MCE415

Heat and Mass Transfer

Lecture 01: 11/09/2017

Dr. Ayokunle O. Balogun

[Link]@[Link]

Class: Monday (12 – 2 pm)

Venue: B13

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

 Etiquettes and MOP
 Attendance is a requirement.
 There may be class assessments, during or after
lecture.
 Computational software will be employed in
solving problems
 Conceptual understanding will be tested
 Lively discussions are integral part of the lectures.

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 Lecture content
Heat Transfer
 Introduction
 Modes of heat transfer
 Physical mechanism of conduction, convection and
radiation

Recommended textbook
 Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications by Cengel Y.A.
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 Conceptual Understanding
If the same
volume of
water is heated
in this
containers,
which is likely
to boil first?

WHY?
On a chilly night, in Omuaran,
who feels the effect of the cold
weather more?
MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 4
Heat transfer: Introduction
Heat transfer (or heat) is energy in
transition due to temperature difference.
The study of heat transfer is important because it
i. gives information on how, i.e., the mode of heat
transfer, and
ii. predicts the rate of energy transfer under certain
specified conditions.
AREAS OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

Design of heat exchangers Heat treatment of metals

e.g. radiators, condensers Refrigeration and air-conditioning units

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 5

Modes of Heat Transfer
 Heat transfer: the transition of energy on account of temperature
difference may occur by any of these three modes:

i. Conduction ii. Convection iii. Radiation

 A combination of these three modes of heat transfer is usually

responsible for heat transfer in most practical situations. Example of
water in a boiler shell.

Heat always flows in the direction of lower temperature

 The above three modes are similar in the sense that a temperature
difference must exist and heat exchange is in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
 However, each method has a distinctive controlling law.

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Heat Transfer by Conduction

 Conduction: is the mode of heat transfer that usually occurs in a

stationary medium, either a solid or a fluid. The energy exchange is
due to atomic or molecular activity within the medium due to ∆𝑇.
 In solids, heat transfer is often a combination of:
i. Lattice vibrations, and
ii. Movement of free electrons
 For gases and liquids, the molecules are in a state of continuous
random motion and thus energy transfer is primarily by collisions
and diffusions of these molecules in the direction of lower
temperature.
 The intermolecular spacing marks the difference between liquids and
gases.

What is the implication of this?

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 7

Cont’d
 The rate of heat transfer may be expressed as Fourier's Law of Heat
Conduction (Eq.1).
𝑄 𝑑𝑇
𝛼 (1)
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
Where q = heat transfer (W) rate, A = area (m2), 𝑑𝑥 = temperature gradient
Introducing the proportionality constant, 𝑘 (W/mK), a material
property known as the thermal conductivity yields,
𝑄 𝑑𝑇
𝑞= = −𝑘 (2)
𝐴 𝑑𝑥

 The implication of the negative sign is that

heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing
temperature.

Fig. 1 One-dimensional heat transfer

by conduction (diffusion of energy)

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 8

Cont’d

ASSUMPTIONS
Fourier’s law is based on the following assumptions:
i. Heat conduction takes place under steady-state conditions.
ii. The heat flow is unidirectional, i.e., one-dimensional
iii. The temperature gradient is constant and the temperature
profile is linear.
iv. There is no internal heat generation.
v. The material is homogenous and isotropic(i.e. the value of
thermal conductivity is constant in all directions)

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Thermal Conductivity (TC) TC of various materials at 0 °C
 From Fourier's Law of Heat MATERIAL TC 𝑾 𝒎. ℃
Conduction, TC, 𝑘 is METALS:
Silver (pure) 410
expressed as
Copper (pure) 385
Nickel (pure) 93
𝑄 𝑑𝑇 𝑊
𝑘= . (3) Chrome-nickel steel 16.3
𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑚.𝐾 (18% Cr, 8% Ni)
NOMETALLIC SOLIDS:
Diamond 2300
 Materials are classified as Glass 0.78
thermal conductors or Hard rubber 0.15

insulators depending on their LIQUIDS:

Mercury 8.21
thermal conductivities.
Water 0.556
 Heat conduction occurs Lubricating oil, SAE 50 0.147

readily in metals, less so in GASES

Hydrogen 0.175
alloys and much less readily
Air 0.024
in non-metals. Water vapour (saturated) 0.0206

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 10

Thermal Conductivity (TC)
 TC depends essentially on the following factors:
(i) Material structure (ii) Moisture content (iii) Density of the material
(iv) Pressure and temperature (operating conditions).
 TC of a material is due to flow of free electrons and lattice vibrational
waves.
 TC in case of pure metals is the highest (k = 10 – 400 𝑊 𝑚. 𝐾 ). It
decreases with increase in impurity.
 TC of a metal varies considerably when it is heated or mechanically
processed.

