left view Isometric view

Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2

2
2

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or communicated without
DASSAULT SYSTEMES
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
A'QILAH PART DRAWING 1
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25/1/2025
Top view CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
Scale: 1:2 DR KAUSALYAH 26/12/2025 A3 RIM N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023836848 SCALE 1:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 9/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

3
3

Front view Left view Isometric view

Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2 Scale: 1:2

2
2

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
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DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
A'QILAH PART DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
Top view
Scale: 1:2 DR KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 BACK TIRE N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023836848 SCALE 1:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 8/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
10
4
4

30

Top view
Scale: 1:1
5
.
0

3
3

Isometric view
Scale: 1:1
60

30 2
2

15

15
10
Front view Right view
Scale: 1:1 Scale: 1:1

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced
or communicated without
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
EZZA NISHA CRANKSHAFT 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 11 N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023406006 SCALE 1:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 11/12
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

Top view
Scale: 1:1

45 Isometric view
20 30 Scale: 1:1 3
3

25

2
8
.
1

2
2

8
.
12
20

20
20
15

20
15
15 14

2
2

Left view Front view

Scale: 1:1 Scale: 1:1

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or communicated without
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
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EZZA NISHA PADDLE 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 12 N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023406006 SCALE 1:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 12/12
25/1/2023

H G B A
ASSEMBLY DRAWING
 H

A
4
4

3
3

2
2

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or communicated without
our written agreement.
Isometric view DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
Scale: 1:3
NUR FARHANA ASSEMBLY DRAWING (ISOMETRIC VIEW) 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 TRICYCLE KIDS N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 1/2
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

3
3

Front view
Scale: 1:5 Left view
Scale: 1:5

2
2

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DRAWN BY DATE
Top view NUR FARHANA ASSEMBLY DRAWING PROJECTION VIEW) 1
1

25/1/2025
Scale: 1:5 CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 TRICYCLE KIDS N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:5 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 2/2
25/1/2025

H G B A
EXPLODED DRAWING
 H

A
1
4
4

Bill of Material: HANDLE WITH BAR

Number Type Part Number Quantity
1 Part GRIP HANDLEBAR 2
2 Part HANDLEBAR 1
3
3

2
2

Isometric view
Scale: 1:2 This drawing is our property.
It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA EXPLODED DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 HANDLEBAR WITH GRIP N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 1/5
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

3
3

Bill of Material: RIM AND TIRE BACK

Number Type Part Number Quantity
1 Part BACK RIM 1
2 Part BACK TIRE 1

1
Isometric view 2
2

Scale: 1:2

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DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA EXPLODED DRAWING 1
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25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 RIM WITH TIRE BACK N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 2/5
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
4
4

3
3

2
Bill of Material: RIM WITH TIRE
Number Type Part Number Quantity
1 Part FRONT RIM 1
2 Part FRONT TIRE 1

2
2

Isometric view
Scale: 1:2

This drawing is our property.

It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
or communicated without
our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA EXPLODED DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 RIM WITH TIRE FRONT N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:2 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 3/5
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
1
4
4

Bill of Material: Product5

Number Type Part Number Quantity
1 Part CRANK 1
2 Part PADDLE 1

3
3

2
2

Isometric view
Scale: 1:1
This drawing is our property.
It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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our written agreement.
DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA EXPLODED DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 CRANKSHAFT AND PADDLE N/A
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:1 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 4/5
25/1/2025

H G B A
 H

A
Bill of Material: TRICYCLE KIDS
5 Number Type Part Number Quantity
1 Part BODY 1
6 2 Part FORK 1
4
4

Assembly HANDLEBAR WITH GRIP 1

3 3 Part SIT 1
Assembly RIM AND TIRE BACK 2
4 Part CAP 1
4 Assembly RIM WITH TIRE 1
Assembly PADDLE WITH 2
2 CRANKSHAFT

Bill of Material: HANDLEBAR WITH GRIP

Number Type Part Number Quantity
5 Part GRIP 2
3
3

6 Part HANDLEBAR 1

Bill of Material: RIM AND TIRE BACK

Number Type Part Number Quantity
7 Part BACK RIM 1
8 Part BACK TIRE 1
9

Bill of Material: RIM WITH TIRE FRONT

Number Type Part Number Quantity
9 Part FRONT RIM 1
10 Part FRONT TIRE 1 2
2

10
Bill of Material: PADDLE WITH CRANKSHAFT
Number Type Part Number Quantity
11 Part CRANKSHAFT 1
1 12 Part PADDLE 1
12
11 8 This drawing is our property.
It can't be reproduced FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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7 DRAWING TITLE
DRAWN BY DATE
NUR FARHANA EXPLODED DRAWING 1
1

