Contents

l Latest ICSE Syllabus 2025 6 - 10

l Topics Found Difficult/Confusing by Candidates 11 - 11
l Suggestions for Students 12 - 13

Drama Treasure Chest - A Collection of Poems

1. Julius Caesar 1 - 108 1. Haunted Houses 155 - 165
(Act III, IV & V) — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
u Self Assessment Paper-1 109 - 111
2. The Glove and the Lions 166 - 174
Treasure Chest - Prose — Leigh Hunt

1. With the Photographer 113 - 120 3. When Great Trees Fall 175 - 183
— Stephen Leacock — Maya Angelou
2. The Elevator 121 - 128
4. The Power of Music 184 - 192
— William Sleator
— Sukumar Ray
3. The Girl Who Can 129 - 136
— Ama Ata Aidoo 5. A Considerable Speck 193 - 201

4. Pedestrian 137 - 144 — Robert Frost

— Ray Bradhury u Self Assessment Paper-3 202 - 202
5. The Last Lesson 145 - 152 u Practice Paper-1 203 - 205
— Alphonse Daudet u Practice Paper-2 206 - 208
u Self Assessment Paper-2 153 - 154

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 Syllabus

ENGLISH PAPER- 2
(LITERATURE)
Class 10
AIMS: 4. To develop an appreciation of good literature.
1. To develop and integrate the use of the four language
5. To experience, through literature, the thoughts and
skills i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing for
the purpose of effective communication. feelings of the peoples of the world.
2. To develop a functional understanding of the
grammar, structure and idiom of the language.
Paper 2 : Literature in English (80 Marks)
3. To develop the capacity to read efficiently and access Internal Assessment (20 Marks)
information effectively.
PAPER 2 - LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
(Two hours) - 80 Marks
Candidates will be required to answer questions based Excerpts may be given from the drama and prose texts
on the prescribed textbooks, which include Drama, leading to questions.
Prose (Short Stories) and Poetry. Poetry
Drama and Prose (Short Stories) A poem, or lines from poems, will be given and
Questions set will be central to the text. Candidates questions will be set to test the candidates’ response.
will be required to show that they have understood the The questions will focus on the content, understanding
passage and are able to clearly respond in their own and the personal response of candidates to the entire
words. poem as a whole.
SYLLABUS TO BE COVERED IN CLASS X
1. DRAMA: Julius Caesar: William Shakespeare 5. The Last Lesson – Alphonse Daudet
(Acts III, IV & V) POETRY:
II. TREASURE CHEST: A Collection of ICSE Short 1. Haunted Houses – H.W. Longfellow
Stories & Poems (Evergreen Publications (India) 2. The Glove and the Lions – Leigh Hunt
Ltd. New Delhi) 3. When Great Trees fall – Maya Angelou
PROSE (Short Stories): 4. A Considerable Speck – Robert Frost
1. With the Photographer – Stephen Leacock 5. The Power of Music – Sukumar Ray
2. The Elevator – William Sleator NOTE: The ICSE (Class X) Examination paper will
3. The Girl Who Can – Ama Ata Aidoo be set ONLY on the portion of the syllabus that is
4. The Pedestrian – Ray Bradbury prescribed for Class X.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
PAPER 2. (Literature in English) SUGGESTED ASSIGNMENTS
Schools will set, assess and record written assignments Assignments should be based on the prescribed
textbooks on the following lines:
by the candidates as given below:
(i) Character/thematic analysis;
Class X : Two or three assignments of reasonable length
(ii) Socio-economic, cultural, historical relevance /
(not exceeding 1500 words in total). background;

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 Syllabus
(iii) Summary / paraphrase. External Examiner may be a teacher nominated by
the Head of the school, who could be from the faculty,
(iv) Appreciation of literary qualities.
but not teaching the subject in the section/class.
(v) Identifying with a character. Putting oneself in For example, a teacher of English of Class VIII may
the place of a character in given circumstances be deputed to be an External Examiner for Class X,
and explaining one’s actions. English projects.)
(vi) 
Imagine alternative outcomes or endings in a The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will
literary piece and the effect on all concerned. assess the assignments independently.
(vii) Making a graphic representation of a scene/story/ Award of Marks (20 Marks)
poem. Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
(viii) 
Assume the persona of one of the characters External Examiner 10 marks
(from the play/ poem/story) and record a diary The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the
entry of a particular incident/episode. CISCE by the Head of the school.
EVALUATION The Head of the school will be responsible for the
The assignments/projects are to be evaluated by the online entry of marks on the CISCE’s CAREERS portal
subject teacher and by an external examiner. (The by the due date.

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 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE-GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES - AURAL ASSIGNMENT
(CLASSES IX & X)

Grade Understanding/ Comprehension Recall Vocabulary Context/ Correlation to Other Marks

Main Idea, Central Theme Areas

I The candidate accurately under- The candidate recalls all the im- The candidate uses appro- The candidate clearly under- 3
stands the central idea of the pas- portant points made (written/ priate and correct vo- stands the context and can
sage as well as the relevant points verbal). cabulary while recalling the widely correlate the passage to
in the selected passage/ talk. points made. the other areas.

II The candidate gives ideas fairly The candidate recalls some of the The candidate uses correct The candidate can moderately 2
close to the central / main idea of important points made (written/ but simple vocabulary while understand the context of the
the passage as well as understands verbal). recalling the points made. passage and can moderately
some of the relevant points heard in correlate the passage to the

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the selected passage/ talk. other areas.

III The candidate cannot fully compre- The candidate recalls very few of The candidate makes vari- The candidate can only faintly 1
Syllabus

hend the passage and gives only the important points made (writ- ous errors in vocabulary understand the context of the
a few ideas related to the central ten/verbal). while recalling the points passage and relate it to the
theme of the passage. made. other areas.

IV The candidate is neither able to un- The candidate is unable to recall The candidate uses incorrect The candidate is unable to un- 0
derstand the central/main idea of the important points made (writ- vocabulary while recalling derstand the context of the pas-
the passage; nor able to understand ten/verbal) the points made. sage and is unable to correlate
relevant points heard in the pas- the passage to the other areas.
sage/talk.
 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE - GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES - ORAL ASSIGNMENT
(CLASSES IX & X)

Grade Fluency of Language Subject Matter Organization Vocabulary/ Delivery Understanding Gesture Marks

I Speaks with fluency Matter is relevant, Content is well Uses appropriate While speaking, the Uses natural and 3
and has full operational rich in content and sequenced and vocabulary and pro- candidate empha- spontaneous
command over the lan- original. well organized. nounces words cor- sizes the important gestures that are
guage. rectly. points. not out of place.

II The candidate speaks The subject matter is The content is The candidate pro- While speaking, the Uses some natu- 2
with fairly good fluen- mostly relevant, con- satisfactorily se- nounces most words candidate empha- ral gestures.
cy and has reasonable sisting of a few origi- quenced and well correctly and uses sizes most impor-
operational command nal ideas. organized. simple vocabulary. tant points.
of the language.

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III The candidate speaks The subject matter is The subject con- The candidate pro- While speaking, the Uses very few 1
with poor fluency and irrelevant and lacks tent is very poor nounces many words candidate empha- natural gestures.
does not communicate originality. and lacks organ- incorrectly and uses sizes some impor-
Syllabus

except for the most ba- isational structure. inappropriate vocab- tant points.
sic information. ulary.

IV The candidate cannot The subject matter is The subject con- The candidate is un- While speaking, the Uses no natural 0
communicate even the negligible. tent comprises of able to correctly pro- candidate is unable gestures.
most basic information. mere words with nounce most words to emphasize im-
no structured sen- and has a limited vo- portant points.
tences. cabulary.
 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH -GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES (CLASSES IX & X)

Grade Understanding of Text Examples from Text Understanding of text- Appreciation of Critical Appreciation - Marks
(Narrative) Interpretation and Language, Personal Response
Evaluation Characterization
I The candidate demonstrates The account is suitably The candidate The candidate appreci- The candidate is able to 4
expertise in giving an appro- supported by relevant ex- understands the text ates and evaluates sig- effectively reflect per-
priate account of the text, amples from the text. with due nificant ways (structure, sonal response
with well-chosen reference emphasis on character, imagery) in
to narrative and situation. interpretation and which writers have (critical appreciation) to
evaluation. achieved their effects. the text.

II The candidate demonstrates The account is supported The candidate The candidate appreci- The candidate is able 3
a high level of competence by examples from the text. understands text ates and evaluates sig- to reflect a personal re-
in giving an account of the with some nificant ways in which sponse to the text.
text, with appropriate refer- emphasis on writers have achieved
ences to the narrative and interpretation and their effects.
situation. evaluation.

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III The candidate demonstrates The candidate under- The candidate recog- The candidate recogniz- The candidate is able 2
competence in giving an ac- stands the text and shows nizes some aspects of es some of the significant to communicate a per-
Syllabus

count of the text with some a basic recognition of the the text used by au- ways in which the writ- sonal response, which
reference to the narrative theme and can support it thors to present ideas. ers have used the lan- shows appreciation.
and situation. by a few examples. guage.

IV The candidate gives a broad The candidate under- The candidate relates The candidate recogniz- The candidate commu- 1
account of the text with ref- stands the basic meaning the text to other texts es differences in the way nicates a straightfor-
erence to the narrative and of the text. studied. authors write. ward personal response
situation. to the text.

V The candidate is unable to The candidate is unable The candidate is un- The candidate is unable The candidate is unable 0
demonstrate an understand- to understand the text or able to relate the text to recognize the differ- to give a personal view
ing of the basic events in the support it with any ex- to the other texts stud- ences in the way authors of the text studied.
text. amples. ied. write.
 Topics Found Difficult /
Confusing By candidates
Examination Paper 2020
l Question 1(ii): Who are the ‘Sisters Three’?
l What role were they thought to play in the lives of humans?
l Question 2 (iii): According to Shylock, in what other ways did Jews resemble Chris-
tians?
l Question 2, candidates could not recall what Shylock had said after the extract).
l Question 7 (v): Colours the poet associate with:
(a) a maiden. (b) a middle-aged woman.
How does the poet describe the thoughts and concerns of women in both these
stages of life?
l Question 9 from “Abou Ben Adhem”.
l Question 12 from “The Blue Bead”
l Analytical questions.
l Questions requiring explanation of lines
Examination Paper 2019
Drama
l Direct questions - these should have been answered briefly. Only knowledge of the
text was required. Inadequate preparation was the reason for making mistakes here.
l Questions where reasoning or analysis was required - should have been answered
briefly. For example, Portia is ‘caring’ or ‘compassionate’ or that the relationship be-
tween Bassanio and Antonio was that of ‘friendship’, ‘affection’ and Bassanio relied on
Antonio.
Poetry
l Instead of answering from the text, candidates depended on the summary of the po-
ems. The battle was fought between England and France; Peterkin found the skull near
a rivulet- are all facts present in the poem but were not mentioned by some candi-
dates.
l The message or the central idea of the poem was difficult for some.
Prose
l Candidates did well in questions 10 and 11, but they had difficulty in question 12.
Candidates were unable to write all the details and points required to score well. They
were not able to describe everyday life on Venus, nor were the answers regarding the
transformation the planet underwent, satisfactory.
Some questions in which candidates were confused:
l Some questions where reasoning and analysis were required, were found to be confus-
ing. Some examples are, why Bassanio felt ‘Giddy in spirit’, the relationship between
Antonio and Bassanio or how Jesse Owens felt about his friendship with Luz Long.
l The 8 marks question from ‘All summer in a day’ was found to be confusing to the
candidates.

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 Suggestions for Students
Examination Paper 2018
l Questions on character analysis (candidates should write adjectives describing the char-
acter along with incidents to support their answer).
l Details in the poems e.g., the details of the battle and the actions of the narrator
l Questions where two parts were joined by ‘and’ (candidates got confused and mixed up
the two parts. For example, they got confused by ‘Indian speech and thought’.)
l Confusion between Aragon and Morocco. Candidates mixed up the two sequences.
Examination Paper 2017
l Candidates were confused in some questions from the drama section. They mixed up
the details about the prince of Morocco with Aragon.
l They were not able to mention the gifts brought by the Venetian.
l Some candidates were confused by the many names in the story 'India's Heroes'.
l Some questions from The Psalm of Life and Where the Mind is Without Fear were
found difficult.
Examination Paper 2016
l Question 1 (v) – Candidates were unable to highlight the character of Portia and Antonio.
l Question 2 (i) – They failed to recall the reason behind Portia's plea for mercy.
l Question 4 (v) – Candidates could not express their opinion of Mabel and Dancy.
l Question 5 (v) – They could not explain the lines and merely copied the words given in
the question.
l Question 7 (i) – Candidates were unable to state the reasons behind the King changing
the names of his daughters frequently.
Examination Paper 2015
l Question 1: Candidates were confused and failed to give specific answers as the answers
to the questions were point specific and required detailed study.
l Question 2 (v) : Candidates were confused - Portia's verdict in the Trial Scene, the way in
which Antonio distributed Shylock's property.
l Numerical problems based on p = f.v and machines.
l Question 5 (iii) : Candidates were unable to identify the sound and the manner in which
the bell sank under water.
l Question 6 (ii) : Candidates were confused between the things ground by the maidens
with those which were weighed by the vendors.
l Question 8 : The various clauses of the agreement were not clear to the pupil's mind.
l Different events that happened in the years of the prisoner's life in solitary confinement
were mismatched. The candidates found it difficult to retain the facts.

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 Suggestions for Students
ð Read the historical and political background of each story or poem.
ð Analyse the characters- their actions, their motivations and the outcome of their behaviour.
ð Understand the sequence of events.
ð While reading drama, make note of the allusions from Greek and Roman mythology.
ð Practice writing brief and precise answers.
ð Thorough knowledge of the text is essential.
ð Analytical questions should be answered briefly and simply.
ð Prepare adjectives that define the characters in drama, short stories and poems.
ð Reading the text thoroughly is a must. Be clear about every detail.
ð Read every sub-part of the question carefully.
ð Answers should be precise and to the point. Avoid rambling on unnecessarily.
ð Practise concept based and application-based questions regularly.
ð Avoid attempting extra questions as it is a waste of time.
ð Read the questions carefully.
ð Revise the text a number of times.
ð Prepare analysis of all characters.
ð Attempt many types of questions under the guidance of the teacher.
ð Answer each part and subpart of a question separately.
ð Practise writing precise and brief answers.
ð Proper numbering of the questions is important
ð Learn epithets to describe a character. These adjectives must be illustrated with a
suitable example from the text.
ð Develop a strong vocabulary base.
ð Practice reference to context questions regularly.
ð Students should be encouraged to read the question, understand them and then
proceed to answer.
ð Learn epithets to describe a character. These adjectives must be illustrated with a
suitable example from the text.
ð Stress on learning how to tackle reflective questions and critical appreciation.
ð Frequent practice of reference to context questions will be of great help for a better
understanding of the text.
ð Practice of Sample Question Papers regularly reinforces the learning process.
ð Put to memory the sequence of events in Drama, Poetry, and Prose/Novel.
ð Develop the habit of reading, learning, recalling and revising.
ð The first fifteen minutes are allotted to read the question paper. Read each question
carefully.
ð Choose wisely those questions that could possibly fetch you the maximum marks and then
go by your decision firmly, without wasting time. Do not forget to attempt every sub-part
of the question.
ð Focus on the text, read, understand and be clear about the matter covered.
ð Do not forget to attempt every sub-part of the question.

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 Drama

CHAPTER

1
JULIUS CAESAR
(Act III, IV & V)

—William Shakespeare

Learning Objectives
 Understand the Assassination Plot.
 Analyse Brutus's Speech.
 Examining Antony's Response.
 Exploring Themes of Betrayal and Power.
 Comparing Leadership Styles.

About the Author

We widely regard William Shakespeare as the greatest playwright in the English language and one of the most
important figures in the history of Western literature. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564, and
died there in 1616. People have performed Shakespeare's plays countless times and translated them into many
languages.
Shakespeare’s early life is somewhat of a mystery, but it is known that he attended grammar school in Stratford-
upon-Avon and married Anne Hathaway in 1582. He moved to London around 1590, where he became an actor
and playwright. His early plays, such as “Romeo and Juliet” and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream", were performed
at the Globe Theatre, which was one of the most famous theatres of the time.
Shakespeare’s plays are known for their complex characters, intricate plots, and beautiful language. He wrote
tragedies, comedies, and histories, including “Hamlet", “Macbeth", “Othello", “King Lear", “The Tempest", and
“Henry V". His works are still performed today and have had a profound influence on literature, theatre, and
culture.
In addition to his plays, Shakespeare also wrote sonnets, which are 14- line poems with a specific rhyme scheme.
His sonnets are considered as some of the most beautiful and profound in the English language. They explore
themes of love, beauty, and mortality.
Shakespeare’s legacy continues to live on, and his works are studied and celebrated all over the world. He is
widely considered as one of the greatest writers in the English language, and his influence on literature, theatre,
and culture is immeasurable.

About the Play

Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays, a historical tragedy that explores themes of power,
ambition, loyalty, betrayal, and friendship. The play is set in ancient Rome during the time of Julius Caesar’s rise
to power and subsequent assassination in 44 BC. It was first performed in 1599 and has since become a classic
work of literature, studied and performed around the world.
The plot revolves around the events leading up to Caesar’s death, including the conspiracies to overthrow him,
the political and personal conflicts among the characters, and the consequences of their actions. The play begins
2 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

5
 Drama 3
with a series of portentous omens that foretell Caesar’s downfall, including a thunderstorm and a warning from
a soothsayer. Meanwhile, a group of senators, led by Cassius, plot to assassinate Caesar out of fear that he will
become a tyrant. They recruit the noble Brutus to their cause, appealing his sense of duty to the Roman Republic.
Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar, whom he respects as a friend and a mentor, and his duty to the
Roman people, whom he believes will suffer under Caesar’s rule. He ultimately joins the conspiracy against
Caesar, believing that it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny. However, he is plagued by doubts and guilt
throughout the play, and ultimately meets a tragic end.
The character analysis of the play is a central element of its enduring appeal. The contrast between the noble
Brutus and the ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and
Brutus. Caesar is portrayed as a charismatic and powerful leader, who is ultimately brought down by his own
hubris and overconfidence. Brutus, on the other hand, is a principled and honourable man, who is ultimately
undone by his own doubts and insecurities.
The play also features a number of memorable supporting characters, including the fiery orator Mark Antony, the
scheming Decius Brutus, and the noble but doomed Portia. Each character serves to illuminate different aspects
of the play’s themes and adds depth to its story.
The story of the play is a timeless tale of political intrigue, betrayal, and the consequences of taking power into
one’s own hands. It raises important questions about the nature of leadership, the role of individual in the society,
and the corrupting influence of power. It shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty
can be betrayed, and raises important ethical and philosophical questions that continue to resonate today.
The themes explored in the play are also a subject of intense interest for literary critics. Harold Bloom, for example,
argues that Julius Caesar is a play that delves into the psychology of power and ambition, exploring the human
nature of those who seek to wield it. He suggests that the play is a warning against the dangers of unchecked
ambition and an exploration of the consequences of taking power into one’s own hands.
A. C. Bradley, on the other hand, argues that the play is a masterpiece of characterisation, with each character
representing a different aspect of human nature. He notes that the contrast between the noble Brutus and the
ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and Brutus.
T. S. Eliot suggests that Julius Caesar is a play that explores the nature of tragedy and the human condition.
He argues that the characters are flawed and complex, and that their actions have far-reaching consequences
that ultimately lead to their downfall. He notes that the play raises important questions about the relationship
between the individual and society, and the nature of power and authority.
Jan Kott, meanwhile, argues that the play is a commentary on the corrupting influence of power and the dangers
of political ambition. He suggests that it shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty can
be betrayed, and offers a damning critique of the political systems and institutions that enable such corruption.
Finally, Northrop Frye offers a unique perspective on the play, suggesting that it is a work of literature that offers
insight into the collective consciousness of its time. He notes that the play reflects the anxieties and uncertainties
of a society in transition, and speaks to the hopes and fears of its audience in a way that is both timeless and
deeply rooted in its historical context.
In terms of character analysis, the play offers a complex portrait of its central figures. It portrays Julius Caesar
as a charismatic and powerful leader who, is nevertheless flawed by his own hubris and arrogance. A cast of
ambitious and often duplicitous figures surrounds him, including Cassius, who plots to overthrow him, and
Mark Antony, who seeks to avenge his death. Meanwhile, the noble Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar
and his sense of duty to the Roman Republic, ultimately joining the conspiracy against Caesar out of a belief that
it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny.
The story of the play is both tragic and cautionary, showing the dangers of political ambition and the consequences
of taking power into one’s own hands. It explores the complexities of human nature and the competing desires
for power, loyalty, and honour. It raises important ethical and philosophical questions about leadership, the role
of the individual in society, and the corrupting influence of power.
In conclusion, ‘Julius Caesar’ is a timeless masterpiece of literature that continues to captivate audiences around
the world. It offers a complex and nuanced portrait of human nature and the complexities of political power,
exploring themes of loyalty, betrayal, ambition, and the consequences of taking power into one’s own hands. The
play’s enduring appeal is a testament to its rich and enduring themes, and its ability to speak to the hopes and
fears of audiences in any age.
4 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Summary of the Play

In a Roman street, two tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, scold the commoners for abandoning their work to watch
Caesar's triumphal parade. Marullus talks to a cobbler, who is taking a day off from work to Scan to know
more about
watch the procession. He grows angry with the cobbler's punning replies and tries to diminish this topic
the significance of Caesar's victory over Pompey. Marullus reminds the commoners of the days
when they used to gather to cheer for Pompey, but now they celebrate downfall due to a mere
twist of fate. Flavius instructs Marullus to remove any crowns placed on the statues of Caesar
in the Capitol, and to thin the crowds of commoners observing the triumph. Flavius says that if
they can regulate Caesar's popular support, they will be able to regulate his power. Summary

The commoners leave, and the tribunes set to work, removing the decorations from Caesar's
statues. The military and political figures, Brutus, Cassius, and Antony, along with Caesar, enter the street. A
soothsayer warns Caesar to "beware the Ides of March", but Caesar ignores him and continues with his victory
celebration. The tribunes' actions foreshadow the conflict that will arise between Caesar and the Roman Senate,
as well as between Caesar's supporters and his opponents.
Caesar enters a public square with Antony, Calpurnia, Portia, Decius, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, Casca, and a
soothsayer, followed by a throng of citizens, and then by Flavius and Marullus. The soothsayer warns Caesar
to beware the Ides of March, but Caesar dismisses the warning. Brutus and Cassius speak together, and Cassius
declares that Brutus is unable to see what everyone else does, namely, that Brutus is widely respected. Cassius
offers to serve as a human mirror so that Brutus may discover himself and conceive himself in new ways. Caesar
stands like a colossus over the world, Cassius continues, while Cassius and Brutus creep about under his legs.
Cassius questions the difference between the name "Caesar" and the name "Brutus". Meanwhile, Caesar and his
train return, and Caesar comments that Cassius looks like a man who thinks too much. Cassius decides to forge
letters from Roman citizens, declaring their support for Brutus and their fear of Caesar's ascent to power.
Casca and Cicero meet at a Roman street during a violent storm. Casca is disturbed by the strange and unnatural
occurrences he has witnessed, including a man with his hands on fire, who did not burn, a lion walking through
the streets, and an owl sitting in the marketplace during the day. Casca believes these are ominous signs of danger
ahead. Cicero, on the other hand, believes that men interpret things according to their own beliefs and that
strange occurrences may have no significance.
Cassius joins them, and they discuss Caesar's upcoming coronation as king. Cassius is convinced that the God's
are warning the Romans of a monstrous government and compares Caesar to a violent storm. Cassius reveals his
plan to convince Brutus, a respected and influential Roman, to join their resistance movement. He gives Cinna
letters to plant in Brutus' chair in the Senate and to throw them through Brutus' window.
Casca and Cassius agree that Brutus' involvement in their plot will add legitimacy to their cause, as he is highly
regarded by the people of Rome. The scene highlights the political tension in Rome and sets the stage for the
conspirators' plan to assassinate Caesar.
Brutus is in his garden and has decided that Caesar must be killed due to the abuse of his power and the rapidity
of his ascent. Lucius, Brutus' servant, brings him the letter, planted by Cassius, he found in Brutus' private room.
Brutus interprets the letter as a request from all of Rome to slay Caesar and restore the republic. A knock sounds
on the door and Lucius leaves to answer it. Brutus shakes hands with the conspirators, agreeing to join them in
their quest to kill Caesar. The group plans to commit Caesar's murder at the Senate, and Decius assures them that
he knows how to flatter Caesar and will convince him to attend the Senate.
Brutus' wife, Portia, arrives and asks him why he has been so upset. He lies and tells her that he is sick, and she
begs him to tell her what is wrong. He sends her away before he can explain due to another knock on the door.
Ligarius enters, pretending to be sick, and pledges to follow Brutus on whatever task he leads him to.
Caesar is frightened by a dream his wife Calpurnia had, in which she cried out, "Help, ho! They murder Caesar!"
He orders a servant to go to the priests and have them sacrifice an animal to read the entrails for predictions
of the future. Calpurnia arrives and tells him that he dare not leave the house that day. Caesar tells her that he
fears nothing, and that he will die when it is necessary for him to die. The servant returns and tells him that the
sacrificed animal did not have a heart very bad omen. Caesar insists on misinterpreting the omens, but Calpurnia
begs him to blame her for his absence from the Senate, to which he finally agrees. However, Decius soon arrives
to fetch Caesar to the Senate House.
Portia orders the servant Lucius to go to the Senate House. She is unwilling to keep the secret of Brutus' plan to
kill Caesar. The soothsayer, who previously warned Caesar, speaks with her, informing Portia that he will try to
warn Caesar about his fate again.
 Drama 5
Brutus and Cassius, along with Casca, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber, and Cinna, plot to
assassinate Julius Caesar. On the day of Caesar's death, he is warned by a soothsayer that the Ides of March
have come. Despite being given a letter by a man named Artemidorus, Caesar enters the Senate and refuses
to lift a banishment, prompting Brutus to unexpectedly step forward to plead the petitioner's case. As other
conspirators kneel before Caesar, they suddenly attack him, resulting in his death. The conspirators leave the
Senate, proclaiming their actions as liberating Rome from tyranny.
Mark Antony arrives and questions why Caesar was killed, and the conspirators provide a rationale. However,
Antony goes back on his word and plans to incite the people against the conspirators. Along with Octavius,
Caesar's adopted son, Antony prepares for war against Brutus and Cassius.
The conspirators gather to discuss their next steps. Brutus agrees to let Cassius send their army to Philippi to
face Antony and Octavius's forces. Meanwhile, Antony and Octavius prepare for battle and hear that Brutus and
Cassius are amassing an army. Antony sends his servant to offer a truce to Brutus and Cassius, but they decline.
The two armies meet on the battlefield, and both sides give speeches to rally their troops. During the fight,
Cassius mistakenly believes that his side is losing, and he orders his servant to kill him. Brutus learns of Cassius's
death and decides to continue fighting despite the odds. He meets with one of his soldiers, Strato, and asks him
to hold his sword while he falls on it. Strato agrees, and Brutus dies by suicide.
Antony and Octavius discover Brutus' body and speak highly of him, proclaiming him to have been "the noblest
Roman of them all". They then agree to bury Brutus with full honours and to make peace with any remaining
foes.
The play ends with Antony's famous line, "This was a man".
Throughout the play, themes of power, loyalty, and the consequences of ambition are explored. The actions of
the conspirators and their subsequent downfall serve as a warning about the dangers of trying to seize power
through violence. Despite their differences and their ultimate conflict, the respect shown by Antony and Octavius
towards Brutus after his death highlights the importance of honour and integrity, even in the face of opposition.

Major Characters of the Play

1. Julius Caesar: A great general and a statesman of Rome, who returns to the city as a powerful dictator. He is
ambitious, confident, and egotistical, but also has a noble side that is admired by many.
2. Marcus Brutus: A senator of Rome, who joins the conspirators to assassinate Caesar out of his love for Rome and
his fear that Caesar will become a tyrant. He is an idealist, a man of principle, and a skilled orator.
3. Mark Antony: A loyal friend and supporter of Caesar, who becomes his successor after his assassination. He
is cunning, ambitious, and manipulative, and uses his charisma and public speaking skills to turn the Roman
citizens against the conspirators.
4. Cassius: A senator of Rome, who organises the conspiracy to kill Caesar. He is intelligent, cunning, and
manipulative, and is driven by his hatred of Caesar and his desire for power.
5. Octavius Caesar: Julius Caesar's adopted son and heir, who later becomes the first emperor of Rome. He is young,
ambitious, and determined, and is a skilled military commander.
6. Calpurnia: Caesar's wife, who has a premonition of his death, and tries to dissuade him from going to the Capitol.
7. Portia: Brutus' wife, who is supportive of his cause, but is worried about his well-being. She is strong-willed and
independent, and commits suicide after Brutus' death.

Minor Characters of the Play

1. Artemidorus: A Roman citizen, who attempts to warn Caesar of the conspiracy through a letter.
2. Cinna-the Poet: A poet, who is mistaken for one of the conspirators, and is killed by an angry mob.
3. Flavius and Marullus: Tribunes who are critical of Caesar and removed from their positions for removing
decorations from Caesar's statues.
4. Lucilius: A soldier who impersonates Brutus during the battle and is captured by Antony's army.
5. Portia: Brutus' wife, who dies by suicide after her husband leaves for battle.
6. Soothsayer: A fortune teller, who warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March".
7. Titinius: A friend of Cassius, who is mistakenly believed to be captured by the enemy, and causes Cassius to kill
himself.
8. Trebonius: A conspirator, who is tasked with taking Mark Antony away from Caesar's assassination.
6 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

ACT-III, SCENE-1

Summary
In Act III, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, the scene unfolds in Rome before the Capitol, with the Senate sitting above. The
atmosphere is tense, as a crowd gathers, including Artemidorus and the soothsayer. Julius Caesar, Brutus, Cassius,
and other senators enter, preparing for a critical moment. Caesar dismisses the soothsayer's warning about the
ides and proceeds to the Senate.
Scan to know more
Artemidorus and a humble petitioner named Decius Brutus present Caesar with letters. about
this topic
Meanwhile, Cassius and other conspirators express concerns about their plot being discovered.
As Caesar takes his seat, Metellus Cimber kneels and pleads for his banished brother's return.
Caesar rejects the plea, leading to a series of intense interactions.
In a pivotal moment, the conspirators, including Brutus, Casca, and Cassius, surround Caesar
Act-III —Scene-1
and brutally stab him. The assassination unfolds, with Caesar's famous last words, "Et tu, Brute!"
Mark Antony, witnessing the gruesome scene, is initially allowed to live by the conspirators,
unaware of their true intentions.
After Caesar's assassination, Brutus addresses the Roman people, justifying the act as a necessary sacrifice for the
greater good of Rome. Antony is then permitted to speak at Caesar's funeral, setting the stage for the political
turmoil and conflict that will follow. The scene sets the tone for the aftermath of the assassination and the
unfolding power struggle in Rome.

Word Meanings

 Et tu, Brute?—“You too, Brutus?” - Caesar’s final words uttered upon seeing Brutus join the assassination. This phrase
represents betrayal and deep personal pain.  Soothsayer—A person believed to be able to predict the future. He warns
Caesar of “danger” before the assassination.

Characters in the Scene

1. Julius Caesar: Driven by ambition, Caesar confidently strides into the Capital, ignoring warnings, showcasing his
desire for absolute power.
2. Blind to danger: Ignoring omens and pleas, he becomes a victim of his own arrogance, setting the stage for his
tragic downfall.
3. Artemidorus: Driven by fear and duty, haunted by visions of danger, he desperately attempts to warn Caesar,
representing the voice of conscience silenced by arrogance.
4. Decius Brutus: Torn between loyalty and ambition, he serves as Caesar's confidante while secretly shielding the
conspirators, revealing his internal conflict and complex motives.
5. Brutus: Idealistic and conflicted, grappling with duty to Rome and personal loyalty to Caesar, he leads the
assassination, struggling with guilt and the brutal reality of his actions.
6. Cassius: Pragmatic and suspicious, driven by a vision of Caesar's tyranny, he orchestrates the conspiracy,
prioritising control and manipulation over emotional attachments.
7. Casca: Impulsive and vengeful, fuelled by anger and resentment, he delivers the first blow, symbolising the raw
brutality of the act and its potentially uncontrollable consequences.
8. Cinna and Metellus Cimber: Supporting players; they serve as minor conspirators, adding to the scene's sense of
collective action and providing opportunities for dramatic interaction.
9. Antony: Grief-stricken but calculating, his outward sorrow for Caesar masks a hidden agenda, hinting at a thirst
for power and potential manipulation of the situation.
10. Octavius Caesar: Absent but ominous; though not present, his name hangs heavy in the air, foreshadowing
future conflicts and highlighting the uncertain power dynamics.
 Drama 7

Other Characters
1. Soothsayer: Represents the ignored prophetic voice, symbolising the dangers of dismissing intuition and
underestimating potential threats.
2. Commoners: Their absence highlights the scene's focus on elite power struggles and their disconnect from the
ordinary populace.

