AdamAI

Dissertation Submitted To
Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Sciences,
Srinivas University
In Partial Fulfillment of master’s degree

ABHISHEK SAM PREVEEN

(REG NO: 6SU20DF005 )

Under the guidance of
BHARADWAJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF DIGITAL FORENSICS

SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES,

SRINIVAS UNIVERSITY

MANGALURU-574146

2023

1
 AdamAI

A Minor Research Submitted to the Department of Digital

Forensics and cyber security i n Partial Fulfilment of Degree

BACHELORS OF SCIENCE

IN

DIGITAL FORENSICS AND CYBERSECURITY

NAME:ABHISHEK SAM
PREVEEN
(REG NO);6SU20DF005

__________ _________

NAME:BARADWAJ Dean
Research Guide Course Srinivas Institute of
Coordinator Allied Health Science

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the major research entitled “AdamAI “submitted to the Department of
Digital Forensic science and cyber security, Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Science,
M u k k a , Mangalore in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc. in
Digital Forensic science and cyber security is my original work under the supervision and
guidance of “Name of the guide “Assistant Professor, Department of Digital Forensic and
Cyber security has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associateship or
fellowship under any other University.

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 _____________________

Place: Mukka, Mangalore NAME:ABHISHEK SAM PREVEEN

Date: 2022 Reg No: 6SU20DF005

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the major research entitled “AdamAI” is the bonafide work
carried out by Abhishek Sam Preveen student of B.Sc. in Digital Forensic
science and cyber security, Srinivas University during the year 2022-23 in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of bachelor of Sciences. This
research has been carried out under the guidance and supervision of our institute
faculty Bharadwaj Assistant Professor, Department of Digital Forensic science
and cyber security, Srinivas University, Mukka Mangalore, and the Minor
research has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree,
diploma, associate ship, fellowship, or any other similar title.

4
 Name of the guide: Bharadwaj
Research Guide Dean
Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Science Srinivas Institute of Allied Health
Science

Place: Mukka
Date:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank The Almighty God for showering his
blessings, which have helped us to make this research reality.
My sincere thanks to the Dean, Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Sciences,
Mukka for giving me the opportunity to undertake this study. My sincere
thanks to prof. Ms. Course Coordinator, Assistant Professor, Department of
Digital Forensic, Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Mukka,
Mangalore gave me the opportunity to undertake this study.

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It is with real pleasure that I record my indebtedness to my academic Guide,
Mr.Bharadwaj Assistant Professor, Department of Digital and Cyber
Forensics, Srinivas Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Mukka, Mangalore
for his counsel and guidance during the preparation of this research and the
kind-hearted guidance in the completion of research in a short period of time.
I would like to thank my family for their constant encouragement and support
throughout my life and academic career. Finally, I would like to thank all my
Classmates &friends for their moral support as well as encouragement and
timely help whenever needed.

LIST OF CONTENTS

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SL.NO CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO

1 1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE 23

3 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24

4 4 MATERIALS AND METHOD 49

5 5 METHODOLOGY 53

6 6 OBSERVATION 70

7 7 RESULT 71

8 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 71

9 9 LIMITATION 72

10 10 BIBLOGRAPHY 73

INTRODUCTION

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Artificial Intelligence, commonly referred to as AI, represents a groundbreaking domain
within computer science. Its primary objective is to develop systems, machines, or software
endowed with the ability to execute tasks that traditionally demand human intelligence.AI
attempts to create machines capable of emulating diverse facets of human cognition,
including learning, logical thinking, puzzle-solving, perception, comprehension of language,
and decision-making. This burgeoning technology holds the promise of transforming various
sectors, influencing our everyday existence, and changing the future in significant and far-
reaching ways.Machine learning and deep learning are two major factors in A.i because using
machine and deep learning we can train A.I to do things as we command or trained the model
to do.

Machine learning and deep learning are fast-growing fields used to solve various problems.
we discuss different types of neural networks and tools used in machine learning. We also
mention how deep learning is applied in areas like recognizing images, understanding
language, identifying sounds, finding unusual things, and suggesting things to users. Machine
learning keeps growing with new methods and designs to tackle real-world issues. To use
machine learning, we follow steps like identifying the problem, getting and preparing data,
choosing and training models, checking how well they work, putting them into action, and
keeping them updated to work better over time.[3]
John McCarthy, often considered the Father of Artificial Intelligence, defines AI as the
science of making machines intelligent using computer programs. He suggests that AI
embodies the idea of survival of the fittest, where humans adapt and evolve through technical
knowledge, highlighting the concept that today's science becomes tomorrow's technology.We
use the term AI when machines mimic certain human functions by gathering knowledge from
various human minds to solve problems and learn.Between 1923 and 2000, valuable data was
collected and put into practical use. For example, in 2000, an interactive robot named Kismet,
capable of displaying emotions, became commercially available. This progression reflects the
transformation of older manual processes into new automated ones.[5]. Virtual assistants are
software-based programs that can now be found in various devices. Some, like Alexa, are
designed specifically for certain gadgets. These assistants are trained using machine learning,
deep learning, and neural networks, taking advantage of recent technological advancements.

8
Voice assistants have become a common way to interact with our devices. Major companies
use this technology to allow customers to communicate with machines for assistance. Voice
assistants are particularly helpful for elderly individuals, those with physical disabilities,
blindness, or parents with young children, as they make it easier for people to interact with
machines. Even blind individuals can use their voices to communicate with these devices,
enhancing accessibility.[6]

In recent years, there has been significant progress in AI development, with the release of
tools like ChatGPT, GitHub Copilot, and DALL-E, which have garnered a lot of attention and
generated both excitement and concerns. These technologies fall under the category of
"generative AI," a type of machine learning that can create new content, such as text, images,
music, or video, by studying patterns in existing data.[18]. Cloud computing is like renting a
computer over the internet. Instead of having a physical computer or server at your location,
you can access and use computer power, storage, and other services from a remote data
center. It's like using a computer in the cloud (the internet) to store, manage, and process your
data and applications, which can be more convenient and flexible than relying on a single
physical computer. After the year 2000, a new way of using computers called "Cloud
Computing" became popular. It uses big and powerful data centers on the internet. Many
people and businesses started using it because it offers lots of storage space and computer
power without needing to buy expensive equipment. This also helps save money and is better
for the environment because it reduces the amount of energy used.[8]
Artificial intelligence (AI) is like smart computer technology that can do amazing things.
Some people believe it will bring new inventions and help us in many ways, like teaching
students and assisting doctors. Others worry it might replace human jobs, lead to more war
robots, and make surveillance like in the book "1984" easier.[22]

1.1 Historical Background

The story of Artificial Intelligence (AI) spans many years and is filled with important
moments. Let's take a simpler look at it. In 1956, something important happened. There was a
meeting called the Dartmouth Workshop, and during that meeting, they used the term

9
"Artificial Intelligence" or AI for the first time. This event is like the birth of AI. People like
John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky came together to figure out if they could make machines
think like humans.In the 1950s and 1960s, scientists made some of the first AI programs.
These programs could do cool things like solve math problems and puzzles. They laid the
foundation for AI that uses symbols and logic.In that same time, a scientist named Frank
Rosenblatt came up with the idea of "perceptrons," which were like early models of artificial
brains. They had some limitations, but they were important for building neural networks and
machine learning, which is how machines can learn from data.During the 1970s and 1980s,
there was a time when AI research slowed down. People had very high hopes for AI, but the
reality didn't match those hopes. Because of this, funding and interest in AI went down, and
people started to doubt if AI was worth it.In those years, scientists made something called
"expert systems." These were like computer programs that were experts in specific things.
For example, there was one for chemical analysis and another for medical diagnosis.In the
1980s and 1990s, neural networks made a comeback. Scientists created new ways for them to
learn, like with something called the "backpropagation algorithm." This helped with things
like recognizing patterns and understanding speech.AI showed how smart it could be in
games. For example, in 1997, IBM's Deep Thought chess computer beat the world chess
champion. This was a big deal because it showed AI could handle really hard tasks.

In the 2000s until today, AI got a big boost from better ways of teaching machines and having
lots of data to learn from. This led to things like decision trees and deep learning becoming
very important.In the 2010s and beyond, AI got even smarter with how it understands human
language. Chatbots like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant became a big part of our lives.As
AI got more powerful, people started worrying about things like fairness, bias, and how AI
affects society. This led to a stronger focus on making AI responsible.

Right now, AI is helping in many areas like healthcare (finding diseases), self-driving cars,
finance, and robots.In the 21st century, AI is getting even better and is used in things like
making machines learn from rewards, creating things with AI's help, and using special
computers for AI. It's a big part of whatpeople call the "Fourth Industrial Revolution." So, AI

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has had a journey from being very hopeful to having some doubts, but it's here to stay and
keeps getting smarter.

The story of AI is like a big adventure filled with dreams and experiments. People have
always imagined machines that can think, but it's only in recent times that we actually built
them. Thinkers like Descartes and writers like Jules Verne inspired us to create smart
machines. Early robots and chess-playing machines amazed people, showing what machines
could do.Then, in the 1900s, we got powerful computers and robots started becoming more
than just machines. AI isn't just about robots; it's also about making computers think like
humans. It's like teaching them to be smart. We used ideas from many fields to make this
happen.In the 1950s, we got better computers and programming languages to test our smart
ideas. People like Alan Turing and Claude Shannon did important work. They made
computers play chess and solve problems, showing they could be smart.In the 1960s, we
started using knowledge to make computers make decisions. It was like giving them a brain.
We also formed AI labs and groups to work together. This made AI grow a lot.Language
understanding and translation were hard at first, but we got better. We learned how to make
computers understand words and sentences. We also figured out how to use formal logic to
represent knowledge.AI has come a long way thanks to many people and groups like AAAI.
But now, we have to be responsible. AI can change the world, so we need to think about how
it affects society and teach others about it.[16]

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a tale as old as the desire to create intelligent
machines. Even before the time of Homer, there were ancient traditions related to this idea.
The Ten Commandments, which include the commandment "Thou shalt not make unto thee
any graven image," reflect the notion that creating artificial beings is wrong. This reflects two
attitudes: one that is open to the idea of AI (Hellenic) and another that opposes it (Hebraic).
Throughout history, there have been examples of people, including religious figures, who
embraced the idea of AI. For instance, Ramon Lull, a 13th-century mystic, was inspired by
Arabic thinking machines to create his own "thinking machine." The early pioneers of AI,
like Alan Turing and Konrad Zuse, were enthusiastic about the concept of machine
intelligence. The term "artificial intelligence" was officially coined during a conference in

11
Dartmouth College in 1956, marking a pivotal moment in the field's history.The shift towards
considering the computer as the ideal medium for realizing AI dreams happened in the
mid-20th century. It was facilitated by the changing paradigm from energy to information and
the increasing efforts to describe psychological and biological phenomena mathematically.
The Dartmouth Conference of 1956, organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel
Rochester, and Claude Shannon, was a crucial event that brought together experts interested
in AI, leading to the official use of the term "artificial intelligence." The computer's
capabilities and the convergence of various factors made it the right tool for pursuing AI
research.During the early years of AI, different projects and problems appealed to researchers
for various reasons. Some projects seemed more appropriate at certain times, reflecting the
evolving understanding of AI's possibilities. The field was in its infancy, and researchers were
exploring different avenues. As for the strategy after the Dartmouth Conference, the panelists
likely had various opinions on how AI should have developed, but the transcript doesn't
provide specific details on their recommendations.In summary, the history of AI is a
fascinating journey with a blend of curiosity, skepticism, and innovation, driven by the age-
old human fascination with creating intelligent machines. It's a story of how technology,
changing paradigms, and pioneering individuals came together to shape the field of artificial
intelligence.[17]

A virtual assistant is like a freelance helper who does office work for others from their own
home. They don't have to be in the same place as the person or company they're helping.
Virtual assistants usually have experience in office jobs and can do various tasks, like
managing calendars or writing blog posts.
These days, more people want virtual assistants who are good at things like social media,
design, and online marketing. With more folks working from home, especially after
COVID-19, there's a growing demand for skilled virtual assistants.
Here's how it works: A virtual assistant isn't a regular employee. Instead, they're like a
business partner who does specific tasks for a company. This way, the company doesn't have
to provide all the usual benefits and pay taxes like they would for a full-time worker. The
virtual assistant doesn't need a desk at the company's office either. They work from home and
use their own computer and internet.

