Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr.

Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

Exam 2 will take about 1 hour and 30 minutes, and will consist of multiple-choice questions,
true/false statements, and matching concepts to definitions and other type of questions. In all
these types you are asked to apply what you’ve learned so far.

Exam 2 covers ALL materials covered in the lectures and homework. (The list below is not
exhaustive)

Lecture3: Phonetics 1_Speech Anatomy

- Types of phonetics
- Speech anatomy (be familiar with organs of speech and their primary and secondary
functions)
- Vocal tract and articulators

Be familiar with what articulators are engaged during the articulation of sounds

Lecture4: Phonetics 2_Consonants

- The three stages of speech articulation

- Features of consonants: place and manner of articulation, and voicing
- Describing consonants using the three features
- Alphabetic writing system versus the international phenetic alphabet (IPA

Be able to describe consonants phonetically or indicate a consonant symbol from a

description

Lecture5: Phonetics 3_Vowels

- Difference between consonants and vowels

- Features of vowels: tongue height, tongue position and lip rounding (tense/lax for
English)
- Describing vowels using the three features
- Diphthong versus Monophthongs

Be able to describe vowels phonetically or indicate a vowel symbol from a description

Lecture6: Phonetics 4_syllables and suprasegmental features

- Diacritics
- Transcriptions
- Syllable structure
- Syllabic analysis: onset, rhyme, coda, empty coda and onset, clusters, etc.
- Suprasegmental features: stress, length, tone

Be able to read transcriptions and write them back in letters (Arabic or English)
Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr. Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

Lecture7: Introduction to Speech Disorders

- Types of speech disorders

- Consequences of speech disorders on speech production

Be familiar with the different causes of speech disorders and the effect they have on speech.

Review:

• Multiple answers questions: choose ONE answer only.

1. Auditory phonetics is a field of phonetics that studies

A. How humans pronounce sounds
B. How humans combine sounds into words
C. How humans recognize sounds when they hear them
D. How humans recognize words when they hear them
2. Which organ has a primary function of speech production
A. The larynx
B. The tongue
C. The lungs
D. None of the above
3. The constriction of airflow during consonant production usually occurs in
A. The lungs
B. The trachea
C. The larynx
D. The vocal tract

4. Pushing air from the lungs through the glottis creates

A. Voicing
B. Phonation
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
5. A syllable can consist at least of
A. An onset
B. A coda
C. A nucleus
D. All the above
6. A closed syllable is a syllable that has
A. An onset
B. A coda
C. An onset and a coda
D. No coda
Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr. Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

7. Stress is contrastive in English means that

A. Word meaning is not affected by whether it is stressed or not
B. Word meaning changes depending on whether it is stressed or not
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

8. Obligatory consequences of cleft lip/palate disorders on speech are Patterns of speech

A. used by the speaker to avoid the difficulty in producing a certain sound
 used by the speaker due to the abnormality in the speech organs
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

9. A patient with cleft lip/palate disorder would produce an alveolar sound as postalveolar
A. This is an example of a compensation behavior
B. This is an example of a consequence related to the issue in the organ
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

10. The esophagus is an organ of the digestive system that

A. Has a primary function related to speech
B. Has a secondary function related to speech
C. Has a compensation function related to speech
D. None of the above
11. An aphasic patient may say “popen” for target “open”. This is an example of
A. Phonemic paraphasia
B. Jargonaphasia
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

• True/False statements

Statement True/false
1. The larynx contains the articulators. F
2. the front tongue is the only active articulator of the tongue F
3. The term phone is a phonetic label that refers to consonants but not to vowels. F
4. In some Algerian Arabic dialects, you can alternate between using [ð] or [d] T
without a change in meaning.
5. A segmental feature affects a single segment, but a suprasegmental feature affects T
several segments at the same time.
6. Laryngectomy is a neurogenic disorder that affects speech F
 Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr. Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

7. Aphasia and apraxia are neurogenic disorders of speech but not dysarthria F

8. A child with a phonological disorder of speech has the same treatment as a child F
with a phonetic disorder.

• Match up each concept in box (A) with its definition in Box (B).

1. Consonant clusters …d a. This provides the basic information that

can distinguish a sound/word from
2. Allophonic variation …e another.
b. The moving part of a participating organ
3. Active articulator …b... in speech production.
c. Refers to the study of the causes of a
4. Broad transcription …a... disease.
d. A sequence of consonants with no vowel
5. Etiology …c
in between.
e. This means that the same phonological
Box (A) units may have multiple pronunciation
variants.
Box (B)

Read the phonetic transcriptions for consonants and vowels and write the appropriate phenetic
symbol next to each description.

[k], [g], [ð], [β], [ʃ], [ʔ], [χ], [q], [ʕ], [θ], [ɣ], [ɲ], [ħ], [ŋ], [j], [i], [ʀ], [ʧ], [p], [dʒ], [ħ]
[ʌ[, [æ], [ɯ], [ʊ], [ə], [œ], [ʉ], [ɪ], [ɑ], [ʌ], [i], [ɛ]̃ , [ɑ̃], [y]
Consonants IPA symbol Vowels IPA symbol
6. Voiceless uvular plosive [q] 7. High back unrounded [ɯ]
8. Voiced velar nasal [ŋ] 9. High front lax unrounded [ɪ ]
10. Voiceless interdental fricative [θ] 11. High central rounded [ʉ ]
12. Voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ ] 13. Nasalized low back unrounded [ ɑ̃ ]
14. Voiceless glottal plosive [ ʔ] 15. Mid central [ə ]
16. Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] 17. High back lax rounded [ʊ ]

Low = open mid = close-mid / open-mid

High = close
Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr. Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

Read the transcriptions below and circle the right answers.

Number of syllables which syllable is stressed?

[ɪɡzæmɪˈneɪʃn] A. 3 - B. 4 - C. 5 - D. 6 A. first - B. second - C. third- D. fourth

[ɪkˈstrɔːrdəneri] A. 3 - B. 4 - C. 5 - D. 6 A. first - B. second - C. third- D. fourth

[ɪnˈflæmətəri] A. 3 - B. 4 - C. 5 - D. 6 A. first - B. second - C. third- D. fourth

The table below contains phonetic transcriptions to some Arabic words.

Write the words (both consonants and vowels) in Arabic letters.

[ʒaːlasa] …………َ‫جَالَس‬
[ħaʒiːn] …………َ‫ح ِزين‬
[maqaːl] …………َ‫مَقَال‬
[saːʔiq] …………َ‫سائَِق‬ َ
[ʃuːhida] …………َ‫شوَ َِهد‬
[ɣajma] …………‫غَيَمَ َة‬

Do a syllabic analysis on the words, then answer the questions below.

fɹ iː [] k oʊ ld
k k
Psycholinguistics 2024 Instructor: Dr. Kheder
Exam 2_S2 Study Guide

[] ɑː ɹm fɹ ɪ ʤ

Structure1 Structure2 Structure3 Structure4

Which structure has an empty onset? √

Which structure has an open syllable? √
Which structure has a closed syllable? √ √ √
Which structure has a consonant cluster? √ √ √ √
Which structure has a diphthong? √
Which structure has a long vowel? √ √
Which structure has a lax vowel? √
Which structure has both a coda and an √ √
onset?
Write in English letters the word for each Free cold arm fridge
structure?