Major Themes
1. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene explodes with betrayal, culminating in Caesar's death at the hands of his trusted
friend. Brutus' "Et tu, Brute?" is a devastating blow that echoes throughout the play, signifying the shattering of
trust and friendship.
This theme sets the stage for further betrayals and internal conflicts, driving the plot forward and exploring the
complexities of personal and political allegiances.
2. Power and Ambition: Caesar's arrogance and desire for absolute power fuel the conspirators' motivations,
highlighting the corrupting influence of ambition. Decius's duplicity and Cassius's manipulative tactics further
emphasise the ruthlessness of the pursuit of power.
This theme becomes a central driving force of the play, shaping the actions of various characters and ultimately
leading to the downfall of the Roman Republic.
3. Freedom and Tyranny: Brutus justifies the assassination as an act of liberation from Caesar's potential tyranny,
raising questions about who defines tyranny and how to achieve true freedom.
This theme sparks moral and political debates throughout the play, leaving the audience to grapple with the
consequences of violence and the complexities of achieving a just society.
4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and Calpurnia's dream introduces the concept of fate, while
the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of free will.
This complex interplay between destiny and human agency fuels the play's tragic arc, adding depth to the
characters' struggles and making their choices and sacrifices even more impactful.
5. Justice and Revenge: The brutal assassination raises questions about whether it delivers justice or simply fuels
a cycle of violence. Antony's veiled threats of vengeance hint at potential future conflicts, driven by a desire for
retribution.
This theme becomes a key driving force in the second half of the play, shaping the fates of characters and impacting
the ultimate outcome of the power struggle.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Explanation: Artemidorus tries to warn Caesar by

A Multiple Choice Questions giving him a letter, but Caesar dismisses him.
Q. 4. What metaphor does Caesar use to describe himself
Q. 1. Who is the first to stab Caesar? when he refuses to pardon Publius Cimber?
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius (a) A lion (b) The Northern Star
(c) Casca (d) Cinna (c) A wolf (d) A mountain
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Casca is the first to stab Caesar in the Explanation: Caesar compares himself to the
Senate.
Northern Star, suggesting that his decisions are
Q. 2. What are Caesar's last words? constant and unchangeable.
(a) "Et tu, Brute?"
Q. 5. Who distracts Antony away from the Senate room?
(b) "Veni, vidi, vici"
(c) "I am constant as the Northern Star" (a) Brutus (b) Cassius
(d) "Cowards die many times before their deaths" (c) Trebonius (d) Decius
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Caesar's last words are "Et tu, Brute?" Explanation: Trebonius draws Antony away from
which translates to "And you, Brutus?" the Senate room, ensuring that he is not present
3. Who tries to warn Caesar in the street before he during the assassination.
enters the Senate? Q. 6. Who fears that the assassination plot has been
(a) Brutus (b) Artemidorus discovered?
(c) Antony (d) Cassius
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(c) Casca (d) Cinna
8 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 12. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events
Explanation: Cassius worries that the assassination in the correct order:
plot has been discovered when they enter the 1. Antony expresses his grief over Caesar's death.
Senate.
2. Antony shakes hands with the conspirators.
Q. 7. Who is banished from Rome and his case is
presented to Caesar? 3. Antony is left alone with Caesar's body.
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius 4. Antony reveals his plan to incite the citizens
(c) Publius Cimber (d) Decius against the conspirators.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
Explanation: Metellus Cimber presents the case of (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
his banished brother, Publius Cimber, to Caesar. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 8. What figure of speech does Caesar use when he
Explanation: In this scene, Antony first shakes
says, "What touches us ourself shall be last served".
hands with the conspirators. Then, he expresses his
(a) Metaphor (b) Simile
grief over Caesar's death. After that, Antony is left
(c) Hyperbole (d) Irony
alone with Caesar's body. Finally, Antony reveals his
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: This is an example of irony because plan to incite the citizens against the conspirators.
Caesar's dismissal of his personal concerns leads to Q. 13. Which of the following statements is NOT true of
his downfall. the conspirators?
Q. 9. Which of the following statements is NOT true of (a) They plan to kill Caesar.
Caesar?
(b) They bathe their hands in Caesar's blood.
(a) He is assassinated by the conspirators.
(c) They are pardoned by Antony.
(b) He is warned by the soothsayer.
(c) He forgives the conspirators before his death. (d) They justify their actions as being for the good
(d) He is offered the crown three times. of Rome.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: In this scene, Caesar does not forgive Explanation: In this scene, the conspirators are not
the conspirators before his death. pardoned by Antony.
Q. 10. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events Q. 14. "Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention".
in the correct order:
Question: Who says this line and why?
1. Caesar arrives at the Senate.
2. The conspirators stab Caesar. (a) Brutus, because he fears that their plan will be
3. Antony shakes hands with the conspirators. discovered.
4. Antony is left alone with Caesar's body. (b) Cassius, because he fears that their plan will be
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 discovered.
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4 (c) Brutus, because he wants to prevent the
Ans. Option (a) is correct. assassination.
Explanation: In this scene, Caesar first arrives at the (d) Cassius, because he wants to prevent the
Senate. Then, the conspirators stab Caesar. After assassination.
that, Antony shakes hands with the conspirators.
Finally, Antony is left alone with Caesar's body. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 11. Statement 1: "Caesar dismisses the soothsayer's Explanation: This line is said by Cassius. He is
warning". telling Casca to act quickly because they fear that
Statement 2: "Caesar is offered the crown three their plan to assassinate Caesar will be discovered.
times". Q. 15. Caesar: "What, is the fellow mad?"
Question: Select the option that shows the correct Question: Who is Caesar referring to as "the fellow"
relationship between statements 1 and 2.
in this line?
(a) 1 is the cause for 2.
(a) Brutus
(b) 1 is an example of 2.
(c) 1 is independent of 2. (b) Cassius
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2. (c) Artemidorus
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (d) Decius
Explanation: Caesar dismissing the soothsayer's Ans. Option (c) is correct.
warning and Caesar being offered the crown three Explanation: Caesar is referring to Artemidorus,
times are two independent events.
who is trying to give him a letter of warning.
 Drama 9

Commonly Made Errors Answering Tips

Misunderstanding the language: Shakespearean Candidates should take their time and read the
language can be difficult to understand, and text carefully, paying attention to the context
candidates often misinterpret the meaning of and tone of the dialogue.
the text. Candidates should research the historical
Failing to consider the historical context: Julius context of the play, including the political and
Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates social climate of ancient Rome.
may not be familiar with the customs and Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
traditions of the time. considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise present in the play.
the plot or provide a basic description of the Candidates should pay close attention to the
characters without analysing the themes or use of literary devices in the text, noting their
motifs present in the text. effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the given extracts and answer the questions Q. 3. Explain the role of "preordinance and first decree"
that follow: in Caesar's argument against Cimber's plea.
(Connect it to themes of power and authority.)  [3]
I. CAESAR
Ans. By invoking "preordinance and first decree", Caesar
I must prevent thee, ........ Will he be satisfied. wields a double-edged sword against Cimber's plea.
Q. 1. How does Caesar characterise the behaviour of the These terms act as shields, deflecting any challenge
petitioners, including Metellus Cimber? (Think to his authority and underlining his absolute
about his choice of words and imagery.)  [3] power. "Preordinance" suggests that his decisions
Ans.. Caesar portrays the petitioners as melodramatic are predestined, woven into the fabric of fate itself,
and manipulative, using words like "couching" and rendering them unassailable by mere mortals. "First
"fawning" to belittle their pleas. He contrasts their decree" emphasises his position as the ultimate
weakness with his own "true quality", claiming lawmaker, his pronouncements holding the weight
resilience against flattery. This stark comparison of established order.
elevates him as a powerful leader, while diminishing This connection to power and authority is deeply
them to subservient figures. Through language thematic. It showcases Caesar's reliance on legal and
and imagery, Caesar asserts his dominance and divine justifications to solidify his rule. He presents
dismisses any challenge to his absolute authority. himself as above the law, his pronouncements
However, this self-presentation might be biased, beyond question or negotiation. This approach
warranting a critical lens beyond his perspective. reinforces the hierarchical structure of Roman
society, with Caesar at the apex. However, it also
Q. 2. What does Caesar claim about his own nature and
hints at potential instability. By shutting down
how does he react to flattery or manipulation? any form of dissent through preordained decrees,
(Analyse the contrasting ideas he presents.)  [3] Caesar risks breeding resentment and rebellion,
Ans. In Caesar's self-proclaimed portrait, two contrasting creating a fragile foundation for his absolute rule.
ideas clash. He boasts of being impervious to Q. 4. Consider the animal metaphors Caesar uses. How
manipulation, possessing a "true quality" beyond do they contribute to his portrayal of himself and
the reach of "sweet words" and "base spaniel his response to Cimber? (Analyse the specific
fawning". He elevates himself above "ordinary men" animals and their connotations.)  [3]
swayed by such tactics, claiming inherent strength
Ans. In a calculated display of dominance, Caesar's
and resolve, unshakable by flattery. Yet, alongside
animal metaphors paint a stark picture of both
this display of unwavering conviction, his reliance
himself and Cimber. He positions himself as the
on concepts like "preordinance and first decree"
regal lion, unmoved by the petitioners' "lamb-like"
hints at a vulnerability. By invoking absolute laws
appeals. The lion symbolises strength, majesty,
and divine sanction, he seeks to shield his decisions
and untamed power, reflecting Caesar's image as
from questioning, suggesting a need to control
a powerful and decisive leader. He stands firm in
external influences. This underlying insecurity
his conviction, impervious to their weak attempts
peeks through his harsh dismissals and dismissive
to sway him.
language, betraying a fear of potential dissent. Thus,
Caesar paints himself as both untouchable and In contrast, the petitioners are relegated to the realm
insecure, presenting a fascinatingly contradictory of dogs, specifically "curs" - unwanted, submissive
image of a leader fuelled by both power and fear. creatures at the mercy of their master. This imagery
diminishes their status, reducing them to pathetic
10 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

figures, begging for scraps of mercy. Caesar doesn't a permanent fixture in the political landscape, far
even grant them the respect of wolves, proud and above the whims and emotions of ordinary mortals.
potentially dangerous, but instead associates them Secondly, Caesar compares himself to the single
with subservience and obedience. star "that unassailable holds on his rank". This
This stark comparison reinforces the power further emphasises his singular status, hinting at a
imbalance and solidifies Caesar's dominance. divinely ordained role. He positions himself as the
Q. 5. Analyse the speech as a reflection of Caesar's sole point of unwavering order amidst the "flesh
understanding of power and his relationship with and blood" and "apprehensive" masses. Through
the Roman people. How does he present himself, these celestial comparisons, Caesar seeks to project
and what image does he seek to project? Consider an image of absolute authority, divine sanction,
the consequences of his approach for both his rule and unwavering resolve. He paints himself as the
and the stability of the Republic.  [4] immovable centre of the universe, a figure so fixed
Ans. Caesar's speech in Act III, Scene 1, reveals a chilling and powerful that even challenges seem irrelevant.
perspective on both power and public perception. Q. 2. Caesar claims to be "unassailable" and "unshaked
His approach drips with absolute authority and icy of motion". Analyse the language that he uses to
disdain, showcasing a leader obsessed with control describe his own stability, and consider how this
and terrified of dissent. contrasts with the petitioners that he has just
dismissed.  [3]
He presents himself as a monolith, immovable and
invincible. "Preordinance and first decree" bind Ans. Caesar's self-description of "unassailable" and
his decisions in unyielding laws, while animal "unshaked of motion" stands in stark contrast to
metaphors, like the lion, further solidify his image the petitioners he just dismissed. His language
as a powerful, untamed force. He paints the evokes permanence and unyielding force,
petitioners as weaklings, succumbing to "sweet employing terms like "constant", "true-fixed", and
words" and "base spaniel fawning", a tactic beneath "unshakeable". These words conjure an image of a
his "true quality". This calculated self-portrait mountain unmoved by even the strongest winds, a
projects an image of an unquestionable authority stark contrast to the "apprehensive" and "flesh and
blood" nature of the petitioners.
and unwavering resolve, designed to inspire awe
and submission. This deliberate choice of word creates a chasm
between Caesar and the commoners. The
However, beneath this veneer of strength lies a deep
petitioners, with their pleas and supplications,
insecurity. The constant need to assert dominance,
are portrayed as ephemeral and susceptible to
to belittle any opposition, betrays a fear of being
emotional sway. They are the flickering "sparks"
swayed or challenged. This fear of losing control
in the celestial comparison, easily extinguished
drives his reliance on rigid decrees and harsh
compared to the immovable "northern star" that is
pronouncements, creating a fragile foundation for
Caesar. This linguistic contrast amplifies Caesar's
his rule.
self-proclaimed authority and justifies his callous
The consequences of this approach are twofold. dismissal of their pleas. He positions himself as a
Firstly, it fosters resentment and alienation. By force of nature, unmoved by the petty concerns and
dismissing citizens' pleas and reducing them to emotions of the human world.
subservient figures, Caesar creates a breeding Q. 3. Explain the connection between Caesar's assertion
ground for discontentment. Secondly, it weakens of "constancy" and his decision to banish Cimber.
the Republic's stability. By shutting down any How does he justify his unwavering stance on the
form of dissent and dialogue, Caesar removes the matter?  [3]
essential checks and balances, paving the way for
Ans. The link between Caesar's "constancy" and his
tyranny and potential rebellion.
decision to banish Cimber is crucial to understand
II. CAESAR his justification and power dynamics. He utilises his
I could be well moved ........ do remain to keep him so. self-proclaimed unwavering nature as both a shield
Q. 1. How does Caesar compare himself to the celestial and a sword.
bodies in this speech, and what image does he seek Firstly, he uses his "constancy" as a shield against
to project through this imagery? (Consider the pressure and emotional appeals. He declares, "But
specific celestial bodies and their connotations.) I am constant as the northern star", implying his
[3] decision is preordained and fixed, immune to the
Ans. In this speech, Caesar elevates himself to the realm "prayers" and pleas of the petitioners. This creates
of the celestial through two key comparisons. a moral and emotional distance, suggesting his
Firstly, he aligns himself with the "northern star", a decision transcends mere human concerns and
symbol of unwavering stability and steadfastness. aligns with cosmic forces.
Its "true-fixed and resting quality" surpasses even Secondly, he wields his "constancy" as a sword
the countless other "sparks" in the firmament, to demonstrate decisive leadership and absolute
symbolising his unique and unchallenged position. authority. By stating, "And that I am he", he claims
This imagery portrays him as an immovable force, a unique position of unwavering resolve, separate
 Drama 11
from the "flesh and blood" mortals susceptible to metaphors and unwavering pronouncements to
change. This assertion of "constant" adherence to position himself as an immovable force, akin to
his initial decree serves as a display of strength and the "northern star". This carefully curated persona
reinforces his image as an unmovable leader. thrives on contrasts: while he claims constancy and
In essence, Caesar justifies his unwavering stance divine sanction, the petitioners are reduced to "flesh
on banishing Cimber by linking it to his self- and blood" swayed by emotions. This stark division
proclaimed inherent "constancy". This connection reinforces his dominance and justifies his disregard
allows him to dismiss any challenge as futile and for their pleas.
reinforces his absolute power. However, it's crucial However, beneath this veneer of absolute power lies
to remember that this justification relies on his self- a subtle vulnerability. The constant need to assert
constructed image of unwavering resolve, which his unassailability hints at a fear of being swayed
might harbour underlying fear and insecurity. or challenged. Caesar's self-proclaimed "constancy"
The true strength and morality of his "constancy" feels less like an inherent quality and more like
remain open to interpretation and will likely be a shield erected against dissent. This insecurity
explored further in the play. fuels his reliance on rigid pronouncements and
Q. 4. "That I am he Let me a little show it even in manipulation, creating a fragile foundation for his
this". Explore the implications of this line. What rule.
is Caesar hinting at, and how does it reveal his The potential consequences of this approach are
underlying motivations?  [3] two fold. His disregard for the people's concerns
Ans. This seemingly simple line, "That I am he Let me breeds resentment and alienation, fostering an
a little show it even in this", carries a multitude environment ripe for rebellion. Additionally, his
reliance on absolute power and suppression of
of subtle implications, revealing the complex
dissent weakens the Republic's checks and balances,
motivations buried beneath Caesar's facade of
paving the way for tyranny and instability. It's not
cosmic order.
a stretch to see parallels with real-world historical
Firstly, the phrase hints at a deep-seated need figures who sought to solidify their power through
for validation. Caesar doesn't merely declare his similar tactics, often leading to their downfall.
constancy; he feels a compulsion to "show it", even
III. CAESAR
in such a seemingly insignificant matter as Cimber's
Et tu, Bruté?—Then fall, ........ Ambition’s debt is paid.
plea. This suggests a lack of inherent confidence in
his self-proclaimed image, prompting him to seek Q. 1. How does Caesar's simple utterance "Et tu, Brute?"
external confirmation of his unassailability. reflect on his emotional state at the moment
of betrayal? Consider the historical context of
Secondly, the line subtly reveals a hint of
their relationship and the significance of Brutus'
manipulation. By framing his unwavering
presence.  [3]
stance as a "little show", Caesar acknowledges
the performative aspect of his leadership. He Ans. Caesar's "Et tu, Brute?" transcends a simple statement
understands that projecting an image of absolute of betrayal; it's a heart-breaking symphony of
power requires calculated acts of demonstration, emotions echoing through the chamber. The
even in seemingly trivial situations. This awareness context of their close historical bond throws the
introduces a layer of theatricality, hinting at a betrayal into stark relief, amplifying the shock and
deliberate manipulation of perceptions for the sake pain in his voice. "Et tu" - "even you" - drips with
of maintaining his authority. disbelief, questioning how someone he trusted like
a son could turn against him. The question marks
Finally, the line suggests a potential for underlying
hanging at the end amplifies the confusion and
instability. The very need to constantly "show" his
sorrow, almost a plea for understanding amidst the
constancy betrays a fear of its subversion. It hints at
collapsing world he built.
a fragility beneath the surface, a fear that the cracks
in his facade might be exposed if not continually Yet, there's a subtle resignation too. "Then fall,
reinforced through these displays of unwavering Caesar" suggests an acceptance of his fate, perhaps
resolve. weary and tragic. The simplicity of the phrase
hints at an exhaustion with the weight of power
Q. 5. Analyse this speech as a reflection of Caesar's self-
and the burden of betrayal. It's a final whisper,
perception and his relationship with the Roman
acknowledging the inevitable while lamenting the
people. How does he portray himself, and what
hand that dealt the blow. This mix of emotions,
are the potential consequences of his approach
from raw pain to weary acceptance, paints a
for both his rule and the future of the Republic?
poignant portrait of a leader at the precipice of
Consider historical and literary context, and avoid
death, betrayed by the one he held closest.
relying on external information beyond the speech
Q. 2. Contrast the reactions of Cinna and Cassius
itself.  [4]
with Brutus' response to Caesar's death. What do
Ans. This speech paints a chilling portrait of Caesar's their contrasting expressions imply about their
self-perception and his fraught relationship with motivations and plans for the future of Rome? [3]
the Roman people. He meticulously crafts an
Ans. Cinna and Cassius burst with jubilant
image of absolute authority, employing celestial
pronouncements of "Liberty!" and
12 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

"enfranchisement!" Their excitement and urgency sets the stage for the play's tragic trajectory, where
suggests a long-suppressed desire for Caesar's noble intentions can become entangled with the
downfall and a clear vision for a liberated Rome. very forces they sought to overcome.
They aim to incite the crowd, mobilising them to Q. 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of Brutus' plea for peace
spread the news and potentially secure their own in the face of Cinna and Cassius' calls for "Liberty"
roles in the new republic. Their focus on freedom and "enfranchisement". What challenges might
emphasises their opposition to Caesar's perceived hinder his attempt to maintain order and control
tyranny, hinting at a more populist agenda. the crowd's reaction? [3]
Brutus, in stark contrast, stands as a voice of caution Ans. Brutus' plea for peace walks a tightrope between
and control. His plea for peace, "be not affrighted... the emotional fervour of Cinna and Cassius and the
stand still", reveals a concern for maintaining potential for chaos. Its effectiveness is precarious,
order and preventing chaos in the wake of the facing significant challenges:
assassination. He speaks to "people and senators", Effectiveness: Moral authority: Brutus' measured
suggesting a broader attempt to address both the tone and claim to settling "ambition's debt" project
citizens and the political elite. His phrase "ambition's an image of responsible leadership and justice
debt is paid" implies a sense of justice fulfilled, but served. This might resonate with those seeking
also carries the weight of responsibility and potential stability and fearing the chaos Cinna and Cassius'
consequences. While Cinna and Cassius celebrate calls could unleash.
the demise of a tyrant, Brutus seems burdened by
Appeal to reason: By addressing both "people and
the act and its potentially destabilizing aftermath.
senators", Brutus acknowledges the complexity of
These contrasting reactions reveal different the situation, aiming to unite Rome through reason
motivations and priorities. Cinna and Cassius rather than raw emotion. This might appeal to
appear driven by a desire for revolution and
those who value deliberation and order.
popular support, while Brutus grapples with the
burden of leadership and the need to maintain Challenges: Emotional momentum: The electrifying
order. The future of Rome hangs in the balance, cries of "Liberty!" and "enfranchisement!" have
with Brutus facing the challenge of uniting a city already ignited a potent mix of excitement and
under the shadow of both freedom and potential vengeance. Brutus' plea for peace might seem like
chaos. a dampener, suppressing the release of pent-up
emotions and potentially alienating those seeking
Q. 3. Explore the double meaning of "ambition's
immediate change.
debt" uttered by Brutus. Does it solely address
Caesar's ambition, or does it hint at a broader Uncertain future: Brutus offers no concrete vision
acknowledgment of the conspirators' own for the future beyond the ambiguous "debt paid".
ambitions and potential consequences? [3] This lack of clarity leaves a void that Cinna and
Ans. "Ambition's debt is paid" echoes with ambiguity Cassius readily field with promises of freedom,
in Brutus' words, carrying a double meaning that potentially swaying the crowd who yearn for
reverberates beyond Caesar's demise. tangible outcomes.
On the surface, it addresses Caesar's ambition for Potential for violence: The anger and frustration
absolute power. His pursuit of absolute control, towards Caesar could easily erupt into violence,
symbolised by the crown he refused, has ultimately fuelled by the emotional atmosphere and the lack
led to his downfall. Brutus, acting as the instrument of clear direction. Brutus' plea for peace might be
of fate, claims to have settled the debt owed to this seen as an attempt to stifle this righteous anger,
ambition. It's a statement of closure, implying that further fuelling the flames of discontent.
Caesar's thirst for power has been quenched, even Q. 5. Considering the emotional tension, contrasting
if at the cost of his life. reactions, and Brutus' ominous pronouncement
However, a deeper layer lingers. The conspirators, of "ambition's debt", analyse this brief excerpt as
including Brutus, were also driven by ambition, a pivotal turning point in the play. (Remember to
albeit an arguably nobler one – to restore the base your analysis solely on the provided text and
Republic and prevent tyranny. This "debt" of their avoid external information). [4]
own ambition has now been incurred, not just Ans. This brief excerpt acts as a potent turning point,
through the act of taking a life, but also through pregnant with foreshadowing about the characters'
the responsibility of shaping the future of Rome. fates and the future of the Republic. The significance
The question hangs in the air: will they fulfil their is as follows:
ambition of creating a just Republic, or will their Emotional Tension: The stark contrast between
own desires for power lead them down a similar reactions creates a palpable tension. Caesar's tragic,
path to Caesar? personal betrayal by Brutus is juxtaposed with the
Therefore, "ambition's debt" acts as a haunting jubilant cries of liberation. This emotional whiplash
pronouncement. It acknowledges the fulfilment of leaves the audience on edge, unsure of where the
one ambition, but simultaneously casts a shadow tides will turn.
of uncertainty on the ambitions that remain – both Contrasting Visions: The conflicting voices of
Rome's and the conspirators' own. This ambiguity Brutus, Cassius/Cinna, and the silent crowd
 Drama 13
represent competing visions for the future. Brutus Q. 2. Antony subtly expresses doubt about the
seeks order and justice, while Cassius/Cinna fan the conspirators' intentions. Analyse the specific
flames of revolution and freedom. This ideological lines that hint at this uncertainty and consider the
clash hints at the potential for further conflict and potential reasons behind it.  [3]
instability. Ans. Antony's doubt about the conspirators' intentions
Ominous Pronouncement: Brutus' "ambition's surfaces throughout his speech, veiled within
debt" carries a double-edged sword. While it seemingly innocent lines. The specific lines being:
suggests justice served, it also casts a shadow on "I know not, gentlemen, what you intend, Who
the conspirators' own ambitions. It is a reminder else must be let blood, who else is rank". This
that any action, even one rooted in noble ideals, has direct statement exposes his uncertainty about
consequences and potential hidden costs. the extent of the purge. Knowing Caesar's close
Foreshadowing: These elements collectively circle, he should have some idea of the planned
foreshadow the play's tragic trajectory. The "bloodletting", yet his feigned ignorance suggests
emotional tension hints at impending upheaval, the apprehension and a desire to gauge their true
contrasting visions foreshadow political strife, and motives.
the "debt" pronouncement suggests that bloodshed
"If I myself, there is no hour so fit as Caesar’s death’s
won't bring unblemished freedom.
hour.".. This offer of self-sacrifice, while seemingly
In conclusion, this excerpt serves as a microcosm of magnanimous, can be read as a calculated test.
the play's central themes and conflicts. It highlights By aligning his potential demise with Caesar's, he
the precariousness of the situation, the clash of subtly questions the legitimacy of their cause and
ideals, and the potential for tragic consequences. implies it might extend beyond just Caesar.
While the future remains uncertain, the echoes of
"Fulfil your pleasure. Live a thousand years."..
Brutus' "ambition's debt" resonate throughout the
The nonchalant dismissal of their potential threat,
play, reminding us that any attempt to reshape the
coupled with the hyperbolic "thousand years", hints
world comes with a heavy price.
at a deeper understanding of their power and a
IV. ANTONY cautious attempt to avoid direct confrontation.
O mighty Caesar! Dost ........ master spirits of this age.
The reasons behind Antony's doubt are likely
Q. 1. How does Antony's opening address to Caesar multifaceted:
reveal his emotional state and his relationship with
Loyalty to Caesar: As a close confidante, he might
the fallen leader? Consider the language he uses
genuinely grieve the loss and harbour suspicions
and the specific details he chooses to highlight. [3]
about the justifications for his assassination.
Ans. Antony's address to Caesar bursts with a complex
Political savvy: Recognising the power vacuum left
mix of emotions, veiled within layers of rhetoric.
by Caesar's death, Antony might be strategically
The initial "O mighty Caesar! Dost thou lie so low?"
assessing the intentions of the conspirators to
carries the weight of grief and disbelief, painting
navigate his own path in the ensuing struggle for
a picture of a revered leader brought down to
power.
a "little measure". He meticulously lists Caesar's
accomplishments, "conquests, glories, triumphs, Self-preservation: Aware of the potential purge,
spoils", highlighting the stark contrast between his Antony might fear for his own life and play this
past grandeur and present state. This deliberate game of ambiguity to gain favour or avoid becoming
choice of details suggests a genuine affection and the next target.
respect for Caesar, and a personal loss deeply felt. By subtly voicing his uncertainty, Antony sows
However, beneath the surface of mourning lies seeds of doubt in the minds of both the conspirators
a subtle tension. The use of the second person, and the audience.
"gentlemen", creates a distance between Antony Q. 3. He offers himself up for execution, citing the timing
and the conspirators. His claim of not knowing and his proximity to Caesar as advantages. Is this
their "intent" betrays a hint of suspicion, while the offer genuine, or does it serve a deeper purpose
imagery of their "purpled hands", stained with beyond self-sacrifice? Explain your interpretation.
Caesar's blood, is both unsettling and suggestive [3]
of potential danger. This underlying ambivalence
reveals a nuanced relationship between Antony Ans. Whether Antony's offer of self-sacrifice is genuine
and Caesar, one tinged with loyalty but also wary of or a strategic ploy is a fascinating ambiguity in his
the uncertain future and the motives of those who speech. Here is a breakdown of both the possibilities:
struck him down. Genuine sacrifice: The timing ("Caesar's death's
In conclusion, Antony's opening address is a hour") and location ("by you cut off") suggest a
tapestry woven with grief, respect, and subtle poignant connection to his fallen leader. He might
apprehension. He mourns Caesar's fall while genuinely desire to join Caesar in death, driven by
subtly laying the groundwork for questioning the grief, loyalty, or a sense of honour. The language
conspirators' actions and potentially manoeuvring used, "I shall not find myself so apt to die", carries
for his own position in the shifting power dynamics a touch of melancholy, possibly hinting at despair
of Rome. amidst the turmoil.
14 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Strategic ploy: This offer can also be seen as a potential future developments in the play?
calculated move. Firstly, it positions Antony as Remember to base your analysis solely on the
someone unafraid of death, potentially garnering provided text and avoid external information.  [4]
respect from the conspirators. Secondly, it subtly Ans. Antony's speech is a calculated masterpiece, its
tests their commitment to their stated principles. If impact rippling out like a stone dropped into a
they refuse, it exposes hypocrisy and casts doubt on still pond. Here is a breakdown of its multifaceted
their motivations. Lastly, it allows Antony to remain effects:
in the spotlight, keeping his political future open On the conspirators: Fear and doubt: Antony's
while demonstrating he won't be an easy target. veiled threats ("purpled hands"), combined with his
Ultimately, the true intent behind Antony's offer questioning of their intentions ("Who else must be
remains shrouded in his enigmatic delivery. Perhaps let blood?"), sows suspicion and fear among them.
it is a bit of both: a genuine emotional response, They might sense that he harbours dangerous
wrapped in a layer of political manoeuvring. This knowledge or intentions, potentially creating cracks
ambiguity sets the stage for Antony's future actions, in their alliance.
leaving the audience wondering whether he
Underestimation: His seemingly submissive offer
grieves for Caesar, seeks vengeance, or pursues his
of self-sacrifice might lull them into a false sense
own ambitions under the guise of loyalty.
of security, mistaking his emotional display for
Q. 4. Explore the irony and ambiguity in Antony's praise genuine weakness. This underestimation could
of the conspirators as "purpled hands" and "choice prove costly in the future.
and master spirits". What might he be subtly
On the Roman populace:
hinting at or suggesting through these seemingly
flattering descriptions?  [3] Sympathy for Caesar: Antony's emotional eulogy of
Caesar's achievements and his tragic demise evokes
Ans. The "purpled hands" and "choice and master
sympathy for the fallen leader. He manipulates
spirits" are the compliments dripping with irony
public opinion, potentially turning people against
and unspoken accusations. Let us delve into their
the conspirators and their cause.
layers:
Uncertainty and fear: The ambiguous threats
Purpled hands: While "purple" signifies nobility
and veiled criticisms create a sense of unease and
and power, stained with Caesar's blood, it evokes
anxiety among the commoners. They are left unsure
a chilling image of violence and regicide. This
of who to trust and what the future holds for Rome,
contradiction hints at both admiration for their
creating fertile ground for political manipulation.
audacity and a veiled condemnation of their act. It is
a reminder of their power, while subtly questioning On the audience (readers/viewers):
its source and potential consequences. Intrigue and suspense: The ambiguity surrounding
Choice and master spirits: This seemingly flattering Antony's true intentions and motivations fuel
description can be reinterpreted as a backhanded speculation and suspense. He emerges as a complex,
compliment. "Choice" could allude to their unpredictable figure, keeping the audience on the
privileged status, while simultaneously suggesting edge of their seats, eager to see what his next move
their misguided arrogance in taking down a leader will be.
like Caesar. Similarly, "master spirits" might not only Foreshadowing of conflict: The subtle threats and
acknowledge their cunning minds, but also imply a hints at potential turmoil foreshadow a future rife
dangerous ambition that threatens the stability of with conflict and power struggles. The audience
Rome. understands that things are far from settled, and
Through these seemingly complimentary titles, Antony's manipulation is just the first ripple in a
Antony subtly suggests the following: storm to come.
The conspirators are dangerous: He highlights their Overall, Antony's speech masterfully manipulates
power and ambition, subtly warning the audience emotions, sows doubt, and leaves the audience
of potential future turmoil and power struggles. hungry for more.
Their motives are suspect: By praising their V. ANTONY
audacity while questioning the act itself, he sows O, pardon me, thou ........ groaning for burial.
seeds of doubt in their cause and the righteousness Q. 1. How does Antony's use of language and imagery
of their actions. in this speech paint a vivid picture of Caesar's
His own potential: By acknowledging their death and its potential consequences? Consider
strength, he subtly positions himself as someone specific figures of speech and the emotions they
capable of matching their wit and potentially evoke.  [3]
emerging as a future force in the Roman landscape. Ans. Through potent language and imagery, Antony
Q. 5. Considering the emotional charge, the veiled crafts a grim portrait of Caesar's demise and its
threats, and the ambiguous statements, analyse prophesied aftermath. He personifies the earth
the overall impact of this speech on the audience where Caesar lies, elevating him to a "bleeding
(both the characters and the readers/viewers). How piece of earth", invoking pathos. Hyperbole paints
does it manipulate expectations and foreshadow Caesar as the "noblest man" ever, amplifying his
 Drama 15
loss. Vivid metaphors like "costly blood" and "dumb Symbol of Legitimacy: By invoking Caesar's spirit,
mouths" for Caesar's wounds heighten the tragedy Antony subtly links himself to the former leader's
and suggest divine retribution. authority and the mantle of power lost with his
Shifting to a grim future, Antony deploys chilling death. This could position him as an avenging
imagery of "civil strife", "infants quartered", and angel, potentially garnering public support against
"carrion men". Myths such as Caesar's vengeful the "butchers".
spirit and the goddess of discord reinforce the Dogs of War:
prophecy's weight and add supernatural elements. Unleashed Chaos: These ferocious beasts represent
The tone crescendos from lament to outrage, the brutal and unpredictable nature of war. Their
culminating in the pronouncement of "Havoc!" and release signifies a descent into barbarity, where
the unleashing of "dogs of war". violence spirals out of control, mirroring the
This linguistic storm manipulates emotions, prophesied "domestic fury" and "civil strife".
creating empathy for Caesar, fear for the future, and
Instrument of Manipulation: As the one who "let
anticipation for the prophesied conflict. Antony
slip" the dogs, Antony might be taking on the role
paints a horrifying picture, leaving the audience
of a war master, shaping the conflict to his own
deeply unsettled and eager to see how his ominous
advantage. He might not directly lead the battles,
visions will unfold.
but orchestrate them from the shadows, using the
Q. 2. Antony curses the actions of the "butchers" chaos to achieve his own political goals.
and prophecies doom for Rome. What specific Together, these metaphors paint a grim picture of
threats does he foresee, and how might his a vengeful conflict, fuelled by Caesar's spirit and
pronouncements shape the public's perception of orchestrated by the cunning manipulations of
the conspirators?  [3] Antony. While it is uncertain as to who will hold
Ans. Antony's curse foresees a cascade of specific threats the reins of power in the coming storm, both
for Rome: metaphors suggest that Antony will be a powerful
Domestic fury and civil strife: He paints a picture player, driven by both Caesar's memory and his
of internal conflict, tearing families and cities apart, own ambitions.
breeding distrust and chaos. Q. 4. Analyse the shift in tone towards the end of the
Blood and destruction: The graphic imagery of speech. Compare the initial grief and lament with
mothers smiling at infants quartered in war hints the final, powerful pronouncement of "Havoc!"
at widespread violence and a breakdown of societal How does this shift impact the emotional journey
norms. of the listener and foreshadow Antony's future
Loss of empathy: "All pity choked with custom actions?  [3]
of fell deeds" suggests desensitisation to violence Ans. The speech starts with a mournful dirge for Caesar,
and suffering, further deepening the descent into invoking pathos through descriptions of "bleeding
barbarity. earth" and "noblest man". This initial lament
These prophesied horrors directly challenge the establishes a foundation of empathy for the fallen
conspirators' claims of acting for the good of Rome. leader and allows Antony to connect with the
Antony's words plant seeds of doubt in the public, crowd's emotions.
portraying their actions as the catalyst for a bloody However, the tone undergoes a dramatic shift.
and brutal civil war. By appealing to their emotions Antony transitions from sorrow to outrage,
and fears, he paints them as responsible for pronouncing a chilling prophecy of "domestic
unleashing "dogs of war" upon their countrymen. fury" and "blood and destruction". The gruesome
This could sway public opinion against the imagery escalates the tension, leaving the listener
conspirators, creating a fertile ground for further with a sense of fear and foreboding.
manipulation and potentially inciting rebellion in Finally, he unleashes the electrifying
their wake. pronouncement of "Havoc!" and the release of
Q. 3. Explore the symbolism of "Caesar's spirit" and "the "the dogs of war". This powerful climax serves as
dogs of war". What do these metaphors suggest a declaration of impending chaos and suggests
about the potential nature of the coming conflict Antony might be the one to unleash it.
and Antony's role in it?  [3] This dynamic shift mirrors the potential trajectory
Ans. The metaphors of "Caesar's spirit" and "the dogs of of the play. It foreshadows Antony's transformation
war" offer potent layers of meaning: from grieving friend to instigator of conflict, driven
Caesar's Spirit: by a desire for revenge or even personal gain. The
Vengeful Force: His spirit, "ranging for revenge", listener is left anticipating the unfolding turmoil,
suggests it won't rest until those responsible for his wondering what role Antony will play in the storm
death face retribution. This foreshadows a driven, that he seems to be ushering in.
relentless conflict, fuelled by the ghost of the fallen By masterfully manipulating emotions and
leader. delivering a crescendo of pronouncements, Antony
16 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