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The tasks a virtual assistant does depend on what the client needs. It could be anything from
handling paperwork to posting on social media or even booking travel plans. The virtual
assistant needs to be good with technology and know how to use common software. Some
clients might want a virtual assistant with specific skills, like accounting or bookkeeping.
Hiring a virtual assistant has benefits. Clients get flexibility because they can hire a virtual
assistant for just the tasks they need, and they might pay based on the job instead of hours.
For small business owners, it's a way to get help with tasks that take up a lot of time, so they
can focus on growing their business and making money.If someone wants to hire a virtual
assistant, they can use websites where freelancers offer their services. On these sites, clients
can say what they need and how much they're willing to pay. Freelancers from all over the
world can then bid on the job. Clients can check out the freelancers' work and even have
video interviews to pick the right person for the job.
1.2 Importance

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is really important for many reasons:

Automation: AI helps us get rid of boring and repetitive tasks so that we can do more
interesting and challenging work. This makes us more efficient.
Data Analysis: AI is great at looking at huge amounts of data and finding important stuff in it.
This is super useful for businesses and organizations to make smart decisions.
Personalization: AI can make things feel more special for us. Like when it suggests products
we might like when we're shopping online or recommends movies we might enjoy. It makes
us happier customers.
Healthcare: AI helps doctors and scientists find out what's wrong with us and discover new
medicines faster. This means we get better healthcare.
Safety and Security: AI is like a smart guard that can watch out for bad things and keep us
safe, both online and in the real world.
Talking to Machines: AI makes it possible for us to talk to computers and have them
understand us. This is why we can chat with virtual assistants like Siri or Google Assistant.
Keeping Things Running: In big factories and industries, AI can predict when machines need
fixing so they don't break down. This saves money and time.

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Making New Things: AI inspires people to create new and amazing stuff. It's like a spark for
innovation.
Helping Everyone: AI can be a big help to people with disabilities. It can make computers
understand our speech, read things aloud, or even describe what's in a picture
Saving the Planet: AI can be used to use less energy and take better care of our environment.
This means we can help the Earth stay healthy.

1.3 Evolution of virtual assistant

Virtual assistants have improved a lot over time. At first, they could only do basic things like
set alarms and answer simple questions. But now, thanks to better technology, they can do
much more.
Today, virtual assistants can understand and do complicated tasks when you talk or type to
them. They can help with stuff like searching the internet, sending messages, playing music,
and even controlling your smart gadgets at home. They also learn from how you use them
and get better at helping you over time.This progress in virtual assistants has made them
really helpful in our daily lives. They do lots of different jobs for us and make it easier to use
technology.
As technology gets better, we're seeing more and more smart home helpers being made.
These are like gadgets that can do tasks for you in your home. They work with things like
lights, thermostats, and speakers to make your life easier. The big companies like Amazon,
Google, and Apple have their own versions of these helpers. Amazon's is called Alexa,
Google's is called Google Assistant, and Apple's is called Siri[20]. With the popularity of
devices like Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri, our homes are getting smarter.
These home assistants can do lots of things and work with smart gadgets in our homes. The
market for these home assistants is growing fast, and they keep getting better.
Some smart folks are using these assistants with the Internet of Things (IoT) to manage
energy. For example, Barman and their team made a smart energy meter that can track how
much energy we use and even spot if someone is stealing power. This smart meter uses Wi-
Fi, a display, and other parts to make it easy for us to see and control our energy use. It can
even help save energy.

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Another group, Vishwakarma et al., made a system that uses the Internet of Things to control
home devices remotely. They used technology like Arduino NodeMcu, Adafruit, and If-This-
Then-That (IFTTT) to make it work. This helps older folks and people with disabilities use
technology with the help of virtual assistants.
Isyanto et al. did something similar, but they focused on helping people with disabilities
control things like fans, lights, and TVs using Google's virtual assistant. They made it work
on different devices and operating systems, so more people can use it. Hadi et al. used
Google Assistant to make a voice-based system for controlling and monitoring electronic
devices. Google Assistant has some advantages, like not needing a lot of memory and
providing a smoother user experience. They tested it at home and found it worked well, with
a 75% success rate in understanding voice commands. [20]
Machine learning and deep learning are fast-growing fields used to solve many different
kinds of problems in various areas. In this review, we'll discuss various types of neural
networks and tools used in machine learning. We'll also explore how deep learning is applied
in image recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition, finding unusual
patterns, and suggesting things to users.Machine learning is always growing, with new
methods and designs created to tackle real-world issues. The process for using machine
learning involves identifying the problem, gathering and preparing data, choosing and
training the right models, checking how well they work, putting them to use, keeping an eye
on them, and making them better over time to be more accurate and useful.[3]
Since as far back as 1991, experts have been talking about how artificial intelligence (AI) is
changing the role of teachers. More recently, scholars are saying that AI gives teachers better
tools for teaching and students for learning. AI is being used in education all over the world,
including in places like the Global South, and in different ways of teaching, like online
courses, mixed learning, and flipped classrooms.[23]
Virtual assistants, also known as VAs, have come a long way since their inception. Initially,
they were basic computer programs that could perform simple tasks like setting alarms or
providing basic information.The first notable virtual assistant was Apple's Siri, introduced in
2011. Siri could understand and respond to voice commands, making it more interactive and
user-friendly.

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Then, Amazon's Alexa and Google Assistant entered the scene, bringing virtual assistants into
people's homes through smart speakers and devices. These assistants could answer questions,
control smart home devices, and even tell jokes.Over time, virtual assistants became more
intelligent thanks to advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing.
They could engage in more complex conversations, understand context, and provide
personalized recommendations.
Today, virtual assistants are integrated into our daily lives, from smartphones to smart homes.
They can schedule appointments, order groceries, play music, and provide real-time
information. Their evolution continues as they become even more capable and integrated into
various aspects of our lives.

1.4 Types of Artificial Intelligence

There is 10 types of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Narrow or Weak AI (ANI): This type of AI is designed and trained for specific tasks
or a limited range of functions. It operates within predefined constraints and doesn't
possess general intelligence. Examples include virtual personal assistants like Siri or
Alexa, chatbots that answer customer queries, and recommendation systems used by
streaming services or e-commerce platforms. Weak AI is task-focused and doesn't
possess consciousness or the ability to think beyond its predefined functions.
• General or Strong AI (AGI): This is the ultimate goal in AI development, but it has
not been achieved yet. AGI refers to AI systems that possess human-like intelligence
and can understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks, much
like humans. They can adapt to new situations and think creatively. Achieving AGI is
a complex and challenging endeavor that remains a future aspiration in AI research.
• Machine Learning (ML): Machine learning is a subset of AI that emphasizes the
development of algorithms and statistical models. These models enable systems to
improve their performance on specific tasks by learning from data. In supervised
learning, models are trained on labeled data to make predictions. Unsupervised

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 learning involves finding patterns in unlabeled data, and reinforcement learning
focuses on learning through interaction with an environment.
• Deep Learning: Deep learning is a specialized form of machine learning that uses
artificial neural networks with multiple layers (deep neural networks). It excels in
tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are commonly used for images, while
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are used for sequences of data.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP focuses on enabling computers to
understand, interpret, and generate human language. It's used in applications like
language translation, sentiment analysis (determining emotions in text), and chatbots
that can engage in conversations with users.
• Computer Vision: Computer vision teaches machines to interpret and understand
visual information from the world, such as images and videos. This technology is
used in facial recognition systems, object detection for autonomous vehicles, and
image analysis in medical diagnostics.
• Robotics: AI-driven robots are designed to perform physical tasks in the real world.
They often combine various AI techniques, including computer vision for recognizing
and navigating through environments, natural language processing for
communication, and machine learning for decision-making.
• Expert Systems: Expert systems are AI programs designed to replicate the decision-
making abilities of human experts within specific domains. They use a knowledge
base of rules and facts and an inference engine to provide recommendations or make
decisions in areas like medicine or finance.
• Reinforcement Learning: In reinforcement learning, agents learn how to make
decisions by interacting with an environment. They receive feedback in the form of
rewards or penalties based on their actions. This approach is often used in training AI
for autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars or game-playing AI.
• Cognitive Computing: Cognitive computing combines various AI techniques to
simulate human cognitive functions like reasoning, problem-solving, and
understanding natural language. It's commonly applied in complex decision-making
domains, such as healthcare diagnosis or financial analysis.

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1.5 Software

The software was created using the app PyCharm, inside macOS. PyCharm is like a special
computer program for people who write code in the Python language. It's made by a company
called JetBrains and comes in two versions: a free one called Community and a paid one
called Professional.
Here's what PyCharm does:

It helps you write Python code by giving you smart suggestions, highlighting the code nicely,
and making it look neat.It makes it easy to move around in your code, even if it's a big
project with lots of files.
It has a tool for finding and fixing mistakes in your code, kind of like a detective.You can use
it to test your code and see if it works correctly.It can connect to something called "version
control" which helps you keep track of changes you make to your code.If you're making
websites with Python, it can help with that too, even with things like HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript.You can use it to work with databases and run special computer commands for
them.You can add more features to PyCharm by getting extra things called “plugins."It gives
you hints and checks your code to make sure you don't make mistakes.
You can use it on different types of computers like Windows, Mac, and Linux.Whether you're
just starting to learn Python or you're a pro coder, PyCharm has lots of tools to help you work
better. That's why many Python programmers like using it.Early Days (Version 1): When
PyCharm first appeared, it was like a basic spellbook. It had some helpful features, but it was
just starting to learn its magic.
Growing Smarter (Version 2-3): With each new version, PyCharm added more spells to its
book. It could now understand Python code better, find mistakes, and help programmers write
code faster. It was like PyCharm was becoming a better assistant, always ready to lend a
hand.Maturing (Version 4-5): As time went on, PyCharm got even smarter. It could navigate
through big projects, like finding your way in a huge library. It also became better at spotting

18
errors in the code, like a watchful guardian.Becoming a Pro (Version 6-7): In the later
versions, PyCharm became a pro-level wizard. It could work with web development,
databases, and other powerful spells. It made coding a breeze, like having a powerful ally by
your side.Going Global (Version 8 and beyond): PyCharm continued to improve and became
famous all around the world. It started speaking different languages (supporting more
programming languages) and became friends with many other tools that programmers use.So,
the evolution of PyCharm is like a journey of a simple helper becoming a super-smart and
powerful assistant for programmers. It's always learning and growing, making the magical
world of coding more accessible to everyone.
Additional softwares used were terminalThe macOS Terminal app is like a text-based
interface for your Mac computer. Instead of using a mouse and graphical icons, you type text
commands to interact with your computer. It's like having a conversation with your Mac
through written instructions.You can use the Terminal to do various tasks, from navigating
your computer's files and folders to running programs and executing more advanced
commands. It's a powerful tool for users who are comfortable with text-based commands and
want more control over their computer.While it might seem a bit intimidating if you're new to
it, many users find it handy for specific tasks or troubleshooting. It's like having direct access
to your computer's brain through words instead of pictures and clicks.

1.6 python

Python was created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s, and its first version, Python
0.9.0, was released in February 1991. At that time, Python was a simple language with basic
features.
As years went by, Python evolved, and new versions were released. Each new version added
more features and improvements to the language. It was like adding new branches to the tree,
making it more versatile and powerful.Python 2.0, released in the year 2000, was a
significant milestone. It introduced list comprehensions, garbage collection, and Unicode
support, making Python more robust and capable.
Python 3.0, released in 2008, brought some major changes. It cleaned up and simplified the
language, removing old and redundant features. While this caused some initial compatibility

19
issues with older Python 2.x code, it paved the way for a more modern and consistent
Python.Since then, Python has continued to grow and flourish. New versions are regularly
released, adding even more features and improvements. Python's community of developers
and users has also expanded, making it one of the most popular and widely used
programming languages in the world.In essence, the evolution of Python is like a tree that
started small and simple but grew over the years, branching out into a powerful and versatile
language that continues to thrive.[24]

Python is a computer language that people use to talk to computers and make them do
different tasks. It's like giving instructions to your computer in a way that's easy for both you
and the computer to understand. Python is known for its simplicity and readability, which
means it's good for beginners and experts alike. You can use Python to create websites,
games, analyse data, and do lots of other cool stuff with your computer. It's a bit like a
universal language that computers understand, and it's widely used in the world of
programming and software development.Python is a computer language that was created in
1990. It's known for being easy to use and powerful. You can use it on different types of
computers, like Windows or Linux.
Here are some important things about Python:
• Python can do many things, like handling data and making programs.
• You can use it for free, even for work.
• Python can work with other computer languages.
• You can find Python programs for lots of different tasks, like managing databases,
making images, and more.[24]

Python is used in AI to help create smart machines and software that can think and learn like
humans (or sometimes even better!).
Here's how Python fits into AI:
• Coding Companion: Python is a programming language that AI developers love
because it's easy to understand and write. It helps them create the brains behind AI
systems.