25/1/2025
CHECKED BY DATE SIZE DRAWING NUMBER REV
Isometric view
Scale: 1:5
DR.KAUSALYAH 26/1/2025 A3 TRICYCLE KIDS NA
DESIGNED BY DATE
2023643582 SCALE 1:5 WEIGHT(kg) N/A SHEET 5/5
25/1/2025

H G B A
FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS
 Analysis1

MESH:

Entity Size
Nodes 1999
Elements 6973

ELEMENT TYPE:

Connectivity Statistics
TE4 6973 ( 100.00% )

ELEMENT QUALITY:

Criterion Good Poor Bad Worst Average

Stretch 6368 ( 91.32% ) 465 ( 6.67% ) 140 ( 2.01% ) 0.029 0.557

Aspect Ratio 5430 ( 77.87% ) 1133 ( 16.25% ) 410 ( 5.88% ) 43.965 2.891

Materials.1

Material Steel
Young's modulus 2e+011N_m2
Poisson's ratio 0.266
Density 7860kg_m3
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1.17e-005_Kdeg
Yield strength 2.5e+008N_m2

Static Case

Boundary Conditions
 Figure 1

STRUCTURE Computation

Number of nodes : 1999

Number of elements : 6973
Number of D.O.F. : 5997
Number of Contact relations : 0
Number of Kinematic relations : 0

Linear tetrahedron : 6973

RESTRAINT Computation
Name: Restraints.1

Number of S.P.C : 189

LOAD Computation

Name: Loads.1
 Applied load resultant :

Fx = -9 . 095e-012 N
Fy = -1 . 612e-008 N
Fz = -2 . 000e+002 N
Mx = -1 . 872e+001 Nxm
My = -3 . 377e-011 Nxm
Mz = 7 . 808e-012 Nxm

STIFFNESS Computation

Number of lines : 5997

Number of coefficients : 105954
Number of blocks : 1
Maximum number of coefficients per bloc : 105954
Total matrix size : 1 . 24 Mb

SINGULARITY Computation
Restraint: Restraints.1

Number of local singularities : 0

Number of singularities in translation : 0
Number of singularities in rotation : 0
Generated constraint type : MPC

CONSTRAINT Computation
Restraint: Restraints.1

Number of constraints : 189

Number of coefficients : 0
Number of factorized constraints : 189
Number of coefficients : 0
Number of deferred constraints : 0

FACTORIZED Computation

Method : SPARSE
Number of factorized degrees : 5808
Number of supernodes : 790
Number of overhead indices : 32217
Number of coefficients : 365610
Maximum front width : 153
Maximum front size : 11781
Size of the factorized matrix (Mb) : 2 . 78938
Number of blocks : 1
Number of Mflops for factorization : 3 . 146e+001
Number of Mflops for solve : 1 . 491e+000
Minimum relative pivot : 1 . 236e-003

Minimum and maximum pivot

Value Dof Node x (mm) y (mm) z (mm)

8.0050e+007 Ty 1306 -1.8078e+001 1.2695e+000 5.9758e+001

1.6245e+011 Tz 1246 3.0482e+001 2.8094e+002 -1.7000e+002

Minimum pivot

Value Dof Node x (mm) y (mm) z (mm)

1.1356e+008 Tx 1306 -1.8078e+001 1.2695e+000 5.9758e+001

1.2446e+008 Tz 1847 7.6566e+000 2.7986e+002 -1.7310e+002

1.3579e+008 Ty 1218 -7.7948e+001 2.8251e+002 -1.7000e+002

1.3882e+008 Tz 1218 -7.7948e+001 2.8251e+002 -1.7000e+002

1.4906e+008 Tz 1306 -1.8078e+001 1.2695e+000 5.9758e+001

1.6329e+008 Ty 1169 -1.4141e+001 2.1805e+002 -4.8180e+001

1.7297e+008 Tz 1169 -1.4141e+001 2.1805e+002 -4.8180e+001

1.9905e+008 Tx 1847 7.6566e+000 2.7986e+002 -1.7310e+002

2.0855e+008 Tz 1211 -9.3456e+001 3.0479e+002 -1.7000e+002

Translational pivot distribution

Value Percentage

10.E7 --> 10.E8 1.7218e-002

10.E8 --> 10.E9 9.4697e+000

10.E9 --> 10.E10 8.5709e+001

10.E10 --> 10.E11 4.5971e+000

10.E11 --> 10.E12 2.0661e-001

DIRECT METHOD Computation

Name: Static Case Solution.1
 Restraint: Restraints.1

Load: Loads.1

Strain Energy : 5.622e-004 J

Equilibrium

Applied Relative
Components Reactions Residual
Forces Magnitude Error
Fx (N) -9.0949e-012 -1.8012e-010 -1.8921e-010 6.7701e-013