leaves a lasting impact on the audience. He plants Shifting loyalties: By questioning the conspirators'
the seeds of fear and anticipation, hinting at his own motives and foreshadowing chaos, Antony plants
potent role in the impending conflict and raising seeds of doubt in the crowd, potentially swaying
questions about his true intentions. The journey public opinion against them and towards himself.
from lament to "Havoc!" is a journey into the heart This manipulates expectations about who might
of tragedy and potential manipulation, leaving the emerge as the new power in Rome.
audience eagerly awaiting the play's next act. Creation of Tension:
Q. 5. Considering the emotional intensity, vivid Vivid imagery of brutality: Descriptions of
imagery, and prophesied consequences, analyse "domestic fury", "infants quartered", and "carrion
the overall impact of this speech on the audience men" paint a horrifying picture of the coming
(both characters and readers/viewers). How does conflict, building a palpable sense of tension and
it manipulate expectations, create tension, and dread. The audience is left on the edge of their
foreshadow the potential trajectory of the play's seats, eager to see how these prophesied horrors
conflict? Remember to base your analysis solely on will unfold.
the provided text and avoid external information. Uncertain future: With no clear answers about who
[4] will control the "dogs of war", the tension mounts
Ans. Antony's speech explodes onto the scene with as the play's potential trajectory becomes open to
a potent cocktail of emotions, imagery, and interpretation and speculation. This uncertainty
prophesied doom, leaving a profound impact on keeps the audience emotionally invested, eager to
both the characters and the audience. witness the next move in this political chess game.
Manipulation of Expectations: Foreshadowing of Conflict:
From Caesar's loyal friend to vengeful manipulator: Antony's ominous pronouncement: By declaring
Antony's initial grief subtly transitions to anger and "Havoc!" and unleashing the dogs of war, Antony
veiled threats, suggesting a hidden agenda beyond positions himself as a key player in the coming
mourning. This shakes the audience's initial conflict. This foreshadows his potential emergence
perception of him and creates uncertainty about his as a leader, manipulator, or even instigator of the
true intentions. prophesied chaos.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Caesar's last words, "Et His idealism and belief in the nobility of his cause,
tu, Brute?" How do these words reflect the themes coupled with his failure to foresee the potential
of betrayal and friendship in the play? Discuss consequences of his actions, set the stage for the
their impact on Brutus' character development and tragic events that follow.
the unfolding of the plot. Furthermore, Caesar's last words mark a turning
Ans. In Act III, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", point in the plot. The shock of Caesar's assassination,
the last words of Caesar, "Et tu, Brute?" carry coupled with the revelation of Brutus' involvement,
immense significance. These words, which translate creates a power vacuum in Rome. This power
to "And you, Brutus?" are spoken by Caesar when vacuum leads to a struggle for control between the
he recognises Brutus among his assassins. This remaining characters, setting the stage for the civil
moment of recognition is potent, revealing the war that ensues.
depth of Caesar's betrayal and the personal nature
In conclusion, Caesar's last words, "Et tu, Brute?"
of the conspiracy against him.
have a profound impact on the unfolding of the
The phrase "Et tu, Brute?" poignantly reflects events and the emotions of the characters in "Julius
the themes of betrayal and friendship that run Caesar". They highlight the personal nature of
through the play. Brutus, a close friend of Caesar, the political conflict, set the stage for the power
finds himself torn between his personal affection
struggle that follows Caesar's death, and deepen
for Caesar and his political ideals. His decision to
the emotional conflict within Brutus. Through these
join the conspiracy against Caesar is a profound
words, Shakespeare explores the complex interplay
act of betrayal, made all the more tragic by their
between personal relationships and political power.
close friendship. Caesar's last words, recognising
Brutus' betrayal, underscore the personal cost of Q. 2. Explore the power dynamics between Brutus
this political act. and Cassius in this scene. How do their differing
These words also significantly impact Brutus' ideologies and approaches to the assassination
character development. Brutus is already conflicted plot contribute to the tension within the group of
about his role in the assassination, and Caesar's conspirators? Discuss the implications of these
recognition of his betrayal deepens this conflict. power dynamics for the events that follow.
Brutus is forced to confront the personal cost of his Ans. In Act III, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar",
political actions, leading to his eventual downfall. the power dynamics between Brutus and Cassius
 Drama 17
plays a crucial role in the unfolding of the plot. On the other hand, the conspirators, led by Brutus
Their differing ideologies and approaches to the and Cassius, believe that they are destined to
assassination plot contribute significantly to the save Rome from Caesar’s tyranny. They see the
tension within the group of conspirators and have assassination as a necessary act, preordained by
far-reaching implications for the events that follow. the gods. This belief in fate justifies their actions
Brutus and Cassius, despite being united in their and gives them the moral courage to carry out the
goal to assassinate Caesar, have starkly contrasting assassination.
personalities and ideologies. Brutus is portrayed as However, the consequences of these beliefs are
an idealist, who is driven by his love for Rome and tragic for both Caesar and the conspirators. Caesar’s
his belief in the republic. He joins the conspiracy out belief in his own invincibility leads to his downfall.
of a sense of duty, believing that Caesar’s ambition His dismissal of the soothsayer’s warning and his
poses a threat to the republic. On the other hand, wife’s dreams seals his fate. His last words, “Et tu,
Cassius is depicted as a realist, who is motivated by Brute?” express his shock and betrayal, revealing
personal envy and political pragmatism. He resents the tragic consequence of his belief in his own free
Caesar’s rise to power and manipulates Brutus into will.
joining the conspiracy. For the conspirators, their belief in their fated role
Their differing approaches to the assassination as Rome’s saviours blinds them to the potential
plot are evident in this scene. Brutus, in his consequences of their actions. The immediate
idealism, believes that the nobility of their cause aftermath of the assassination is chaos and
will justify their actions to the Roman public. He confusion. Brutus attempts to justify their actions
underestimates the power of emotions and mob to the crowd, but Antony’s speech sways public
mentality, believing that reason and rhetoric will be opinion against them. The city descends into chaos,
enough to sway the crowd. This belief influences and the conspirators are forced to flee. Their belief
his decision to allow Antony to speak at Caesar’s in their fated role ultimately leads to their downfall.
funeral, a decision that proves to be a strategic error. Q. 4. Examine the use of rhetoric and persuasive
Cassius, on the other hand, is more perceptive techniques in Brutus' speech to the crowd.
regarding the persuasive power of Antony’s How does Brutus attempt to justify Caesar's
passionate rhetoric. He is adept at using speech assassination? Discuss the effectiveness of his
to manipulate others, as he did with Brutus, and arguments and their impact on the crowd's
understands the potential consequences of their perception of the conspirators.
actions. However, his warnings are ignored by Ans. In Act III, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar",
Brutus, leading to a power struggle within the Brutus delivers a powerful speech to the crowd
following Caesar's assassination. His use of rhetoric
group of conspirators.
and persuasive techniques is masterful, as he
The tension between Brutus and Cassius, and their attempts to justify the conspirators' actions and
differing approaches to the assassination plot, sway public opinion in their favour.
create a rift within the group of conspirators. This Brutus begins his speech by appealing to the crowd's
internal conflict, coupled with the external pressure sense of reason. He presents himself as a humble
of executing the assassination plot, heightens the servant of Rome, stating that he loved Caesar, but
dramatic tension in the scene. loved Rome more. This establishes his credibility
Q. 3. Discuss the role of fate and free will in this scene. and aligns his interests with those of the crowd.
How do the characters' actions, particularly the He then proceeds to justify Caesar's assassination
decision to assassinate Caesar, reflect their beliefs by arguing that Caesar's ambition posed a threat
about fate and their ability to shape their own to Roman liberty. This appeal to the crowd's fear of
tyranny is a powerful, persuasive technique.
destinies? Analyse the consequences of these
beliefs for the characters and the overall plot. Brutus also uses rhetorical questions to engage the
crowd and make them active participants in his
Ans. In Act III, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”, speech. He asks, "Who is here so base that would be
the themes of fate and free will are deeply a bondman?" and "Who is here so rude that would
intertwined. The characters’ actions, particularly not be a Roman?" These questions force the crowd
the decision to assassinate Caesar, reflect their to consider their own values and align themselves
beliefs about fate and their ability to shape their with Brutus' cause.
own destinies. Furthermore, Brutus employs pathos, or emotional
The scene opens with Caesar’s arrival at the Senate. appeal, to win the crowd's sympathy. He speaks of
Despite numerous omens and warnings about his his personal grief over Caesar's death, stating that
impending death, Caesar chooses to ignore them, his heart is in the coffin there with Caesar. This
believing in his invincibility. This reflects his belief humanises Brutus and makes his actions seem more
in his own free will and his ability to control his relatable and understandable.
destiny. His decision to go to the Senate, despite However, despite Brutus' skilful use of rhetoric,
his wife Calpurnia’s pleas, is a clear demonstration his arguments are not entirely effective. While
of his belief in his own power and control over his he manages to sway the crowd temporarily, his
fate. justification for Caesar's assassination is based on
hypothetical rather than concrete evidence. He
18 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

argues that Caesar's ambition would have led to However, this decision ultimately leads to his
tyranny, but provides no proof of this. This lack of downfall.
evidence weakens his argument and leaves it open The conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, also
to challenge. struggle with their loyalties. Brutus, in particular,
Indeed, Antony's subsequent speech exploits is torn between his personal loyalty to Caesar and
these weaknesses and turns the crowd against his political loyalty to Rome. He loves Caesar as
the conspirators. Antony uses Brutus' own words a friend, but fears that his ambition could lead to
against him, repeating the phrase, "Brutus is an tyranny. His decision to join the conspiracy is a
honourable man", to highlight the contradiction painful one, driven by his belief in the greater good
between Brutus' honourable image and his of Rome.
treacherous actions. Antony also provides tangible
The assassination of Caesar is the ultimate
evidence of Caesar's love for Rome, reading out his manifestation of this conflict. The conspirators
will, which leaves his wealth to the Roman citizens. believe that they are acting out of loyalty to Rome,
This effectively dismantles Brutus' arguments and but their actions are seen as treachery by others.
incites the crowd against the conspirators. Brutus attempts to justify their actions in his speech
Q. 5. Investigate the theme of loyalty as depicted in this to the crowd, arguing that they acted out not
scene. How do the characters grapple with their because of malice towards Caesar, but out of love
personal loyalties and their political ambitions? for Rome.
Discuss the impact of these conflicting loyalties on
However, the crowd's reaction reveals the
the characters' actions and the unfolding tragedy complexity of loyalty. Antony's speech sways them
in the play. against the conspirators, turning their loyalty
Ans. In Act III, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", towards Caesar. The crowd, initially swayed by
the theme of loyalty is central to the unfolding Brutus' logic, is moved by Antony's emotional
drama. The characters grapple with their personal appeal, and turns against the conspirators. This
loyalties and political ambitions, leading to a tragic highlights the fickle nature of public loyalty, swayed
series of events. by rhetoric and emotion.
The scene begins with Caesar's arrival at the Senate, The aftermath of the assassination reveals the
despite the warnings of his wife Calpurnia. His tragic consequences of these conflicting loyalties.
loyalty to Rome and his political ambition override Rome descends into chaos, and the conspirators are
his personal loyalty to his wife. He dismisses her forced to flee. Brutus and Cassius meet tragic ends,
fears as mere superstition, demonstrating his their loyalty to Rome ultimately lead them to their
unwavering commitment to his political duties. downfall.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on how the power of persuasion and rhetoric is portrayed in Brutus' and Antony's
speeches?
2. Will you be able to explore the ethical dilemmas faced by characters like Brutus and Cassius?
3. Will you be able to reflect on the theme of betrayal within the context of friendship?
4. Will you be able to consider the theme of power and ambition in the play?
5. Will you be able to compare the leadership styles of Caesar, Brutus, and Antony?

ACT-III, SCENE-2
Summary
Act III, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" is a crucial turning point in the play. This scene unfolds in the
Roman Forum and is marked by two significant speeches by Brutus and Mark Antony.
The scene commences with Brutus and Cassius making their way into the Forum, accompanied by a crowd of
plebeians. Brutus steps forward to address the crowd, appealing to their sense of reason and invoking respect for
his honour. He clarifies that his actions against Caesar were not driven by a lack of love for Caesar, but rather by a
greater love for Rome. He argues that Caesar's ambition was a threat to Roman liberty, which led him to eliminate
Caesar. He assures the crowd that he would willingly accept the same fate for the welfare of Rome, if necessary.
The crowd, influenced by Brutus' logical reasoning and apparent nobility, vocally expresses their approval.
 Drama 19
After Brutus' speech, Mark Antony enters the scene with Caesar's body. Brutus leaves, allowing Scan to know more
about
Antony to address the crowd. Antony's speech, which famously begins with "Friends, Romans, this topic
countrymen, lend me your ears", is a brilliant display of rhetoric and persuasion. He subtly
challenges Brutus' arguments, questioning the claim that Caesar was ambitious. He reminds the
crowd of Caesar's refusal of the crown and his compassion for the poor, suggesting that these
actions contradict the accusation of ambition. Antony's speech is emotionally charged, and he
Act-III —Scene-2
even pauses to weep at one point, further influencing the crowd's sympathies.
Antony's speech effectively turns the crowd against Brutus and the conspirators. The crowd, initially swayed
by Brutus' reasoning, is now moved by Antony's emotional appeal, and begins to perceive the assassination of
Caesar as an act of treachery. The scene concludes with the crowd stirred into a frenzy, ready to revolt against
the conspirators.
This scene is a powerful demonstration of the influence of rhetoric and public opinion. Both Brutus and Antony
use their speeches to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. However, while Brutus appeals to reason and
logic, Antony appeals to emotion, proving to be more effective in influencing the crowd. The scene underscores
the volatile nature of public opinion, as the crowd's allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony.
Moreover, this scene sets the stage for the ensuing chaos and conflict in the play. The crowd's revolt marks the
beginning of the downfall of Brutus and the conspirators, leading to the tragic climax of the play. Essentially, Act
III, Scene 2 serves as a turning point in the play "Julius Caesar", marking the transition from political intrigue to
open conflict.

Word Meanings

 Ambition—A strong desire for power or achievement. In this context, it refers to Caesar’s alleged ambition to become
king, which Brutus presents as a threat to Roman liberty.  Plebeians—The common people of Rome, who form the
audience for Brutus and Antony’s speeches.

Characters in the Scene

1. Brutus: Brutus is shown as a man of honour and integrity. He appeals to the crowd's reason, explaining that
he acted against Caesar out of love for Rome. His logical reasoning and apparent nobility earn him the crowd's
approval initially.
2. Mark Antony: Antony is a master of rhetoric and persuasion. He subtly undermines Brutus' arguments and
appeals to the crowd's emotions. His speech is emotionally charged and effectively turns the crowd against
Brutus and the conspirators.
3. Plebeians: The common people of Rome, they are swayed by the speeches of Brutus and Antony. Initially, they
approve of Brutus' actions, but later, Antony's emotional appeal turns them against the conspirators.
4. Cassius: Although not as prominent in this scene, Cassius is present at the beginning. He is seen as a co-conspirator
with Brutus in the assassination of Caesar.

Major Themes
1. Power of Rhetoric: This scene showcases the power of rhetoric and oratory. Brutus and Antony use their speeches
to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. The crowd’s allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony, highlighting
the influence of words and the fickle nature of public opinion.
2. Loyalty: Brutus’ loyalty to Rome leads him to assassinate Caesar, while Antony’s loyalty to Caesar leads him
to turn the crowd against the conspirators. This theme explores the personal cost of political ambition and the
unpredictable nature of loyalty.
3. Ambition: Brutus accuses Caesar of being ambitious-a trait that he argues would have led to tyranny. Antony
refutes this claim, turning the crowd against the conspirators. This theme underscores the potential dangers of
unchecked ambition.
4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and Calpurnia's dream introduces the concept of fate, while
the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of free will.
This complex interplay between destiny and human agency fuels the play's tragic arc, adding depth to the
characters' struggles, and making their choices and sacrifices even more impactful.
20 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(c) Simile (d) Hyperbole

A Multiple Choice Questions Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Antony uses irony in his speech,
Q. 1. Who gives the first speech to the crowd in Act III, repeatedly referring to Brutus as an "honourable
Scene 2? man", while questioning his actions.
(a) Antony (b) Brutus Q. 9. Who does Brutus claim to love more than Caesar?
(c) Cassius (d) Caesar (a) Antony (b) Cassius
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (c) Rome (d) Himself
Explanation: Brutus gives the first speech to the Ans. Option (c) is correct.
crowd, explaining why he participated in Caesar's Explanation: Brutus claims that he loved Rome
assassination. more than Caesar, which is why he participated in
Q. 2. Who enters the scene with Caesar's body? the assassination.
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius Q. 10. What does Antony use to sway the crowd against
(c) Antony (d) Octavius the conspirators?
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) Caesar's will (b) Caesar's crown
Explanation: Antony enters the scene, carrying (c) Caesar's robe (d) Caesar's sword
Caesar's body after Brutus's speech. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Q. 3. Who uses the phrase, "Friends, Romans, Explanation: Antony reads out Caesar's will, which
countrymen, lend me your ears"? leaves his wealth to the Roman citizens, to sway the
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius crowd against the conspirators.
(c) Antony (d) Caesar Q. 11. What does Brutus offer to the crowd at the end of
Ans. Option (c) is correct. his speech?
Explanation: Antony uses this phrase at the (a) His life (b) His wealth
beginning of his speech to the crowd. (c) His home (d) His loyalty
Q. 4. Who does the crowd initially support, before Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Antony’s speech? Explanation: Brutus offers his life to the crowd,
(a) Antony (b) Brutus stating that he would willingly meet the same fate
(c) Cassius (d) Caesar as Caesar for the good of Rome.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 12. What does Antony show the crowd to stir them
Explanation: The crowd initially supports Brutus up?
after his speech, but Antony's speech later sways (a) Caesar's will (b) Caesar's crown
them. (c) Caesar's robe (d) Caesar's body
Q. 5. Who leaves the scene after their speech? Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) Antony (b) Brutus Explanation: Antony shows Caesar's body to the
(c) Cassius (d) Caesar crowd, pointing out the wounds made by the
Ans. Option (b) is correct. conspirators, to stir them up.
Explanation: Brutus leaves the scene after his Q. 13. What does Antony claim was Caesar's reason for
speech, leaving Antony to address the crowd. leaving his wealth to the citizens?
Q. 6. Who does the crowd support at the end of the (a) Guilt (b) Fear
scene? (c) Love (d) Ambition
(a) Antony (b) Brutus Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) Cassius (d) Caesar Explanation: Antony claims that Caesar's love for
Ans. Option (a) is correct. the Roman citizens was the reason he left his wealth
Explanation: Antony's speech sways the crowd to them in his will.
against Brutus and the conspirators. Q. 14. What does Brutus say would have happened if
Q. 7. What is the main theme of Brutus' speech? Caesar lived?
(a) Ambition (b) Loyalty (a) Rome would have prospered.
(c) Power (d) Rhetoric (b) Rome would have been destroyed.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (c) Caesar would have become a tyrant.
Explanation: Brutus' speech focuses on the theme (d) Caesar would have become a god.
of ambition, accusing Caesar of being ambitious. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Q. 8. What rhetorical device does Antony use in his Explanation: Brutus argues that Caesar's ambition
speech? would have led him to become a tyrant if he had
(a) Irony (b) Metaphor lived.
 Drama 21
Q. 15. What does Antony's repeated phrase "Brutus is an (b) 1 is an example of 2.
honourable man" imply? (c) 1 is independent of 2.
(a) Respect for Brutus (d) 1 is a contradiction of 2.
(b) Disdain for Brutus Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(c) Indifference towards Brutus Explanation: Antony reading Caesar's will to the
(d) Fear of Brutus crowd is a precursor to the crowd rioting.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 20. Statement 1: "Caesar is assassinated".
Explanation: Antony uses the phrase, "Brutus is an
Statement 2: "Antony is left alone with Caesar's
honourable man", ironically, to imply his disdain for
body".
Brutus and to question his honour.
16. Which of the following is NOT true about Antony's Question: Select the option that shows the correct
speech? relationship between statements 1 and 2.
(a) It sways the crowd against the conspirators. (a) 1 is the cause for 2.
(b) It praises Caesar's achievements. (b) 1 is an example of 2.
(c) It condemns Brutus as an honourable man. (c) 1 is independent of 2.
(d) It reveals Caesar's will to the crowd. (d) 1 is a contradiction of 2.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Antony's speech does not condemn Explanation: Caesar being assassinated is a
Brutus; instead, it repeatedly refers to him as an precursor to Antony being left alone with Caesar's
"honourable man", while implying the opposite.
body.
Q. 17. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events
in the correct order:
1. Brutus gives his speech to the crowd. Commonly Made Errors
2. Antony gives his speech to the crowd.
Misunderstanding the language:
3. The crowd is swayed by Antony's speech.
Shakespearean language can be difficult to
4. The crowd riots. understand, and candidates often misinterpret
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 the meaning of the text.
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4 Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus first gives his may not be familiar with the customs and
speech to the crowd. Then, Antony gives his speech traditions of the time.
to the crowd. After that, the crowd is swayed by Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
Antony's speech. Finally, the crowd riots. the plot or provide a basic description of the
Q. 18. Statement 1: "Brutus justifies the assassination to characters, without analysing the themes or
the crowd". motifs present in the text.
Statement 2: "Antony sways the crowd against the
conspirators".
Question: Select the option that shows the correct Answering Tips
relationship between statements 1 and 2.
Candidates should take their time and read the
(a) 1 is the cause for 2.
text carefully, paying attention to the context
(b) 1 is an example of 2.
and tone of the dialogue.
(c) 1 is independent of 2. Candidates should research the historical
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2. context of the play, including the political and
Ans. Option (a) is correct. social climate of ancient Rome.
Explanation: Brutus justifying the assassination to Candidates should research the historical
the crowd is a precursor to Antony swaying the context of the play, including the political and
crowd against the conspirators. social climate of ancient Rome.
Q. 19. Statement 1: "Antony reads Caesar's will to the Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
crowd". considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
Statement 2: "The crowd riots". present in the play.
Candidates should pay close attention to the
Question: Select the option that shows the correct
use of literary devices in the text, noting their
relationship between statements 1 and 2.
(a) 1 is the cause for 2. effect on the overall meaning of the play.
22 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions Ans. When Brutus says, "public reasons shall be rendered
that follow: of Caesar's death", he means that he will publicly
explain the reasons behind Caesar's assassination.
I. PLEBEIANS
He intends to justify his actions to the crowd, to
We will be satisfied! Let us be satisfied! make them understand why he and the other
BRUTUS conspirators felt it necessary to kill Caesar.
Then, follow me .......... Of Caesar’s death. This statement reflects Brutus' belief in transparency
Q. 1. What does Brutus ask Cassius to do and why?  [3] and his respect for the Roman citizens. He believes
Ans. Brutus asks Cassius to “Part the numbers". This that the public has a right to know why their
phrase means that Brutus wants Cassius to divide leader was killed. It also shows his confidence in
the crowd of plebeians. The reason behind this the righteousness of his actions. He is not afraid to
request is strategic. Brutus and Cassius, as leaders explain his actions, because he believes they were
of the conspiracy against Caesar, are trying to necessary for the good of Rome.
control the narrative and public opinion following Moreover, this statement reflects Brutus'
Caesar's assassination. By dividing the crowd, they understanding of the power of public opinion. He
can address smaller groups of people, making it knows that the crowd's reaction to Caesar's death
easier to sway them with their speeches and justify will play a crucial role in the aftermath of the
their actions. This also prevents the entire crowd assassination. By providing a public explanation,
from reacting at once, potentially leading to a riot he hopes to sway public opinion in his favour and
or chaos. Brutus' request to Cassius demonstrates prevent a backlash against the conspirators. This
his leadership skills and his understanding of the demonstrates his strategic thinking and his ability
power of public opinion. It shows that he is not to balance his actions with the political realities of
only a man of action, but also a man of thought, Rome.
who understands the importance of controlling the Q. 4. Analyse the significance of the Plebeians'
narrative in the volatile political climate of Rome. demand for satisfaction. How does this reflect the
This decision plays a crucial role in unfolding the public sentiment towards Caesar's death and the
events of the play. conspirators' actions?
Q. 2. What does the phrase "part the numbers" mean Ans. In a calculated display of dominance, Caesar's
in this context? How does this reflect on Brutus animal metaphors paint a stark picture of both
leadership style?  [3] himself and Cimber. He positions himself as the
Ans. In the context of the given text from "Julius Caesar", regal lion, unmoved by the petitioners' "lamb-like"
the phrase, "part the numbers", used by Brutus, is a appeals. The lion symbolises strength, majesty,
strategic command to Cassius to divide the crowd and untamed power, reflecting Caesar's image as
of plebeians. This division is intended to prevent a powerful and decisive leader. He stands firm in
the crowd from reacting as a single entity, which his conviction, impervious to their weak attempts
could potentially lead to uncontrollable reactions or to sway him.
even a riot. In contrast, the petitioners are relegated to the realm
This command reflects Brutus' leadership style in of dogs, specifically "curs"-unwanted, submissive
several ways. Firstly, it shows his strategic thinking creatures at the mercy of their master. This imagery
and foresight. He understands the volatility of the diminishes their status, reducing them to pathetic
crowd's emotions following Caesar's assassination figures, begging for scraps of mercy. Caesar does
and takes proactive measures to manage it. not even grant them the respect of wolves-proud
Secondly, it demonstrates his persuasive skills. By and potentially dangerous-but instead associates
dividing the crowd, Brutus and Cassius can address them with subservience and obedience.
smaller groups, making their speeches more This stark comparison reinforces the power
personal and effective. imbalance and solidifies Caesar's dominance. He
Furthermore, Brutus' command reveals his places himself on a pedestal, separate and superior,
understanding of the power of public opinion. He while dehumanising the petitioners to highlight
knows that controlling the narrative is crucial in the their insignificance. The animal metaphors become
politically charged environment of Rome. Overall, tools of oppression, further belittling Cimber's plea
Brutus' decision to "part the numbers" showcases and solidifying Caesar's resolve to maintain his
his tactical acumen, persuasive skills, and political absolute control.[3]
savvy-all of which are key aspects of his leadership Q. 5. Discuss the implications of Brutus' decision to
style. publicly explain Caesar's death. How does this
Q. 3. What does Brutus mean when he says, "public decision contribute to the unfolding drama and
reasons shall be rendered of Caesar's death?" How conflict in the play? What does this reveal about
does this statement reflect Brutus' justification for Brutus' character and his understanding of the
his actions?  [3] political climate in Rome?  [4]
 Drama 23
Ans. Brutus' decision to publicly explain the reasons Q. 2. Discuss the significance of Brutus' claim that he
behind Caesar's assassination in Act III, Scene 2 loved Rome more than he loved Caesar. How does
of "Julius Caesar" has profound implications. This this claim contribute to the tragic irony of Brutus'
decision not only reveals key aspects of Brutus' character and the overall tragedy of the play? [3]
character but also significantly contributes to the Ans. Brutus’ claim that he loved Rome more than he
unfolding drama and conflict in the play. loved Caesar is of significant importance. This
Brutus' decision to provide a public explanation statement is the crux of his argument to justify
for Caesar's death underscores his belief in Caesar's assassination. It reflects Brutus' deep sense
transparency, accountability, and the democratic of patriotism and his belief that the welfare of Rome
process. He respects the Roman citizens and should be prioritised over personal relationships.
believes that they have a right to understand the However, this claim also contributes to the tragic
motivations behind such a drastic political act. This irony of Brutus' character. Despite his noble
reveals Brutus as a principled and honourable man, intentions, his actions lead to political chaos and
who stands by his actions, even when they are as civil war, the very outcome he sought to prevent
extreme as assassinating a friend. by eliminating Caesar. His love for Rome, which
However, this decision also exposes Brutus' political motivated him to commit a drastic act, ironically
naivety. While he understands the importance of brings about the downfall of the city that he
public opinion in the volatile political climate of cherished.
Rome, he underestimates the power of emotional Moreover, this claim adds to the overall tragedy
appeal over logical reasoning in swaying the crowd. of the play. It highlights the personal cost of
His miscalculation of Antony's persuasive skills and political actions and the tragic consequences of
the emotional impact of Caesar's death on public misjudgment. Brutus' misguided belief that he
opinion leads to his downfall. was acting for the greater good of Rome leads to
The decision contributes significantly to the drama his own downfall and the escalation of conflict in
and conflict in the play. Brutus' speech initially the play. This serves as a poignant reminder of the
sways the crowd, but Antony's emotionally charged complexities and potential pitfalls of political power
counter-speech turns the tide against Brutus and and personal loyalty.
the conspirators. This shift in public sentiment Q. 3. Brutus presents himself as an honourable man,
sets the stage for the ensuing chaos and conflict in acting for the good of Rome. How does this self-
Rome, marking the beginning of the conspirators' presentation contrast with his actions? What does
downfall. this reveal about the complexities of his character
II. BRUTUS: and the moral ambiguities of political power? [3]
Be patient till the last. Romans, ....... offended. I pause Ans. In Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius Caesar", Brutus indeed
for a reply. presents himself as an honourable man, acting for
Q. 1. Analyse the rhetorical strategies Brutus uses in his the good of Rome. He justifies his involvement in
speech to justify Caesar's assassination. How do Caesar's assassination by claiming that his actions
these strategies reflect Brutus' understanding of were driven by his love for Rome, rather than any
the crowd's mindset and his ability to manipulate personal animosity towards Caesar.
it?  [3] However, this self-presentation contrasts sharply
Ans. In Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius Caesar", Brutus employs with his actions. Despite his claims of honour
several rhetorical strategies in his speech to justify and patriotism, Brutus participates in a violent
Caesar's assassination. He begins by appealing conspiracy to murder a friend and leader. This
contradiction between his self-presentation and
to the crowd's reason and respect for his honour,
his actions reveals the complexities of his character.
stating that he acted out of love for Rome, not out of
On one hand, he is a loyal Roman, who values the
hatred for Caesar. This use of ethos establishes his
Republic's welfare above personal relationships. On
credibility and aligns his interests with those of the
the other hand, he is a conspirator, who resorts to
crowd.
murder to achieve his political goals.
Brutus also uses rhetorical questions to engage the
This contrast also highlights the moral ambiguities
crowd and make them active participants in his of political power. Brutus' actions raise questions
speech. He asks, "Who is here so base that would be about the ethics of political violence and the extent
a bondman?" and "Who is here so rude that would to which personal beliefs can justify such actions.
not be a Roman?" These questions force the crowd His character serves as a reminder of the potential
to consider their own values and align themselves pitfalls of political ambition and the often blurred
with Brutus' cause. line between honour and treachery in the pursuit
Furthermore, Brutus employs pathos, or emotional of power. Despite his noble intentions, Brutus'
appeal, to win the crowd's sympathy. He speaks of actions lead to chaos and conflict, underscoring the
his grief over Caesar's death, stating that his heart tragic consequences of political decisions guided by
is in the coffin there with Caesar. This humanises personal convictions.
Brutus and makes his actions seem more relatable Q. 4. Brutus invokes the values of freedom and
and understandable. patriotism in his speech. How do these values
24 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