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 • Data Detective: AI needs data to learn from, and Python helps gather and organise
that data. It's like a detective gathering clues to solve a case.
• Teaching Tool: Python is used to write the instructions (code) that AI systems follow.
It's like giving AI a textbook to learn from.
• Testing and Tweaking: AI isn't perfect from the start. Python helps developers test
AI's abilities and make improvements, like a coach training an athlete to get better.
• Communication Expert: Python is also used to make AI systems talk and understand
human language. It's like a translator between humans and AI.
Python plays a crucial role in making AI systems smart, helpful, and able to do amazing
things like recognising images, understanding speech, and even playing games.
Python is used to create computer programs that can do various tasks. It's like a toolbox for
developers and scientists. People use Python to build websites, analyse data, make games,
create artificial intelligence, and even control robots. It's a versatile and easy-to-learn
language that can do many different things, making it popular in many fields.
Python extensions are additional modules or packages that provide extra functionality to the
Python programming language. These extensions are used to extend Python's capabilities
beyond its built-in features. Here's a brief explanation of Python extensions:
• Purpose: Python extensions are created to add new features, libraries, or modules to
Python, allowing developers to perform specific tasks or work with external libraries
and APIs.
• Types: There are different types of Python extensions:
• Standard Library Extensions: These are extensions included in the Python
standard library, providing a wide range of functionality, from working with
files and data to network programming and more.
• Third-party Extensions: These are created by developers and organisations
outside of the Python core team. They can be installed separately and used to
enhance Python's capabilities. Examples include NumPy, pandas, and Django.
• Installation: To use Python extensions, you typically need to install them. Python
provides package managers like pip and conda that make it easy to download and
install third-party extensions.

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 • Examples: Python extensions can be used for various purposes, such as data analysis
(NumPy, pandas), web development (Django, Flask), scientific computing (SciPy), and
machine learning (scikit-learn, TensorFlow).
• Extending Python: Python also allows you to create your own extensions in languages
like C or C++ and integrate them into your Python code, enhancing performance or
enabling interaction with existing non-Python codebases.

1.7 Modules used:

• What is a module?
In Python, a module is a file containing Python code. The code in a module can define
functions, classes, and variables, which can be reused in other Python scripts. Modules are a
way to organize code into separate files to promote code reusability, maintainability, and
modularity.

• Speech Recognition:
Speech recognition is the technology that enables computers to convert spoken language into
text. In Python, you can use the SpeechRecognition library to integrate speech recognition
capabilities into your applications. This library makes it relatively easy to work with various
speech recognition engines.

• OS:
The os module in Python provides a way to interact with the operating system, allowing you
to perform various file and directory operations, manage processes, access environment
variables, and more. It provides a platform-independent interface to common operating
system-related tasks.

• Webbrowser:
The webbrowser module in Python provides a simple and convenient way to open web
browsers and display web pages, as well as perform basic web-related tasks. It is part of the
Python Standard Library, so you don't need to install any additional packages to use it.

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• Datetime:
The datetime module in Python is part of the standard library and provides classes and
functions for working with dates and times. It allows you to manipulate and format dates and
times, perform arithmetic operations, and work with time zones.

• Requests:
The requests module in Python is a widely used library for making HTTP requests to interact
with web services and retrieve data from websites. It simplifies the process of sending HTTP
requests and handling responses.

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

Aim:
To develop an efficient and user-centric virtual assistant that enhances productivity and
simplifies daily tasks for individuals and businesses.
Objectives:
• Natural Language Understanding: Ensure the virtual assistant can accurately
understand and interpret user queries and commands in natural language, allowing for
seamless and intuitive interactions.
• Task Automation: Enable the virtual assistant to automate repetitive tasks, such as
scheduling appointments, managing emails, and setting reminders, to save users time
and effort.
• Personalisation: Implement personalised recommendations and responses based on
user preferences and historical interactions, enhancing the user experience.
• Multi-Platform Integration: Integrate the virtual assistant across various platforms and
devices, including smartphones, computers, and smart home systems, for maximum
accessibility and convenience.
• Continuous Learning: Implement machine learning algorithms to enable the virtual
assistant to continuously learn and improve its performance over time by analysing
user feedback and behaviour.

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 • Security and Privacy: Prioritise data security and user privacy by implementing robust
encryption, access controls, and data anonymisation to protect user information.
• Scalability: Design the virtual assistant architecture to be scalable, accommodating an
increasing user base and expanding features as the system evolves.
• Cross-Functional Capabilities: Develop the virtual assistant's ability to perform a wide
range of tasks, from answering general inquiries to assisting with specific domains
like finance, travel, or entertainment.
• Natural Voice Interaction: Incorporate voice recognition technology to enable hands-
free operation and make the virtual assistant accessible to users with various abilities.
• Comprehensive Knowledge Base: Build a rich and up-to-date knowledge base,
ensuring the virtual assistant can provide accurate information and solutions across
diverse topics and industries.
• Feedback Loop: Establish a feedback mechanism for users to report issues, suggest
improvements, and provide insights, facilitating continuous refinement of the virtual
assistant's performance.
• Performance Metrics: Define and track key performance metrics, such as response
time, accuracy, and user satisfaction, to evaluate the virtual assistant's effectiveness
and make data-driven improvements.
• Market Adaptation: Stay informed about market trends and user needs to adapt the
virtual assistant's capabilities and features to remain competitive and relevant.
• Ethical Considerations: Consider ethical guidelines and principles in the development
and deployment of the virtual assistant, ensuring it adheres to responsible AI
practices.

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines,

particularly computer systems. It encompasses applications like expert systems, natural

language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision. AI systems work by analyzing
large datasets, identifying patterns, and making predictions. They involve learning, reasoning,
self-correction, and even creativity.

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AI differs from machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). ML enables software to
predict outcomes using historical data, while DL, a subset of ML, is based on neural
networks and powers advances like self-driving cars and ChatGPT.AI's significance lies in its
potential to transform various aspects of life, including business automation, customer
service, fraud detection, and product design. It can perform tasks more effectively than
humans, especially repetitive ones, leading to efficiency gains and new
opportunities.Advantages of AI include precision in detail-oriented tasks, reduced time for
data analysis, labor savings, consistent results, personalised customer experiences, and 24/7
availability. However, there are disadvantages such as cost, the need for technical expertise,
potential biases in training data, lack of generalisation, and job displacement.AI can be
categorised as weak AI (task-specific) and strong AI (human-like cognitive abilities).
Examples include reactive machines (e.g., IBM's Deep Blue), limited memory systems (e.g.,
self-driving cars), theory of mind AI (understanding emotions), and self-aware AI
(consciousness).AI finds applications in healthcare (diagnoses, pandemic prediction),
business (customer insights, chatbots), education (automated grading, personalised learning),
finance (personal finance apps, trading), law (automating legal processes), entertainment/
media (targeted advertising, automated journalism), and more.Augmented intelligence is
proposed as a term to differentiate AI tools that support humans from those that act
autonomously. The concept of artificial general intelligence (AGI), which surpasses human
capabilities, remains largely in the realm of science fiction.
In summary, AI simulates human intelligence in machines, enabling them to learn, reason,
and perform tasks. It has diverse applications, advantages, and challenges, playing a
significant role in various fields and potentially shaping the future in unprecedented ways.

2.he provided text discusses the importance of customer satisfaction for business success and

the role of sentiment analysis, particularly AI-based sentiment analysis, in competitive

research. The introduction emphasises the significance of understanding customer
perceptions for effective branding and positioning strategies. It mentions the dynamic nature
of the business environment and the need for early change detection. The text introduces the
concept of competitive research, which involves comparing a company's products/services to
those of rivals.

25
The text then delves into sentiment analysis, explaining that it involves categorising emotions
expressed in text data as negative, neutral, or positive. Sentiment analysis helps marketers
understand customer sentiments, beliefs, and motivations, aiding in more effective
advertising and decision-making. Various techniques for sentiment analysis are discussed,
including lexicon-based methods and AI/machine learning approaches.
The background section covers the importance of data in business strategies, sentiment
analysis as a tool for understanding consumer emotions, and the role of AI in sentiment
analysis. It mentions the challenges in sentiment analysis, such as domain dependency and
natural language processing.
The research methodology section outlines the approach taken in the scoping review. It
discusses the search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and research questions (RQs).
The RQs focus on the current state of research, the development of AI-based sentiment
analysis approaches, and the challenges and prospects in competitive research.
The results and discussion section presents findings related to the scoping review. It includes
statistics about document types, publication topics, and publication years. The rise in AI-
based sentiment analysis research is highlighted. The section also touches on the potential
benefits and challenges of AI and sentiment analysis in competitive research.
Overall, the text provides an overview of the importance of customer satisfaction, sentiment
analysis, and AI in competitive research. It discusses the current state of research and
highlights trends and challenges in the field.

3.Structural Health Monitoring: Discusses challenges and developments in vibration-based

structural health monitoring, aiming to diagnose and predict structural health, particularly
focusing on handling incomplete monitoring data.
Human Gesture Recognition: Introduces a method using deep neural networks to enhance
human gesture recognition in video surveillance applications, addressing challenges like
changing viewpoints.
Metal Additive Manufacturing: Explores the role of physics-informed machine learning
(PIML) in improving the interpretability and reliability of machine learning models in metal
additive manufacturing, ensuring adherence to physical principles.

26
Smart Energy Systems: Examines the integration of machine learning in smart energy
systems, illustrating the application of data-driven probabilistic algorithms for decision-
making in energy distribution networks.
Geotechnical Data Analysis: Demonstrates the application of machine learning, deep
learning, and optimisation algorithms in analysing large and complex geotechnical data,
contributing insights to geoscience and geo-engineering challenges

4.This article provides answers to basic questions about artificial intelligence (AI) for

laypeople. It clarifies that AI involves creating intelligent machines and computer programs
capable of understanding and achieving goals, even though it does not necessarily mirror
human intelligence. Intelligence is described as the computational aspect of goal
achievement. The article discusses the lack of a definitive definition of intelligence and
emphasises that AI researchers focus on problem-solving in various domains rather than
solely simulating human intelligence.
Key points covered include:
Defining Intelligence: Intelligence is described as the computational facet of accomplishing
objectives in the world, with varying degrees found in humans, animals, and some machines.
AI vs. Human Intelligence: AI research explores problems posed by the world, not just
human intelligence, and may utilise methods beyond those observed in humans.
IQ and AI: Computers do not possess IQ like humans, as IQ measures development in
children and may not correlate with computer usefulness.
AI Research Origins: AI research began after WWII, with Alan Turing being one of the
pioneers. Early research involved programming computers rather than building physical
machines.
Turing Test: The Turing test is discussed as a measure of intelligence, where a machine
successfully pretends to be human to an observer.
AI Goals: AI aims to create computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals as
effectively as humans, although opinions on how to achieve this differ.
Branches of AI: Various branches of AI are introduced, including logical AI, search, pattern
recognition, representation, learning, planning, and more.

27
AI Applications: AI applications encompass game playing, speech recognition, natural
language understanding, computer vision, expert systems, and more.
AI and Philosophy: AI has connections to philosophy, particularly analytic philosophy, as
both fields study mind and common sense.
AI and Logic Programming: AI and logic programming have a relationship, as logic
programming languages like Prolog can be useful for AI tasks.
Preparing for AI Studies: Suggestions are provided for those interested in AI, such as
studying mathematics, programming languages, and related fiel Recommended Textbooks
and Organisation's: Textbooks and organisations related to AI research are mentioned.
The article acknowledges that not all opinions expressed within it represent consensus among
AI researchers. It provides an accessible overview of fundamental concepts in AI for a
general audience.

5.This paper explores the significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in modern times,

discussing its historical background, current developments, and various applications. AI is

described as the science of creating intelligent machines through computer programming. The
term is used when machines simulate human-like functions to solve problems and learn from
them. The paper highlights key milestones, such as the development of interactive robots and
the Deep Blue chess program.
Four types of AI are identified: reactive machines, theory of mind, limited memory, and self-
awareness. Reactive machines respond to current situations without using past experiences.
Theory of mind focuses on human-like behaviour and decision-making abilities. Limited
memory involves deriving knowledge from previous data, and self-awareness pertains to
machines with human-like consciousness.Machine Learning (ML) is introduced as a subset
of AI, where computers automatically learn and improve from past experiences. Four types of
ML are discussed: supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning.
Supervised learning corrects errors by comparing outputs with previous ones, while
unsupervised learning uncovers hidden patterns in unlabelled data. Semi-supervised learning
combines labeled and unlabelled data, and reinforcement learning involves machines
interacting with changing environments to optimise performance.The paper covers various
applications of AI, including video games, natural language processing, image processing,

28
automatic driving cars, virtual personal assistants (like Siri and Google Assistant), and
security surveillance. These applications demonstrate AI's potential to enhance efficiency and
capabilities across different sectors.
In conclusion, the paper emphasises the growing importance of AI and Machine Learning in
our digital era. It underscores the need for further research and exploration in this field,
offering valuable insights to emerging researchers and students interested in understanding
the fundamentals of artificial intelligence.