Fy (N) -1.6124e-008 1.6769e-008 6.4534e-010 2.3091e-012

Fz (N) -2.0000e+002 2.0000e+002 -1.1914e-009 4.2628e-012

Mx (Nxm) -1.8718e+001 1.8718e+001 -7.1818e-011 8.2259e-013

My (Nxm) -3.3773e-011 3.8553e-011 4.7806e-012 5.4756e-014

Mz (Nxm) 7.8079e-012 -1.5786e-011 -7.9781e-012 9.1380e-014

Static Case Solution.1 - Deformed mesh.2

Figure 2
On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Static Case Solution.1 - Von Mises stress (nodal values).2

Figure 3

3D elements: : Components: : All

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Static Case Solution.1 - Deformed mesh.1

 Figure 4

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Static Case Solution.1 - Von Mises stress (nodal values).1

 Figure 5

3D elements: : Components: : All

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Global Sensors

Sensor Name Sensor Value

Energy 5.622e-004J
Global Error Rate (%) 47.117282867
 Analysis1

MESH:

Entity Size
Nodes 1999
Elements 6973

ELEMENT TYPE:

Connectivity Statistics
TE4 6973 ( 100.00% )

ELEMENT QUALITY:

Criterion Good Poor Bad Worst Average

Stretch 6368 ( 91.32% ) 465 ( 6.67% ) 140 ( 2.01% ) 0.029 0.557

Aspect Ratio 5430 ( 77.87% ) 1133 ( 16.25% ) 410 ( 5.88% ) 43.965 2.891

Materials.1

Material Steel
Young's modulus 2e+011N_m2
Poisson's ratio 0.266
Density 7860kg_m3
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1.17e-005_Kdeg
Yield strength 2.5e+008N_m2

Frequency Case

Boundary Conditions
 Figure 1

STRUCTURE Computation

Number of nodes : 1999

Number of elements : 6973
Number of D.O.F. : 5997
Number of Contact relations : 0
Number of Kinematic relations : 0

Linear tetrahedron : 6973

RESTRAINT Computation
Name: Restraints.1

Number of S.P.C : 639

STRUCTURAL MASS Computation

Name: StructuralMassSet.1

Number of lines : 5997

Number of coefficients : 105954
Number of blocks : 1
Maximum number of coefficients per bloc : 105954
Total matrix size : 1 . 24 Mb

Structural mass : 3.057e+000 kg

Inertia center coordinates

Xg : -1 . 369e-002 mm
Yg : 2 . 074e+002 mm
Zg : -9 . 795e+001 mm

Inertia tensor at origin: kgxm2

2.014e-001 1.351e-005 -5.141e-006

1.351e-005 4.656e-002 7.910e-002
-5.141e-006 7.910e-002 1.628e-001

Name: Computed Masses.1

Number of lines : 5997

Number of coefficients : 6789
Number of blocks : 1
Maximum number of coefficients per bloc : 6789
Total matrix size : 0 . 10 Mb

Additionnal mass : 1.000e+001 kg

Inertia center coordinates

Xg : 4 . 160e-004 mm
Yg : 1 . 820e+002 mm
Zg : -5 . 417e+001 mm

Inertia tensor at origin: kgxm2

0.460497 -9.9912e-008 8.8736e-009

-9.9912e-008 0.0510527 0.135238
8.8736e-009 0.135238 0.40982
 STIFFNESS Computation

Number of lines : 5997

Number of coefficients : 105954
Number of blocks : 1
Maximum number of coefficients per bloc : 105954
Total matrix size : 1 . 24 Mb

SINGULARITY Computation
Restraint: Restraints.1

Number of local singularities : 0

Number of singularities in translation : 0
Number of singularities in rotation : 0
Generated constraint type : MPC

CONSTRAINT Computation
Restraint: Restraints.1

Number of constraints : 639

Number of coefficients : 0
Number of factorized constraints : 639
Number of coefficients : 0
Number of deferred constraints : 0

FACTORIZED Computation

Method : SPARSE
Number of factorized degrees : 5358
Number of supernodes : 726
Number of overhead indices : 26985
Number of coefficients : 291180
Maximum front width : 129
Maximum front size : 8385
Size of the factorized matrix (Mb) : 2 . 22153
Number of blocks : 1
Number of Mflops for factorization : 2 . 106e+001
Number of Mflops for solve : 1 . 192e+000
Minimum relative pivot : 1 . 140e-005

Minimum and maximum pivot

Value Dof Node x (mm) y (mm) z (mm)