contribute to the persuasive power of his speech? III. ANTONY

What do they reveal about the political ideals and Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me ....... I must
tensions in Roman society?  [3] pause till it come back to me. (weeps)
Ans. Brutus invokes the values of freedom and patriotism Q. 1. Analyse the rhetorical strategies that Antony uses
in his speech to justify Caesar's assassination. These in his speech to counter Brutus' justification for
values contribute significantly to the persuasive Caesar's assassination. How do these strategies
power of his speech. By aligning his actions with the reflect Antony's understanding of the crowd's
ideals of freedom and patriotism, Brutus presents mind set and his ability to manipulate it?  [3]
himself as a defender of Roman liberty, thereby Ans. In Antony's speech from Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius
gaining the crowd's sympathy and approval. Caesar", he uses several rhetorical strategies
These values also reveal the political ideals and to counter Brutus' justification for Caesar's
tensions in Roman society. Freedom and patriotism assassination. Antony begins his speech with
were highly valued in Roman society, and any the famous line, "Friends, Romans, countrymen,
perceived threat to these ideals, such as Caesar's lend me your ears", immediately establishing a
alleged ambition, was seen as a cause for concern. connection with the crowd and asking for their
Brutus' speech taps into these tensions, turning attention.
public sentiment against Caesar and in favour of Antony cleverly states that he has come to bury
the conspirators. Caesar, not to praise him, subtly undermining
However, the subsequent chaos and conflict Brutus' claim that Caesar was overly ambitious.
following Caesar's death reveal the complexities He then proceeds to provide examples of Caesar's
and contradictions of these ideals. While Brutus' actions that contradict the accusation of ambition,
actions were driven by his love for Rome, they such as his refusal of the crown and his empathy
ultimately led to civil war and the downfall of the towards the poor. This use of factual evidence
Roman Republic. This underscores the tragic irony serves to refute Brutus' claims and sway the crowd's
of Brutus' character and the inherent tensions in the opinion.
political ideals of Roman society. Throughout his speech, Antony repeatedly
Q. 5. Brutus ends his speech by challenging anyone refers to Brutus as an "honourable man", using
who does not love his country to speak against irony to question Brutus' honour and credibility.
him. How does this challenge reflect Brutus' This repetition serves to cast doubt on Brutus'
understanding of patriotism and its role in political justification for Caesar's assassination.
legitimacy? How does it contribute to the dramatic These strategies reflect Antony's deep understanding
tension in the scene and the unfolding conflict in of the crowd's mind-set and his ability to manipulate
the play?  [4]
it. He knows that the crowd is swayed by emotion,
Ans. Brutus concludes his speech by challenging that as much as reason, and he uses this knowledge
anyone who does not love his country can speak to turn public sentiment against Brutus and the
against him. This challenge is a powerful rhetorical conspirators. His speech is a masterful display of
strategy that reflects Brutus' understanding of rhetoric and persuasion, demonstrating his political
patriotism and its role in political legitimacy. savvy and his understanding of human nature.
Brutus' challenge is based on the premise that love Q. 2. Discuss the significance of Antony's claim that
for one's country is the ultimate test of political he comes to bury Caesar, not to praise him. How
legitimacy. He equates opposition to his actions does this claim contribute to the dramatic irony
with a lack of patriotism, thereby positioning of Antony's speech and the overall tragedy of the
himself as a defender of Rome. This reflects his play?  [3]
belief that patriotism justifies his actions, even when Ans. This claim serves as a rhetorical strategy to gain
they involve the drastic measure of assassinating a the trust of the crowd, who have just heard Brutus
friend and leader. It also reveals his understanding justify Caesar's assassination. By stating that he is
of the power of patriotism as a tool for political not there to praise Caesar, Antony aligns himself
persuasion. By invoking the value of patriotism, with Brutus' stance, thus making the crowd more
Brutus seeks to legitimise his actions and gain the receptive to his speech.
support of the crowd.
However, this claim contributes to the dramatic
This challenge also contributes significantly to the irony of Antony's speech. While he states that he is
dramatic tension in the scene. It sets up a binary not there to praise Caesar, his speech does exactly
opposition between those who love Rome (and the opposite of that. He subtly praises Caesar's
by extension, support Brutus) and those who do deeds and questions the accusation of ambition
not. This heightens the stakes of the unfolding levied against Caesar, thereby undermining Brutus'
conflict and adds a moral dimension to the political justification for the assassination.
struggle. It also sets the stage for Antony's counter-
This irony heightens the tragedy of the play.
speech, which challenges Brutus' claims and turns
Antony's speech stirs the crowd against Brutus
the crowd against the conspirators.
and the conspirators, leading to civil unrest and
 Drama 25
eventually, war. Thus, Antony's claim, while It underscores the complex dynamics of power,
seemingly aligning him with Brutus, actually morality, and public opinion in shaping historical
sets the stage for the tragic events that follow. It events.
underscores the power of rhetoric in shaping public Q. 5. Antony ends his speech by stating that his heart
opinion and the tragic consequences of political is in the coffin there with Caesar. How does this
ambition and deceit. statement reflect Antony's understanding of
Q. 3. Antony repeatedly refers to Brutus as an loyalty and its role in political legitimacy? How
"honourable man" in his speech. How does this does it contribute to the dramatic tension in the
repeated phrase contribute to the persuasive scene and the unfolding conflict in the play?  [4]
power of Antony's speech? What does it reveal Ans. Antony's statement that his heart is in the coffin
about the complexities of his character and the there with Caesar is a poignant expression of his
moral ambiguities of political power?  [3] loyalty to Caesar. It signifies his deep personal grief
Ans. On the surface, it seems like Antony is endorsing over Caesar's death and his unwavering allegiance
Brutus' character, but in reality, he uses it to subtly to his friend. This declaration of loyalty serves to
cast doubt on Brutus' honour and credibility. humanise Antony and makes his speech more
Each time Antony mentions Caesar's virtues or emotionally resonant for the crowd. It contrasts
the crowd's love for Caesar, he follows it with sharply with Brutus' claim of acting out of love for
"Brutus is an honourable man", implying a contrast Rome, highlighting the personal cost of political
between Brutus' claims and the reality of Caesar's actions.
actions. This irony contributes significantly to the This statement also reflects Antony's understanding
persuasive power of Antony's speech. of the role of loyalty in political legitimacy. He
This repeated phrase also reveals the complexities implicitly challenges Brutus' claim to political
of Antony's character. It shows him as a master legitimacy, based on his love for Rome, by presenting
of rhetoric, who can skilfully manipulate public his own loyalty to Caesar. By aligning himself with
opinion. At the same time, it highlights the moral Caesar, Antony positions himself as the rightful
ambiguities of political power. Antony, while successor to Caesar's power, thereby challenging
exposing the conspirators' deceit, is also deceiving the conspirators' claim to political authority.
the crowd by pretending to praise Brutus. This Furthermore, Antony's declaration contributes
underscores the theme of manipulation and deceit significantly to the dramatic tension in the scene.
in politics, revealing the complex dynamics of It marks a turning point in his speech, shifting the
power and morality in the play. focus from a critique of Brutus' actions to a personal
Q. 4. Antony invokes the values of friendship and and emotional appeal to the crowd. This shift in
justice in his speech. How do these values tone heightens the emotional intensity of the scene
contribute to the emotional appeal of his speech? and sets the stage for the crowd's revolt against the
What do they reveal about the political ideals and conspirators.
tensions in Roman society?  [3] Antony's statement also plays a crucial role in the
Ans. In Antony's speech from Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius unfolding conflict in the play. The crowd's reaction
Caesar", he invokes the values of friendship to his speech triggers a shift in public sentiment,
and justice to enhance the emotional appeal leading to chaos and conflict in Rome. This
of his speech. He refers to Caesar as his friend, highlights the volatile nature of public opinion and
emphasising Caesar's faithfulness and justice the potential consequences of political decisions
towards him. This personalises his speech, making guided by personal convictions.
it more relatable and emotionally resonant for the IV. ANTONY
crowd. If you have tears, prepare ....... marred, as you see, with
These values also contribute to the persuasive traitors.
power of Antony's speech. By invoking friendship [lifts up CAESAR's mantle]
and justice, Antony contrasts the personal virtues Q. 1. How does Antony use rhetorical devices in his
of Caesar with the political accusations made by speech to manipulate the crowd's emotions and
Brutus. This juxtaposition challenges the crowd's perceptions of Caesar and his assassins? Can you
perception of Caesar and stirs their emotions,
identify specific instances of ethos, pathos, and
effectively turning public sentiment against Brutus
logos?  [3]
and the conspirators.
Ans. In Antony’s speech from Act III , Scene 2 of “Julius
Furthermore, these values reveal the political ideals
Caesar”, he masterfully uses rhetorical devices to
and tensions in Roman society. Friendship and
manipulate the crowd’s emotions and perceptions
justice were highly valued in Roman society, and
of Caesar and his assassins.
any perceived violation of these values, such as the
assassination of a friend and leader, was seen as a Ethos is established through Antony’s respectful
cause for concern. Antony's speech taps into these reference to Brutus and the conspirators as
tensions, highlighting the moral ambiguities of “honourable men”. He uses this phrase repeatedly,
political power and the potential consequences of subtly casting doubt on their honour without
political decisions guided by personal convictions. directly contradicting Brutus’ previous speech.
26 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Pathos is heavily employed, as Antony vividly Antony highlights Caesar's loyalty by reminding
describes Caesar’s murder, focusing on the betrayal the crowd of his victories and benevolence. He
by Brutus, Caesar’s trusted friend. Phrases such as, describes the first time Caesar wore the mantle,
“the most unkindest cut of all” and “great Caesar symbolising his commitment to Rome, and his
fell", evoke strong emotions of sympathy and shock triumph over the Nervii. These recollections serve
in the crowd. to contrast sharply with the brutal betrayal Caesar
Logos is subtly used when Antony questions the faced at the hands of his supposed friends.
justification of Caesar’s murder. He reminds the The phrase, "This was the most unkindest cut of all",
crowd of Caesar’s victories and benevolence, is a poignant encapsulation of these themes. The
countering the conspirators’ claim that Caesar was "cut" refers to Brutus' stab, which Antony presents
ambitious and thus needed to be killed. as the ultimate act of betrayal, not just because
Through these rhetorical devices, Antony Brutus was a trusted friend, but because he was
successfully sways the crowd’s allegiance, turning someone Caesar regarded as an "angel". The use of
them against the conspirators, and inciting the superlative "unkindest" underscores the depth
chaos in Rome. His speech serves as a powerful of this betrayal, making it not just unkind, but the
demonstration of the persuasive power of rhetoric, most unkind act of all.
when skilfully employed. In essence, Antony's speech and the phrase, "This
Q. 2. Antony repeatedly refers to Brutus as "honourable" was the most unkindest cut of all", serve to explore
and Caesar as an "angel". What is the significance and highlight the tragic themes of loyalty and
of this repetition, and how does it reflect Antony's betrayal that are central to the play "Julius Caesar".
true feelings towards Brutus and the conspirators? They provide a stark reminder of the personal cost
[3] of political ambition and the fragility of trust.
Ans. Antony's repeated reference to Brutus as Q. 4. How does Antony's description of Caesar's death
"honourable" and Caesar as "angel" is a strategic impact the crowd's perception of the event? How
use of irony to manipulate the crowd's perception does it contrast with Brutus' justification for the
of Brutus and the conspirators. On the surface, assassination? [3]
Antony appears to be praising Brutus, but his true Ans. Antony's description of Caesar's death is a
intention is to cast doubt on Brutus' honour and masterstroke of emotional manipulation, designed
integrity. to sway the crowd's perception of the event.
By calling Brutus "honourable", Antony subtly He vividly recounts the brutal assassination,
questions the validity of this claim. Each repetition emphasising the personal betrayal by Brutus and
of the word "honourable" serves to highlight the the other conspirators. His words paint a picture of
discrepancy between Brutus's supposed honour a loyal and benevolent Caesar, cruelly murdered by
those he trusted.
and his actions, namely, the brutal assassination of
Caesar. This portrayal starkly contrasts with Brutus'
justification for the assassination. Brutus had
Referring to Brutus as Caesar’s "angel" is another
argued that Caesar's ambition posed a threat to
instance of Antony's use of irony. The term "angel"
Roman liberty, and that his death was necessary for
implies a being of purity and goodness, yet Brutus
the good of Rome. However, Antony's speech turns
betrayed and murdered Caesar. This stark contrast
this argument on its head. He presents Caesar not
between the implied purity of an "angel" and
as an ambitious tyrant, but as a beloved leader, who
Brutus' treacherous actions further undermines was betrayed by his friends.
Brutus' credibility.
By focusing on the personal tragedy of Caesar's
Through this clever use of language, Antony is death, Antony effectively shifts the crowd's focus
able to turn the crowd against Brutus and the from the political to the personal. The crowd is
conspirators, without openly contradicting Brutus' moved to pity for Caesar and anger towards the
earlier speech. This reflects Antony's cunning and conspirators, completely overturning Brutus'
manipulative nature, as well as his deep-seated earlier justification. Antony's speech thus serves
resentment towards Brutus and the conspirators, as a powerful counterpoint to Brutus, and sets the
for their betrayal of Caesar. Antony's true feelings stage for the ensuing conflict in Rome.
are of anger and vengeance, cleverly masked by his Q. 5. Considering the entire play, evaluate the impact
seemingly respectful words. of this speech on the course of events that follow.
Q. 3. How does Antony's speech explore the themes of How does Antony's manipulation of the crowd's
loyalty and betrayal in the play? How does the emotions contribute to the ensuing chaos and
phrase, "This was the most unkindest cut of all", conflict in Rome? How does this speech reflect on
encapsulate these themes?  [3] Antony's character and his role in the play?  [4]
Ans. Antony's speech in Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius Caesar" Ans. Antony's speech is a pivotal moment in the play,
is a powerful exploration of the themes of loyalty setting the stage for the events that follow. His
and betrayal. Antony uses his words to paint a vivid skilful manipulation of the crowd's emotions turns
picture of Caesar's loyalty to Rome and his ultimate public sentiment against the conspirators, sparking
betrayal by those he trusted. a wave of chaos and conflict in Rome.
 Drama 27
Antony's vivid description of Caesar's murder and emotional manipulation effectively turns public
his emphasis on the personal betrayal by Brutus sentiment against the conspirators, undermining
and the other conspirators evoke strong emotions of their power and influence in Rome. The ensuing
sympathy and anger in the crowd. This emotional chaos and conflict, as reflected in the crowd's
manipulation effectively undermines Brutus' decision to burn the traitors' houses, further
earlier justification for the assassination, turning destabilises the power structure in Rome, setting
the crowd against the conspirators. The ensuing the stage for Antony's rise to power.
chaos and conflict in Rome can be directly traced The crowd's reaction to Antony's speech reflects the
back to this shift in public sentiment.
susceptibility of the public to manipulation. Despite
This speech also provides key insights into Brutus' earlier speech, justifying the assassination,
Antony's character and his role in the play. His the crowd is easily swayed by Antony's emotional
cunning and manipulative nature is revealed appeal. Their immediate shift in allegiance and
through his skilful use of rhetoric to sway the their violent reaction demonstrate how public
crowd. Despite his outward show of respect for
sentiment can be manipulated by a skilled orator.
Brutus and the conspirators, his true feelings of
This susceptibility to manipulation plays a crucial
anger and vengeance are evident in his words. His
role in the unfolding events in Rome, highlighting
ability to incite the crowd against the conspirators
the volatile nature of public opinion and its impact
demonstrates his power as a speaker and a leader,
on power dynamics in the play. Antony's successful
setting him up as a key player in the events that
follow. manipulation of the crowd underscores his cunning
and strategic thinking, and it establishes him as a
In conclusion, Antony's speech in Act III, Scene 2 is
formidable political player in the ensuing power
a masterstroke of rhetorical strategy, demonstrating
struggle in Rome.
his skill as an orator and a manipulator of public
sentiment. Q. 3. Antony asks, "Here was a Caesar! When comes
V. ANTONY such another?" What is the significance of this
question in the context of the play? How does it
Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, ....... Take thou
contribute to the portrayal of Caesar's legacy?  [3]
what course thou wilt!
Ans. Antony's rhetorical question, "Here was a Caesar!
Q. 1. Antony reveals that Caesar has left his private
When comes such another?" is significant in the
walks and orchards to the people. What does this
revelation indicate about Antony's understanding context of the play "Julius Caesar". It serves to
of the crowd's motivations and desires? How does highlight the magnitude of the loss that Rome has
it reflect on Caesar's character?  [3] suffered with Caesar's death and underscores the
uniqueness and greatness of Caesar's character.
Ans. Antony's revelation that Caesar has left his private
walks and orchards to the people is a strategic By asking, "When comes such another?" Antony
move that demonstrates his deep understanding of implies that a leader like Caesar is rare and
the crowd's motivations and desires. By presenting irreplaceable. This question stirs the crowd's
Caesar as a benefactor, who cared for the welfare emotions, making them realise the enormity of
of the people, Antony appeals to the crowd's self- what they have lost. It also subtly criticises the
interest and desire for prosperity. This revelation conspirators, suggesting that their actions have
serves to further sway public sentiment in favour of deprived Rome of a great leader.
Caesar and against the conspirators.
This question contributes significantly to the
This bequest also reflects positively on Caesar's portrayal of Caesar's legacy. Despite his death,
character. It portrays him as a generous and caring influence continues to shape the events in the play.
leader, who thought of the people's welfare even
Antony's question reinforces the idea that Caesar's
in his will. This image of Caesar contrasts sharply
legacy is enduring and impactful. It paints Caesar
with the picture painted by the conspirators, who
as a larger-than-life figure, whose absence leaves a
accused him of ambition and tyranny. Antony's
revelation thus serves to challenge the conspirators' void that cannot be easily filled.
portrayal of Caesar and to reinforce his own In conclusion, Antony's rhetorical question serves
depiction of Caesar as a benevolent and selfless as a powerful tool to the crowd's emotions, sway
leader. public sentiment, and shape Caesar's legacy. It
Q. 2. How does Antony's manipulation of the crowd's underscores the themes of loss, power, and the
emotions contribute to the power dynamics in enduring influence of a charismatic leader, which
Rome? How does the crowd's reaction to Antony's are central to the play "Julius Caesar".
speech reflect the susceptibility of the public to Q. 4. The plebeians react strongly to Antony's speech,
manipulation? [3] deciding to burn Caesar's body in the holy place
and fire the traitors' houses. What does this suggest
Ans. Antony's manipulation of the crowd's emotions
about the role of public sentiment in the unfolding
significantly alters the power dynamics in Rome.
events in Rome? [3]
By strategically revealing Caesar's bequests to the
people and vividly describing his assassination, Ans. The strong reaction of the plebeians to Antony's
Antony stirs up strong emotions of sympathy for speech underscores the significant role of public
Caesar and anger towards the conspirators. This sentiment in the unfolding events in Rome.
28 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Antony's powerful rhetoric and emotional appeal they foreshadow the ensuing chaos and conflict in
successfully manipulate the crowd, turning their Rome?  [4]
sympathy towards Caesar and their anger towards Ans. Antony's concluding lines, "Now let it work.
the conspirators. This shift in public sentiment leads Mischief, thou art afoot. Take thou what course
to immediate and violent action, as the plebeians thou wilt!" in Act III, Scene 2 of "Julius Caesar"
decide to burn Caesar's body in the holy place and hold significant meaning in the context of the play
fire the traitors' houses. and foreshadow the ensuing chaos and conflict in
This suggests that public sentiment is not only Rome.
easily swayed, but also has the potential to incite These lines signify the culmination of Antony's
drastic action and contribute to political upheaval. speech, marking the point where he has successfully
The crowd's reaction serves as a catalyst for the manipulated the crowd's emotions and perceptions.
ensuing chaos and conflict in Rome, demonstrating The phrase, "Now let it work", suggests that Antony
the power of public sentiment to shape political views his speech as a catalyst-a spark that will ignite
events. volatile public sentiment against the conspirators.
He has set the stage for the chaos and conflict to
Furthermore, the crowd's reaction reflects
unfold, and now he steps back to let his words take
the volatile nature of public opinion and its
effect.
susceptibility to manipulation by skilled orators like
Antony. This highlights the importance of rhetoric "Mischief, thou art afoot" personifies the chaos and
conflict that Antony has incited. The term "mischief"
and persuasion in political discourse, a theme that
here refers to the public unrest and rebellion that
is central to the play "Julius Caesar".
will ensue as a result of Antony's speech. By stating
In conclusion, the plebeians' reaction to Antony's that mischief is "afoot", Antony acknowledges that
speech illustrates the pivotal role of public sentiment the consequences of his speech are now beyond his
in the political landscape of Rome, driving the plot control. The chaos has been set in motion and will
forward, and shaping the course of events in the now follow its own course.
play. It underscores the themes of manipulation, "Take thou what course thou wilt!" further
power, and the volatile nature of public opinion, emphasises this point. Antony acknowledges
which are central to the play "Julius Caesar". that the ensuing chaos will be unpredictable and
Q. 5. Antony ends his speech with the lines, "Now potentially destructive. However, he is willing
let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot. Take thou to accept these consequences as necessary for
what course thou wilt!" What is the significance avenging Caesar's death and undermining the
of these lines in the context of the play? How do conspirators' power.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the structure of Antony's speech, "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" he prompts
particularly his use of repetition and rhetorical the crowd to reconsider their perception of Caesar,
questions, contribute to its overall effectiveness? planting seeds of doubt about the justification of his
What is the impact of these techniques on the assassination.
crowd's perception of the events? Antony's use of vivid imagery, particularly when
Ans. Antony's speech is a master-class in the power he describes Caesar's wounds, serves to incite the
of rhetoric and persuasion. The structure of his crowd's emotions. He paints a graphic picture of
speech, particularly his use of repetition and Caesar's death, which coupled with the revelation
rhetorical questions, plays a crucial role in its overall of Caesar's will, stirs the crowd into a frenzy. The
effectiveness. crowd, moved by Antony's words, is now ready
Antony's speech is structured in a way that it to avenge Caesar's death, illustrating the power of
gradually builds up the emotional intensity. He Antony's rhetoric.
begins by seemingly aligning himself with the In conclusion, the structure of Antony's speech,
conspirators, calling them "honourable men". This his use of repetition and rhetorical questions,
repetition of the phrase "honourable men" serves a and his ability to tap into the crowd's emotions,
dual purpose. Initially, it helps him gain the trust of all contribute to the effectiveness of his speech.
the crowd by not directly opposing the conspirators. Antony's speech not only sways public opinion
However, as the speech progresses, the repeated against the conspirators but also triggers a chain
phrase take on a sarcastic tone, subtly undermining of events leading to the eventual downfall of the
the credibility of the conspirators. conspirators. Thus, the scene underscores the
The use of rhetorical questions is another effective power of rhetoric and serves as a commentary
technique employed by Antony. These questions on the susceptibility of the masses to persuasive
make the crowd question the validity of the language.
conspirators' actions, without Antony explicitly Q. 2. Antony uses Caesar's will as a prop in his speech.
stating his opposition. For instance, when he asks, How does this physical evidence influence the
 Drama 29
crowd's reaction? What does this suggest about is moved to anger and resentment against the
the power of tangible proof in swaying public conspirators.
opinion? The visual imagery of Caesar's wounds also serves
Ans. In Act III, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar, Antony's use to discredit the conspirators' claim that they killed
of Caesar's will as a prop in his speech is a pivotal Caesar for the good of Rome. Antony's description
moment that significantly influences the crowd's of the wounds as "poor, poor dumb mouths" that
reaction. This tangible proof serves as a powerful were unable to speak for themselves underscores
tool in swaying public opinion, demonstrating the the brutality of the act. This contradicts the
potency of concrete evidence in rhetoric. conspirators' portrayal of the assassination as a
Antony strategically reveals the contents of Caesar's noble act, further turning the crowd against them.
will to the crowd, which states that Caesar has Moreover, Antony's references to Caesar's wounds
left his private walks, orchards, and new common tap into the crowd's collective guilt. He reminds
buildings to the citizens of Rome. This revelation them that they had once loved Caesar and had
is a masterstroke in Antony's speech, as it not only celebrated his victories. Now, they are confronted
portrays Caesar as a benevolent leader who cared
with the reality of his brutal death, stirring
for his people but also starkly contrasts with the
feelings of guilt and regret. This emotional turmoil
conspirators' portrayal of Caesar as an ambitious
makes the crowd more susceptible to Antony's
tyrant.
manipulation, leading them to seek revenge against
The crowd, upon hearing about Caesar's generous the conspirators.
bequests, is moved to tears and their anger towards
the conspirators intensifies. The physical evidence This scene reveals the significant role of emotion
of the will serves to validate Antony's claims about in public discourse. Antony's speech is not merely
Caesar's love for Rome and its people, making his a logical argument against the conspirators; it is
arguments more credible in the eyes of the crowd. a powerful emotional appeal that taps into the
The crowd's reaction to the will underscores the crowd's feelings of anger, guilt, and regret. His use
power of tangible proof in influencing public of visual imagery serves to heighten these emotions,
sentiment. making his speech more effective.
This scene suggests that while rhetoric and emotional Q. 4. Antony's speech leads to a riot in Rome. How
appeal are powerful tools of persuasion, the impact does this outcome reflect on the power of rhetoric
of tangible proof cannot be underestimated. and public speech? What does it suggest about
Concrete evidence lends credibility to arguments the susceptibility of the masses to persuasive
and can effectively sway public opinion. Antony's language?
strategic use of Caesar's will exemplifies this, as it Ans. Antony's speech incites a riot in Rome, reflecting
significantly shifts the crowd's allegiance, leading to the immense power of rhetoric and public speech.
a riot in Rome. This outcome also suggests the susceptibility of the
In conclusion, Antony's use of Caesar's will in his masses to persuasive language.
speech in Act III Scene 2 of Julius Caesar dramatically Antony's speech is a masterstroke of rhetoric. He
influences the crowd's reaction and demonstrates skilfully uses emotional appeal, repetition, and
the power of tangible proof in swaying public dramatic pauses to sway the crowd's opinion. His
opinion. It serves as a testament to the potency of speech is structured in a way that it gradually builds
rhetoric when combined with concrete evidence,
up the emotional intensity, leading to a climax
and underscores the susceptibility of the masses to
that triggers a riot. This outcome underscores the
such persuasive tactics.
power of rhetoric in shaping public sentiment and
Q. 3. Antony repeatedly refers to Caesar's wounds influencing collective action.
during his speech. How does this visual imagery
The riot in Rome is not merely a spontaneous
serve to incite the crowd against the conspirators?
What does this reveal about the role of emotion in outburst of anger; it is a direct result of Antony's
public discourse? calculated use of rhetoric. He strategically reveals
the contents of Caesar's will, uses vivid imagery
Ans. Antony's repeated references to Caesar's wounds
to describe Caesar's assassination, and subtly
during his speech serve as a powerful visual imagery
undermines the credibility of the conspirators.
that incites the crowd against the conspirators. This
use of visual imagery reveals the significant role of Each element of his speech is designed to incite
emotion in public discourse. the crowd's emotions and turn them against the
conspirators.
Antony's description of Caesar's wounds is graphic
and vivid. He does not merely mention them The crowd's reaction to Antony's speech suggests
instead, he elaborates on them, describing how their susceptibility to persuasive language. Despite
each conspirator contributed to Caesar's death. Brutus' earlier speech justifying the assassination,
This detailed depiction serves to humanise Caesar, the crowd is easily swayed by Antony's emotional
transforming him from an abstract figure of power appeal. This susceptibility is not a sign of their
into a tangible victim of betrayal. The crowd, gullibility, but rather, it reflects the power of rhetoric
confronted with the brutal reality of Caesar's death, and the impact of emotional appeal in persuasion.
30 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 5. Antony manages to turn the crowd against the questions like "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?"
conspirators without directly contradicting to plant seeds of doubt in the minds of the crowd.
Brutus' claims about Caesar's ambition. How Antony also appeals to the crowd's emotions
does he achieve this? What does this reveal about by vividly describing Caesar's assassination and
his understanding of persuasion and crowd repeatedly referring to his wounds. He presents
psychology? Caesar not as an ambitious tyrant, but as a victim
Ans. Antony's speech is a master-class in the art of of betrayal, thereby eliciting sympathy from the
persuasion and crowd psychology. Despite Brutus' crowd. This emotional appeal is a powerful tool of
earlier speech justifying Caesar's assassination on persuasion that Antony uses to sway the crowd's
the grounds of his ambition, Antony manages to opinion.
turn the crowd against the conspirators without In conclusion, Antony's ability to turn the
directly contradicting Brutus's claims. He achieves crowd against the conspirators without directly
this through a combination of rhetorical strategies contradicting Brutus' claims about Caesar's ambition
that reveal his deep understanding of persuasion reveals his deep understanding of persuasion and
and crowd psychology. crowd psychology. His use of rhetorical strategies,
Antony begins his speech by aligning himself with emotional appeals, and tangible proof in the form
the conspirators, calling them "honourable men". of Caesar's will-all contribute to the effectiveness
This strategy serves to gain the trust of the crowd of his speech. Antony's speech in Act III, Scene 2 of
and prevent immediate backlash. He then subtly “Julius Caesar” serves as a testament to the power
undermines the conspirators by questioning the of rhetoric and the susceptibility of the masses to
evidence of Caesar's ambition. Instead of directly persuasive language.
contradicting Brutus' claims, he uses rhetorical

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on how Antony's skilful use of rhetoric sways the public and shapes perception?
2. Will you be able to consider the emotional appeals employed by Antony and their influence on the crowd's reac-
tions?
3. Will you be able to examine Brutus' leadership challenges and reflect on the consequences of political decisions?