6.The abstract introduces the concept of intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs) or intelligent

personal assistants (IPAs), which are software agents designed to perform tasks or provide
services based on user instructions. These assistants can understand spoken language, answer
questions, control devices, and manage various tasks. The abstract also highlights the use of
speech recognition systems and the significance of virtual personal assistants (VPAs) in
utilising artificial intelligence.
The introduction further explains the emergence of virtual assistants as digital tools that
understand user voice commands and carry out tasks using speech recognition and language
processing algorithms. These assistants are integrated into devices and can be beneficial for
various users, including those with disabilities. The section emphasises the capabilities of
virtual assistants, including reading news, managing schedules, and interacting with
devices.The literature review explores previous work in the field of virtual assistants,
discussing advancements in voice recognition technology and applications. Various studies
on voice recognition systems, user interactions, and AI-powered assistants are summarised .
The proposed system architecture section outlines the design of a virtual assistant using
Python, machine learning, and AI. It describes the system's ability to understand voice
commands, process them, and execute tasks. The section includes data flow diagrams and
outlines the system's key features, such as continuous listening for commands and user
preferences for voice output.The experimental results suggest that virtual assistants can save
time and enhance user interactions with devices. The section highlights the advantages of
using virtual assistants, including improved time management and accessibility for users with
varying needs.The section on important libraries/packages lists tools used in the project, such
as speech-to-text conversion, text analysing, speech recognition modules, API calls, Python

29
backend, data extraction, and text-to-speech capabilities.Lastly, the conclusion summaries the
Python-based Voice Assistant project, highlighting its functionality, benefits, and relevance in
simplifying tasks and organising schedules for users.Overall, the document discusses the
concept, development, and potential benefits of a Python-based virtual assistant that
leverages AI and voice recognition technology to enhance user interactions with devices and
improve daily tasks.

7.Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing

(NLP) have greatly improved language models, enabling them to generate diverse content.
One subset, Generative AI, includes models like ChatGPT, which excel at creating various
media forms using deep learning and neural networks
ChatGPT, built on the transformative Transformer architecture, has evolved from earlier GPT
models like GPT-1, GPT-2, and GPT-3. GPT-3.5, the basis for ChatGPT, displays remarkable
language understanding and generation capabilities . Its objectives encompass presenting
ChatGPT's potential, exploring its applications, functions, IoT integration, and highlighting
research trends ChatGPT's evolution is evident in its architecture, leveraging Natural
Language Understanding (NLU), Knowledge Base, Natural Language Generation (NLG),
and Reinforcement Learning for improved interactions . Its functions span cognitive
comprehension, multilingual competence, scalability, and adaptable task execution
Applications of ChatGPT extend across medical diagnosis, business operations, legal support,
content creation, education, coding assistance, journalism, and more . It also enhances
academia by handling and analysing data for literature review and trend identification .
Additionally, ChatGPT transforms personalised education and tutoring, shaping how students
learn complex subjects .
In conclusion, ChatGPT's evolution has led to a powerful AI model with broad applications,
advancing human-AI interactions and reshaping industries . Further research will uncover its
full potential and address emerging challenges in the NLP field.

8..The provided text appears to be a literature review on the topic of Edge AI and its
relationship with edge computing. It covers various aspects of the subject, including the
evolution of cloud computing to edge computing, the birth of edge AI, its applications,

30
benefits, challenges, and future prospects. The review emphasises the importance of bringing
AI computation closer to the network's edge, discusses the concept of cloudlets, fog
computing, mobile edge computing, and micro data centers, and explores the potential
applications of edge AI in various domains such as smart transport and smart cities.
Additionally, it highlights the role of AI in reshaping edge computing, the challenges faced,
and potential solutions.The section covers topics such as cloudlets, fog computing, and
mobile-edge computing (MEC) with a focus on their applications, use cases, and the
relationship to mobile devices. It also touches on the evolution of these concepts and their
potential implications.The section begins by introducing the concept of cloudlets formed
from resource-rich mobile devices and their potential benefits for accelerating computing
tasks for resource-poor mobile devices. It mentions that the lack of profitability in the
concept's business model has hindered its commercial adoption.The discussion then moves
on to fog computing, which was originally presented by Cisco Systems in 2012. Fog
computing is described as an architecture that places an additional layer between end-user
devices and the cloud, focusing on embedded systems and sensors. It highlights the value of
local data analysis for scenarios like connected vehicles, smart grids, and other edge-related
contexts.The text also discusses the relationship between fog computing and the Internet of
Things (IoT), mentioning scenarios like smart traffic lights, self-driving vehicles, smart
meters, and industrial control systems. It outlines how fog computing involves distributing
resources and services across the continuum from the cloud to edge devices.Furthermore, the
section highlights the challenges and evolving nature of fog computing, such as its support
for mobility and real-time data processing. It notes that fog computing has been associated
with various applications, including IoT, video analytics, and edge-centric computing.The
text concludes with references to specific projects, initiatives, and proof-of-concept studies
related to mobile-edge computing. It mentions the ETSI-sponsored proofs of concept that
validate the viability of the MEC concept and also references the 5G MiEdge project focused
on millimetre-wave 5G radio access and resource optimisation for mobile users.Overall, this
section provides an overview of cloudlets, fog computing, and mobile-edge computing
concepts, discussing their applications, use cases, challenges, and potential benefits for
mobile users and resource-intensive applications.

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9.I have chosen this subject to spotlight on one of the most technological trends these days
known as AI (Artificial Intelligence). Therefore, I will discuss some of the most important
aspects related to AI in which it will help in a better understanding of Artificial Intelligent
and both its advantages and disadvantages to be able to protect ourselves from the upcoming
technological trend. This paper will also discuss some of the algorithms used in AI
systems.Artificial Intelligence was first proposed by John McCarthy in 1956 in his first
academic conference on the subject. The idea of machines operating like human beings began
to be the center of scientist’s mind and whether if it is possible to make machines have the
same ability to think and learn by itself was introduced by the mathematician Alan Turing.
Alan Turing was able to put his hypotheses and questions into actions by testing whether
“machines can think”? After a series of testing (later was called as Turing Test) it turns out
that it is possible to enable machines to think and learn just like humans. Turing Test uses the
pragmatic approach to be able to identify if machines can respond as humans.Artificial
Intelligence is the field of study that describes the capability of machine learning just like
humans and the ability to respond to certain behaviours also known as (A.I.). The need of
Artificial Intelligence is increasing every day. Since AI was first introduced to the market, it
has been the reason for the quick change in technology and business fields. Computer
scientists are predicting that by 2020, “85% of customer interactions will be managed without
a human”. This means that human's simple requests will depend on computers and artificial
intelligence just like when we use Siri or Galaxy to ask about the weather temperature. It is
very important to be prepared for AI revelation just like the UAE have by installing a state
minister for AI in Dubai.AI offers reliability, cost-effectiveness, solve complicated problems,
and make decisions; in addition, Since machines are learning and doing things more
efficiently and effectively in a timely manner, this could be the reason for our
extinction.Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a representative model of understanding
thoughts and behaviours in terms of the physical connection between neurons. ANN has been
used to solve variety of problems through enabling the machine to build mathematical models
to be able to imitate natural activities from the brain's perspective.AI can be designed using
lots of algorithms. These algorithms help the system to determine the expected response
which will basically tell the computer what to expect and work accordingly. Here are some of
the greatest AI applications that we are probably using in our daily life without knowing:

32
voice recognition, virtual agents, machine learning platform, AI optimised hardware, decision
management, deep learning platform, biomatters, robotic process automation, text analytics
and NLP, adaptive manufacturing.AI application is a lot around us and in this paper, I will
discuss some of the most common applications of AI that we always use nowadays which is
Virtual Assistants such as Siri, Cortana, etc. Over the past few years, smart assistants are
becoming a very common technology in most of the smart devices and most importantly, that
these assistants are getting smarter than ever. In addition to the awesome help they provide us
with, is that every one of these apps has unique features. Artificial Intelligence works
according to the following phases: getting the data, clean/manipulate/prepare the data, train
the model, test data, and improve the data.Siri is the well-known virtual assistant which uses
voice recognition and typed command in order to perform a certain task within a device. Siri
is considered one of AI most used applications. The application simply takes the input from
the user such as (e.g. Call dad) and tries to find the most related keywords used in this
command. Siri tries to eliminate inconsistent results through using the language pattern
recogniser and from there to active ontology by searching through the contacts, then it tries to
relate the contact named“Dad” and perform the task which is in this case is “Calling” and

finally the output of this action will be “calling dad”.In another scenario the architecture of
the virtual assistant is shown where the flow of the system starts by taking the input from the
user, after that the system decides the conversation strategy module to be used which is a
response from the dialog management module, meanwhile, a classification module responds
to an NLP module. Finally, using the conversation history database is used to analyse the
knowledge base construction module which will respond back to the domain knowledge
based.AI nowadays is being implemented in almost every field of study through several
models such as SVM and ANN. We should be able to proceed with knowing and
understanding the consequences of every technological trend. In my opinion, we are in the AI
revelation era and therefore; we should adopt into this change and welcome it too by
embracing AI and moving toward a better society.

10.Modern technology has greatly impacted how tourists experience cities, from trip planning
to navigation. However, the use of smartphones and other screens can distract tourists from
enjoying their physical surroundings. This research focuses on the EU-funded SpaceBook

33
project, which aimed to create a wearable technology that provides tourists with information
and guidance while keeping their hands and eyes free. The system used a spoken dialogue
interface and real-time visibility modelling based on LiDAR data and various datasets to
identify landmarks and provide navigation instructions.
Advances in mobile technology have led to Mobile Spatial Interaction (MSI), allowing users
to interact with digital information in their physical environment. Various technologies, such
as Augmented Reality apps, have emerged to help users navigate and identify landmarks.
However, these often require users to look at screens, which can be distracting.
Effective exploration involves acquiring spatial knowledge while roaming freely in an urban
environment. Landmarks play a crucial role in navigation and decision-making along routes.
The SpaceBook project aimed to create a system that would support urban exploration,
offering information and guidance while allowing users to maintain a sense of place and
direction.
SpaceBook was designed as a client-server system with multiple micro-services
communicating over the internet. The system used a speech-only interface, allowing users to
maintain an eyes-free and hands-free experience while exploring the city. The speech
interface enabled users to ask questions and receive spoken responses, enhancing their
interaction with the system.
Evaluating non-traditional interactive systems like SpaceBook presents challenges. The
evaluation involved experiments to understand user intent, formative assessments, and
summative evaluations. The system was tested in the busy streets of central Edinburgh, where
it faced real-world conditions, including noise and diverse geographic features SpaceBook
successfully demonstrated a pedestrian-based virtual guiding system that provided tourists
with hands-free, eyes-free guidance and information using a speech-only interface. Users
generally enjoyed the experience and expressed interest in using such a system in the future.
Challenges included the quality of continuous Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in noisy
environments.