 7.4497e+005 Tz 1999 6.3191e+000 1.5935e+002 -4.1868e+001

1.6238e+011 Ty 1979 1.4554e+001 -1.4079e+001 -4.0707e+001

Minimum pivot

Value Dof Node x (mm) y (mm) z (mm)

9.7753e+005 Tx 1999 6.3191e+000 1.5935e+002 -4.1868e+001

2.5684e+007 Ty 1999 6.3191e+000 1.5935e+002 -4.1868e+001

3.6022e+007 Tz 1998 -4.6578e+000 3.5217e+001 -2.0177e+001

8.2846e+007 Ty 1992 1.3612e+001 -1.5915e+001 4.4457e+001

9.1984e+007 Ty 1998 -4.6578e+000 3.5217e+001 -2.0177e+001

1.1805e+008 Tx 1992 1.3612e+001 -1.5915e+001 4.4457e+001

1.3579e+008 Ty 1948 -2.0935e+001 3.0108e+002 -1.7764e+002

1.3882e+008 Tz 1948 -2.0935e+001 3.0108e+002 -1.7764e+002

1.3990e+008 Tz 1992 1.3612e+001 -1.5915e+001 4.4457e+001

Translational pivot distribution

Value Percentage

10.E5 --> 10.E6 3.7327e-002

10.E6 --> 10.E7 0.0000e+000

10.E7 --> 10.E8 7.4655e-002

10.E8 --> 10.E9 7.3535e+000

10.E9 --> 10.E10 8.7309e+001

10.E10 --> 10.E11 5.0019e+000

10.E11 --> 10.E12 2.2396e-001

FREQUENCY Computation
Frequency: Frequency Case Solution.1

Restraint: Restraints.1

Mass: Masses.1
 Structural mass is taken into account

Total mass : 1.306e+001 kg

Inertia center coordinates

Xg : -2 . 886e-003 mm
Yg : 1 . 879e+002 mm
Zg : -6 . 442e+001 mm

Inertia tensor at inertia center: kgxm2

1.466e-001 6.329e-006 -2.705e-006

6.329e-006 4.343e-002 5.627e-002
-2.705e-006 5.627e-002 1.115e-001

Number of computed modes : 10

Boundary condition for modes computation : clamped
Number of iterations already performed : 0
Total Number of iterations performed : 4
Relative eigenvalues tolerance required : 1 . 000e-003
Relative eigenvalues tolerance obtained : 1 . 037e-005

Mode Frequency
Stability
number Hz
1 7.6525e+001 0.0000e+000
2 9.3447e+001 1.0131e-015

3 3.8241e+002 6.1138e-014
4 4.3573e+002 3.6195e-013

5 9.1412e+002 2.1656e-010
6 1.2726e+003 1.1948e-008
7 1.6894e+003 1.4531e-006

8 1.9910e+003 7.2869e-007
9 2.3675e+003 1.0105e-005
 10 2.4727e+003 1.0371e-005

Modal participation :

Frequency Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Mode
Hz (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 7.6525e+001 0.01 17.11 36.67 9.78 0.00 0.00

2 9.3447e+001 53.82 0.00 0.01 0.00 13.15 8.62

3 3.8241e+002 0.01 43.99 0.12 1.30 0.00 0.00

4 4.3573e+002 20.61 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 3.78

5 9.1412e+002 0.00 17.45 11.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 1.2726e+003 4.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 1.24

7 1.6894e+003 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.42 0.28

8 1.9910e+003 0.00 5.93 8.74 0.13 0.00 0.00
9 2.3675e+003 3.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30 0.86

10 2.4727e+003 0.00 0.27 17.74 2.31 0.00 0.00

Total 84.27 84.77 74.85 13.52 18.45 14.79

Frequency Case Solution.1 - Deformed mesh.1

Occurrence 1 - Frequency 76.5249Hz

 Figure 2

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 2 - Frequency 93.4467Hz

 Figure 3

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 3 - Frequency 382.415Hz

Figure 4

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 4 - Frequency 435.729Hz

 Figure 5

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 5 - Frequency 914.122Hz

 Figure 6

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 6 - Frequency 1272.59Hz

Figure 7

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 7 - Frequency 1689.39Hz

 Figure 8

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 8 - Frequency 1991Hz

 Figure 9

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 9 - Frequency 2367.52Hz

Figure 10

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Occurrence 10 - Frequency 2472.74Hz

 Figure 11

On deformed mesh ---- On boundary ---- Over all the model

Global Sensors

Sensor Name Sensor Value

76.525Hz
93.447Hz
382.415Hz
435.729Hz
914.122Hz
Frequency
1272.586Hz
1689.394Hz
1991.001Hz
2367.515Hz
2472.743Hz