ACT-III, SCENE-3
Summary
Scan to know more
about
Act III , Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a short scene that takes place in the streets of Rome. Cinna the this topic
Poet is on his way to attend Caesar’s funeral when he is accosted by a group of riotous citizens.
They mistake him for Cinna the conspirator, and despite his protests, they attack him. This
scene serves as comic relief in the play and portrays the plebeians as a mindless herd, swayed
easily by the events around them. Act-III —Scene-3
This scene is significant, as it shows the chaos and mob mentality that has overtaken Rome
following Caesar’s assassination. The plebeians, who were once swayed by Brutus’ speech justifying Caesar’s
murder, are now easily incited to violence against an innocent man. The scene underscores the disintegration of
order in society and the dangerous power of mob mentality.

Word Meanings

 mob mentality—how people are influenced by their peers to feel a certain way about something.  accosted— to
approach and speak to (someone) in an often challenging or aggressive way. assassination—murder by sudden or
secret attack often for political reasons
 Drama 31

Characters in the Scene

1. Cinna the Poet: Cinna the Poet is an innocent bystander, who is mistaken for Cinna the conspirator, due to
their shared name. He is on his way to attend Caesar’s funeral, when he is accosted by the plebeians. Despite his
attempts to clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. His character represents the innocent victims of political
chaos and mob mentality.
2. The Plebeians: The plebeians are the common citizens of Rome, who have been stirred into a frenzy following
Caesar’s assassination. They are portrayed as a mindless mob, easily swayed and quick to violence. In this scene,
they mistake Cinna the Poet for Cinna the conspirator and attack him, despite his protest. Their actions highlight
the theme of chaos and disorder in the play.

Major Themes
1. Mob Mentality: This scene vividly portrays the way in which mob mentality has overtaken Rome. The
plebeians, once swayed by Brutus’ speech justifying Caesar’s murder, are now easily incited to violence against
an innocent man. Their actions underscore the theme of chaos and disorder in the play.
2. Mistaken Identity: The mistaken identity of Cinna the Poet for Cinna the conspirator is a common device used
by Shakespeare. Despite Cinna the Poet’s attempts to clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. This theme
highlights the irrationality and chaos that ensues in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination.
3. Role of the Artist: The attack on Cinna the Poet raises questions about the role of the artist in society. Despite
being innocent, Cinna the Poet is attacked for his bad verses. This theme invites the reader to examine the position
of the poet in society and the responsibility of the artist in making a good and well-ordered society.
4. Chaos and Disorder: The scene shows how far the ordered society has disintegrated following Caesar’s
assassination. The plebeians’ attack on Cinna the Poet symbolises the breakdown of rationality and justice in
Rome, setting the stage for the civil strife that follows.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q. 4. What does Cinna the Poet dream about?

A Multiple Choice Questions (a) Feasting with Caesar
(b) The assassination of Caesar
Q. 1. Who is the main character in this scene? (c) Writing a poem for Caesar
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius (d) Becoming a conspirator
(c) Cinna the Poet (d) Julius Caesar Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: Cinna the Poet mentions that he
Explanation: This scene primarily revolves around dreamt of feasting with Caesar.
Cinna the Poet and his encounter with the plebeians.
Q. 5. What is Cinna the Poet's marital status?
Q. 2. Who attacks Cinna the Poet? (a) Married
(a) The conspirators (b) The plebeians (b) Divorced
(c) Brutus (d) Julius Caesar (c) Widowed
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (d) Bachelor
Explanation: The plebeians attack Cinna the Poet, Ans. Option (d) is correct.
mistaking him for Cinna the conspirator.
Explanation: Cinna the Poet mentions that he is a
Q. 3. Why do the plebeians attack Cinna the Poet? bachelor when questioned by the plebeians.
(a) Because he wrote bad verses. Q. 6. Where does Cinna the Poet dwell?
(b) Because they mistake him for Cinna the (a) By the Capitol
conspirator.
(b) In Caesar's house
(c) Because he was going to Caesar's funeral. (c) In Brutus's house
(d) Because he was a friend of Caesar. (d) In Cassius's house
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The plebeians attack Cinna the Poet Explanation: Cinna the Poet mentions that he
because they mistake him for Cinna the conspirator. dwells by the Capitol.
32 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 7. Where is Cinna the Poet going? identity, suggests that Rome is in a state of chaos
(a) To Brutus' house and disorder.
(b) To Cassius' house
(c) To Caesar's funeral
(d) To the Capitol Commonly Made Errors
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Misunderstanding the language:
Explanation: Cinna the Poet mentions that he is
going to Caesar's funeral. Shakespearean language can be difficult to
understand, and candidates often misinterpret
Q. 8. What literary device is used when Cinna the Poet
the meaning of the text.
is mistaken for Cinna the conspirator?
Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
(a) Irony (b) Metaphor Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
(c) Simile (d) Hyperbole may not be familiar with the customs and
Ans. Option (a) is correct. traditions of the time.
Explanation: The mistaken identity of Cinna the Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
Poet for Cinna the conspirator is an example of the plot or provide a basic description of the
irony. characters without analysing the themes or
Q. 9. What theme does the attack on Cinna the Poet motifs present in the text.
highlight?
(a) The power of friendship
(b) The chaos and disorder following Caesar's
assassination Answering Tips
(c) The importance of loyalty
Candidates should take their time and read the
(d) The power of persuasion
text carefully, paying attention to the context
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
and tone of the dialogue.
Explanation: The attack on Cinna the Poet highlights Candidates should research the historical
the theme of chaos and disorder following Caesar's context of the play, including the political and
assassination.
social climate of ancient Rome.
Q. 10. What does the behaviour of the plebeians in this Candidates should research the historical
scene suggest about the state of Rome? context of the play, including the political and
(a) Rome is in a state of peace and prosperity. social climate of ancient Rome.
(b) Rome is in a state of chaos and disorder. Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
(c) Rome is in a state of celebration. considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
(d) Rome is in a state of mourning. present in the play.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Candidates should pay close attention to the
Explanation: The behaviour of the plebeians, who use of literary devices in the text, noting their
attack an innocent man due to a case of mistaken effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the given extract and answer the questions outdoors, yet feeling an inexplicable force drawing
that follow: him out, indicating a sense of foreboding.
I. CINNA THE POET: The dream serves as an omen, a common motif in
I dreamt tonight that ......... Ay, and truly, you were best. Shakespeare's plays, signifying impending disaster.
In the context of the play, dreams and omens are
Q. 1. How does Cinna's dream about feasting with Caesar
often indicative of the character's inner turmoil and
reflect his subconscious fears or premonitions
the societal chaos that ensues. They act as a mirror
about the unfolding events in Rome? What does to the characters' subconscious fears and desires,
this suggest about the role of dreams and omens in often foreshadowing the tragic events that are
the play?  [3] about to unfold.
Ans1. Cinna's dream of feasting with Caesar is a In this case, Cinna's dream not only reflects his
manifestation of his subconscious fears and personal fears, but also symbolises the collective
premonitions about the tumultuous events fear of the Roman populace. The feast with Caesar,
unfolding in Rome. The dream, which he describes who is now a ghostly figure, could be interpreted
as charging his fantasy with "things unlucky", as a metaphor for the societal feast on power
suggests an underlying anxiety about the political and control, leading to inevitable conflict and
instability and the impending doom that Caesar's destruction. Thus, dreams and omens in the play
death has brought upon Rome. This anxiety is serve as powerful tool for foreshadowing and
further amplified by his reluctance to venture deepening the understanding of the characters'
 Drama 33
psychological states and the overarching themes of between fear and duty, and between individual
power, betrayal, and fate. agency and societal pressures. It offers a glimpse
Q. 2. What does the series of questions asked by the into his character - a man caught in the tumultuous
plebeians reveal about their suspicion or curiosity events of his time, torn between his personal fears
towards Cinna? How does this interaction and the compelling forces that lead him forth. This
highlight the tension and paranoia within the 'something' ultimately symbolises the complex
society?  [3] interplay of fate, duty, and societal pressures in
Ans. The series of questions asked by the plebeians Cinna's life and in the broader context of the play.
towards Cinna reveals their heightened suspicion Q. 4. The plebeians insist that Cinna answer "directly",
and curiosity. In the context of the play, Rome is in "briefly", "wisely", and "truly". How do these
a state of chaos and uncertainty following Caesar's adverbs reflect the themes of honesty, wisdom, and
assassination. This has led to an atmosphere of brevity in the play? How do these expectations set
distrust and paranoia, where even an innocent by the plebeians mirror the societal expectations
passer-by like Cinna the Poet is subjected to intense in Shakespeare's time? [3]
scrutiny. Ans. The plebeians' insistence on direct, brief, wise, and
The plebeians' questions about Cinna's name, truthful answers from Cinna reflects the themes
destination, dwelling, and marital status indicate of honesty, wisdom, and brevity in the play. These
their suspicion that he might be involved in the adverbs serve as a moral compass, guiding the
conspiracy against Caesar. Their insistence on characters' actions and interactions, emphasising
direct, brief, wise, and truthful answers further the importance of straightforwardness, conciseness,
underscores their distrust and the tense atmosphere sagacity, and authenticity in their discourse.
in Rome.
In the context of the play, these expectations
This interaction between Cinna and the plebeians underscore the societal norms and values of the
serves to highlight the societal tension and time. Honesty is valued as a testament to one's
paranoia prevalent in Rome. It reflects the fear character and integrity. Wisdom is revered as a sign
and uncertainty that have permeated all levels of of one's understanding and judgment. Brevity is
Roman society, from the ruling elite to the common appreciated for its efficiency and clarity, avoiding
plebeians. The plebeians' aggressive questioning unnecessary confusion or misinterpretation.
of Cinna underscores the widespread fear and
These expectations also mirror the societal norms
suspicion, demonstrating how societal order
of Shakespeare's time. The Elizabethan era, marked
has been disrupted by political upheaval. This
by political intrigue and religious upheaval, placed
scene serves as a microcosm of the larger societal
a high value on honesty, wisdom, and brevity.
unrest and paranoia that characterise Rome in the
Directness was prized for its transparency, brevity
aftermath of Caesar's death. It underscores the
for its elegance, and wisdom for its insightfulness.
themes of chaos, suspicion, and the breakdown of
Truthfulness was considered a virtue, reflecting
societal order in the play.
one's moral integrity.
Q. 3. Cinna mentions, "I have no will to wander forth of
Q. 5. Considering this scene, what might have been
doors, yet something leads me forth". What could
Shakespeare's intention in portraying the common
this 'something' symbolise in the context of the
people (plebeians) in this manner? How does it
play and Cinna's character?  [3]
contribute to the overall narrative and message of
Ans. Cinna's statement, "I have no will to wander forth of the play?  [4]
doors, yet something leads me forth", is a poignant
Ans. In this scene, Shakespeare's portrayal of the common
reflection of his inner conflict and the external
people, or plebeians, serves multiple purposes and
forces in the play. The 'something' that leads him
contributes significantly to the overall narrative and
forth can be interpreted in multiple ways within the
message of the play.
context of the play and his character.
Firstly, the plebeians represent the collective voice
On one level, this 'something' could symbolise
and sentiment of the Roman populace. Their
the inexorable pull of fate or destiny. Despite his
questions and reactions provide a window into the
reluctance and fear, Cinna is compelled to venture
public mood and societal dynamics of the time. In
out, suggesting that he is caught in the web of
the face of political upheaval following Caesar's
events that are beyond his control. This aligns with
assassination, the plebeians embody the confusion,
one of the central themes of the play - the power of
fear, and suspicion that pervade Roman society.
fate and the inevitability of destiny.
Their aggressive questioning of Cinna underscores
On another level, the 'something' could represent the heightened tension and paranoia, reflecting the
Cinna's sense of duty or moral obligation. Despite societal chaos and disorder.
his apprehensions, he feels compelled to participate
Secondly, the plebeians serve as a foil to the main
in the unfolding events, indicating his commitment
characters, highlighting the stark contrast between
to the cause. the political elite and the common people. While
In essence, Cinna's statement encapsulates the the elites are embroiled in power struggles and
tension between personal will and external forces, conspiracies, the plebeians are concerned with
34 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

more immediate, practical matters - identity, Ans. The fourth citizen's statement, "Tear him for his bad
intentions, and personal circumstances. This verses", while seemingly a critique of Cinna's work
contrast underscores the wide chasm between the as a poet, carries a deeper symbolic significance
rulers and the ruled, a recurring theme in the play. in the context of the play. It reflects the societal
Thirdly, the interaction between Cinna and the perception of poets and their work, and, more
plebeians illustrates the tragic consequences of broadly, the role and value of art and artists in
misinformation and mistaken identity. Despite society.
being a poet, Cinna is mistaken for a conspirator In the chaotic and politically charged environment
due to his shared name with Cinna the conspirator. of Rome, the plebeians are quick to judge and
This tragic case of mistaken identity underscores condemn Cinna based on his profession as a poet.
the themes of fate, chance, and the arbitrary nature This could symbolise a societal disregard for the arts,
of life and death. particularly in times of political upheaval and social
Lastly, the portrayal of the plebeians also serves unrest. The arts, represented by Cinna's poetry, are
to critique the mob mentality and the dangers of seen as dispensable, and artists are judged harshly
unchecked populism. The plebeians, driven by and held to unrealistic standards.
rumours and swayed by persuasive rhetoric, are Furthermore, the demand to "tear him for his
quick to pass judgment and resort to violence. This bad verses" could also symbolise the societal
critique resonates with the play's exploration of expectation for artists to conform to popular tastes
the perils of political ambition and the destructive and sentiments. Artists who fail to meet these
potential of power. expectations are subjected to criticism and rejection,
II. CINNA THE POET: as exemplified by Cinna's fate.
What is my name? Whither ......... of his heart, and turn In essence, this scene serves as a commentary
him going. on the societal attitudes towards art and artists,
Q. 1. How does Cinna's insistence on his identity as highlighting the challenges they face in a society
a poet, not a conspirator, reflect the theme of preoccupied with power and politics. It underscores
mistaken identity in the play? What does this the need for society to appreciate and value the arts,
suggest about the consequences of misinformation and the important role that artists play in reflecting
and misunderstanding? [3] and shaping societal values and narratives.
Through Cinna's tragic fate, Shakespeare highlights
Ans. Cinna's insistence on his identity as a poet, not a
the precarious position of artists in society, and the
conspirator, is a powerful reflection of the theme of
need for greater understanding and appreciation of
mistaken identity in the play. Despite his repeated
their work.
assertions, "I am Cinna the Poet, I am Cinna the
Q. 3. The first citizen's reaction to Cinna's name - "Tear
Poet", he is mistaken for Cinna the conspirator due
him to pieces; he’s a conspirator" - is quite drastic.
to the shared name. This tragic case of mistaken
How does this reaction reflect the themes of fear,
identity underscores the chaos and confusion
paranoia, and mob mentality in the play?  [3]
that pervade Rome in the aftermath of Caesar's
assassination. Ans. The first citizen's drastic reaction to Cinna's name
- "Tear him to pieces; he’s a conspirator" - is a
The consequences of this misinformation and
powerful reflection of the themes of fear, paranoia,
misunderstanding are dire. Cinna is condemned and mob mentality in the play. In the aftermath of
by the plebeians solely based on his name, without Caesar's assassination, Rome is gripped by fear and
any regard for his true identity or profession. suspicion. The citizens are on high alert, quick to
The plebeians' reaction, "Tear him to pieces; judge and condemn anyone associated with the
he’s a conspirator", and "Tear him for his bad conspirators.
verses", highlights the destructive potential of
This reaction to Cinna's name, despite his insistence
misinformation and the dangers of mob mentality. that he is a poet and not a conspirator, underscores
This scene serves as a stark reminder of the tragic the pervasive paranoia. The citizens are so
outcomes that can result from misinformation and consumed by fear that they are willing to resort to
misunderstanding. It underscores the importance of violence based on mere suspicion. This is a clear
seeking truth and clarity and the perils of jumping manifestation of mob mentality, where rational
to conclusions based on incomplete or inaccurate judgment is overshadowed by collective fear and
information. It also reflects the societal chaos and hysteria.
the breakdown of rational judgment in times of Furthermore, this scene highlights the tragic
political upheaval and fear. Through Cinna's tragic consequences of this fear-driven mob mentality.
fate, Shakespeare explores the themes of identity, Cinna, an innocent poet, becomes a victim of
truth, and the destructive power of misinformation. mistaken identity and public paranoia. His fate
Q. 2. The fourth citizen's statement, "Tear him for his serves as a stark reminder of the destructive potential
bad verses", can be seen as a critique of Cinna's of fear, suspicion, and mob mentality-themes that
work as a poet. What could this symbolise in the resonate throughout the play. It underscores the
context of the play and the societal perception of need for reason, understanding, and justice in the
poets and their work? [3] face of fear and uncertainty. Through this scene,
 Drama 35
Shakespeare offers a critique of mob mentality and Ans. Cinna's fate at the hands of the plebeians in Act III,
its devastating consequences. Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar" provides a compelling
Q. 4. Cinna mentions that he is going to Caesar's funeral exploration of the concept of power. In this scene,
as a friend. How does this statement reflect the power is not confined to the political elite but is also
political climate and public sentiment towards demonstrated by the common people, revealing the
Caesar at the time? What does it reveal about multifaceted nature of power and its dynamics.
Cinna's personal views and allegiances?  [3] The plebeians, despite their lower social status,
wield significant power as a collective force. Their
Ans. Cinna's statement that he is attending Caesar's ability to condemn Cinna to death, based solely
funeral as a friend provides a glimpse into the on a case of mistaken identity, underscores their
complex political climate and public sentiment power in numbers. This power, however, is not
towards Caesar at the time. In the aftermath derived from political authority or social status,
of Caesar's assassination, Rome is in a state of but from fear, suspicion, and mob mentality. It is a
turmoil. The public sentiment is divided, with some raw, uncontrolled power that can lead to irrational
mourning Caesar's death and others celebrating actions and tragic outcomes, as exemplified by
the end of his rule. Cinna's decision to attend the Cinna's fate.
funeral as a friend suggests that he belongs to the On the other hand, the political elite, represented
former group, reflecting the faction of Roman by figures like Brutus and Antony, wield power
society that viewed Caesar favourably. through rhetoric and persuasion. Their speeches
This statement also reveals Cinna's personal views sway public opinion, incite emotions, and
and allegiances. Despite the prevailing fear and ultimately lead to Cinna's tragic end. This form of
suspicion, Cinna openly declares his friendship power, while more subtle, is equally potent and can
with Caesar. This suggests a sense of loyalty and have far-reaching consequences.
respect towards Caesar, indicating that Cinna does In conclusion, through the portrayal of Cinna's fate
not align with the conspirators who orchestrated and the plebeians' actions, "Julius Caesar" offers a
Caesar's assassination. His willingness to publicly nuanced exploration of the concept of power. It
declare his allegiance, despite the potential risks, reveals that power does not reside solely with the
speaks volumes about his character and personal political elite but also lies with the common people.
convictions. However, it also underscores the potential dangers
Q. 6. In light of Cinna's fate at the hands of the plebeians, of unchecked power, whether it is derived from
how does the play explore the concept of power? social status, rhetoric, or mob mentality. Through
Does power reside only with the political elite, this exploration, the play invites the audience to
or does it also lie with the common people? How reflect on the dynamics of power and its impact on
does this scene contribute to the play's exploration society.
of the dynamics of power?  [4]

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the fear and paranoia exhibited by the how fear can cloud judgment, fuel paranoia, and
plebeians in this scene reflect the broader societal lead to irrational actions.
fear following Caesar's assassination? How This societal fear is not unfounded but is a
does this fear influence their actions and reflection of the tumultuous political climate.
judgments? Caesar's assassination disrupted the established
Ans. The fear and paranoia exhibited by the plebeians order, creating a power vacuum, and throwing
in Act III, Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar" serve as the city into chaos. The plebeians, like the rest of
a microcosm of the broader societal fear that Roman society, are grappling with the implications
permeates Rome following Caesar's assassination. of this sudden change. Their fear stems from the
This fear is a manifestation of the uncertainty and uncertainty of what lies ahead and the potential
instability that have gripped the city in the wake of threat to their own safety and stability.
the political upheaval. The fear and paranoia influence the plebeians'
The plebeians, representing the common people actions and judgments in significant ways. Driven
of Rome, are on high alert. Their aggressive by fear, they are quick to pass judgment based on
questioning of Cinna the Poet, their hasty judgment mere suspicion. Their paranoia leads them to see
based on his name, and their readiness to resort to threats where none exist, as in the case of Cinna the
violence-all underscore the heightened sense of Poet. Fear also fuels their mob mentality, leading
fear and suspicion. They are quick to label Cinna a them to act impulsively and resort to violence.
conspirator, disregarding his repeated assertions of Rational discourse gives way to hysteria, and justice
his identity as a poet. This scene vividly illustrates is overshadowed by fear-driven retribution.
36 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

In conclusion, the fear and paranoia exhibited by His character highlights the stark contrast
the plebeians in this scene provide a poignant between the world of politics, represented by the
commentary on the societal fear following Caesar's conspirators, and the world of ordinary citizens.
assassination. It underscores the influence of While the conspirators are driven by ambition,
fear on actions and judgments, the potential for power, and political ideology, Cinna the Poet is a
misinformation to fuel paranoia, and the impact of simple man, whose only 'crime' is sharing a name
political upheaval on societal dynamics. Through with one of the conspirators. This contrast serves
this scene, Shakespeare explores the complexities to highlight the far-reaching consequences of the
of human nature, the power of fear, and the fragile conspirators' actions, which extend beyond the
balance of societal order in times of crisis. political sphere and disrupt the lives of ordinary
Q. 2. Considering the influence of rhetoric in the play, citizens.
how might the plebeians' reactions to Cinna be Cinna's fate reveals a lot about the societal
seen as a response to the persuasive speeches by dynamics and power structures in Rome. Despite
Brutus and Antony? What does this suggest about his repeated assertions of his identity as a poet, he
the power of rhetoric in shaping public opinion? is mistaken for a conspirator and condemned by the
Ans. The influence of rhetoric in "Julius Caesar" is a mob. This tragic incident underscores the power of
significant theme, and the plebeians' reactions to misinformation and the dangers of mob mentality. It
Cinna in Act III, Scene 3 can indeed be seen as a reflects a society, where fear and suspicion override
response to the persuasive speeches by Brutus reason and justice, leading to tragic outcomes.
and Antony. These speeches, delivered in the In conclusion, through the character of Cinna the
aftermath of Caesar's assassination, play a pivotal Poet and his tragic fate, Shakespeare provides a
role in shaping public opinion and inciting the mob poignant commentary on the societal dynamics
mentality that leads to Cinna's tragic fate. and power structures in Rome. He underscores
Brutus, one of the conspirators, uses his speech the destructive potential of misinformation, the
to justify Caesar's assassination, appealing to dangers of mob mentality, and the far-reaching
the plebeians' sense of Roman pride and fear of impact of political power struggles on the lives
tyranny. He presents the act as a necessary measure of ordinary citizens. Through this contrast,
to prevent Caesar from becoming a dictator and Shakespeare explores the complexities of power,
undermining the Roman Republic. His rhetoric identity, and societal dynamics in a politically
is rational and measured, aimed at winning the charged environment.
plebeians' approval for the conspirators' actions. Q. 4. The scene highlights the theme of mistaken
In contrast, Antony's speech is emotionally charged identity. How does this theme contribute to
and manipulative. He skilfully uses rhetorical the overall narrative and message of the play
devices to stir the plebeians' emotions, inciting What does it reveal about the consequences of
anger and resentment against the conspirators. misinformation and misunderstanding?
He presents Caesar as a benevolent leader, who Ans. The theme of mistaken identity, as highlighted in
cared for the people of Rome, thereby turning the scene with Cinna the Poet, plays a crucial role
public sentiment against Brutus and the other in the overall narrative and message of "Julius
conspirators. Caesar". It serves as a powerful symbol of the chaos,
In conclusion, the plebeians' reactions to Cinna in confusion, and paranoia that pervade Rome in the
Act III , Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar" provide a vivid aftermath of Caesar's assassination.
illustration of the power of rhetoric in shaping public Cinna the Poet, mistaken for Cinna the conspirator
opinion. Through this scene, Shakespeare explores due to their shared name, becomes an innocent
the dynamics of persuasion, the susceptibility victim of the mob's wrath. This tragic case of mistaken
of the masses to rhetorical manipulation, and identity underscores the destructive potential of
the potential consequences of misinformation misinformation and misunderstanding. Despite
and misunderstanding. It serves as a poignant Cinna's repeated assertions of his true identity,
commentary on the power of words and the role of the mob, driven by fear and suspicion, condemns
rhetoric in politics and society. him solely based on his name. This incident reflects
Q. 3. How does the character of Cinna the Poet serve as a the societal chaos and the breakdown of rational
foil to the other characters in the play, particularly judgment in times of political upheaval and fear.
the conspirators? What does his fate reveal about Moreover, this theme contributes significantly
the societal dynamics and power structures in to the play's exploration of power, politics, and
Rome? human nature. It underscores the perils of hasty
Ans. Cinna the Poet serves as a significant foil to the other judgments, the dangers of mob mentality, and the
characters in the play, particularly the conspirators. tragic consequences of misinformation. It serves
Unlike the conspirators, who are deeply embroiled as a stark reminder of the human cost of political
in the political machinations of Rome, Cinna the intrigue and societal chaos.
Poet is an innocent bystander, a common man who Furthermore, the theme of mistaken identity
becomes a victim of the chaos and paranoia that enhances the dramatic tension and tragic irony
ensue in the aftermath of Caesar's assassination. of the play. Cinna's fate, determined by a case of
 Drama 37
mistaken identity, adds a layer of complexity to the of the play. It offers a poignant commentary on the
narrative, heightening the sense of tragedy and complexities of identity, the destructive power of
injustice. misinformation, and the societal dynamics in times
In conclusion, the theme of mistaken identity, of crisis. Through this theme, Shakespeare explores
as exemplified by Cinna's tragic fate, contributes the darker aspects of human nature and the societal
significantly to the overall narrative and message consequences of political upheaval, enhancing the
play's thematic depth and narrative complexity.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
Explanation: There is a pun in hart and heart in the
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
quoted line and pun in the words Rome and room
in option (a).
(vii) Antony appears to be one up on Brutus in his
(i) ‘Ate’ is the goddess of _____
speech as he is more :
[Understanding] [Analysis and Evaluation]
(a) Earth (b) ruin (a) Logical
(c) fire (d) justice (b) Humble
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (c) Emotionally intelligent
Explanation: Ate is the goddess of ruin and mischief. (d) Spatially intelligent
(ii) Antony predicts a time of _____ in Italy. Fill in the Ans. Option (c) is correct.
gap. [Recall] Explanation: Antony having more emotional
(a) Apathy (b) Peace intelligence reads the minds of the commoners and
(c) Civil war (d) Foreign attack. works on their emotions.
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Antony predicts domestic strife in Italy. B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
(iii) The last one to stab Brutus was _____ [Recall]
(a) Cassius (b) Cimber Q. 1. Read the given extract from Shakespeare’s Julius
(c) Casca (d) Brutus Caesar and answer the questions below:
Ans. Option d) is correct. I must prevent thee, ......... that which melteth fools—
Explanation: Brutus was the last one to stab. (i) What is Caesar preventing Cimber from doing?
(iv) How old was Caesar when he died? Why? [Recall and Understanding][3]
[Understanding] Ans. Cimber falls at the feet of Caesar as though begging
(a) 55 (b) 35 for some favour. Caesar objects to this lowly,
(c) 40 (d) 60 unmanful gesture. He says he is much above
Ans. Option (a) is correct. in stature to melt in front of such base ‘spaniel
Explanation: History says he was 55 fawning’ and sweet words. It would be like turning
the laws of the land into a child’s play.
(v) Apart from the Northern Star, Caesar compares
himself to _____  [Understanding] (ii) What does the uses of the word ‘ordinary men’
(a) Colossus (b) Mount Olympus show of Caesar’s character? [Analysis] What other
(c) Zeus (d) Atlas example from the extract does Caser say echoing
similar thought process?  [Application][3]
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Ans. Caesar considers himself superior to others. Being
Explanation: A little later, he compares himself to
Mount Olympus where all, the gods lived. the foremost man in Rome, and conqueror of two
thirds of the world, Caesar has started considering
(vi) O world thou was the forest to this hart/And this,
himself as almost a dictator who will not deter from
indeed, O the world the heart of thee. Find the
his decision.
option that uses the same figure of speech used in
the quoted line. [Application] Another example in the extract where Caesar
(a) Now is it Rome indeed and room enough. expresses a similar thought process is when he
(b) The world is a stage and we are all actors says, "Be not fond to think that Caesar bears such
(c) How like a deer, stricken by many princes, rebel blood that will be thawed from the true
doest thou here lie. quality with that which melteth fools—". Here,
(d) The hunters stand sign’d in thy spoil and Caesar is cautioning against underestimating
crimson’d in thy lethe. his steadfastness and strength of character. He
Ans. Option (a) is correct. asserts that his true nature ("true quality") cannot
38 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

be softened or altered by methods that deceive or fellow members of the faction. And he should also
manipulate foolish individuals ("that which melteth inform the audience that he was speaking with
fools"). their permission; or else he would not take any part
(iii) To what animal does Caesar compare Cimber with in the funeral. He would also speak after Brutus’s
just after this? What precipitates this situation? speech, on the same platform as Brutus took.
 [Recall and Understanding] [3] Antony agrees saying. ‘Be it so”
Ans. Caesar compares Cimber to a cur, a lowly dog that (ii) To whom is Antony apologising? Why?
licks the feet of its master. His brother, Publius, has [Recall and Analysis] [3]
been banished by the decree of the land. Cimber Ans. Antony is apologising to the dead Caesar. He was
pleads Caesar to repeal the decree but Caesar is shaking hands with the killers of Caesar, in front of
adamant. He categorically tells Cimber that if he the “ruins of noblest man/That ever lived in the tide
bends and prays and fawns, he would treat him as of times.” Antony loved and admired Caesar and
a cur. shaking hands with his assassinators seemed a sin
(iv) Mention the others who speak on behalf of but he had a purpose behind it.
Cimber? [Recall] (iii) “Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood!
Are they able to sway Caesar? [Understanding] “What is the implication of this line? What oath
To what celestial object does Caesar compare does Antony make at this time? [Analysis] [3]
himself at this time? [Recall][3] Ans. Antony decided that the conspirators of Caesar’s
Ans. Brutus and Cassius plead on Cimber’s behalf. assassination would deeply suffer. A curse would
No, they are not able to change Caesar’s decision fall on them, domestic fury and civil strife would
because he is sure of his decision and does not affect all parts of Italy, blood and destruction would
want to appear inconsistent in front of others. He become so commonplace that even mothers would
compares himself to the Northern Star which is smile if they saw their infants quartered in the war.
steadfast and unmoving. (iv) What does he say about Caesar’s ghost? [Recall]
(v) What historical event happens soon after? What [3]
exactly kills Caesar? [RECALL] What are the Ans. Antony says as long as Caesar’s death remains
repercussions of this event in Rome?[Analysis and unavenged, the ghost of Caesar searching for
Evaluation] [4] revenge with ‘Ate by his side’ would rush up from
Ans. Caesar is assassinated by the conspirators with hell and cry in the voice of king, “Havoc”. The dogs
open gashes on his body. Of all the wounds, the of war would be unleashed so that his foul murder
one inflicted by Brutus whom he loved and trusted, would result in numerous corpses covering the
killed him. In fact, he lost the will to live after that. earth, begging to be buried.
Antony, infuriated by the happening, incited the (v) What is your impression about Antony at
crowd to a civil war which ended in the death of this point of time? [Analysis and Evaluation]
the conspirators. [4]
Q. 2. Read the given extract from Shakespeare’s Julius Ans. Antony comes across as a true friend of Caesar who
Caesar and answer the questions below: is genuinely affected by sorrow beyond words. At
Be it so. I do ......... in the tide of times. the same time, his heart is raging with the urge
(i) Why does Antony say “Be it so./I do desire no to take revenge against the perpetrators of the
murder. Clever as he is, he persuades Brutus to give
more”[Understanding][3]
permission to speak on Caesar’s funeral. He shakes
Ans. Antony had asked permission to speak at Caesar’s hands with his enemies, and however loathsome
funeral. Brutus permitted him on the condition it is, he forces himself to win their favour only to
that he would speak nothing against him and the retaliate.