11.Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a prominent research area in recent years, with
applications spanning various domains. The cultural heritage sector has also witnessed the

34
integration of AI, promising to enhance accessibility and engagement. This literature review
delves into the development of an intelligent conversational agent designed to enhance
information accessibility within a history museum context. It discusses the cultural
background, system architecture, implementation challenges, and user feedback related to
this virtual assistant. This innovation aims to bridge the gap between technology and cultural
heritage, offering a novel way for museum visitors to engage with exhibits.
The concept of intelligent museum guides has been explored for over a decade, with early
challenges related to technological limitations. However, recent advancements have paved
the way for more sophisticated conversational agents. Previous studies, such as Ada and
Grace, introduced virtual assistants to improve museum tours, but they had limited
applicability. Challenges in measuring the efficiency of such agents were noted. The
evolution of technology allowed the integration of gestures, empathy, and relational
behaviour, but these early agents lacked true AI capabilities.Recent research has emphasised
the importance of natural and humane interactions between users and virtual agents.
Incorporating emotions and personality traits into conversational agents has been explored to
enhance user engagement and immersion. Storytelling and narrating styles have also been
employed to enrich virtual avatars' features.
While numerous studies have investigated virtual museum guides, many lacked language
flexibility, making them unsuitable for non-English-speaking museums. Furthermore, there is
a dearth of comprehensive AI-driven solutions, and the deployment of AI in museum contexts
remains challenging. This literature review focuses on the city of Brasov, Romania, and its
Museum "Casa Muresenilor." Brasov is a potential tourism destination, but it faces
challenges in retaining tourists for extended periods. The museum, founded in 1968, boasts a
rich collection of cultural and historical artefacts, making it a valuable asset for the region.
However, engaging younger audiences has been challenging due to communication barriers.
The museum's openness to modern technologies, such as virtual assistants, aligns with
broader efforts to adapt cultural exhibits to local community needs.Developing a virtual
museum guide presents several challenges, including defining accurate visitor models,
language understanding, navigation assistance, and exhibit representation. This research
seeks to address these challenges and create an adaptable, AI-based solution that can benefit
museums beyond Brasov.The proposed system architecture includes elements like Google

35
Cloud Speech to Text and SitePal. Google Cloud Speech to Text facilitates voice recognition
and language understanding, while SitePal offers customisable avatars for delivering
responses in natural language. The system's proof of concept demonstrates the feasibility of
voice interactions with a computer, even though it lacks full interactivity.
This literature review underscores the potential of AI-driven virtual assistants in the cultural
heritage sector. The case study of Museum "Casa Muresenilor" in Brasov, Romania,
exemplifies the need for innovative solutions to engage visitors effectively. While challenges
persist, advances in AI and natural language processing offer promising avenues for
enhancing the accessibility and cultural richness of museums. The integration of technology
and cultural heritage can create immersive, educational experiences for diverse audiences,
ultimately enriching the appreciation of history and art.

12.human-machine interactions, offering intuitive control and monitoring of devices. While

VAs have gained popularity in home automation, they also hold tremendous potential as
artificial intelligence-driven laboratory assistants. This literature review explores the
applications, benefits, and challenges of employing VAs in laboratory settings. Specifically, it
presents a retrofitting approach to make standard laboratory instruments part of the Internet
of Things (IoT) using voice user interfaces (VUIs). The study demonstrates high accuracy in
speech command recognition and highlights the potential for VUIs within laboratory
environments, especially for researchers with physical impairments or low vision. The
introduction of smart virtual assistants (VAs) and associated smart devices has transformed
the way we interact with technology. Voice-controlled and internet-connected devices have
ushered in a new era of human-machine interaction, allowing for intuitive control and
monitoring from anywhere in the world. While VAs have found success in home automation,
their potential as artificial intelligence-driven laboratory assistants is a topic of growing
interest. This literature review aims to explore the adoption of voice user interfaces (VUIs)
for laboratory instruments, shedding light on their applications and advantages in scientific
research.
The concept of virtual assistants was once relegated to the realms of science fiction but has
become a reality thanks to advances in natural language processing (NLP) and AI. Major IT
companies have developed VAs like Siri, Google Assistant, Cortana, Alexa, and Bixby, which

36
are now commonplace in our homes and workplaces. VUIs offer advantages over traditional
human interface devices, including hands-free control, intuitive interaction, and accessibility
for individuals with visual or physical impairments.Prior studies have explored the use of
VAs in various professional fields. Examples include using Amazon Echo with custom skills
for clinical support, VAs in surgical operating rooms, and VAs as aids for the elderly in daily
activities. Additionally, there has been a recent development of skills like "Helix," an Amazon
Echo-based skill for chemistry labs that provides chemical information and data retrieval.
However, the application of VAs in natural sciences, particularly within laboratory settings,
has only recently gained attention due to the emergence of this technology.This study focuses
on retrofitting standard laboratory instruments into the Internet of Things (IoT) environment
using Node-RED, a visual programming tool. The setup involves connecting laboratory
devices with RS232 interfaces to an IoT broker (AWS IoT) via RS232-USB adapters,
allowing for cloud-based control and monitoring. JavaScript and MQTT messaging protocol
enable bidirectional communication between laboratory instruments and their digital
representations (device shadows) in the cloud.
To interact with laboratory instruments, a custom skill hosted on Amazon Lambda was
created. This skill processes speech commands and interacts with device shadows,
responding to specific inquiries with audio feedback. The Alexa Skills Kit enables the
definition of custom phrases (utterances) to trigger specific device actions.
The voice user interface (VUI) was designed using the Alexa Skills Kit, with distinct
invocation names for laboratory instruments. Redundant phrases were implemented to trigger
various intents, resulting in instrument actions. Amazon's Alexa Voice Service (AVS) handled
speech recognition, while an Amazon Echo device served as the VA-enabled interface.
The study achieved high accuracy (95% ± 3.62) in speech command recognition,
demonstrating the feasibility of using VUIs to control laboratory instruments. The modular
setup, relying on open communication protocols and data formats, allows seamless
integration into existing digital laboratory infrastructures. The VUI offers hands-free device
control, a valuable asset in daily laboratory routines.This literature review highlights the
promising potential of commercially available virtual assistants as laboratory assistants. The
retrofitting approach demonstrated in the study, along with the high accuracy of speech
command recognition, paves the way for future applications of VUIs in scientific research.

37
Moreover, VUIs offer accessibility benefits for researchers with physical impairments or low
vision, making them a valuable addition to the laboratory environment. The digital
transformation of science has only just begun, and VUIs hold the key to streamlining various
aspects of scientific research.

13.In today's technology-dominated world, Intelligent Personal Assistants (IPAs) have

become indispensable tools for accessing useful and timely information quickly. These IPAs
are integrated into mobile operating systems and offer users the ability to perform a wide
range of electronic tasks 24/7. Tasks such as dictation, navigation, reading email messages
aloud, setting reminders, answering factual questions, and launching apps can all be
accomplished through IPAs like Apple's Siri, Google Now, and Microsoft Cortana. These AI-
powered assistants facilitate natural language interactions between humans and computers,
making digital communication more intuitive.
The primary objective of this study is to explore the potential applications of IPAs that
leverage advanced cognitive computing technologies and Natural Language Processing
(NLP) for learning purposes. To achieve this goal, the study provides an overview of how
IPAs function within the context of AI, which has seen significant advancements in its ability
to predict, understand, and execute multi-step and complex user requests.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Intelligent Personal
Assistants
In today's educational landscape, the integration of technology is an ever-evolving and
transformative force. It has led to the development of Intelligent Personal Assistants (IPAs)
that are embedded within mobile operating systems, providing users with constant access to
information and a wide range of functions. These IPAs, powered by Artificial Intelligence
(AI), have the capacity to comprehend and execute complex user requests, making them
invaluable tools for modern education.
AI, also known as Machine Intelligence or Computational Intelligence, encompasses a wide
array of subfields, ranging from general-purpose areas like learning and perception to specific
tasks such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing
diseases. AI's applications span various domains, including healthcare, clean energy, and
education.

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NLP, a subfield of AI, focuses on analysing linguistic data, primarily in the form of textual
data, using computational methods. NLP aims to build representations of text that include
structural insights from linguistics. NLP plays a crucial role in creating computer software
that enables human-computer interaction, facilitating tasks such as information retrieval,
problem-solving, and repetitive tasks.
PDAs emerged in the mid-1980s as handheld devices designed to simplify daily tasks and
provide access to information. They evolved into tools for scheduling, contact management,
and note-taking. However, PDAs eventually became obsolete with the advent of more
advanced technology.
IPAs, speech-enabled technologies embedded in mobile platforms, have become essential for
online learning. These applications use inputs such as voice commands, visual cues, and
contextual information to provide assistance, answer questions in natural language, make
recommendations, and perform actions. IPAs like Apple's Siri, Google Now, and Microsoft
Cortana offer personalised services tailored to users' preferences.
PDAs and IPAs have the potential to enhance the learning experience. They provide a spoken
dialogue system that employs natural language and semantic understanding techniques to
help users access information and perform tasks. IPAs, in particular, can aid language
learning by improving pronunciation and listening skills, offering a convenient and
interactive platform for learners.
Siri, introduced in 2011, is a voice recognition AI decision engine available on Apple devices.
It can perform various tasks, such as setting reminders, scheduling appointments, and posting
on social media. Siri uses natural language processing to understand and respond to user
queries, making it a valuable tool for language learners.Google Now is a voice-activated
assistant that operates as a search engine and automatically opens relevant webpages based
on voice commands. It gathers data from user accounts and sensor data from mobile devices
to provide personalised suggestions. Google Now's ability to predict user needs based on
context and previous interactions makes it a powerful tool for language learning.Cortana,
inspired by an AI character in the Halo video game series, offers features such as making
calls, sending messages, setting reminders, and identifying music. It can predict user needs by
analysing data from various sources. Cortana's capabilities make it a valuable asset for
language learners.IPAs, integrated into mobile operating systems, have revolutionised the

39
way users access information and perform tasks. Their AI-driven capabilities, coupled with
NLP, have made them powerful tools for learning and education. These IPAs, including Siri,
Google Now, and Cortana, offer unique features that can enhance language learning, improve
pronunciation, and provide a personalised learning experience. As technology continues to
advance, the role of IPAs in education is likely to grow, offering new opportunities for
learners worldwide.

14.The provided literature review delves into the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI)
and gender, with a focus on chatbots and digital assistants like Alexa, Cortana, and Siri. The
review comprises several key sections, which I will summarise:
The introduction highlights the increasing presence of AI in our daily lives, particularly
through chatbots and digital assistants. It notes that these AI entities often display human-like
traits but tend to be feminized in their attributes and tasks, thus reinforcing traditional gender
stereotypes.
This section discusses the broad scope of artificial intelligence, emphasising its integration
into daily life, particularly through chatbots. ELIZA, an early natural language processing
application, is mentioned as a precursor to modern chatbots. It highlights the shift in AI from
purely rational to more socially interactive behaviour.The text distinguishes between general
personal assistants (like Siri) and specialised digital assistants (found in web-based platforms
or apps). It describes the tasks they perform, emphasising their role in assisting users in
various aspects of daily life.This section explores gender as a social construct, emphasising
the performative nature of gender roles and stereotypes. It discusses how gender roles are
often binary and defined by societal expectations. Gendered labor and the reinforcement of
hierarchical arrangements are also discussed.The main focus of this section is on how AI
systems, particularly chatbots and digital assistants, are gendered. It highlights that these AI
entities often portray gender-related features through their voices, names, avatars, and
behaviours. The review discusses how chatbots emulate traditionally feminine tasks and
attitudes, effectively automating historically female labor.
The analysis section provides a methodology for assessing the, assistantship, and
companionship roles of AI systems like Alexa, Cortana, and Siri. It finds that these AI
systems tend to display feminine attributes, both in their names and behaviours. They are

40
often depicted as caregivers, emulating maternal stereotypes and conforming to traditional
gender expectations. The section also notes that these AI systems adopt submissive and
accommodating attitudes, reinforcing traditional gender norms.The discussion summarises
the findings, emphasising that AI systems tend to be feminized in their attributes, tasks, and
interactions. It suggests that while Siri offers some diversity with voice options, it still tends
to exhibit femininity. The absence of stereotypical masculine traits in these AI entities further
reinforces their feminisation.
Overall, the literature review sheds light on the gendered aspects of AI, particularly in
chatbots and digital assistants, highlighting the potential societal implications of these
gendered portrayals. It suggests that these AI systems may contribute to the reinforcement of
traditional gender roles and stereotypes.

15.The article highlights how important mobile internet is in Taiwan and how it's a big part of
daily life, especially for students on university campuses. It also mentions that lots of people
in Taiwan have smartphones, more than anywhere else in Asia. People are using their phones
more and more to connect to the internet.
Additionally, the review talks about the idea of a smart campus, where technology is used to
do things like prevent disasters, monitor the environment, create digital classrooms, and
reduce the need for paper. They're also bringing in new technologies like wearable devices,
AR/VR, and AI to help with teaching.The review also talks about virtual assistants and
chatbots, which are like helpful computer programs. They can be used to make campus-
related apps better. They use fancy computer networks to make chatbots that understand
emotions and feelings.
It mentions that computers are getting better at understanding how people talk and what they
mean. There are many different computer models that can do this, and some of them are
really good at it.The review also talks about popular virtual assistants like Siri and Google
Assistant, which you can talk to on your phone. It mentions that sometimes these assistants
take a bit of time to understand what you're saying.Finally, it explains how the campus virtual
assistant works, including the parts that you see on your phone and the stuff happening on the
computer servers. It talks about how they're using deep learning to make the virtual assistant
smarter.