Examine the ‘𝒌’ of different materials and see

how the factors above come to play

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Heat Transfer by Convection
 Convection heat transfer that occurs between a surface and a moving
fluid at different temperatures or by the macroscopic motion of
aggregates of molecules within the fluid (advection).
 Convection heat transfer may be categorised according to the nature
of flow, either as (i) free (or natural) or as (ii) forced convection.
 Free (or natural) convection is induced by buoyancy effects which
arises from density differences caused by temperature variation in
the fluid. A free convection heat transfer that occurs from hot
components on a vertical array of circuit boards in still air is an
example.
 Forced convection occurs when an external means such as a fan,
pump or atmospheric winds is used to propel the flow. For instance,
the use of a fan to provide forced convection air cooling of hot
electrical components on a stack of printed circuit boards.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 12

Heat Transfer by Convection (Convec.)
 The rate equation for convection heat transfer is
defined by Newton’s law of cooling
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑓 (4)
Where Q = convec. heat transfer rate (W), h = coefficient of
convec. heat transfer (or film coefficient) (W/m2K), A = area
(m2), Ts = surface and Tf is the fluid temperatures (K).
 The value of h depends on the following factors:
i. Viscosity of the fluid
ii. Fluid thermal properties (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat)
iii. Nature of fluid flow (free or forced flow)
iv. Geometry of the surface
Since ‘h’ depends on several factors. It is difficult to frame a single equation
to satisfy all the variations, however, by dimensional analysis an equation
for the purpose can be obtained.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 13

Cont’d
 Thermal Radiation: is energy emitted by matter that is at a finite
temperature. All bodies at temperature above absolute zero
(−273.15℃ or 0 K radiate heat. The energy of the radiation field is
transported by electromagnetic waves (or alternatively, photons).
While the exchange of energy by conduction or convection requires
the presence of a material medium, radiation does not. In fact,
radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
 The wavelength of heat radiation is longer than that of light waves,
hence they are invisible to the eye.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 14

Heat Transfer by Radiation
 The maximum flux (W/m2) at which radiation may be emitted from
a surface is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝑞 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠 4 (5)
Where Ts = absolute temperature (K) of the surface and σ = Stefan-Boltzmann
constant (σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) for an ideal radiator

 The heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than an ideal one and is
given by
𝑞 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇𝑠 4 (6)
Where 𝜀 is a radiative property of the surface called emissivity.

This property, whose value is in the range 0 ≤ ε ≥ 1, indicates how

efficiently the surface emits compared to an ideal radiator.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 15

Cont’d
– The net rate of radiation heat exchange between the surface and its
surroundings, expressed per unit area of the surface, is
𝑄
𝑞= = 𝜎ε 𝑇𝑠 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑟 4 (7)
𝐴
Where A = surface area, ε = surface emissivity and Tsr = temperature of the
surroundings
 There are many applications for which it is convenient to express the
net radiation heat exchange in the form
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑟 𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑟 (8)
Where the radiation heat transfer coefficient, hr is
ℎ𝑟 ≡ 𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑟 𝑇𝑠 2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑟 2 (9)

 The radiation rate equation has been linearized and the heat rate is
proportional to a temperature difference rather than to the
difference between two temperatures to the fourth power.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 16

Example
1. Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20 ℃. Determine
the total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed
surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the
person are 1.6 𝑚2 and 29 ℃, respectively, and the convection heat
transfer coefficient is 6 W/𝑚2 . 𝐾. Take emissivity 𝜀 = 0.95,
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝐾 4
2. Two infinite black plates at 800 ℃ and 300 ℃ exchange heat by
radiation. Calculate the heat transfer per unit area.
3. Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m _ 4-m flat surface at 30°C. If the
average convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2 · °C,
determine the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate, in kW.
Answer: 22 kW
4. Reconsider Problem 1–74. Using EES (or other) software, plot the
rate of heat transfer as a function of the heat transfer coefficient in
the range of 20 W/m2 · °C to 100 W/m2 · °C. Discuss the results.
MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 17
Classwork
Attempt any of the questions
1. An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and
10 cm long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric
pressure, and the current is increased until the water boils. For
this situation ℎ = 5000 𝑊 𝑚2 .℃, and the water temperature will
be 100 ℃. How much electric power must be supplied to the wire
to maintain the wire surface at 114 ℃?
2. Air at 20℃ blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250
℃. The convection heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2. ℃.
(a) Calculate the heat transfer.
Assuming that the plate is made of carbon steel (1%) 2 cm thick
and that 300 W is lost from the plate surface by radiation,
(b) calculate the inside plate temperature.

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 18

Assignment
Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications by
Cengel Y.A.
From the above textbook, P.47, answer 1-3
1. Question 1-44C to 1-53C
2. Question 1-63 & 1-64
3. Question 1-71 & 1-72

(To be submitted latest 18 /09/2017)

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 19

Essay Questions

Write an essay on how microwave ovens work, and explain

how they cook much faster than conventional ovens. Discuss
whether conventional electric or microwave ovens consume
more electricity for the same task. (Not more than 500 words)

(To be submitted latest 25 /09/2017 )

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 20

 Cut away view of a steam boiler
MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 21
 Variation of thermal conductivity with temperature

MCE415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 22

 Free convection Forced convection

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