Reflection

1. Will you be able to reflect on how Cinna's plight emphasises the dangers of mistaken identity?
2. Will you be able to consider the consequences of unchecked mob mentality in times of chaos?
3. Will you be able to reflect on the symbolic weight of names and their potential dangers?
4. Will you be able to explore the theme of individual vulnerability when faced with collective hysteria?
 Drama 39

ACT-IV, SCENE-1

Summary
In Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus meet to decide who among the conspirators
should be executed. They send Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will, intending to alter some of its Scan to know more
provisions. Antony expresses to Octavius that Lepidus is merely a tool to be used and discarded. about
this topic
The scene ends with Antony and Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and Cassius.
This scene is crucial, as it reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony,
Octavius, and Lepidus. It shows Antony's manipulative side and his willingness to use others
for his benefit. The scene also sets the stage for the upcoming conflict with Brutus and Cassius.
Act-IV —Scene-1
The decisions made in this scene have significant consequences for the rest of the play. The
power struggle within the triumvirate foreshadows future conflicts. Antony's manipulative tactics hint at his
transformation from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician. The plan to fight Brutus and Cassius propels the plot
towards the climactic battle in the later acts. This scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, marking
a shift from political intrigue in Rome to the impending war.

Word Meanings

 Triumvirate—a group of three people working together, especially in leadership roles of some kind.  Shrewd—
cunning on tricky.

Characters in the Scene

1. Antony: Antony is portrayed as a shrewd and a manipulative politician in this scene. He is willing to use others,
like Lepidus, for his own benefit. He is also shown to be a strategic planner, as he discusses with Octavius about
raising an army to fight Brutus and Cassius.
2. Octavius: Octavius is shown to be more sympathetic towards Lepidus, defending him as a good soldier.
However, he is also attentive and observant, taking note of Antony's manipulative tactics. He is willing to work
with Antony to raise an army against Brutus and Cassius.
3. Lepidus: Lepidus is portrayed as a tool or asset in this scene. He is sent on an errand to fetch Caesar's will and is
discussed by Antony and Octavius as someone to be used and discarded. His character is not given much depth
in this scene, and he is largely seen through the eyes of Antony and Octavius

Major Themes
1. Power and Manipulation: This scene reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius,
and Lepidus. Antony's manipulative tactics are on full display as he plans to use Lepidus for his own benefit and
then discard him. This theme is further emphasised by the strategic planning of Antony and Octavius to raise an
army against Brutus and Cassius.
2. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene shows Antony and Octavius planning to alter Caesar's will, which can be seen as
a betrayal of Caesar's trust. However, they justify their actions as being for the greater good, showing a complex
interplay between personal loyalty and political expediency.
3. Public vs. Private Self: Antony's transformation from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician is evident in this scene.
His public persona is vastly different from his private self, highlighting the theme of the dichotomy between
public and private identities.
4. Fate vs. Free Will: The decisions made in this scene, such as who among the conspirators should be executed and
the plan to fight Brutus and Cassius, reflect the characters' exercise of free will. However, these decisions also set
the course for future events, suggesting the influence of fate.
5. War and Conflict: The scene ends with Antony and Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and
Cassius, introducing the theme of war and conflict, which becomes prominent in the later acts of the play.
40 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Explanation: Antony and Octavius are planning to

A Multiple Choice Questions raise an army against Brutus and Cassius.
8. Which literary device is used when Antony
Q. 1. Who are the three characters present in this scene? compares Lepidus to a horse and an ass?
(a) Antony, Brutus, and Cassius (a) Simile (b) Metaphor
(b) Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus (c) Hyperbole (d) Personification
(c) Antony, Octavius, and Brutus Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(d) Antony, Cassius, and Lepidus Explanation: Antony uses a metaphor when he
Ans. Option (b) is correct. compares Lepidus to a horse and an ass.
Explanation: In this scene, the three characters 9. Which theme is highlighted by Antony's
present are Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. manipulative tactics?
Q. 2. What is the first task that Antony, Octavius, and (a) Power and Manipulation
Lepidus undertake in this scene? (b) Betrayal and Loyalty
(a) Planning to fight Brutus and Cassius (c) Public vs Private Self
(b) Deciding who among the conspirators should (d) Fate vs Free Will
be executed Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Antony's manipulative tactics
(c) Altering Caesar's will
highlight the theme of power and manipulation.
(d) Discussing the division of the Roman Empire
10. What does Antony plan to do with Caesar's will?
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(a) Destroy it (b) Follow it
Explanation: The first task that they undertake is
(c) Alter it (d) Ignore it
deciding who among the conspirators should be
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
executed.
Explanation: Antony plans to alter Caesar's will.
Q. 3. Who is sent to fetch Caesar's will?
11. Who is portrayed as a shrewd and manipulative
(a) Antony (b) Octavius politician in this scene?
(c) Lepidus (d) Brutus (a) Antony (b) Octavius
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (c) Lepidus (d) Brutus
Explanation: Lepidus is sent to fetch Caesar's will. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
4. Who does Antony compare to a horse and an ass? Explanation: Antony is portrayed as a shrewd and
(a) Octavius (b) Brutus manipulative politician in this scene.
(c) Lepidus (d) Cassius 12. Who is seen as a tool or asset in this scene?
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) Antony (b) Octavius
Explanation: Antony compares Lepidus to a horse (c) Lepidus (d) Brutus
and an ass. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
5. Who defends Lepidus as a good soldier? Explanation: Lepidus is seen as a tool or asset in
(a) Antony (b) Octavius this scene.
(c) Brutus (d) Cassius 13. What is the term used by Antony to refer to the
Ans. Option (b) is correct. marking of someone for death? AI
Explanation: Octavius defends Lepidus as a good (a) Spot (b) Prick
soldier. (c) Mark (d) Stain
6. What is Antony's plan for Lepidus after using him? Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(a) Promote him (b) Reward him Explanation: Antony uses the term 'prick' to refer
(c) Discard him (d) Kill him to the marking of someone for death.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. 14. Who is referred to as a 'barren-spirited fellow'?
Explanation: Antony plans to discard Lepidus after (a) Antony (b) Octavius
using him. (c) Lepidus (d) Brutus
7. Who are Antony and Octavius planning to raise an Ans. Option (c) is correct.
army against? Explanation: Lepidus is referred to as a 'barren-
spirited fellow.'
(a) Brutus and Cassius
(b) Lepidus and Brutus 15. What is the term used by Antony to refer to
Lepidus after using him?
(c) Lepidus and Cassius
(a) Asset (b) Property
(d) Brutus and Octavius
(c) Tool (d) Soldier
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
 Drama 41
Explanation: Antony refers to Lepidus as a Explanation: Lepidus agreeing to the death of
'property' after using him. his brother and planning to confront Brutus and
16. Which of the following statements is NOT true Cassius are two separate actions.
about Antony's opinion of Lepidus? 20. Antony: "This is a slight, unmeritable man, Meet
(a) He questions Lepidus' suitability to rule Rome. to be sent on errands".
(b) He believes Lepidus is a worthy man. Question: What is Antony's opinion of the man he
(c) He doubts Lepidus' abilities. is referring to in this line?
(d) He thinks Lepidus is a simple object fit only to (a) He thinks highly of the man and considers him
bear burdens. a close ally.
Answer: Option (b) is correct. (b) He respects the man, but thinks he is not fit for
Explanation: Antony does not believe that Lepidus leadership.
is a worthy man. He questions his suitability to rule (c) He does not respect the man and considers
Rome. him only fit for running errands.
17. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events (d) He is indifferent towards the man and does
in the correct order: not consider him important.
1. Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus review a list of Ans. Option (c) is correct.
names.
Explanation: Antony is expressing his contempt
2. They plan to examine Caesar's will.
for the man he is referring to, considering him
3. Antony questions Lepidus' suitability to rule
insignificant and only fit for running errands.
Rome.
4. Lepidus agrees to the death of his brother.
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 Commonly Made Error
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Misunderstanding the language:
Shakespearean language can be difficult to
Explanation: In this scene, Antony, Octavius, and
Lepidus first review a list of names. Then, they plan understand, and candidates often misinterpret
to examine Caesar's will. Antony questions Lepidus' the meaning of the text.
suitability to rule Rome. Finally, Lepidus agrees to Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
the death of his brother. Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
18. Statement 1: "Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus may not be familiar with the customs and
review a list of names". traditions of the time.
Statement 2: "They plan to examine Caesar's will". Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
Question: Select the option that shows the correct the plot or provide a basic description of the
relationship between statements 1 and 2. characters without analysing the themes or
(a) 1 is the cause for 2. motifs present in the text.
(b) 1 is an example of 2.
(c) 1 is independent of 2.
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2. Answering Tips
Answer: Option (c) is correct.
Candidates should take their time and read the
Explanation: Reviewing a list of names and
text carefully, paying attention to the context
planning to examine Caesar's will are two separate
and tone of the dialogue.
actions.
Candidates should research the historical
19. Statement 1: "Lepidus agrees to the death of his
context of the play, including the political and
brother".
social climate of ancient Rome.
Statement 2: "They plan to confront Brutus and
Candidates should research the historical
Cassius".
context of the play, including the political and
Question: Select the option that shows the correct
social climate of ancient Rome.
relationship between statements 1 and 2.
Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
(a) 1 is the cause for 2.
considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
(b) 1 is an example of 2.
present in the play.
(c) 1 is independent of 2.
Candidates should pay close attention to the
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2.
use of literary devices in the text, noting their
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
effect on the overall meaning of the play.
42 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions the sake of political expediency, demonstrating
that follow: their prioritisation of power over personal loyalty.
I. ANTONY Lepidus' consent to the death of his brother, albeit
These many, then, shall die. ......... Or here, or at the reluctantly, underscores his subservient position
Capitol? within the triumvirate. His willingness to agree
Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Antony's line, "These with Antony and Octavius, despite the personal
cost, reflects his desire to maintain his position of
many, then, shall die. Their names are pricked".
power, even if it means compromising his personal
What does this reveal about Antony's character
loyalties.
and his role in the aftermath of Caesar's death? [3]
This conversation, therefore, serves as a microcosm
Ans. Antony's line, "These many, then, shall die. Their
of the larger political landscape in the aftermath
names are pricked", is a pivotal moment in Act
of Caesar's death. It underscores the precarious
IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar. It reveals Antony's
balance of power within the triumvirate and the
transformation from that of a loyal friend to a
lengths to which these characters will go to secure
shrewd and calculating politician in the aftermath
their own positions.
of Caesar's death.
Q. 3. Examine the implications of Antony's command
The phrase, "Their names are pricked", signifies
to Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will. How does this
that Antony, along with Octavius and Lepidus, has action contribute to the theme of manipulation
marked certain individuals for death. This action and control in the play?  [3]
demonstrates Antony's willingness to make tough
Ans. Antony's command to Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will
decisions and eliminate those who pose a threat
is a significant moment in Act IV, Scene 1 of “Julius
to his power. It also underscores his pragmatic
Caesar". This action has profound implications
approach to politics, where personal loyalties are
and contributes to the theme of manipulation and
secondary to political expediency.
control in the play.
Furthermore, Antony's role in deciding who should
Firstly, Antony's command underscores his
live or die highlights his significant influence
dominance within the triumvirate. By assigning
within the triumvirate. Despite his earlier portrayal
Lepidus the task of fetching Caesar's will, Antony
as a passionate and impulsive character, this scene
positions himself as the decision-maker, subtly
reveals a more strategic and manipulative side of asserting his authority over Lepidus. This power
Antony. He emerges as a key player in the power dynamic is a key aspect of the political manoeuvring
dynamics of Rome, willing to use others for his that characterises the play.
benefit and discard them when they are no longer
Secondly, the act of fetching Caesar's Will is not
useful.
merely a task; it is symbolic of the manipulation
In conclusion, this line is a testament to Antony's of Caesar's legacy. Antony and Octavius intend to
complex character and his evolution in the play. It alter the Will to serve their interests, demonstrating
underscores his adaptability, strategic acumen, and their willingness to manipulate even the wishes of
the lengths he is willing to go to consolidate his the deceased for their advantage.
power in the volatile political landscape following
Finally, this action sets the stage for future conflicts.
Caesar's death. This transformation of Antony adds The alteration of Caesar's Will is a contentious act
depth to his character and drives the plot forward, that could potentially incite opposition and unrest,
setting the stage for the ensuing conflict in the play. contributing to the tension and conflict that drive
Q. 2. Discuss the interaction between Octavius and the plot of the play.
Lepidus regarding the fate of Lepidus' brother Q. 4. Explore the meaning and significance of Antony's
and Antony's nephew, Publius. How does this line, "He shall not live. Look, with a spot I damn
conversation reflect the dynamics of power and him". How does this line reflect Antony's authority
loyalty among the triumvirate?  [3] and his approach towards those who pose a threat
Ans. The interaction between Octavius and Lepidus to his power? [3]
regarding the fate of Lepidus' brother and Antony's Ans. Antony's line, "He shall not live. Look, with a spot
nephew, Publius, is a significant moment in Act IV, I damn him", is a powerful statement that reveals
Scene 1 of “Julius Caesar". This conversation reveals his authority and his approach towards those who
the dynamics of power and loyalty within the pose a threat to his power.
triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. The phrase, "He shall not live", is a clear declaration
Octavius' suggestion that Lepidus' brother must of Antony's intent to eliminate anyone who
die, and Antony's agreement that his own nephew, could potentially challenge his authority. This
Publius, shall not live, highlight the ruthlessness demonstrates his ruthlessness and his willingness
and pragmatism of these characters. They are to make difficult decisions in order to maintain his
willing to sacrifice their own family members for power.
 Drama 43
The second part of the line, "Look, with a spot I Lepidus, as portrayed through Antony's eyes,
damn him", further emphasises Antony's authority. is seen as insignificant and undeserving of the
The act of marking someone for death with a mere power he holds. This characterisation contributes
spot signifies the immense power Antony holds. to the portrayal of Lepidus as a weak and easily
It also reflects his cold and calculated approach to manipulated figure within the triumvirate, a
dealing with threats. Rather than engaging in open pawn in the hands of more powerful and cunning
conflict, Antony chooses to quietly eliminate his characters like Antony and Octavius. It underscores
enemies, demonstrating his strategic acumen. Lepidus' lack of agency and his subservient role
Furthermore, this line also reveals Antony's within the power dynamics of the play.
transformation from that of a loyal friend to a From Antony's perspective, this characterisation
shrewd politician. His willingness to condemn his reveals his disdain for those he perceives as weak
own nephew, Publius, shows that he values his or unworthy. It shows his belief in meritocracy, that
political ambitions over personal relationships. power should be held by those who are capable and
Q. 5. Consider the final lines of the dialogue, where deserving, not by those who simply find themselves
Lepidus asks, "What, shall I find you, here?" and in positions of power. Antony's dismissive attitude
Octavius responds, "Or here, or at the Capitol?" towards Lepidus also highlights his own ambition
What does this exchange suggest about the and his readiness to side-line anyone he deems
uncertainty and instability in Rome following unfit for power.
Caesar's assassination? How does it foreshadow In inference, Antony's characterization of Lepidus
the upcoming conflict in the play?  [4] as a "slight, unmeritable man" not only shapes our
Ans. The exchange between Lepidus and Octavius at perception of Lepidus but also provides insight into
the end of the dialogue is a subtle yet powerful Antony's own character and his views on power
reflection of the uncertainty and instability that and merit. It is a testament to the complex power
pervades Rome following Caesar's assassination. dynamics and personal ambitions that drive the
Lepidus' question, "What, shall I find you here?" plot of "Julius Caesar".
and Octavius's response, "Or here, or at the Q. 2. Discuss the significance of Antony's question,
Capitol?" suggests a sense of unpredictability and "Is it fit, The threefold world divided, he should
fluidity in their positions and plans. This mirrors the stand One of the three to share it?" How does this
larger political instability in Rome, where alliances question reflect the power dynamics within the
are shifting, power is being renegotiated, and the triumvirate and foreshadow potential conflicts?
future is uncertain.
[3]
This exchange also underscores the precariousness
Ans. Antony's question, "Is it fit, The threefold world
of their own alliance within the triumvirate. The
divided, he should stand One of the three to share
ambiguity in Octavius' response indicates that their
plans and positions are not set in stone, but are it?" is a significant moment in the play "Julius
subject to change based on the evolving political Caesar". It reflects the power dynamics within the
landscape. This fluidity within the triumvirate triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus, and
reflects the broader instability in Rome, where foreshadows potential conflicts.
loyalties are uncertain, and power dynamics are in The "threefold world" Antony refers to is the
flux. Roman Empire, which has been divided among
Furthermore, this dialogue foreshadows the the triumvirate following Caesar's death. Antony
upcoming conflict in the play. The uncertainty in questions the fitness of Lepidus, whom he considers
their plans and the mention of the Capitol, a central a "slight, unmeritable man", to share in this power.
location for political activity and conflict, hint at This reveals Antony's disdain for Lepidus and his
the impending struggle for power. The fact that belief that Lepidus is unworthy of his position.
they are discussing who should live or die, altering This question reflects the power dynamics within
Caesar's will, and planning to raise an army against the triumvirate, highlighting Antony's dominant
Brutus and Cassius, all point towards the brewing position and his dismissive attitude towards
conflict. Lepidus. It underscores the tension and inequality
II. ANTONY within the triumvirate, with Antony and Octavius
This is a slight, unmeritable ....... In our black sentence emerging as the more powerful figures.
and proscription. Furthermore, Antony's question foreshadows
Q. 1. Analyse Antony's description of Lepidus as potential conflicts within the triumvirate. His
a "slight, unmeritable man". How does this dismissive attitude towards Lepidus suggests a
characterisation contribute to the portrayal of future power struggle, as Antony may seek to side-
Lepidus in the play, and what does it reveal about line Lepidus and consolidate power with Octavius.
Antony's perspective on power and merit?  [3] This sets the stage for the ensuing conflicts and
Ans. Antony's description of Lepidus as a "slight, power struggles that form the crux of the play's
unmeritable man" is a significant characterisation later acts.
that shapes our understanding of both Lepidus and Q. 3. Examine Octavius's response, "So, you taught
Antony in the play "Julius Caesar". him". What does this response suggest about
44 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Octavius' perception of Lepidus and his stance Q. 5. Explore the implications of the phrase "black
towards Antony's opinion? [3] sentence and proscription". How does this
Ans. Octavius's response, "So you thought him", to phrase contribute to the mood of the scene and
Antony's disparaging remarks about Lepidus is the portrayal of the political climate in Rome
a significant moment in the play "Julius Caesar". following Caesar's assassination? [4]
It provides insight into Octavius' perception of Ans. The phrase "black sentence and proscription" in
Lepidus and his stance towards Antony's opinion. Act IV, Scene 1 of "Julius Caesar" carries significant
implications. It is used by Antony to describe the
Octavius' response suggests that he does not
decision made by the triumvirate to mark certain
entirely agree with Antony's assessment of
individuals for death. The use of the word "black"
Lepidus. While Antony views Lepidus as a "slight,
adds a layer of moral judgement, suggesting that
unmeritable man", Octavius seems to have a more their actions are dark, sinister, or evil.
nuanced view. His response indicates that he
The phrase contributes to the mood of the scene
acknowledges Lepidus' value as a soldier and a
by creating a sense of foreboding and darkness. It
member of the triumvirate, even if he recognises
underscores the ruthless and morally ambiguous
Lepidus' limitations. actions of the triumvirate, adding a sense of tension
Furthermore, Octavius's response also reveals his and unease. The use of the word "black" evokes
stance towards Antony's opinion. He does not images of darkness and death, reinforcing the grim
outright contradict Antony, suggesting a level of reality of the political machinations at play.
respect or at least diplomatic tact. However, his Furthermore, the phrase "black sentence and
response also subtly challenges Antony's authority, proscription" encapsulates the political climate in
indicating that he does not simply accept Antony's Rome following Caesar's assassination. It reflects
judgments without question. a time of chaos and uncertainty, where power
Q. 4. Consider the line, "And took his voice who should is seized through manipulation and force. The
be pricked to die In our black sentence and triumvirate, in their quest for power, resort to
proscription". How does this line reflect the theme proscription - a practice of listing enemies of the
of power and manipulation in the play, and what state who are stripped of their rights and often
does it reveal about the methods employed by the marked for death. This was a brutal political tool
triumvirate to consolidate their power? [3] used during times of civil unrest in Rome, and its
mention here underscores the violent and unstable
Ans. The line “And took his voice who should be pricked
nature of the political climate.
to die In our black sentence and proscription” is
III. ANTONY
a powerful reflection of the themes of power and
manipulation in “Julius Caesar”. It reveals the Octavius, sdI have ....... But he’s a tried and valiant
methods employed by the triumvirate of Antony, soldier.
Octavius, and Lepidus to consolidate their power. Q. 1. Analyse Antony's monologue where he compares
The phrase “took his voice” suggests that the Lepidus to an "ass". What does this metaphor
triumvirate has usurped the power of decision- reveal about Antony's view of Lepidus and his role
making from others, deciding who should live or die. in the triumvirate?
This reflects the theme of power, as the triumvirate Ans. In this monologue from Act IV, Scene 1 of "Julius
exercises ultimate authority over life and death in Caesar", Antony compares Lepidus to an "ass" that
the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination. bears gold. This metaphor reveals Antony's view of
The words “pricked to die” and “black sentence and Lepidus as a mere tool or beast of burden within the
proscription” further emphasise the manipulation triumvirate, rather than an equal partner.
involved in their exercise of power. They have Antony suggests that they have placed honours
marked certain individuals for death, manipulating on Lepidus to "ease ourselves of divers slanderous
the political landscape to eliminate potential threats loads", implying that Lepidus is being used as
to their authority. a scapegoat to absorb any potential criticism or
Moreover, the use of the word “black” to describe blame. Antony sees Lepidus as someone who will
their sentence and proscription suggests a moral "groan and sweat under the business", indicating
judgement on their actions. It implies that their that Lepidus will bear the weight of their actions
methods are dark and sinister, further highlighting without complaint.
the theme of manipulation. Furthermore, Antony's words "Either led or driven,
In conclusion, this line encapsulates the as we point the way" show that he views Lepidus
triumvirate’s ruthless exercise of power and their as someone who can be easily manipulated and
manipulative tactics. It reveals their willingness to controlled. Antony believes that once Lepidus has
make tough decisions, manipulate situations, and served his purpose, they can "take down his load
even take lives to consolidate their power. This and turn him off, Like to the empty ass, to shake
reflects the broader themes of power, manipulation, his ears And graze in commons", suggesting that
and moral ambiguity that permeate the play. Lepidus will be discarded once he is no longer
useful.
 Drama 45
Q. 2. Discuss the significance of Antony's line "Octavius, style. Overall, Octavius' response reveals a lot about
I have seen more days than you". How does this his character, his perception of Lepidus, and his
line reflect the power dynamics between Antony relationship with Antony.
and Octavius? Q. 4. Consider the phrase "And having brought our
Ans. Antony's line, "Octavius, I have seen more days treasure where we will, Then take we down his
than you", is a significant statement that reflects the load and turn him off, Like to the empty ass, to
power dynamics between Antony and Octavius in shake his ears And graze in commons". How does
Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". Antony, by stating this phrase reflect the theme of manipulation
that he has seen more days, is asserting his seniority and control in the play, and what does it reveal
and greater experience over Octavius. This is a about the methods employed by the triumvirate to
subtle way of claiming a higher status and authority consolidate their power?
within their partnership. Ans. The phrase "And having brought our treasure where
This line is a reflection of Antony's attempt to we will, Then take we down his load and turn him
establish dominance in their relationship. Antony off, Like to the empty ass, to shake his ears And
is essentially telling Octavius that he should be the graze in commons" is a vivid metaphor that reflects
one leading because of his greater experience and the theme of manipulation and control in "Julius
wisdom gained over the years. It's a power play, a Caesar". Antony's words reveal the triumvirate's
way for Antony to assert his position and influence strategy of using Lepidus as a pawn to achieve their
over Octavius. goals, then discarding him once he has served his
However, Octavius' responses throughout the purpose.
play show that he does not easily yield to Antony's This metaphor of Lepidus as an "empty ass" that
attempts at dominance, indicating a power struggle is used and then turned out to graze reveals the
between the two. This tension foreshadows the ruthless methods employed by the triumvirate
conflict that will eventually lead to the downfall to consolidate their power. It suggests that they
of their alliance. Thus, this line is not just about are willing to exploit others for their own gain,
Antony's personal feelings of superiority, but also manipulating them to carry their burdens and then
a commentary on the unstable nature of political discarding them when they are no longer useful.
alliances when power dynamics are in play. The This strategy is indicative of the political
line encapsulates the theme of ambition, power, machinations and power plays that are a central
and the eventual consequences of power struggles. theme of the play. It underscores the precarious
Q. 3. Examine Octavius' response, "You may do your will, nature of alliances and the ruthless pursuit of power.
But he’s a tried and valiant soldier". What does this The triumvirate's manipulation of Lepidus serves
response suggest about Octavius' perception of as a microcosm of the larger political landscape
Lepidus and his stance towards Antony's opinion? in the play, where loyalty is fleeting, alliances are
Ans. Octavius' response, "You may do your will, but he’s temporary, and power is the ultimate goal.
a tried and valiant soldier", reveals his differing Q. 5. Explore the implications of Antony's line "And
perception of Lepidus and his stance towards though we lay these honours on this man To ease
Antony's opinion. Unlike Antony, who views ourselves of diverse slanderous loads, He shall
Lepidus as a mere tool to be used and discarded, but bear them as the ass bears gold, To groan and
Octavius acknowledges Lepidus' value as a "tried sweat under the business, Either led or driven, as
and valiant soldier". This suggests that Octavius we point the way". How does this line contribute
sees Lepidus as a capable and reliable ally, not just a to the mood of the scene and the portrayal of
pawn in their political game. the political climate in Rome following Caesar's
Octavius' response also subtly challenges Antony's assassination?
dismissive attitude towards Lepidus. By stating, Ans. Antony's line, "And though we lay these honours
"You may do your will", Octavius acknowledges on this man To ease ourselves of divers slanderous
Antony's viewpoint but does not necessarily agree loads, He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold,
with it. This indicates a level of respect for Antony's To groan and sweat under the business, Either led
opinion but also a willingness to assert his own or driven, as we point the way", carries significant
perspective. It suggests that Octavius is not easily implications about the political climate in Rome
swayed by Antony's attempts at dominance and is following Caesar's assassination.
prepared to stand his ground. This line reveals Antony's manipulative and
This exchange highlights the underlying tension strategic nature. By bestowing honours upon
within the triumvirate and foreshadows potential Lepidus, Antony and Octavius are able to deflect
conflict. It also underscores Octavius' political potential criticism and blame onto him, thereby
acumen and his ability to navigate complex power protecting themselves. This tactic reflects the
dynamics. His respect for Lepidus' military prowess cunning and ruthless political manoeuvring that
and his refusal to dismiss him outright show a more characterises the power struggles in Rome after
inclusive and perhaps more sustainable approach Caesar's death.
to leadership. This could be seen as a critique of The metaphor of Lepidus as an "ass" bearing gold
Antony's more utilitarian and dismissive leadership further underscores the exploitative nature of the
46 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

triumvirate's rule. Lepidus is burdened with the Moreover, the phrase "Either led or driven, as
weight of their actions and is expected to silently we point the way", suggests that Lepidus has no
endure the hardship, much like a beast of burden. agency in this situation. He is merely a pawn being
This dehumanising metaphor paints a grim picture manipulated by Antony and Octavius. This lack of
of the political climate, where individuals are used agency is reflective of the broader political climate
and discarded in the pursuit of power. in Rome, where the common people are similarly
manipulated by those in power.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does this scene contribute to the development depth. The actions of Antony and Octavius towards
of the tragic elements in "Julius Caesar"? Consider Lepidus in this scene provide a stark reflection of
the decisions made by Antony and Octavius, their these themes.
manipulation of Lepidus, and the impending
The scene begins with the formation of the Second
conflict with Brutus and Cassius.
Triumvirate, comprising Antony, Octavius, and
Ans. Act IV, Scene 1 of "Julius Caesar" by William Lepidus. They are ostensibly allies, united by
Shakespeare is a pivotal scene that contributes
their shared goal of avenging Caesar's death and
significantly to the development of tragic
maintaining control over Rome. However, their
elements in the play. This scene is marked by
political manipulation, power struggles, and the actions reveal a different story, one marked by
foreshadowing of conflict, all of which set the stage betrayal and a lack of loyalty.
for the impending tragedy. Antony and Octavius' treatment of Lepidus is a
The scene opens with Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus prime example of this. They use Lepidus as a pawn,
forming the Second Triumvirate and deciding who sending him to fetch Caesar's will to reduce some
among the Romans shall live and die. This decision- of the bequests. Antony's disdain for Lepidus is
making process reveals the ruthlessness of the new evident when he compares him to a horse that must
rulers. Antony and Octavius, in particular, show be trained and then discarded when no longer
their willingness to sacrifice personal relationships needed. This manipulation and exploitation of
for political gain. Lepidus agrees to the death of Lepidus underscore the theme of betrayal.
his brother, and Antony agrees to the death of Moreover, Antony and Octavius' decision to sacrifice
his nephew. This cold-hearted decision-making their own family members for political gain further
underscores the tragic loss of personal bonds in the highlights the theme of loyalty, or rather, the lack of
face of political ambition. familial affection. Antony agrees to the death of his
The manipulation of Lepidus by Antony and nephew, and Lepidus consents to the execution of
Octavius further enhances the tragic elements. his brother. These decisions reveal a tragic disregard
Antony sends Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will, for personal relationships and familial loyalty in the
intending to reduce some of the bequests. Antony's pursuit of power.
contempt for Lepidus is evident when he compares The impending conflict with Brutus and Cassius
him to a mere animal, calling him a "barren-spirited also reflects the themes of loyalty and betrayal.
fellow" and a mere tool. Despite their past alliances, Antony and Octavius
In conclusion, Act IV, Scene 1 of "Julius Caesar" are preparing to wage war against Brutus and
contributes to the development of tragic elements Cassius. This impending conflict underscores the
through the depiction of ruthless political decisions, tragic consequences of divided loyalties and the
manipulation of allies, and the foreshadowing of ease with which alliances can be broken.
conflict. The scene serves as a stark reminder of Q. 3. Evaluate the role of this scene in shaping the
the tragic costs of political ambition and power audience's perception of Antony and Octavius.
struggles, setting the stage for the inevitable How do their strategies and attitudes in this scene
downfall of the characters and the ensuing chaos influence our understanding of their characters
in Rome. The tragic elements are thus intricately and their leadership styles?
woven into the fabric of the narrative, making Ans. Act IV, Scene 1 of "Julius Caesar" plays a crucial role
the unfolding tragedy all the more poignant and in shaping the audience's perception of Antony
impactful. and Octavius. Their strategies and attitudes in this
Q. 2. Analyse the significance of this scene in the scene provide deep insights into their characters
context of the play's exploration of loyalty and and leadership styles.
betrayal. How do Antony and Octavius's actions Antony and Octavius are seen forming the Second
towards Lepidus reflect these themes? Triumvirate with Lepidus, and their actions during
Ans. Act 4, Scene 1 of "Julius Caesar" is a crucial scene this process reveal much about their characters.
that explores the themes of loyalty and betrayal in Antony, who was previously seen as a loyal friend
 Drama 47
to Caesar, now emerges as a shrewd and ruthless These characterisations suggest that Shakespeare
political strategist. He is willing to sacrifice his own views human nature as inherently self-interested
nephew for political gain, showing a cold-hearted and power-hungry. The ambition displayed by
pragmatism that contrasts sharply with his earlier Antony and Octavius is not portrayed as a noble
image. Antony's manipulation of Lepidus, whom pursuit, but rather as a potentially destructive force
he views as a mere tool, further underscores his that can lead to betrayal and conflict.
ruthless nature.
In conclusion, through the strategies and
Octavius, on the other hand, is portrayed as a cunningness displayed by Antony and Octavius,
young but ambitious leader. He is less experienced Shakespeare presents a nuanced and somewhat
than Antony but is equally ruthless in his pursuit cynical view of human nature, ambition, and the
of power. Octavius' agreement to the death of pursuit of power.
Lepidus's brother reveals a willingness to make
Q. 5. Examine Octavius' response to Antony's plans.
tough decisions, even if they involve personal
What does his response suggest about his
sacrifices. His deference to Antony's experience,
character, his perception of the political situation,
however, suggests a more measured and strategic
and his relationship with Antony?
approach to leadership.
Ans. Octavius' response to Antony's plans, "Let us do
The impending conflict with Brutus and Cassius so. For we are at the stake And bay'd about with
also shapes the audience's perception of Antony and many enemies. And some that smile have in their
Octavius. Their decision to raise an army against
hearts, I fear, Millions of mischiefs", provides a
Brutus and Cassius shows their determination
revealing insight into his character, his perception
to maintain control over Rome, regardless of the of the political situation, and his relationship with
cost. This decision, coupled with their willingness
Antony.
to sacrifice personal relationships for political
Firstly, Octavius' agreement to Antony's plans,
gain, paints a picture of leaders who are driven by
indicated by "Let us do so", suggests that he is a
ambition and power.
pragmatic and cooperative leader. He recognises
Q. 4. Reflect on how Shakespeare represents mankind the value of collective decision-making and is
in this scene. What do the strategies and willing to follow Antony's lead when he agrees
cunningness displayed by Antony and Octavius with his strategies. This shows a level of respect for
reveal about Shakespeare's view of human nature, Antony's experience and strategic insight.
ambition, and the pursuit of power?
However, Octavius' subsequent words reveal a
Ans. In this scene from "Julius Caesar", Shakespeare more cautious and wary side to his character.
presents a complex representation of mankind His statement further underscores his wariness
through the characters of Antony and Octavius. of deceit and betrayal. Octavius recognises that
Their strategies and cunningness reveal appearances can be deceiving, and that those who
Shakespeare's view of human nature, ambition, and appear friendly may harbour ill intentions. This
the pursuit of power. shows his political acumen and his ability to see
Antony and Octavius, as leaders of the triumvirate, beyond surface appearances.
are portrayed as strategic and manipulative, willing
In terms of his relationship with Antony, Octavius'
to use others for their own gain. Antony's dismissive response suggests a level of deference but also
attitude towards Lepidus and his plan to use him an independent mind-set. While he is willing to
as a scapegoat reflect a ruthless pragmatism and follow Antony's lead, he also maintains his own
a willingness to manipulate others to achieve his perspective and is not afraid to voice his concerns.
goals. Octavius, on the other hand, while agreeing This indicates a level of equality and mutual respect
with Antony's plans, maintains a cautious and wary in their relationship, but also hints at potential
stance, revealing a more measured and thoughtful disagreements and conflicts
approach to power.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on the ethical dilemmas presented in wielding political authority?
2. Will you be able to examine the power struggles and alliances among the triumvirs?
3. Will you be able to reflect on how characters view and exploit others for political gains?
4. Will you be able to consider the ominous hints about the brewing conflict with Brutus and Cassius?
5. Will you be able to explore the theme of ambition and the lurking dangers within alliances?
48 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