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The experiments they did in the study involved listening to voices and trying to understand
the emotions in them. They also had conversations with a robot. They collected lots of data
and used computers to help them analyse it.In short, the review gives a big picture of how
mobile internet is used in Taiwan, how technology is changing education, and how computers
are getting better at talking to us and understanding our feelings.

16.The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a story filled with dreams, possibilities,
demonstrations, and potential. For a long time, even in ancient times like when Homer
mentioned mechanical "tripods," we've been fascinated by the idea of machines assisting us.
However, it's only in the last 50 years that we, the AI community, have been able to create
experimental machines to test ideas about thinking and intelligent behaviour that were
previously just theories. While we're still working towards full-fledged artificial intelligence,
we need to keep discussing the implications of realising this dream.Philosophers have talked
about intelligent machines more as a way to explore what it means to be human. Some, like
René Descartes, used the idea metaphorically, while others like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
thought about machines using logic to make decisions. Even Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de
Condillac, imagined a statue that could become intelligent as it gained knowledge.
Science fiction authors like Jules Verne and Isaac Asimov have used intelligent machines to
explore the idea of non-human intelligence and what it means to be human. These authors
have inspired many AI researchers.
Robots and artificially created beings like the Golem in Jewish tradition and Mary Shelley's
Frankenstein have always fascinated us and sometimes played on our fears. Even in the 17th
century, clockwork animals and dolls were built, though they were limited and more
curiosities than intelligent machines.Chess, a game that requires thought, led to the creation
of chess-playing machines in the 18th and 19th centuries, including "the Turk," which fooled
some into thinking it played autonomously. Chess has been a vital area of study for AI, with
the famous victory of Deep Blue against world champion Gary Kasparov in 1997.The
mid-20th century saw the rise of modern computers and electronics, which allowed for actual
demonstrations of AI capabilities. Early computers were even called "giant brains" due to
their calculating power.

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Robots, initially more about mechanical engineering than intelligent control, have become
important for testing intelligent behavior. Making robots understand and navigate human
environments is a significant challenge, but there have been successes, particularly in space
exploration.However, AI isn't just about robots. It's also about understanding intelligent
thought and action using computers as experimental tools. Different disciplines, including
engineering, biology, psychology, communication theory, game theory, mathematics, logic,
and linguistics, have contributed to the field.Only in the last 50 years have we had computers
and programming languages powerful enough to test ideas about intelligence. Alan Turing's
1950 paper was pivotal, proposing that electronic computers could behave intelligently,
including the famous Turing Test. Early programs were limited by hardware and software
constraints, but they still demonstrated the power of computers to solve problems that had
previously challenged humans.AI has been influenced by various disciplines, including
cybernetics, biology, psychology, communication theory, game theory, mathematics, logic,
and linguistics. These fields have contributed to the development of AI and have been
influenced by it in return.The development of knowledge-based systems in the 1960s and
1970s, like Dendral and Mycin, marked a significant shift in AI towards using knowledge to
make intelligent decisions. These systems demonstrated that even a small amount of
knowledge could enable intelligent problem-solving.
Throughout this history, various academic institutions, conferences, and organisations, such
as the Machine Intelligence workshops, ACM SIGART, IJCAI, and AAAI, have played a
crucial role in fostering collaboration and sharing ideas within the AI community.
In summary, the history of AI is a fascinating journey from ancient dreams of intelligent
machines to modern-day experiments and possibilities. It involves the convergence of various
disciplines and the continuous pursuit of understanding and replicating intelligent behaviour
in machines.

17.In "The Early History of Artificial Intelligence," P. McCorduck discusses a pivotal

moment in the history of AI, when it shifted from being a dream to a scientific endeavour.
The focus is on the period from the early to mid-1950s, during which AI researchers
recognised the computer as a promising tool for realising the dream of creating artificial
intelligence.

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The paper begins by noting that the concept of artificial intelligence has ancient roots, with
references to automata and intelligent machines found in Greek mythology and other
cultures. It highlights the ambition of humans to create intelligent beings akin to themselves,
which has been met with both fascination and skepticism throughout history.
The paper touches on various historical anecdotes, including references to intelligent
machines in Greek mythology, the creation of automata by famous figures like Albertus
Magnus, and legends like the Golem of Prague. These stories illustrate the enduring human
fascination with the idea of artificial intelligence.The author also draws a distinction between
two attitudes: the Hellenic (positive, progressive) and the Hebraic (negative, responsible)
regarding artificial intelligence. These two attitudes, as portrayed in literature and philosophy,
have coexisted and continue to influence discussions on AI.
The paper discusses how AI was primarily a subject of imaginative literature until the
mid-20th century when advances in technology, particularly the emergence of computers,
made it feasible to pursue AI as a scientific field. Notable figures like Charles Babbage, Lady
Lovelace, Konrad Zuse, Alan Turing, and others contributed to the early development of AI
concepts and technologies.A significant turning point is highlighted: the Dartmouth
Conference in 1956, where the term "artificial intelligence" was officially coined. The
conference brought together leading researchers to explore the possibilities of creating
intelligent machines and laid the foundation for AI as a distinct field of study.The paper
underscores that the convergence of events, including the shift from a physics-based
paradigm to a cybernetics-based one, the development of digital computers, and the
mathematical modelling of psychological and biological phenomena, created an environment
conducive to the emergence of AI.
In conclusion, the paper highlights the profound and enduring human desire to create
artificial intelligence and the journey from ancient myths to scientific endeavours. It
emphasises the importance of historical context, key figures, and significant events that
shaped the early history of AI. The panelists are invited to provide their perspectives on when
the paradigm shift occurred for them, why the computer became a crucial tool, project
selection criteria, and the strategic direction AI should have taken after the Dartmouth
Conference.

44
20.The climate crisis is one of the most pressing threats facing humanity today, and
addressing it has become a global priority. One of the key strategies to combat climate
change is to increase energy efficiency and transition to renewable energy sources. This
literature review focuses on the role of virtual assistants (VAs) in promoting energy efficiency
and sustainability, with a specific emphasis on real-world implementations in various sectors
of society.
The climate crisis has prompted countries worldwide, including non-member states, to
implement regulatory mechanisms aimed at meeting energy-saving targets set by initiatives
like the EU Energy Efficiency Directive. Achieving these targets requires significant changes
in the energy market and energy efficiency measures at various levels, from individual
buildings (e.g., energy certifications) to entire urban areas (e.g., smart cities). Recent
advancements in energy monitoring and control technologies, coupled with Information and
Communications Technologies (ICTs), offer opportunities to develop tools and solutions that
enhance energy efficiency, reduce consumption, and promote renewable energy sources.
Moreover, as technology in the virtual assistant (VA) field continues to evolve, there is a
growing market for home assistant solutions that can be integrated into people's homes.
Leading tech companies like Amazon, Google, and Apple have developed popular home
assistants—Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri, respectively. The home assistant market is
expanding rapidly, with millions of users in the United States alone, creating opportunities to
extend the functionality of these systems to improve energy efficiency.The integration of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and VAs has become increasingly common in households, with
devices like Amazon Echo and Google Home enabling users to automate their homes. The
global home assistant market is projected to grow significantly, reaching billions of dollars by
2023. Recent research has explored how IoT and VAs can be used specifically for energy
management purposes.
For example, IoT-based smart energy meters have been developed to monitor energy
consumption and even detect power theft. These smart meters leverage the benefits of IoT,
allowing for two-way communication and making it easier for users to analyse and control
their energy data.Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research has delved into voice-based
VAs for promoting energy efficiency. These systems use voice assistants to provide feedback
and nudges to users, encouraging energy-saving behaviours. Research has demonstrated the

45
potential of voice-based VAs in stimulating energy efficiency in households by providing
real-time feedback and actionable suggestions.Additionally, VAs have been explored in
various sustainability contexts beyond energy efficiency. These include preventing food
waste, fostering sustainable tourism behaviour, and promoting conscious food handling.
While there is evidence of the potential of voice-based VAs for energy management, there are
some gaps in the existing literature. Most studies have focused on residential settings, and
there is a lack of real-world implementations in various sectors of society. This literature
review aims to address these gaps by presenting a real-world implementation of a VA system
for energy management in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.
The Power Share Virtual Assistant (VA) combines a smart-meter solution with a Google
Assistant application to inform users about their energy consumption and production. It offers
various features, including exploring energy data, accessing simulation data of potential solar
PV production, and receiving personalised information via email.
The study involves deploying the Power Share VA in three different sectors: residential,
commercial, and industrial. Each sector provides a distinct real-world environment for testing
and evaluating how users interact with the system.
The study examined user preferences, interaction times, and success rates in different sectors.
Users tended to prefer real-time data and daily dashboards over historical data. Interaction
times varied among user types and sectors, with residential users being the most active.
Qualitative data from interviews revealed that participants appreciated the energy feedback
provided by the system. They reported making changes in their energy consumption habits
and expressed willingness to maintain these changes. Users also indicated a willingness to
use the system in the future. Recommendations for improvements included tailored
notifications based on consumption and production data.
The Power Share VA successfully demonstrated its versatility in different real-world settings.
Users found value in the energy feedback provided by the system, and some even considered
adopting solar PV panels for self-consumption. While the study achieved its objectives, there
are limitations, such as the need for longer deployments and larger sample sizes.
Future work could explore the long-term usage of VA systems and the integration of Non-
Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) to provide specific appliance-level information.

46
Additionally, there is potential for designing VAs that target specific user segments and
sustain user engagement over time.
In conclusion, this literature review highlights the importance of real-world implementations
of VAs for energy management and suggests avenues for further research to maximise their
effectiveness in promoting energy efficiency and sustainability in diverse sectors of society.

21.One of the most crucial aspects of advanced humanoid robots is their ability to
communicate effectively with humans. This communication function encompasses how
robots receive instructions from humans or other interlocutors and how they provide
information in return. The Human-Robot Interface (HRI) plays a pivotal role in achieving this
communication. The HRI typically consists of units for collecting natural language input,
processing received sentences, and creating a semantic representation of these sentences.
These components are essential for the robot to understand and respond to commands given
in natural language. This literature review explores the development of Human-Robot
Interaction, with a specific focus on the communication capabilities of virtual assistants and
their relevance to advanced humanoid robots.
The history of voice command recognition dates back to as early as 1922 when the "Radio
Rex" toy responded to its name when pronounced with a specific vowel sound . However, it
wasn't until 1939 that the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the "Voder," which could
synthesise human speech, marking an early milestone in speech technology and human-robot
interaction. While not intelligent in the modern sense, the Coder was a significant step
forward.
In the decades that followed, there were various efforts and developments in voice
recognition and synthesis technologies. However, the 1990s marked the birth of virtual
assistants, with Creative Labs releasing "Dr. Sbaitso" in 1991. The term "virtual assistant"
gained widespread recognition in the mid-2000s, with the introduction of Apple's Siri in 2011
and subsequent voice assistants for various devices and platforms.
To examine the capabilities of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in virtual assistants, a
systemic methodology for information management through the Organisational Method for
Analysing Systems technique (OMAS-III) was employed. This methodology encompasses
the information cycle, data sources, and information assessment.

47
Information management follows the information cycle, comprising data collection,
processing, and dissemination. Data are gathered from primary, secondary, and tertiary
sources in various forms, including oral, printed, electronic/digital, and audiovisual. The
processing phase involves data evaluation, categorisation, correlation, and information
generation. Finally, information dissemination occurs through various media.
Assessing information quality is crucial, considering validity, timeliness, specificity, clarity,
and completeness. Validity requires cross-checking sources for reliability and accuracy.
Timeliness ensures that data are recent and collected when needed. Specificity involves
distinguishing relevant information from irrelevant. Clarity relates to the comprehensibility of
wording, while completeness evaluates communicative adequacy.
A search for literature related to how virtual assistants understand natural language yielded
numerous articles, which were refined through specific keywords, publication dates, and
subject areas. The final selection of articles, all within the field of computer science, included
12 relevant sources.
• Understanding Natural Language in Virtual Assistants
Virtual assistants (IVAs - Intelligent Virtual Assistants or IPAs - Intelligent Personal
Assistants) have become ubiquitous, providing interactive and personalized services through
voice and text-based interactions. While commercial IVAs are widely used, detailed
information about their NLP capabilities is often limited.

