STATIC TENSION TEST
THE STATIC TENSION TEST
Introduction
The static tension test is one of the most fundamental tests for engineering.
• It is simple and most commonly test made for steel and metallic materials.
• Tensile test determines the strength of the material subjected to a simple
stretching operation.
• Standard test samples are pulled slowly (static loading) and at uniform rate
until it breaks using a testing machine.
Shapes and Dimensions of Test Specimens
• The shape and dimensions of the test pieces depend on the shape and
dimensions of the metallic product from which the test pieces are
taken.
• The specimen is prepared with approximately uniform cross section
over a gage length within which elongation measurements are done.
SHAPES OF THE TEST SPECIMEN.
• The cross section of the specimen is usually round, square or rectangular.
• For sheet and plate stock, a flat specimen is usually employed.
• Specimen must be selected and prepared so as to give reliable indications of
the properties of the material or part they represent.
a) Sheet plates: two specimens are taken
i) One is cut in the direction of rolling, and
ii) The other is cut in the direction perpendicular to rolling direction.
Directional effects are important in wrought iron but not so important in
steel; there are little directional effects in rolled brass and copper.
b) Sections
Channels, I- Beams, T-sections ... etc, one specimen is taken from the
web.
c) Circular sections (Rods or bars)
i) If x is less than about 80 mm, one specimen is taken by planning machine.
ii) If x > 80 mm, the cross section is divided into four quarter and put only
one quarter on the planning machine to obtain the required diameter.
DIMENSIONS OF THE TEST SPECIMEN
According to the British standard (BS EN 10002-1:2001)
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
The final shape of the tension test specimen
ORDINARY STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM OF DUCTILE MATERIALS
(MILD STEEL)
Elastic Region:
➢ the Load and deformation are linearly related to each other up to certain limit
called the proportional limit (at a load Ppl).
➢ stress and strain are related to each other linearly and the elastic
deformation is recoverable.
ORDINARY STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM OF DUCTILE MATERIALS
(MILD STEEL)
Yield stage
• From the sel to the upper yield point (UYP),
the material is partly elastic and partly
plastic.
• From UYP to lower yield point LYP, there is
further increase in strain without any
increase in stress.
Elastic -Plastic stage
• the specimen extends uniformly with an increasing
rate than during the elastic range until a point M is
reached
• If the load in removed in this stage, the load drops to zero and the specimens loss all
the elastic deformation. When the specimen is reloaded again, the Ppl increased.
Necking stage
Beyond point M (maximum load), the specimen extends markedly or necks down
to final rupture at point F.
ORDINARY STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM OF SEMI DUCTILE AND BRITTLE MATERIALS
(HTS AND CAST IRON)
comparing the semi ductile material
(High Carbon steel) with ductile one the
following observation is noticed.
➢ The semi ductile material has no yield
point.
➢ The semi ductile material experienced
higher elastic and maximum strength than
the ductile one.
➢ The semi ductile material experienced
lower elongation than the ductile one.
comparing the brittle material (cast iron steel) with ductile one the
following observation is noticed.
➢ The brittle material has no yield point.
➢ The brittle material experienced lower elastic and maximum strength than the
ductile one.
➢ The brittle material experienced lower elongation than the ductile one.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Yield Stress, y
𝑷𝒚
𝝈𝒚 =
𝑨𝒐
Py is the load at lower yield point and,
Ao is the original cross-sectional area of test specimen.
Tensile Strength
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Modulus of elasticity, E
Stress
σ
0
ε Strain
Poisson’s ratio,
This is the second elastic material constant, which can be determined from the relation:
= - Lateral strain / longitudinal strain, is constant in the elastic zone.
Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for some materials
Material E ( GN/m2) Poisson's ratio
0.45% C steel annealed 200 0.287
0.45% C steel hot rolled 197 0.292
Cold rolled shafting 204 0.287
18-8 stainless-steel 190 0.305
Cost iron (no alloying elements) 100 0.211
Malleable iron 163 0.265
Copper (99.9%) 108 0.355
Brass (70-30) 110 0.331
Aluminium alloy (Al 0.98.37 Si 1.07, Mg 0.56) 68 0.334
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Proof Stress, proof
➢ Many metallic materials such as light
alloys don’t exhibit a clearly yield point,
but they show a gradual transition from
elastic to plastic zone.
➢ For such materials we determine another
stress known as the proof stress,
➢ proof. It is the stress which produces a
non-proportional elongation equal to
certain specified %age of the original
gage length.
➢ The non-proportional elongation is quoted
as e.g. 0.1 % proof stress, which means
that the proof stress is determined using a
non-proportional elongation equal to 0.1 %
of the gage length of the test specimen. a
non-proportional extension was 0.1 % to
0.5% of the gage length.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The working (or design) stress
Yield stress
Working stress = , or
Factor safty
Proof stress
Working stress = The value of the factor of safety lies between 1.5 and 3.
Factor of safty
Resilience in Tension, R
It is the capacity of a material to absorb elastic energy under tensile load, which can be
completely, recovered upon load removal.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Toughness in Tension, T
It is the total work done required to fracture a test specimen by an axial tensile load i.e.
T is the area under the load-extension diagram
If the stress-strain curve is relatively flat beyond yielding (Mild steel or low
carbon steel), the modulus of toughness is estimated as follows:
For materials that behave in a brittle manner as
high strength steel and aluminum
Load
Toughness, T
Ductility
i) The percentage elongation of gage length after fracture
l f − lo Extension
Elongation %age = 100
lo Determination of Toughness.
ii) The percentage reduction of cross-sectional area
Ao − A f
% reduction in area = x100 Ao is the original cross-sectional area
Ao
and Af is the area of the fractured section.
THANK YOU