ACT-IV, SCENE-2

Summary
In Act IV, Scene 2 of “Julius Caesar", Brutus, Lucius, Lucilius, and other soldiers are in an army camp near Sardis.
They meet Titinius and Pindarus, who bring news that Cassius is approaching. Brutus expresses his concerns
Scan to know more
about Cassius to Lucilius, stating that Cassius seems insincere and overly polite, which makes about
him distrustful. this topic
Cassius arrives and accuses Brutus of having wronged him. Surprised, Brutus respond that he
does not even wrong his enemies, so, how could he wrong a "brother?" Cassius reacts impatiently.
They decide to withdraw to Brutus' tent so that their argument will not be overheard by the
army. Act-IV —Scene-2
This scene is crucial, as it reveals the growing suspicion and tension between Brutus and
Cassius. Their deteriorating trust and the resulting conflict are significant plot developments. The scene also
highlights Brutus' integrity and his commitment to justice, even when dealing with a friend.
The scene is a powerful depiction of the strain that political strife can put on personal relationships. It shows how
suspicion and conflict can arise even among those who are supposedly on the same side. The dialogue between
Brutus and Cassius is particularly noteworthy for its exploration of themes such as trust, honour, and integrity.
The scene also serves to build tension and anticipation in the audience as they await the resolution of the conflict
between Brutus and Cassius.

Word Meanings

 distrustful—feeling or showing distrust of someone or something.  anticipation—excitement.

Characters in the Scene

1. Brutus: He is the most complex character in the play and the tragic hero. In this scene, he is seen as a powerful
public figure, a husband, a master to his servants, a dignified military leader, and a loving friend.
2. Cassius: He is the most shrewd and active member of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. In this scene, he is
seen as a manipulator, striving to use Brutus to gain his ends.
3. Lucilius: He is an officer who impersonates Brutus at the second battle of Philippi and is captured by Antony's
soldiers. In this scene, he is seen as a loyal officer of Brutus.
4. Pindarus: He is the loyal servant of Cassius, having been made a slave after being defeated in battle and taken
prisoner in Parthia. In this scene, he is seen as a messenger bringing word that Cassius is approaching.
5. Titinius: He is an officer in the army commanded by Cassius and Brutus. In this scene, he is seen as a scout and
guard.

Major Themes
1. Distrust and Suspicion: The scene depicts growing suspicion and distrust between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus
finds Cassius' politeness excessive and insincere, which leads him to doubt Cassius' loyalty. This theme is
depicted through their dialogue and the tension between them.
2. Conflict between Personal and Public Life: Brutus and Cassius try to keep their personal conflict private and
away from the public eye, indicating a struggle between their personal feelings and public duties. This theme is
depicted when they decide to argue in Brutus' tent, away from their armies.
3. Decay of Friendship: The scene shows the deterioration of the friendship between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus
feels that Cassius is not the friend he used to be, indicating a decay in their relationship.
These themes develop in the scene through the interactions and dialogues between the characters. The growing
distrust between Brutus and Cassius escalates the tension in the scene. The conflict between personal and public
life is highlighted when they decide to argue privately. The decay of friendship is evident in Brutus' observations
about Cassius' changed behaviour.
 Drama 49

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Explanation: Brutus describes Cassius as a "hot

A Multiple Choice Questions friend cooling", indicating that their friendship is
strained.
Q. 1. Who is the first character to speak in this scene? Q. 8. What does Brutus say about what happens when
(a) Brutus (b) Lucilius love begins to sicken and decay?
(c) Cassius (d) Pindarus (a) It becomes stronger.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (b) It uses an enforced ceremony.
Explanation: The scene opens with Brutus' (c) It becomes more honest.
command, "Stand, ho!" (d) It disappears completely.
Q. 2. Who brings the news that Cassius is approaching? Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Brutus says that when love begins to
(a) Brutus (b) Lucilius
sicken and decay, it uses an enforced ceremony.
(c) Cassius (d) Pindarus
Q. 9. Who is asked to guard the door of Brutus' tent?
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) Lucilius and Titinius
Explanation: Pindarus is the one who brings the
(b) Pindarus and Lucilius
news that Cassius is near.
(c) Cassius and Pindarus
Q. 3. What is Brutus' initial reaction to Cassius' (d) Brutus and Cassius
approach?
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(a) Joy (b) Indifference
Explanation: Brutus asks Lucilius and Titinius to
(c) Suspicion (d) Fear guard the door of his tent.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Q. 10. What is the mood of the scene?
Explanation: Brutus expresses his concerns about (a) Joyful (b) Tense
Cassius to Lucilius, stating that Cassius seems (c) Peaceful (d) Excited
insincere and overly polite. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 4. What does Cassius accuse Brutus of? Explanation: The scene is tense due to the conflict
(a) Treason (b) Cowardice between Brutus and Cassius.
(c) Wronging him (d) Betrayal Q. 11. Who is the loyal servant of Cassius?
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) Brutus (b) Lucilius
Explanation: Cassius accuses Brutus of having (c) Pindarus (d) Titinius
wronged him. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Q. 5. How does Brutus respond to Cassius' accusation? Explanation: Pindarus is the loyal servant of
(a) He denies it. Cassius.
(b) He admits it. Q. 12. Who impersonates Brutus at the second battle of
(c) He ignores it. Philippi and is captured by Antony's soldiers?
(d) He deflects it. - Correct Answer: Option (a) is (a) Brutus (b) Lucilius
correct. (c) Pindarus (d) Titinius
Explanation: Brutus responds that he does not Ans. Option (b) is correct.
even wrong his enemies, so, how could he wrong a Explanation: Lucilius is the one who impersonates
"brother?” Brutus at the second battle of Philippi and is
captured by Antony's soldiers.
Q. 6. Where do Brutus and Cassius decide to continue
their argument? Q. 13. Who is an officer in the army commanded by
Cassius and Brutus?
(a) In Brutus' tent
(a) Brutus (b) Lucilius
(b) In the middle of the army
(c) Pindarus (d) Titinius
(c) In Cassius' tent
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(d) In the city of Sardis
Explanation: Titinius is an officer in the army
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
commanded by Cassius and Brutus.
Explanation: They decide to withdraw to Brutus'
Q. 14. Who is seen as a scout and a guard in this scene?
tent so that their argument will not be overheard by
(a) Brutus (b) Lucilius
the army.
(c) Pindarus (d) Titinius
Q. 7. Who is described as a "hot friend cooling?”
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(c) Lucilius (d) Pindarus Explanation: Titinius is seen as a scout and a guard
in this scene.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
50 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 15. Who is seen as a messenger bringing word that (a) 1 is the cause for 2.
Cassius is approaching? (a) 1 is an example of 2.
(a) Brutus (b) Lucilius (a) 1 is independent of 2.
(c) Pindarus (d) Titinius (a) 1 is a contradiction of 2.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Pindarus is seen as a messenger Explanation: The presence of their armies and their
bringing word that Cassius is approaching. attempt to keep their conflict out of public sight are
Q. 16. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events two separate events.
in the correct order: Q. 20. Cassius: "Most noble brother, you have done me
1. Brutus and Cassius have a disagreement. wrong".
2. They withdraw to Brutus' tent to resolve their Question: What is Cassius accusing Brutus of in
dispute privately. this line?
3. Brutus begins to distrust Cassius. (a) Treating him unfairly.
4. They discuss military strategy. (b) Being too noble.
(c) Being wrong about something.
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 1, 2, 4
(d) Not being a good brother.
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Cassius feels that Brutus has wronged
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus begins to distrust
him, suggesting a sense of unfair treatment.
Cassius. Then, they have a disagreement and
withdraw to Brutus' tent to resolve their dispute
privately. Finally, they discuss military strategy. Commonly Made Errors
Q. 17. Statement 1: "Brutus and Cassius have a
disagreement". Misunderstanding the language:
Statement 2: "They withdraw to Brutus' tent to Shakespearean language can be difficult to
resolve their dispute privately". understand, and candidates often misinterpret
Question: Select the option that shows the correct the meaning of the text.
relationship between statements 1 and 2. Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
(a) 1 is the cause for 2 Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
may not be familiar with the customs and
(b) 1 is an example of 2
traditions of the time.
(c) 1 is independent of 2
Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2
the plot or provide a basic description of the
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
characters without analysing the themes or
Explanation: The disagreement between Brutus
motifs present in the text.
and Cassius is the reason they withdraw to Brutus'
tent to resolve their dispute privately.
Q. 18. Statement 1: "Brutus begins to distrust Cassius".
Answering Tips
Statement 2: "Cassius feels wronged by Brutus".
Question: Select the option that shows the correct Candidates should research the historical
relationship between statements 1 and 2. context of the play, including the political and
(a) 1 is the cause for 2 social climate of ancient Rome.
(b) 1 is an example of 2 Candidates should research the historical
(c) 1 is independent of 2 context of the play, including the political and
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2 social climate of ancient Rome.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Candidates should research the historical
Explanation: Both statements describe the feelings context of the play, including the political and
of Brutus and Cassius, but they are independent of social climate of ancient Rome.
each other. Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
Q. 19. Statement 1: "Their armies are present". considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
Statement 2: "They attempt to keep their conflict present in the play.
out of public sight". Candidates should pay close attention to the
Question: Select the option that shows the correct use of literary devices in the text, noting their
relationship between statements 1 and 2. effect on the overall meaning of the play.
 Drama 51

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions characters and their roles in the larger narrative. It
that follow: serves as a prelude to the dramatic events that are
I. BRUTUS about to unfold, adding depth to the characters and
Stand, ho! complexity to the plot.
LUCILIUS: Q. 3. Pindarus says, "I do not doubt But that my noble
master will appear Such as he is, full of regard
Give the word, ......
and honour". How does this line reflect Pindarus'
Such as he is, full of regard and honour. loyalty to Cassius? How does it contrast with
Q. 1. Analyse Brutus' line, "In his own change, or by Brutus' earlier expressed doubts about Cassius? [3]
ill officers, Hath given me some worthy cause to Ans. Pindarus' line, "I do not doubt But that my noble
wish Things done, undone". What does this reveal master will appear Such as he is, full of regard and
about Brutus' feelings towards Cassius and the honour", is a testament to his unwavering loyalty
current situation? [3] to Cassius. His words reflect his deep respect and
Ans. Brutus' line, "In his own change, or by ill officers, admiration for Cassius, whom he describes as
Hath given me some worthy cause to wish Things "noble", "full of regard and honour". Pindarus' faith
done, undone", is a reflection of his internal conflict in Cassius' character is unshakeable, and he firmly
and regret. Brutus is expressing his concern about believes that Cassius will live up to his expectations.
the changes he perceives in Cassius or the negative This unwavering loyalty and faith in Cassius'
influence of those around Cassius. This line reveals nobility and honour highlight Pindarus' role as a
Brutus' disappointment and disillusionment with devoted servant.
the path they have taken. In contrast, Brutus expresses doubts about Cassius'
The phrase, "Things done, undone", suggests character earlier in the scene. He perceives
Brutus' wish to reverse their actions, particularly changes in Cassius and is wary of his overly polite
the assassination of Caesar. It indicates his growing demeanour. Brutus' suspicions about Cassius'
realisation of the consequences of their actions intentions and his concerns about the changes
and his desire to undo them if possible. This is a he perceives in Cassius create a stark contrast
significant shift from his earlier conviction that with Pindarus' unwavering faith in Cassius. This
assassinating Caesar was for the greater good of contrast underscores the tension between Brutus
Rome. and Cassius, and foreshadows the conflict that is
Q. 2. How does the dialogue between Brutus and about to unfold. It also highlights the complexities
Lucilius in the beginning of the scene set the tone of the characters and their relationships, adding
for the rest of the scene? What does their exchange depth to the narrative. Thus, Pindarus' line not
tell us about their relationship and their roles in only reflects his loyalty to Cassius, but also serves
the upcoming events? [3] as a foil to Brutus' doubts, enhancing the dramatic
tension in the scene.
Ans. The dialogue between Brutus and Lucilius at the
beginning of the scene sets a tone of anticipation Q. 4. Based on Lucilius' line, "He is at hand; and Pindarus
and tension. Brutus' initial command, "Stand, ho!" is come To do you salutation from his master", how
followed by Lucilius' echoing, "Give the word, ho! would you describe the role of Pindarus in this
and stand", establishes a sense of urgency and scene and in the larger context of the play?  [3]
alertness. This is further heightened by Brutus' Ans. In this scene, Pindarus' role is primarily that of a
question about Cassius' proximity, indicating that messenger. He arrives to deliver a greeting from
something significant is about to happen. Cassius to Brutus, indicating Cassius' approach. His
Their exchange also reveals a lot about their presence serves to heighten the anticipation and
relationship and roles. Brutus, as the leader, is the tension in the scene, as the audience is aware of
one giving commands and seeking information. the impending confrontation between Brutus and
Lucilius, on the other hand, is shown as a loyal and Cassius.
reliable officer, promptly responding to Brutus' In the larger context of the play, Pindarus' role is
commands and providing him with the information multifaceted. As Cassius' servant, he is a symbol of
he needs. This dynamic reflects their respective loyalty and servitude. His unwavering devotion to
roles in the upcoming events, with Brutus as the Cassius is evident throughout the play. However, he
decision-maker and Lucilius as his trusted aide. is also a catalyst for some of the play's most pivotal
Moreover, Brutus' expression of concern about events. His misinterpretation of the battle scene in
Cassius to Lucilius suggests a level of trust and Act V, for example, leads to Cassius' suicide. Thus,
openness between them. It also foreshadows the while his role may seem minor at first glance, his
conflict that is about to unfold between Brutus and actions have significant consequences.
Cassius. Thus, the initial dialogue between Brutus Furthermore, Pindarus’ role represents the theme
and Lucilius not only sets the tone for the rest of of manipulation and deceit that runs throughout
the scene, but also provides insights into their the play. His misinterpretation of events, whether
52 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

intentional or not, leads to tragic outcomes, on Lucilius for information. This not only shows
mirroring the larger narrative of manipulation Brutus' trust in Lucilius, but also highlights Lucilius'
and misunderstanding, which leads to Caesar's role as a trusted advisor and confidant.
assassination and the ensuing chaos. Moreover, Brutus' open and direct communication
Q. 5. Brutus says, "He greets me well. Your master, style further emphasises his trust in Lucilius. He does
Pindarus, In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath not hesitate to express his thoughts and concerns,
given me some worthy cause to wish Things done, indicating a level of comfort and openness in their
undone: but, if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied". relationship. This openness is a testament to the
How does this statement reflect Brutus' internal strong bond of trust between them. In conclusion,
conflict and his feelings about the conspiracy Brutus' line reveals a relationship characterised by
against Caesar? [4] mutual trust, respect, and open communication.
Ans. Brutus' statement, "He greets me well. Your master, It highlights Brutus' reliance on Lucilius as a
Pindarus, In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath trusted advisor and confidant, underscoring the
given me some worthy cause to wish Things done, importance of their relationship in the unfolding
undone: but, if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied", is events of the play.
a profound reflection of his internal conflict and his Q. 2. How does Lucilius' response, "With courtesy and
feelings about the conspiracy against Caesar. with respect enough; But not with such familiar
The phrase, "In his own change, or by ill officers", instances, Nor with such free and friendly
suggests that Brutus is grappling with the changes conference, As he hath used of old", reflect
he perceives in Cassius or the negative influence of the change in their relationship? What does it
those around Cassius. This reflects Brutus' internal suggest about the impact of recent events on their
conflict as he tries to reconcile his trust in Cassius interactions?[3]
with the changes he observes. It also highlights his Ans. Lucilius' response, "With courtesy and with respect
struggle to understand the motivations and actions enough; But not with such familiar instances, Nor
of those around him, further deepening his internal with such free and friendly conference, As he hath
conflict. used of old", is a subtle yet significant indication
The line, "Hath given me some worthy cause to wish of the changing dynamics in their relationship.
Things done, undone", is particularly revealing of His words suggest that while there is still courtesy
Brutus' feelings about the conspiracy against Caesar. and respect in their interactions, the familiarity
It suggests a sense of regret and a desire to reverse and friendliness that once characterised their
their actions if possible. This is a significant shift relationship have diminished.
from his earlier conviction that assassinating Caesar This change can be attributed to the recent events
was for the greater good of Rome. It indicates his and the mounting tension among the conspirators.
growing realisation of the consequences of their The assassination of Caesar, the ensuing power
actions and his desire to undo them if possible. struggle, and the growing mistrust among the
The phrase, "but, if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied", conspirators have all contributed to this shift in
suggests that despite his doubts and regrets, Brutus their relationship. The phrase, "As he hath used of
still hopes for resolution and reconciliation. He is old", implies a longing for the past, a time before
willing to confront Cassius and address their issues these events, when their interactions were more
directly, reflecting his courage and commitment to open and friendly.
resolving conflicts. Moreover, Lucilius' words also reflect the impact of
II. BRUTUS: these events on the overall atmosphere among the
He is not doubted. A word, ........ in the trial. Comes his conspirators. The lack of "familiar instances" and
army on? "free and friendly conference" suggests a sense of
Q. 1. Analyse Brutus' line, "He is not doubted. A word, caution and restraint in their interactions, a stark
Lucilius; How he received you, let me be resolved". contrast to their previous camaraderie. This change
What does this reveal about Brutus' feelings in their relationship is a microcosm of the larger
towards Lucilius and his trust in him? [3] changes within the group, highlighting the far-
Ans. Brutus' line, "He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius; reaching impact of their actions on their personal
How he received you, let me be resolved", reveals relationships and the overall dynamics of the group.
his relationship with Lucilius and the trust he Thus, Lucilius' response not only reflects the change
places in him. The phrase, "He is not doubted", in their relationship, but also provides insight into
indicates Brutus' confidence in Lucilius' loyalty and the broader consequences of their actions.
reliability. It suggests that Brutus has no reason to Q. 3. Brutus says, "Thou hast described A hot friend
question Lucilius' actions or intentions, reflecting a cooling: ever note, Lucilius, When love begins to
strong bond of trust between them. sicken and decay, It useth an enforced ceremony".
Furthermore, Brutus' request to Lucilius to share How does this statement reflect Brutus'
how he was received also underscores this trust. By understanding of friendship and loyalty? How
seeking Lucilius' perspective, Brutus demonstrates does it relate to his own experiences in the play?
his respect for Lucilius' judgement and his reliance
[3]
 Drama 53
Ans. Brutus' statement, "Thou hast described A hot friend a vivid picture of those who lack true integrity.
cooling: ever note, Lucilius, When love begins to Brutus criticises those who make a "gallant show
sicken and decay, It useth an enforced ceremony", and promise of their mettle", but fail to stand up to
is a profound reflection of his understanding of challenges. This reflects his belief that true honour
friendship and loyalty. It suggests that Brutus values and integrity are tested in times of adversity.
sincerity and authenticity in his relationships. This view contrasts sharply with his observations
He perceives the shift from genuine warmth to of others in the play, particularly Cassius. Brutus
"enforced ceremony" as a sign of a friendship perceives Cassius as being insincere and overly
"cooling" and "sickening". This indicates his belief polite, characteristics that he associates with a
that true friendship and loyalty cannot be feigned lack of true honour and integrity. This contrast
or forced; they must be heartfelt and genuine. underscores the moral conflict at the heart of the
This statement also relates closely to Brutus' own play and highlights Brutus' struggle to reconcile
experiences in the play. His friendship with Cassius, his ideals with the realities of his situation. Thus,
once warm and genuine, has become strained due Brutus' lines not only reveal his views on honour
to the events surrounding Caesar' assassination. and integrity, but also provide a critique of the
Brutus' growing doubts about Cassius' intentions behaviour of others in the play.
and his discomfort with Cassius' overly polite Q. 5. The line, "Comes his army on?" marks a shift in the
demeanour are indicative of this "cooling" conversation. What does this line reveal about the
friendship. The "enforced ceremony" Brutus speaks impending conflict? How does it set the stage for
of, can be seen in their strained interactions, which the upcoming events in the play? [4]
lack the ease and familiarity of their past friendship. Ans. The line, "Comes his army on?" indeed marks a
Furthermore, Brutus' words also reflect his regret significant shift in the conversation. It serves as a
and disillusionment. The phrase, "When love reminder of the larger conflict that looms over the
begins to sicken and decay", suggests a sense of personal tensions between the characters. This line
loss and disappointment, likely stemming from reveals that despite the personal disagreements
his realisation of the consequences of their actions and tensions, the larger conflict-the impending
and the impact they have had on his friendships. war-is imminent and unavoidable. It underscores
Thus, Brutus' statement not only reveals his the urgency of the situation and the gravity of the
understanding of friendship and loyalty, but also impending conflict.
provides insight into his feelings and experiences in This line also sets the stage for the upcoming events
the play. in the play. It serves as a transition from the personal
Q. 4. Based on Brutus' lines, "There are no tricks in plain to the political, from the tensions within the group
and simple faith; But hollow men, like horses hot to the larger battle that awaits them. It foreshadows
at hand, Make gallant show, and promise of their the upcoming battle at Philippi, a pivotal event in
mettle; But when they should endure the bloody the play that leads to the tragic end of both Brutus
spur, They fall their crests, and, like deceitful and Cassius.
jades, Sink in the trial", how would you describe Furthermore, this line also highlights Brutus' role as
Brutus' view of honour and integrity? How does a leader. Despite his personal feelings and conflicts,
it contrast with his observations of others in the he remains focused on the larger issue at hand - the
play?[3] approaching army. His ability to shift focus from
Ans. Brutus' lines, "There are no tricks in plain and the personal to the political depicts his leadership
simple faith; But hollow men, like horses hot at qualities and his commitment to his cause. Thus,
hand, Make gallant show and promise of their the line, "Comes his army on?" not only reveals the
mettle; But when they should endure the bloody impending conflict, but also sets the stage for the
spur, They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades, dramatic events to come in the play.
Sink in the trial", provide a clear insight into his It serves as a stark reminder of the reality of their
views on honour and integrity. Brutus values "plain situation, pulling the characters and the audience
and simple faith" and sees no room for deceit or back from the personal tensions to the larger, more
pretense in matters of honour. He believes that true pressing issue, of the impending war. It is a powerful
honour lies in being genuine and steadfast, not in line that encapsulates the tension, anticipation, and
putting on a show of bravery or strength. gravity of the situation, setting the stage for the
The metaphor of "hollow men, like horses hot at dramatic events to follow.
hand" who "fall their crests" under pressure, paints

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Brutus's line, "Speak Ans. Brutus' line, "Speak your griefs softly: I do know
your griefs softly: I do know you well". What does you well", is significant as it reveals his diplomatic
this reveal about his relationship with Cassius and approach and his deep understanding of Cassius'
his leadership style? character. Brutus, as a leader, is shown to be rational
54 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

and composed, preferring to handle disputes does this imply about Brutus' character and how
privately rather than in the public eye. This does it foreshadow future events in the play?
approach not only maintains the morale of their Ans. Cassius's line, "Brutus, this sober form of yours hides
troops, but also prevents any potential exploitation wrongs; And when you do them—" is a significant
of their disagreements by their enemies. commentary on Brutus' character and foreshadows
The phrase "I do know you well" indicates Brutus' future events in the play.
familiarity with Cassius' temperament and his ability This statement implies that Brutus, despite his sober
to anticipate Cassius' reactions. This understanding and virtuous exterior, is capable of committing acts
stems from their shared history and the bond they that can be considered wrong. Cassius is suggesting
have formed. It also suggests that Brutus is aware that Brutus' calm demeanour and reputation for
of Cassius' grievances even before they are voiced, integrity can mask his actions, allowing him to
highlighting Brutus' empathetic nature. commit questionable deeds without arousing
Moreover, Brutus' request for Cassius to express suspicion. This is a testament to Brutus' complex
his grievances softly shows his preference for calm character-he is not simply a virtuous hero, but a
and rational discourse over heated arguments. deeply conflicted individual, who struggles with
This is reflective of his leadership style, which his decisions and their moral implications.
values reason and logic over emotional reactions. This line also foreshadows Brutus' role in the
It underscores Brutus' belief in resolving conflicts assassination of Caesar. Despite his close friendship
through dialogue and mutual understanding, with Caesar, Brutus participates in the conspiracy
which is a key aspect of his character throughout the against him, believing it to be in the best interest of
play. This approach, however, also reveals Brutus' Rome. This act, while seen as a betrayal by some,
idealistic nature, which can be seen as a flaw, as it is justified by Brutus as a necessary sacrifice for
often leads him to underestimate the ambitions and the greater good. Cassius' statement hints at this
deceptions of others. impending act of betrayal, suggesting that Brutus'
Overall, this line offers valuable insights into 'wrongs' are hidden beneath his 'sober form.'
Brutus' character, his relationship with Cassius, and In conclusion, Cassius' line provides a nuanced
his leadership style. It encapsulates his rationality, insight into Brutus' character and serves as a
empathy, diplomatic skills, and idealism, all of foreshadowing device, setting the stage for the
which play a crucial role in the unfolding of the tragic events that unfold in the play. It underscores
events in the play. the complexity of Brutus' character and the moral
Q. 2. How does the repeated command "Stand!" at the ambiguity of his actions, adding depth to his
beginning of the scene reflect the tension and portrayal and enhancing the dramatic tension of
power dynamics between the characters? How the narrative.
does this command set the tone for the rest of the Q. 4. In what ways does Act IV, Scene 2 highlight the
scene? tragic elements of the play? How do the decisions
Ans. The repeated command "Stand!" at the beginning and conflicts in this scene foreshadow the
of the scene is a powerful reflection of the tension impending tragedy?
and power dynamics between the characters. It Ans. Act IV, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar is a significant scene
serves as a clear indication of the military hierarchy that underscores the tragic elements of the play and
and the obedience expected from the soldiers. The foreshadows the impending tragedy.
command is a symbol of authority and control, This scene is marked by a heated exchange
emphasizing the leadership roles of Brutus and between Brutus and Cassius, two key figures in
Cassius. the conspiracy against Caesar. Their disagreement
The repetition of the command also creates a and the tension between them highlight the tragic
sense of urgency and tension. It suggests a state flaw of disunity among the conspirators, which
of readiness for an impending conflict or event, ultimately leads to their downfall. The tragic
setting a serious and intense tone for the rest of the element of the play is further emphasised by the
scene. This anticipation of conflict is mirrored in the personal conflicts and moral dilemmas faced by the
subsequent dialogue between Brutus and Cassius, characters, particularly Brutus, who is torn between
which reveals their personal disagreements and his loyalty to Caesar and his duty to Rome.
tensions. The decisions made in this scene also foreshadow
Furthermore, the command "Stand!" also reflects the the impending tragedy. Brutus' decision to discuss
internal struggle within the characters, particularly their grievances privately, away from their armies,
Brutus and Cassius, who are trying to assert their reflects his concern for maintaining unity among
authority while dealing with their own doubts and their troops. However, this decision also isolates
conflicts. This struggle becomes a central theme in Brutus and Cassius from their armies and sets the
the play, influencing the decisions of the characters stage for the tragic events that follow. The isolation
and the progression of the plot. of Brutus and Cassius, coupled with their internal
Q. 3. Cassius says, "Brutus, this sober form of yours conflicts, contributes to the sense of impending
hides wrongs; And when you do them—". What doom.
 Drama 55
Furthermore, the conflicts in this scene foreshadow public responsibilities. His decision to discuss their
the larger conflict that engulfs Rome following disagreements privately shows his diplomatic skills
Caesar's assassination. The personal disagreements and his desire to maintain unity among their troops.
between Brutus and Cassius mirror the political These actions reflect Brutus' growth as a leader,
strife and chaos that ensue in the aftermath of revealing his ability to navigate complex political
Caesar's death. This scene, therefore, serves as a dynamics, while staying true to his principles.
microcosm of the larger tragedy that unfolds in the Cassius, on the other hand, is portrayed as more
play. emotionally driven. His accusations against Brutus
Q. 5. Analyse the character arc of Brutus and Cassius reveal his feelings of betrayal and resentment.
in this scene. How do their dialogues and actions However, his willingness to follow Brutus'
reflect their evolving relationship and individual suggestion to discuss their grievances privately
growth? shows his respect for Brutus and his commitment
Ans. In Act IV, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar, the character to their cause. This indicates Cassius' growth as a
arcs of Brutus and Cassius undergo significant character, as he learns to manage his emotions for
development. Their dialogues and actions in this the greater good.
scene reflect the evolution of their relationship and The evolving relationship between Brutus and
their individual growth. Cassius is also evident in this scene. Despite their
Brutus' character arc in this scene is marked by his disagreements, they manage to maintain a level of
struggle to reconcile his personal feelings with his respect and understanding for each other. Their
public duties. Despite his personal grievances with decision to discuss their issues privately reflects
Cassius, Brutus maintains a composed demeanour, their mutual recognition of the importance of
demonstrating his commitment to their cause and their alliance and their willingness to resolve their
his ability to separate personal emotions from differences for the sake of their cause.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on the changing nature of friendship between Brutus and Cassius?
2. Will you be able to consider the consequences of miscommunication and its impact on leadership dynamics?
3. Will you be able to explore the delicate balance between trust and doubt in military alliances?
4. Will you be able to reflect on the challenges leaders face in maintaining unity among their forces?
5. Will you be able to explore how personal emotions influence leadership decisions and military strategies?