The authors are developing a robotic system based on the OMAS-III systemic conceptual
model and Hole Semantics for gap recognition. This system aims to understand and respond
to user queries, particularly in terms of time management and comprehension. Future
research will continue to explore this gap, potentially enhancing the capabilities of advanced
humanoid robots in understanding natural language and sequencing actions.
The literature review underscores the importance of Human-Robot Interaction and the
communication function in advanced humanoid robots. While commercial IVAs are
prevalent, their technical aspects, especially in NLP and comprehension techniques, remain
largely undisclosed. Research gaps in understanding temporal aspects and sequencing actions
in random order call for further investigation. The authors' ongoing work in applying the

48
OMAS-III model and Hole Semantics to a robotic system holds promise for advancing the
field of Human-Robot Interaction.

22.The article discusses the evolving public perception of artificial intelligence (AI) over a
30-year period. The article highlights key findings and trends based on the analysis of articles
from The New York Times. Here is a summary of the main points covered in the review:
The literature review starts by presenting two contrasting visions of AI: one optimistic about
AI's potential to spur innovation and create opportunities, and the other pessimistic, raising
concerns about job displacement and surveillance.Understanding public concerns about AI is
essential because they can lead to regulatory actions and have significant implications for AI
development and deployment.
The term "artificial intelligence" is not precisely defined, and there are varied understandings
of what it means.The study combines crowdsourcing and natural language processing to
analyze articles mentioning AI in The New York Times from 1986 to 2016.Various indicators
are used to capture levels of engagement, general sentiment (optimism vs. pessimism), and
specific hopes and concerns related to AI.

Prominence of AI: AI has gained increasing prominence in public discussion, particularly

since 2009.
Overall, AI coverage has been more optimistic than pessimistic, but both have increased
significantly in recent years.The review highlights keywords associated with AI over time,
showing shifts in themes and topics.Specific hopes and concerns related to AI have evolved
over time. Concerns about loss of control, ethical issues, and job displacement have grown,
while concerns about the lack of progress have decreased.one of its findings using data from
Reddit, suggesting that attitudes among Reddit users align with those observed in The New
York Times articles.The literature review acknowledges related work on public opinion polls,
cultural perspectives, and the use of crowdsourcing in quantitative analyses.The review
concludes by summarizing the main findings and emphasizing the importance of
understanding public perception as AI continues to advance.Overall, the literature review
provides valuable insights into the changing public perception of AI over the years and offers
a methodological framework for studying public sentiment on emerging technologies.

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4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 installing softwares

The softwares used in the making of the virtual assistants were PyCharm, terminal and
python launcher along with several modules and packages for the execution of the
application.

4.1.1 PyCharm

Pycharm is a popular IDE for writing programs in python language. It is popular among
programmers and has a wide reputation among industries. PyCharm is like a super helpful
computer program for people who write code in Python. It was made by a company called
JetBrains. This program makes it easy to write Python code because it highlights important
parts, suggests what to write next, and makes sure the code looks nice. It also helps find and
fix mistakes in the code. PyCharm can check if the code follows good rules, making it better
and easier to understand. If you work on big projects, PyCharm can help keep things
organized. It can even help with web development and databases. PyCharm comes in two
versions, one that's free and good for most people, and a fancier one you need to pay for. It
works on different types of computers, like Windows, Mac, and Linux. Many Python
developers love using PyCharm because it makes coding more straightforward and less
stressful.

1.For installing go to https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/ to download the installer

2. Open the installer and follow the steps shown
3.launch the app

4.1.2 python

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A Python IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software application that provides
a comprehensive environment for Python programmers to write, edit, test, and manage their
Python code more efficiently.
Created by Guido van Rossum in 1991, Python is known for its easy-to-understand code. It's
like writing in plain English, which makes it simple to write and read. Python can do lots of
things, from building websites to crunching data, doing smart stuff, and more. It's handy
because you can write code and run it right away without any extra steps. Python also comes
with lots of built-in tools, and many people make extra tools to help Python do even more
cool things. You can use Python on different computers, and you can even change it to fit
your needs because it's open to everyone

For installing python

1.go to https://www.python.org/downloads/
2.download the installer
3.install using given instructions
4.lauch python IDE

4.1.3 Modules used:

Five python modules were used to create this program, those are:
• Speech recognition
• OS
• Webbrowser
• Datetime
• Requests

• Speech Recognition:
Speech recognition is the technology that enables computers to convert spoken language into
text. In Python, you can use the SpeechRecognition library to integrate speech recognition

51
capabilities into your applications. This library makes it relatively easy to work with various
speech recognition engines.

• OS:
The os module in Python provides a way to interact with the operating system, allowing you
to perform various file and directory operations, manage processes, access environment
variables, and more. It provides a platform-independent interface to common operating
system-related tasks.

• Webbrowser:
The webbrowser module in Python provides a simple and convenient way to open web
browsers and display web pages, as well as perform basic web-related tasks. It is part of the
Python Standard Library, so you don't need to install any additional packages to use it.

• Datetime:
The datetime module in Python is part of the standard library and provides classes and
functions for working with dates and times. It allows you to manipulate and format dates and
times, perform arithmetic operations, and work with time zones.

• Requests:
The requests module in Python is a widely used library for making HTTP requests to interact
with web services and retrieve data from websites. It simplifies the process of sending HTTP
requests and handling responses.

4.1.4 External Packages used:

Homebrew:
Homebrew is an open-source package manager primarily designed for macOS, but it also has
a version for Linux known as Linuxbrew. It simplifies the process of installing, updating, and
managing software packages and libraries on your computer. Homebrew provides a

52
convenient way to install various software applications, development tools, and utilities from
the command line.

Flac :
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is a popular open-source audio compression format
known for its ability to compress audio files without any loss in audio quality. FLAC is a
lossless format, which means it reduces the file size without sacrificing audio fidelity, making
it an excellent choice for audiophiles and music enthusiasts who want to save space on their
storage devices without compromising audio quality.

PortAudio :
PortAudio is an open-source audio I/O library that provides a cross-platform API for audio
input and output. It allows developers to write audio applications that can work on various
operating systems without needing to deal with platform-specific audio APIs. If you want to
install PortAudio using Homebrew, you can do so with the following command in your
terminal:

PyAudio:PyAudio is a Python library that provides a simple interface to work with audio
input and output in a cross-platform manner. It allows you to interact with audio devices like
microphones and speakers, making it useful for tasks such as audio recording, audio
playback, and real-time audio processing.

5.Methodology

Creating an AI system like a virtual assistant involves a series of complex and interrelated
steps.
We will create the program in a step by step manner, along with the program there is a lot of
packages and modules to be installed for the program to work without any issues.

5.1 installing PyCharm

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PyCharm is an integrated development environment used to create and execute programming
codes. It was mainly created to work with python project hence the name PyCharm.
For installing PyCharm in your computer follow the steps given below:

1.Go to https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/ to download the installer

2. Open the installer and follow the steps shown
3.launch the app

5.2 Creating program file

1.create a program file. You can name it the way you like it
2. Click on new project
3.name your project at the end of the path name here it is named as adamAI. You should;
make sure that the program is created in a virtual environment.
4. Click on the create button after every step given above is completed

Figure 5.2

5.3 Installing necessary packages:

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Installing packages for your AI assistant is a crucial step in its development. These packages

Figure 5.3

provide the essential tools, libraries, and resources needed to enable various AI capabilities,
such as speech recognition, and machine learning. By installing the right packages, you
empower your AI assistant to understand user input, process information, and generate
meaningful responses

5.3.1 installing external packages

External packages include HomeBrew, Flac, Python and PortAudio

5.3.1.1 installing HomeBrew

Homebrew is a popular package manager for macOS and Linux that simplifies the
installation and management of software packages and libraries through the command line.
To install HomeBrew in you computer,

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1.open your web browser and go to https://brew.sh/
2. Copy the command shown in the install dialogue box

Figure 5.4

3. Paste the command in the terminal

4. You might need to type in the password for installation
5. After successfully installing brew it will show you the confirmation message of brew is
installed in your computer

5.3.1.2 installing Flac

FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is a widely-used open-source audio compression format
that reduces audio file sizes without compromising audio quality, making it ideal for
preserving high-fidelity audio recordings.

To install Flac

1.Open terminal
2.Type the command

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 Figure 5.5

“brew install flac”

3.the command will execute and install the required files to install Flac on your computer

See figure 5.4 for more information

5.3.1.3 Installing PortAudio

PortAudio is an open-source audio I/O library that provides a cross-platform API for audio
input and output, enabling developers to create audio applications that work on various
operating systems. See figure 5.5
To install PortAudio on your computer

1.open terminal
2.type in the command
“brew install portaudio”

See figure 5.5 for more information

5.3.2 installing Packages

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There are several module required to install for the A.I assistant to work properly. Modules
are installed from the terminal of the integrated development environment(IDE). As in our
case we use PyCharm as our IDE

5.3.2.1 installing Speech Recognition

The SpeechRecognition module in Python is a library that provides tools for recognising and
transcribing spoken language into text, enabling applications to process and respond to
spoken commands or input. See figure 5.6
To install SpeecRecognition on your computer:
1. On your PyCharm IDE click on the terminal icon
2. Type in the command
“pip install SpeechRecognition”
3. The app will install the speech recognition.5.3.2.2 installing PyAudio

PyAudio is a Python library that provides a simple interface to work with audio input and
output in a cross-platform manner. It allows you to interact with audio devices like
microphones and speakers, making it useful for tasks such as audio recording, audio
playback, and real-time audio processing. See figure 5.7

To install PyAudio on your computer:

1. Open terminal or command prompt

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2. Type in

“pip install pyaudio”

3.this command will install PyAudio on your computer
4. See figure 5.7 for more information

5.4 Source Code

This is where the actual coding starts. After installing the necessary packages, we now begin
creating the programs in this section

5.4.1 importing necessary packages

Importing packages (also known as libraries or modules) in Python is necessary to access

pre-defined code and functionality that has been written by other developers.
As you can see from the above code. The modules we import in the code are speech
recognition, os, web browser, datetime, requests. These packages are important for the code
to work as it makes it reusable, functional, modular and so much more.

1. We will import speech recognition module as sr (The SpeechRecognition module is

commonly imported as sr for the sake of convenience and brevity. While you can

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 technically import it with any valid Python identifier, using sr is a widely accepted
convention and makes the code more readable and concise.)

Rest of the code is simple as shown in the figure 5.8

5.4.2 code for say command

In this section we write the code where the program can convert the speech provide to text .
See figure 5.9

Here's what the code does:

• It takes a string text as an argument.
• It constructs a shell command by formatting the input text into the command string.
The {text} placeholder is replaced with the actual content of the text variable.
• It uses os.system to execute the constructed shell command.
• The "say" command, when executed with the provided text, will read the text aloud
using the system's default text-to-speech engine.

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5.4.3 code to covert text to speech

This code includes the catchtalk function. This function utilises the SpeechRecognition
library (likely the speech_recognition package) to capture audio from a microphone and
perform speech recognition on that audio to convert it into text. See figure 5.10
Here's what the code does:
• It initialises a speech recogniser object r from the SpeechRecognition library.
• It opens a microphone as an audio source using a with statement.
• It sets the pause_threshold property of the recogniser to 0.6 seconds. This property
controls the maximum amount of silence (in seconds) that can occur between words
before the recogniser considers the speech as complete.
• It records audio from the microphone using r.listen(source) and stores it in the audio
variable.
• It attempts to recognise the speech in the captured audio using the Google Web
Speech API (r.recognize_google(audio, language="en-in")). It specifies the language as
"en-in" (English-India), which means it expects the user to speak in English with an
Indian accent.
• If the recognition is successful, it prints the recognised text to the console with the
message "User stated: " and returns the recognised text.
• If there is an exception during the recognition (for example, if the speech couldn't be
recognised or if there was a problem with the microphone), it returns the string "Some
Error Occurred. Sorry.”

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Till now we have wrote the code for text to speech conversion, imported necessary package,
and wrote code for the say command. In the next few steps we will add the code that will
allow us to add some features that will increase the functionality of the program

5.4.7 starting point of the code

This code is the starting point of the program

• if __name__ == '__main__':: This line is a common Python construct that checks

whether the script is being run directly or if it's being imported as a module into

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 another script. When a Python script is run directly, the special variable __name__ is
set to '__main__', so this block of code will execute only if the script is run directly.
• print('AdamAI Chatbot'): This line prints the text "AdamAI Chatbot" to the console,
indicating the name of the chatbot.
• say("Hi, how can I help you today...?"): It appears that this line is intended to make
the chatbot "speak" by calling a function named say with the provided text message as
an argument. However, the say function is not defined in the code snippet you've
provided. You would need to define this function elsewhere in your code to actually
make the chatbot respond with this message.
• while True:: This line starts an infinite loop. The code inside this loop will keep
executing repeatedly until the program is manually terminated.
• print("listening.."): This line prints the text "listening.." to the console to indicate that
the chatbot is in a listening state, waiting for user input.
• query = catchTalk(): It appears that this line is intended to capture user input or query
by calling a function named catchTalk(). However, like the say function, the catchTalk
function is not defined in the code snippet you've provided. You would need to define
this function elsewhere in your code to capture user input effectively.

5.4.8 responses for specific phrases

Lets add code that will respond for specific phrases in the chat query. See figure 5.17

• if "hello" in query:: This line checks if the word "hello" is present in the variable
query. query is assumed to contain the user's input or a text string provided as input to
the script.

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 • If the word "hello" is found in the query, it executes the code block that
follows.
• say("Hello sir") is called, presumably to make the chatbot respond with the
message "Hello sir."
• if "how are you" in query:: This line checks if the phrase "how are you" is present in
the variable query.
• If the phrase "how are you" is found in the query, it executes the code block
that follows.
• say("doing great! ... what about you? sir.") is called, presumably to make the
chatbot respond with the message "doing great! ... what about you? sir.”
• You can add more phrases to your code according to your needs.

5.4.4 Weather API integration

Weather API integration in coding refers to the process of incorporating weather data into a
software application or program by interfacing with a weather data provider's API
(Application Programming Interface). See figure 5.11

• API Key: You start by defining an api_key variable, which should contain your
OpenWeatherMap API key. This key is required to authenticate your requests to the
API.
• weather Function: The code defines a function called weather(), which is responsible
for fetching and displaying weather information.
• City Selection: You specify the city for which you want to fetch weather information.
In this case, the city is "Mangalore." You can change this to any other city you're
interested in.
• API Request: The script constructs a URL to make an HTTP GET request to the
OpenWeatherMap API. It includes the city name and your API key in the URL. The

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 Figure 5.11

URL format is as follows:

bash

C o p y c o d e h t t p : / / a p i . o p e n w e a t h e r m a p . o rg / d a t a / 2 . 5 / w e a t h e r ? q = { c i t y }
&appid={api_key}
•

• API Request and JSON Response: It uses the requests.get() method to send the HTTP
request and receives the response. The response is in JSON format, containing weather
data.
• Extracting Temperature: The code extracts the temperature data from the JSON
response using data['main']['temp']. It converts the temperature from Kelvin to Celsius
by subtracting 273.15 and rounds it to two decimal places.

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 • Displaying Temperature: The script then prints the temperature in Celsius for the
specified city and uses the say() function to speak the temperature (assuming you have
a say() function defined elsewhere in your code).
• Error Handling: It checks if the 'main' key exists in the JSON data. If it doesn't, it sets
the temp variable to None. This is a form of error handling in case the API response
does not contain the expected data structure.
• Return Value: Finally, the temp value (which is the temperature in Celsius) is returned
from the function.

5.4.5 Python Code to Open a Website

To open a website programmatically in Python, you can use the webbrowser module, which
provides a simple way to open URLs in your default web browser. See figure 5.12

Figure 5.12

• sites List: The code defines a list called sites that contains sublists, each representing a
website you want to open. Each sublist contains two elements: the name of the website
(e.g., "YouTube," "Wikipedia," "Google") and the corresponding URL (e.g., "https://
www.youtube.com," "https://www.wikipedia.com," "https://www.google.com").
• for Loop: The code uses a for loop to iterate through each sublist within the sites list.
• Voice Query Comparison: Within the loop, it checks if the lowercase version of the
query (presumably obtained through voice input) contains the text "Open" followed by
the name of the website from the current sublist. This check is case-insensitive, as both
the query and the website names are converted to lowercase before comparison.

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 For example, if the query is "Open YouTube" and the current site[0] value is
"YouTube," the condition will be true.
• Speech Output: If the condition is true, it uses a say() function to speak a message
indicating that it's opening the website. The message includes the name of the website.
The say() function is assumed to be defined elsewhere in the code.
• Opening the Website: Finally, it uses the webbrowser.open() function to open the
corresponding URL of the website from the sublist. The URL is obtained from site[1].

5.4.6 python code to open music

This Python code is designed to open and play a specific music file when the voice command
"open music" is detected. It uses the subprocess module to call a system command that opens
the music file with the default system application for handling audio files. See figure 5.1

• f "open music" in query:: This line checks if the string "open music" is present in the
variable query. It's likely that query is a user input or a text string provided as input to
the script.
• musicPath = "your music path": Here, a variable musicPath is assigned the string
value "your music path." This is a placeholder for the actual file path to the music file
or application that you want to open.
• import subprocess, sys: This line imports two Python modules: subprocess and sys.
• The subprocess module is used to run external commands or processes from
within Python.

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 • The sys module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the
interpreter and functions that interact with the interpreter.
• opener = "open" if sys.platform == "darwin" else "xdg-open": This line determines
the appropriate command to open a file or application based on the operating system.
• If the current platform (as determined by sys.platform) is macOS (Darwin), it
sets the opener variable to "open."
• If it's any other platform, it sets the opener variable to "xdg-open." "xdg-open"
is commonly used on Linux systems to open files or URLs with the user's
preferred application.
• subprocess.call([opener, musicPath]): This line uses the subprocess.call function to
execute the command specified in the opener variable, followed by the musicPath
variable as an argument.
• This effectively opens the music file or application using the appropriate
command based on the operating system.
• For example, if the query contains "open music" and the system is running
macOS, it will execute the command open your music path, where your music
path should be replaced with the actual path to your music file or application.

5.4.7 python code to say time

This Python code snippet is designed to respond to a voice command that asks for the current
time. When the voice command "the time" is detected, the code retrieves the current hour and
minute using the datetime module and then responds with the current time. See figure 5.14

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 • Voice Command Check: The code begins with a conditional check. It checks if the
query variable contains the phrase "the time." This is likely part of a larger program
where voice commands are recognised and processed.
• Getting Current Time: If the voice command "the time" is detected, the code uses the
datetime.datetime.now() function to obtain the current date and time. Then, it uses the
strftime() method to format the current time as a string.
• strftime("%H") retrieves the current hour in a 24-hour format (00 to 23).
• strftime("%M") retrieves the current minute (00 to 59).
• Speech Output: After obtaining the current hour and minute, the code uses a say()
function to respond with the current time. The response is a spoken message that
includes the hour and minute. For example, the response might be "Sir, the time is
14:30" if it's 2:30 PM.

5.4.6 python code to open apps

This code is a Python script that opens a music file or application when a specific command
is detected in a query. See figure 5.15

• if "open your appname" in query:: This line checks if the string "open your appname"
is present in the variable query. The code expects this command to be included in the
user's input query.
• codePath = "application path": Here, a variable codePath is assigned a string value
that represents the path to the application you want to open. However, in the provided

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 code, it is currently set as "application path," which is a placeholder. You should
replace "application path" with the actual file path to the application you want to open.
• import subprocess, sys: This line imports two Python modules: subprocess and sys.
• The subprocess module is used to run external commands or processes from
within Python.
• The sys module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the
interpreter and functions that interact with the interpreter.
• opener = "open" if sys.platform == "darwin" else "xdg-open": This line determines
the appropriate command to open an application based on the operating system.
• If the current platform (as determined by sys.platform) is macOS (Darwin), it
sets the opener variable to "open."
• If it's any other platform (e.g., Linux or Windows), it sets the opener variable
to "xdg-open." "xdg-open" is commonly used on Linux systems to open files or
URLs with the user's preferred application.
• subprocess.call([opener, codePath]): This line uses the subprocess.call function to
execute the command specified in the opener variable, followed by the codePath
variable as an argument.
• This effectively opens the specified application using the appropriate system
command based on the operating system.
• For example, if the query contains "open your appname" and the system is
running macOS, it will execute the command open application path, where
"application path" should be replaced with the actual path to your application.

6. Observation

When we run the code, the program will initialise the AdamAI and initiate into listening
mode

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Once the program is active, it will be capable of performing the functions based on the user's voice
input. It will be able to recognise and execute various commands, such as opening specific websites
like YouTube, Wikipedia, or Google.

as well as executing specific actions like playing music, displaying the current time, opening a code
editor, or engaging in simple conversational interactions. Additionally, the program incorporates the
ability to provide information about itself, such as its version, capabilities, and preferences, as well as
respond to weather-related inquiries about a specific city using data fetched from the
OpenWeatherMap API. Furthermore, the program can handle basic arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, based on user input.

7. Result

Upon executing the given code, the program will initialize as the "AdamAI Chatbot" and prompt a
greeting to the user. It will then continuously listen for voice input, responding to various commands
and inquiries. The program has the capability to perform an array of tasks, including opening specific
websites like YouTube, Wikipedia, and Google, playing music, displaying the current time, and
launching specific applications such as Xcode. Additionally, the chatbot is equipped with the ability to
engage in simple conversational interactions, providing information about its identity, capabilities,
and preferences, and responding to questions ranging from its version and the programming language
it uses to its favorite color and food. The chatbot can also tell jokes and humorous anecdotes upon
request and is capable of fetching and relaying current weather information for the city of Mangalore.
Additionally, it can perform basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division, based on the user's input.

8. Summary & Conclusion

The AdamAI showcases an amalgamation of various functionalities and features, making it a versatile
and interactive tool. Its ability to integrate multiple libraries and APIs, such as speech recognition,

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web browsing, time display, and weather forecasting, underlines its potential for practical
applications. Additionally, its incorporation of basic arithmetic operations and conversational abilities
contributes to its overall utility as a comprehensive AI assistant. The following conclusions highlight
the bot's strengths, limitations, and potential areas for further development.
Strengths:
• Multifunctional Capabilities: The AI demonstrates a wide range of capabilities, including
speech recognition, web browsing, multimedia control, weather reporting, basic arithmetic
operations, and engaging in simple conversations. This multifunctionality increases its
practicality and usefulness for various users and contexts.
• User Interaction: The bot fosters a sense of interaction and engagement with users through
its ability to respond to queries, provide information, and execute tasks. Its conversational
features, such as greetings, jokes, and inquiries, create a more immersive and user-friendly
experience.
• Integration of External APIs: By integrating external APIs such as OpenWeatherMap, the
AIt can fetch real-time data and provide users with accurate and up-to-date information. This
feature enhances its credibility and usefulness in delivering relevant and valuable content.
• Ease of Access: The AI's accessibility through voice commands and its capability to open
various applications and websites provide users with a seamless and convenient experience,
simplifying the process of accessing information and executing tasks.

9. Limitations:

• Narrow AI Scope: While the AI performs a diverse range of tasks, it operates within a
narrow scope and lacks the comprehensive learning and adaptive capabilities of a broader AI
system. Its functionalities are primarily pre-programmed, limiting its ability to evolve or learn
from new interactions.
• Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Some of the bot's features, such as weather reporting
and web browsing, rely heavily on internet connectivity and the availability of external APIs.
As a result, the bot's functionalities might be compromised in the absence of a stable internet
connection.
• Limited Understanding Complexity: The bot's understanding of user commands is limited
to specific predefined phrases and keywords, restricting its ability to comprehend complex or
ambiguous queries. This limitation could hinder its performance in handling nuanced
interactions or providing in-depth information.
• Lack of Natural Language Processing (NLP): The absence of advanced NLP capabilities
limits the AI's ability to interpret context and nuances in language, potentially leading to
misinterpretations or inaccurate responses to user queries.

Potential for Further Development:

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 • Advanced Natural Language Processing: Implementing advanced NLP techniques could
enhance the AI's ability to understand and respond to complex queries, improving its overall
conversational capabilities and user interaction.
• Machine Learning Integration: Integrating machine learning algorithms could enable the AI
to learn from user interactions and adapt its responses over time, thereby expanding its
functionality and improving its ability to handle diverse tasks and queries.
• Offline Functionality: Incorporating offline functionalities for certain features, such as basic
conversations and specific commands, could improve the AI's usability in situations where
internet connectivity is limited or unavailable.
• Expanded Functionality: Expanding the range of tasks and applications the AI can handle,
such as integrating with more third-party applications, providing personalized
recommendations, or performing complex data analysis, could enhance its overall utility and
appeal to a broader user base.

In conclusion, the AI demonstrates an impressive array of functionalities and serves as an effective

prototype for a conversational assistant. While it exhibits notable strengths in its multifunctional
capabilities and user interaction, it is limited by its narrow AI scope and reliance on internet
connectivity. However, with further development and integration of advanced technologies, the AI has
the potential to evolve into a more sophisticated and versatile AI assistant, catering to a broader range
of user needs and preferences.

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