ACT-IV, SCENE-3
Summary
The argument between Brutus and Cassius is a pivotal moment in their relationship. It reveals the cracks in their
alliance and foreshadows the eventual disintegration of the conspiracy against Caesar. The tension between them
also underscores the theme of friendship versus duty that runs throughout the play.
Portia’s suicide is a significant event that adds another layer of tragedy to the play. It symbolises Scan to know more
the personal cost of the political machinations in Rome. Brutus’ stoic reaction to her death about
this topic
further emphasises his commitment to his principles over his personal feelings. This also
foreshadows Brutus’ own tragic end, as he too will fall victim to the violent world he has helped
create. The appearance of Caesar’s ghost is a powerful symbol of guilt and impending doom.
It serves as a reminder of the consequences of Brutus’ actions and foreshadows his downfall.
The ghost’s prophecy of meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the stage for the final act of the play. Act-IV —Scene-3

Shakespeare’s subversion of traditional gender roles is evident in Brutus’ encounter with the
supernatural, a realm often associated with the feminine in Elizabethan times. This encounter suggests that
Brutus, despite his attempts to suppress his emotions and adhere strictly to reason, cannot escape the influence
of intuition and emotion.
This scene sets the tone for the final act of the play. The disunity among the conspirators, Brutus’ personal grief,
and the haunting prophecy of Caesar’s ghost all contribute to the sense of impending tragedy. As the play moves
towards its climax at the Battle of Philippi, these elements come together to create a powerful commentary on the
destructive consequences of political ambition and the human cost of power.
56 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Word Meanings
 impending doom—a feeling of knowing that something life-threatening or tragic is about to occur..  pivotal—of
crucial importance in relation to the development.

Characters in the Scene

1. Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a man of principle and honour. He condemns Lucius Pella for taking
bribes and accuses Cassius of the same. Despite the heated argument, Brutus quickly reconciles with Cassius. His
stoic reaction to the news of his wife Portia’s death further emphasises his commitment to his principles over his
personal feelings. This scene shows Brutus’ transformation from that of a reluctant conspirator to a determined
leader, ready to face the consequences of his actions.
2. Cassius: Cassius is shown as a pragmatic and somewhat volatile character in this scene. He is upset with Brutus
for condemning Lucius Pella and accuses Brutus of being unfair. Cassius also reveals a dramatic side when he
offers his chest for Brutus to stab if he truly believes Cassius to be dishonourable. This scene highlights Cassius’
growing frustration and doubt, contrasting with his earlier confidence in the conspiracy.
3. Portia: Although Portia does not appear in this scene, the news of her suicide has a significant impact. Her death
symbolises the personal cost of the political machinations in Rome. It adds another layer of tragedy to the play
and foreshadows the tragic end that awaits Brutus.
4. Caesar’s Ghost: The ghost of Caesar appears at the end of the scene, serving as a reminder of the consequences
of Brutus’ actions and a prophecy of his downfall. The ghost’s prophecy of meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the
stage for the final act of the play.

Major Themes in the Scene

1. Conflict and Betrayal: The argument between Brutus and Cassius highlights the conflict within the conspirators'
camp. This conflict is not just about their current situation, but also about their betrayal of Caesar. Their
disagreement mirrors their earlier disagreement over whether to assassinate Antony, revealing a rift in their
alliance.
2. Honour and Principle vs Pragmatism: The conflict between Brutus and Cassius also brings out the theme of
honour and principle versus pragmatism. Brutus is driven by honour and principle, while Cassius is more
pragmatic. This difference in their characters leads to tension and disagreement.
3. Personal Tragedy and Stoicism: The news of Portia's suicide introduces the theme of personal tragedy. Brutus,
despite his personal loss, remains stoic and committed to his cause. This theme is a reflection of the larger tragedy
that is unfolding as a result of the conspirators' actions.
4. Guilt and Prophecy: The appearance of Caesar's ghost brings the themes of guilt and prophecy into the scene.
The ghost serves as a reminder of the guilt Brutus carries for his role in Caesar's assassination. It also prophesies
Brutus' downfall, adding a sense of impending doom to the scene.
5. Public vs Private Self: The characters in this scene grapple with their public and private selves. Brutus, for
instance, suppresses his private grief over Portia's death and presents a strong front to his men. This theme is
explored throughout the play, as characters strive to balance their personal feelings with their public duties.
These themes are intricately connected and they influence the events in the rest of the play. The conflict and
betrayal lead to disunity among the conspirators, the differing views on honour and pragmatism cause further
disagreements, the personal tragedies experienced by the characters add to the overall tragic tone of the play,
and the themes of guilt, prophecy, and the struggle between public and private selves-all contribute to the
characters' actions and the play's tragic outcome.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(c) Brutus' grief over Portia's death.

A Multiple Choice Questions (d) Cassiuss fear of Antony.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 1. What is the main cause of the argument between
Explanation: The argument between Brutus and
Brutus and Cassius?
Cassius is sparked by Brutus' condemnation of
(a) Brutus' decision to kill Caesar. Lucius Pella for taking bribes, despite Cassius'
(b) Cassius' defense of Lucius Pella. letters defending him.
 Drama 57
Q. 2. How does Brutus react to the news of Portia's Ans. Option (a) is correct.
death? Explanation: The argument between Brutus and
(a) He breaks down in tears. Cassius foreshadows the disunity and downfall of
(b) He blames Cassius. the conspirators.
(c) He remains stoic. Q. 8. What is the significance of Portia's suicide?
(d) He decides to surrender to Antony. (a) It symbolises the personal cost of the political
machinations in Rome.
Answer: Opion (c) is correct. .
(b) It shows that Portia was weak.
Explanation: Despite the tragic news, Brutus
(c) It proves that Brutus was right to kill Caesar.
remains stoic and committed to his cause.
(d) It indicates that Portia was a traitor.
Q. 3. What does the appearance of Caesar's ghost
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
symbolise?
Explanation: Portia's suicide adds another layer
(a) Brutus' guilt
of tragedy to the play and symbolises the personal
(b) Cassius' betrayal cost of the political machinations in Rome.
(c) Portia's rebellion Q. 9. What does Brutus' stoic reaction to Portia's death
(d) Antony's victory reveal about his character?
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (a) His lack of emotion.
Explanation: The ghost serves as a reminder of (b) His commitment to his principles.
the guilt Brutus carries for his role in Caesar's (c) His disregard for Portia.
assassination. (d) His fear of death.
Q. 4. What does Brutus accuse Cassius of? Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(a) Betraying the conspiracy Explanation: Despite his personal loss, Brutus
(b) Being a coward remains stoic and committed to his cause, revealing
(c) Taking bribes his strong commitment to his principles.
(d) Killing Portia Q. 10. What does the news of Portia's death foreshadow?
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) The victory of the conspirators.
Explanation: Brutus accuses Cassius of accepting (b) The return of Caesar.
bribes, reflecting his commitment to principle and (c) The tragic end that awaits Brutus.
honour. (d) The reconciliation between Brutus and
Q. 5. What does Cassius offer to Brutus during their Cassius.
argument? Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(a) His sword Explanation: The news of Portia's death foreshadows
the tragic end that awaits Brutus.
(b) His chest to stab
Q. 11. What theme is highlighted by Brutus' suppression
(c) His share of the spoils
of his grief over Portia's death?
(d) His resignation from the conspiracy
(a) The struggle between public and private
Ans. Option (b) is correct. selves.
Explanation: In a dramatic gesture, Cassius offers (b) The power of prophecy.
his chest for Brutus to stab if he truly believes
(c) The importance of friendship.
Cassius to be dishonourable.
(d) The inevitability of death.
Q. 6. What is Brutus' reaction to Cassius' dramatic offer? Ans. Option (a) is correct. .
(a) He accepts the offer. Explanation: Brutus's suppression of his grief and
(b) He rejects the offer. his decision to present a strong front to his men
(c) He ignores the offer. highlight the theme of the struggle between public
(d) He laughs at the offer. and private selves.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 12. What does the argument between Brutus and
Explanation: Despite their heated argument, Brutus Cassius reflect?
does not take up Cassius' offer, showing that their (a) The strength of their friendship.
friendship still holds some sway. (b) The tension within the conspirators' camp.
Q. 7. What does the argument between Brutus and (c) The power of Antony.
Cassius foreshadow? (d) The innocence of Lucius Pella.
(a) The disunity among the conspirators. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(b) The victory of Antony. Explanation: The argument between Brutus and
(c) The death of Portia. Cassius reflects the tension within the conspirators'
(d) The return of Caesar. camp.
58 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 13. What does the appearance of Caesar's ghost add to

the scene? Commonly Made Errors
(a) A sense of comedy
(b) A sense of impending doom Misunderstanding the language: Shakes-
(c) A sense of hope pearean language can be difficult to understand,
and candidates often misinterpret the meaning
(d) A sense of confusion
of the text.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
Explanation: The appearance of Caesar's ghost
Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
adds a sense of impending doom to the scene.
may not be familiar with the customs and
Q. 14. What does Brutus' condemnation of Lucius Pella traditions of the time.
show about his character? Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
(a) His ruthlessness. the plot or provide a basic description of the
(b) His commitment to principle and honour. characters without analysing the themes or
(c) His fear of Cassius. motifs present in the text.
(d) His love for Portia.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Brutus' condemnation of Lucius Pella Answering Tips
for taking bribes shows his commitment to principle
Candidates should take their time and read the
and honour.
text carefully, paying attention to the context
Q. 15. What does Cassius' defense of Lucius Pella reveal and tone of the dialogue.
about his character? Candidates should research the historical
(a) His loyalty context of the play, including the political and
social climate of ancient Rome.
(b) His pragmatism
Candidates should research the historical
(c) His ambition context of the play, including the political and
(d) His fear of Brutus social climate of ancient Rome.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
Explanation: Cassius' defense of Lucius Pella,
present in the play.
despite the latter's corruption, reveals his pragmatic Candidates should pay close attention to the
approach. use of literary devices in the text, noting their
effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions strength. It also highlights the personal nature of
that follow: their alliance, with Cassius taking Brutus' actions as
I. CASSIUS: a personal affront, further escalating tensions.
That you have wrong'd me ........ Chastisement! The interaction foreshadows the eventual
Q. 1. What does Cassius' accusation towards Brutus disintegration of the conspiracy. The rift between
about Lucius Pella reveal about their relationship Brutus and Cassius, two key figures in the
and the state of the conspiracy? How does this conspiracy, suggests an impending breakdown in
interaction foreshadow future events in the play? their collective action against Caesar's successors.
[3] This internal discord, coupled with their individual
Ans. Cassius' accusation towards Brutus about Lucius struggles - Brutus with his guilt and Cassius with
Pella reveals a significant strain in their relationship his doubts - sets the stage for the tragic events that
and the state of the conspiracy. Cassius feels unfold later in the play, leading to their downfall.
wronged by Brutus' condemnation of Pella, despite Thus, this scene serves as a turning point, marking
his letters defending Pella. This disagreement the beginning of the end for the conspirators.
exposes a fundamental difference in their values Q. 2. Analyse Brutus' response to Cassius' defense
and approach, with Brutus adhering strictly to of Lucius Pella. What does his statement, "You
principles of honour and integrity, while Cassius wronged yourself to write in such a case", suggest
adopts a more pragmatic stance. about his values and his view of Cassius? How
This conflict between Brutus and Cassius is does this contribute to the tension between them?
indicative of the broader discord within the [3]
conspiracy, undermining their unity and collective
 Drama 59
Ans. Brutus' response to Cassius' defense of Lucius Pella last". What does this reveal about Cassius' feelings
is a clear reflection of his unwavering commitment towards Brutus and the conspiracy? How does this
to principles and integrity. When he says, "You reaction contribute to the escalating tension in the
wronged yourself to write in such a case", he is scene?[3]
essentially asserting that Cassius has compromised Ans. Cassius' strong reaction to Brutus' accusation
his own honour by defending a man guilty of reveals a complex mix of emotions towards Brutus
accepting bribes. This statement underscores and the conspiracy. His statement, "You know that
Brutus' belief in justice and his refusal to turn a you are Brutus that speak this, Or, by the gods, this
blind eye to corruption, even when it involves his speech were else your last" indicates a deep sense
allies. of hurt and betrayal. It shows that Cassius values
This interaction also reveals Brutus' view of Cassius. his friendship with Brutus and is deeply wounded
He perceives Cassius as someone who is willing by Brutus' accusations. It also suggests that Cassius
to put personal relationships above principles, a respects Brutus to the extent that he tolerates this
trait that Brutus finds deeply problematic. This harsh criticism solely because it comes from Brutus.
difference in their values creates a significant This reaction also reveals Cassius' growing
ideological divide between the two, contributing to disillusionment with the conspiracy. The fact that
the growing tension in their relationship. Brutus, his close ally, could accuse him so harshly,
Furthermore, Brutus' uncompromising stance makes Cassius question the integrity of their cause.
on corruption and his willingness to confront It underscores the moral ambiguities of their actions
Cassius directly adds to the strain between and the personal costs of their political ambitions.
them. It highlights the cracks in their alliance Cassius' reaction significantly contributes to the
and foreshadows the internal discord that will escalating tension in the scene. His words carry a
eventually lead to the downfall of their conspiracy. veiled threat, introducing a new level of conflict
Thus, this conversation is not just a disagreement in their relationship. This confrontation not only
over a specific incident, but a clash of values strains their personal bond, but also threatens the
that has far-reaching implications for both their stability of the conspiracy, setting the stage for
relationship and the larger political struggle that the tragic events that follow. The intensity of this
they are engaged in. exchange underscores the high stakes of their
Q. 3. In the line "Let me tell you, Cassius, you, yourself, endeavour and the personal toll it exacts on those
are much condemn'd to have an itching palm". involved. It serves as a stark reminder of the human
What does the phrase 'itching palm' imply? How drama at the heart of their political struggle.
does this accusation reflect on Brutus' perception Q. 5. Brutus states, "The name of Cassius honours this
of Cassius and the moral divide between them? [3] corruption, And chastisement doth therefore
Ans. In the line, "Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself hide his head". What does this statement suggest
are much condemn'd to have an itching palm", the about Brutus' view of Cassius and the conspiracy?
phrase 'itching palm' is a metaphorical expression, How does this statement foreshadow the eventual
implying greed, particularly, the act of accepting outcome of their actions? [4]
bribes. It suggests that Cassius has been corrupted Ans. Brutus' statement, "The name of Cassius honours
by his desire for wealth, to the point where he is this corruption, And chastisement doth therefore
willing to compromise his integrity. hide his head", is a profound indictment of
This accusation is a significant moment in the Cassius's actions and character. It suggests that
dialogue as it reveals Brutus' perception of Cassius. Cassius, once a respected figure, has now become
Brutus sees Cassius as morally compromised and a symbol of corruption. The phrase "chastisement
driven by self-interest rather than the noble cause doth therefore hide his head" implies that Cassius'
that they initially embarked upon. This perception actions are so dishonourable that even punishment
deepens the moral divide between them, with or retribution is ashamed to show its face.
Brutus adhering to a strict code of honour and
integrity, while Cassius is seen as being led by his This statement reveals Brutus' deep disappointment
'itching palm.’ and disillusionment with Cassius. It shows that
Brutus holds Cassius responsible for sullying the
The accusation also contributes to the tension
nobility of their cause with his corrupt actions. It
in their relationship, as it is a direct challenge to
also reflects Brutus' uncompromising commitment
Cassius' honour. It underscores the ideological
differences between them, which is a recurring to honour and integrity, and his inability to reconcile
theme in their interactions and a key factor in the with actions that contradict these values.
eventual disintegration of their alliance. This moral Furthermore, this statement foreshadows the
divide, highlighted by the 'itching palm' accusation, eventual disintegration of the conspiracy. The moral
is a crucial element in the unfolding tragedy of the divide between Brutus and Cassius, as highlighted
play. in this exchange, suggests an impending breakdown
Q. 4. Cassius reacts strongly to Brutus' accusation, in their alliance. This internal discord, coupled with
stating, "You know that you are Brutus that speak their individual moral struggles, sets the stage
this, Or, by the gods, this speech were else your for the tragic events that follow, leading to their
60 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

downfall. Thus, Brutus' harsh words to Cassius not that, while aimed at the noble cause of saving the
only reflect the current state of their relationship, Republic, involves actions that he finds morally
but also hint at the tragic consequences of their repugnant.
actions. Furthermore, this statement foreshadows
II. BRUTUS Brutus' actions later in the play. His unwavering
Remember March, the ides of ....... O ye gods, ye gods! commitment to his principles ultimately leads him
must I endure all this? to a tragic end. Despite the odds stacked against
him, Brutus refuses to compromise his integrity, a
Q. 1. Analyse Brutus' speech where he says, "Remember
decision that sets the stage for the tragic events that
March, the ides of March remember: Did not great
follow. Thus, this line serves as a poignant reflection
Julius bleed for justice' sake?" What does this of Brutus' character and a foreboding hint of his
reveal about Brutus' motivations for assassinating fate.
Caesar and his perspective on justice? How does
Q. 3. Examine Cassius' response to Brutus' accusations.
this speech set the tone for the rest of the scene? [3] What does his statement, "I am a soldier, I, Older in
Ans. In his speech, Brutus refers to the Ides of March, the practise, abler than yourself to make conditions",
day Julius Caesar was assassinated, and asserts that suggest about his self-perception and his view of
Caesar bled for justice's sake. This reveals that Brutus Brutus? How does this contribute to the escalating
views the assassination not as an act of treachery, tension between them? [3]
but as a necessary measure to uphold justice. He Ans. Cassius' response to Brutus' accusations reveals a
believes that Caesar's growing power and potential lot about his self-perception and his view of Brutus.
tyranny posed a threat to the republic, and, thus, His statement, "I am a soldier, I, Older in practise,
his death was justified in the name of preserving abler than yourself to make conditions", suggests
Roman liberty. that he sees himself as a seasoned and capable
This perspective on justice underscores Brutus' soldier, more experienced and competent in the
motivations for participating in the conspiracy practicalities of their situation than Brutus. This
against Caesar. Despite his personal affection for reflects Cassius' pragmatic approach, contrasting
Caesar, Brutus prioritises the welfare of Rome above with Brutus' idealistic stance.
personal relationships. His commitment to justice Cassius' assertion also indicates his frustration with
and the greater good drives him to make difficult Brutus' moral rigidity and his perceived lack of
decisions, even if it means killing a friend. practical wisdom. He feels that Brutus, despite his
Brutus' speech sets a serious and morally complex noble intentions, fails to grasp the realities of their
tone for the rest of the scene. It highlights the situation, leading to decisions that Cassius views as
ethical dilemmas faced by the characters and detrimental to their cause.
foreshadows the escalating conflict between Brutus This exchange significantly contributes to the
and Cassius. The speech also underscores the escalating tension between them. Cassius' strong
theme of honour versus pragmatism, a recurring defense of his actions and his challenge to Brutus'
motif in their interactions, and a key factor in the authority disrupts the balance of their relationship.
unfolding tragedy of the play. Thus, Brutus' words It exposes the cracks in their alliance and sets the
serve as a stark reminder of the high stakes of their stage for further conflict. This tension, coupled with
political struggle and the personal toll it exacts on their differing views on honour and pragmatism,
those involved. foreshadows the eventual disintegration of their
Q. 2. In the line, "I had rather be a dog, and bay the conspiracy and the tragic events that follow. Thus,
moon, Than such a Roman", what does Brutus' Cassius' response is not just a defense of his actions,
comparison of himself to a dog signify? How does but a critique of Brutus' leadership, revealing the
this reflect his feelings towards the corruption he deep-seated issues that threaten their alliance.
perceives in Rome, and how does it foreshadow Q. 4. In the exchange where Brutus repeatedly denies
his actions later in the play? [3] Cassius' claim of being a soldier, what does this
Ans. In the line, "I had rather be a dog, and bay the reveal about their power dynamics and mutual
moon, Than such a Roman", Brutus' comparison respect? How does this interaction impact their
of himself to a dog signifies his deep disdain for relationship and the stability of the conspiracy? [3]
corruption and his unwillingness to partake in it. Ans. In the exchange where Brutus repeatedly denies
The metaphor of a dog baying at the moon suggests Cassius' claim of being a soldier, it reveals a
a sense of helplessness and frustration. It reflects significant shift in their power dynamics and mutual
Brutus' feelings of being a lone voice of integrity respect. Brutus' denial of Cassius' self-proclaimed
amidst the corruption he perceives in Rome. status as a soldier suggests that he no longer views
This statement also reveals Brutus' uncompromising Cassius as an equal or a reliable ally. This reflects
commitment to his principles. He would rather be a breakdown in their mutual respect, with Brutus
seen as a lowly creature, howling fruitlessly at the openly challenging Cassius' competence and
moon, than be a part of the corrupt practices he sees authority.
around him. This sentiment underscores the moral This interaction significantly impacts their
dilemma Brutus faces - being part of a conspiracy relationship and the stability of the conspiracy.
 Drama 61
The open conflict between Brutus and Cassius-two III. BRUTUS
key figures in the conspiracy-threatens the unity You have done that you should ........ Dash him to pieces!
and effectiveness of their collective action against Q. 1. Analyse Brutus' speech where he says, "You have
Caesar's successors. It exposes the cracks in their done that you should be sorry for. There is no
alliance and foreshadows the internal discord terror, Cassius, in your threats, For I am arm'd so
that will eventually lead to the downfall of their strong in honesty". What does this reveal about
conspiracy. Brutus' character and his perspective on Cassius'
Furthermore, this confrontation underscores the threats? How does this speech set the tone for the
personal nature of their alliance. The fact that their rest of the scene? [3]
disagreement escalates into a question of personal Ans. Brutus' speech reveals his unwavering commitment
competence and honour shows that their political to honesty and integrity, which are central to his
struggle is deeply intertwined with their personal character. His statement, "You have done that
relationship. This blurring of the personal and you should be sorry for", is a direct indictment
the political adds another layer of complexity of Cassius' actions, reflecting Brutus' belief in
to their conflict and sets the stage for the tragic accountability and justice. When he says, "There is
events that follow. Thus, this exchange is not just no terror, Cassius, in your threats, For I am arm'd
a disagreement over a specific issue, but a turning so strong in honesty", he asserts his moral strength
point in their relationship that has far-reaching and fearlessness in the face of Cassius' threats. This
implications for both their personal bonds and their suggests that Brutus values his principles over
political ambitions. personal relationships or alliances, and he is not
Q. 5. Towards the end of the scene, Brutus states, "Must afraid to stand up for what he believes is right.
I give way and room to your rash choler? Shall I be This speech also sets the tone for the rest of the
frighted when a madman stares?" What does this scene. Brutus' strong stance against corruption and
suggest about Brutus' view of Cassius' anger and his confrontation with Cassius heighten the tension
his own courage? How does this statement reflect and conflict between them. His unwavering
the growing divide between them and foreshadow commitment to honesty, even when it strains his
the eventual outcome of their actions? [4] relationship with Cassius, underscores the moral
Ans. Brutus' statement, "Must I give way and room complexities and personal conflicts at the heart of
to your rash choler? Shall I be frighted when a the play. It also foreshadows the escalating discord
madman stares?" is a powerful reflection of his and eventual disintegration of the conspiracy.
view of Cassius' anger and his own courage. Brutus Thus, Brutus' speech serves as a turning point in
perceives Cassius' anger as 'rash choler', suggesting the scene, marking a shift from political intrigue to
that he sees it as impulsive and uncontrolled. He personal conflict and moral dilemma. It highlights
dismisses Cassius' outburst as the rantings of a the high stakes of their political struggle and the
'madman', indicating that he views Cassius' anger personal toll it exacts on those involved.
as irrational and unwarranted. Q. 2. In the line, "By heaven, I had rather coin my heart,
This statement also reveals Brutus' courage and And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring
steadfastness. Despite Cassius' strong reaction, From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash",
Brutus refuses to be intimidated or swayed. His what does Brutus' metaphor of coining his heart
rhetorical question, "Shall I be frighted when a and dropping his blood for drachmas signify? How
madman stares?" underscores his resolve and does this reflect his feelings towards corruption
fearlessness. He stands his ground, asserting his and his own principles?  [3]
authority and maintaining his stance, even in the Ans. In the line, "By heaven, I had rather coin my heart,
face of Cassius' wrath. And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring
This interaction significantly contributes to the From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash",
growing divide between Brutus and Cassius. Their Brutus uses a powerful metaphor to express his
disagreement escalates into a heated confrontation, disdain for corruption and his commitment to
exposing the cracks in their alliance and his principles. The metaphor of coining his heart
highlighting their differing values and approaches. and dropping his blood for drachmas signifies his
Brutus' uncompromising commitment to honour willingness to give up his life, symbolised by his
heart and blood, rather than engage in corrupt
and integrity clashes with Cassius' more pragmatic
practices for monetary gain.
and emotional approach, leading to a rift in their
relationship. This metaphor reflects Brutus' deep-seated aversion
to corruption. He views corruption as a vile act, so
Furthermore, Brutus' statement foreshadows the
despicable that he would rather sacrifice his life
eventual outcome of their actions. The escalating
than stoop to such levels. His reference to the hard
conflict and disunity among the conspirators hint
hands of peasants and their vile trash underscores
at the impending downfall of their conspiracy.
his belief in the dignity of honest labour and his
Brutus' refusal to yield to Cassius' anger and his contempt for ill-gotten wealth.
insistence on his own moral code, even at the cost
Furthermore, this statement reflects Brutus'
of alienating Cassius, set the stage for the tragic
unwavering adherence to his principles. Despite
events that follow.
62 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

the practical needs of his situation, such as the of the gods than compromise his principles for
need for funds to pay his legions, Brutus refuses to monetary gain.
compromise his integrity. His declaration that he This statement also reflects Brutus' disdain for
would rather coin his heart and drop his blood for corruption and his commitment to uphold the
drachmas underscores his determination to uphold values of the Roman Republic. His strong reaction
his principles, even at great personal cost. to the idea of becoming covetous underscores his
Q. 3. Examine Brutus' accusation towards Cassius about belief in the corrupting influence of greed and his
denying him gold. What does his statement, "I did determination to resist it.
send To you for gold to pay my legions, Which you Finally, Brutus' statement foreshadows the eventual
denied me: was that done like Cassius?" suggest outcome of their actions. His refusal to yield to
about his view of Cassius and their mutual trust? corruption, even when faced with practical needs,
How does this contribute to the escalating tension such as the need for funds to pay his legions, sets
between them? [3] the stage for the tragic events that follow. The
Ans. Brutus' accusation towards Cassius about denying tension and conflict in this scene serve as a prelude
him gold reveals a significant strain in their to the tragic climax of the play, underscoring the
relationship and mutual trust. His statement, "I did destructive consequences of their political ambition
and personal conflicts. Thus, Brutus' words not
send To you for gold to pay my legions, Which you
only reflect the current state of their relationship,
denied me: was that done like Cassius?" suggests
but also hint at the tragic consequences of their
that he feels betrayed by Cassius. Brutus had
actions.
expected Cassius to support him in their shared
Q. 5. Towards the end of the scene, Brutus states, "There
cause, but Cassius' refusal to provide the needed
is no terror, Cassius, in your threats, For I am arm'd
funds shakes Brutus' trust in him.
so strong in honesty That they pass by me as the
This accusation also suggests that Brutus is idle wind, Which I respect not". What does this
questioning Cassius' loyalty and commitment to suggest about Brutus' view of Cassius' threats and
their cause. He seems to imply that the Cassius he his own courage? How does this statement reflect
knew would not have denied him the support he the growing divide between them and foreshadow
needed. This indicates a shift in Brutus' perception the eventual outcome of their actions? [4]
of Cassius, from that of a trusted ally to a potential Ans. Brutus' statement, "There is no terror, Cassius, in
adversary. your threats, For I am arm'd so strong in honesty
This interaction significantly contributes to the That they pass by me as the idle wind, Which I
escalating tension between Brutus and Cassius. It respect not", is a powerful declaration of his moral
exposes the cracks in their alliance and foreshadows fortitude and courage. It suggests that Brutus views
the internal discord that will eventually lead to the Cassius' threats as inconsequential, not because they
downfall of their conspiracy. The disagreement lack force or intent, but because Brutus' integrity
over the gold is not just a practical issue, but a test shields him from their impact. He equates Cassius'
of their loyalty and trust, adding another layer of threats to 'idle wind,’ implying that they are empty
complexity to their conflict. Thus, Brutus' accusation and ineffective against his steadfast honesty.
serves as a turning point in their relationship, This statement reveals Brutus' unwavering
marking a shift from mutual trust to suspicion and commitment to his principles and his courage
conflict. to stand up against threats and intimidation. It
underscores his belief in the power of honesty and
Q. 4. In the exchange where Brutus states, "When integrity, and his readiness to face any challenge
Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, To lock such that threatens these values. Brutus' courage is not
rascal counters from his friends, Be ready, gods, just physical but moral, rooted in his deep-seated
with all your thunderbolts; Dash him to pieces!" commitment to uphold justice and righteousness.
what does this reveal about Brutus' self-perception Furthermore, this statement reflects the growing
and his view of covetousness? How does this divide between Brutus and Cassius. Their
statement reflect the growing divide between him disagreement escalates into a confrontation, with
and Cassius and foreshadow the eventual outcome Brutus openly challenging Cassius' threats and
of their actions?  [3] asserting his moral superiority. This exchange
Ans. In the exchange where Brutus states, "When exposes the ideological differences between
Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, To lock such them, with Brutus adhering to a strict code of
rascal counters from his friends, Be ready, gods, honour and integrity, and Cassius resorting to
with all your thunderbolts; Dash him to pieces!" it threats and intimidation. The tension between
reveals a lot about Brutus' self-perception and his them underscores the fragility of their alliance
view of covetousness. Brutus sees himself as a man and foreshadows the internal discord that will
of principle and integrity, and the idea of becoming eventually lead to the downfall of their conspiracy.
covetous, or excessively desirous of wealth, is Cheque'd like a bondman; all his faults observed.
abhorrent to him. He would rather face the wrath Set in a note-book, learn'd, and conn'd by rote.
 Drama 63

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the decision to march to Philippi, Ans. The appearance of Caesar's ghost in Act IV, Scene
made in Act IV, Scene 3, reflect the characters' 3 of "Julius Caesar" serves as a significant turning
understanding of their political situation and their point for Brutus' character development. This
roles within it? Consider the motivations behind supernatural event profoundly influences Brutus'
this decision and its potential implications for the perception of his actions and their consequences,
power dynamics in Rome. leading to a deeper understanding of his character
and his role in the unfolding tragedy.
Ans. The decision to march to Philippi, made in Act
Before the ghost's appearance, Brutus is portrayed
IV, Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar", is a pivotal moment
as a principled and rational character, driven by
that reflects the characters' understanding of their his commitment to the Roman Republic. He is
political situation and their roles within it. This torn between his personal loyalty to Caesar and
decision, primarily driven by Brutus, showcases his his political ideals, ultimately choosing to join the
strategic foresight and his readiness to confront the conspiracy against Caesar for the greater good of
challenges head-on. Rome. However, the appearance of Caesar's ghost
Brutus' decision to march to Philippi is influenced forces Brutus to confront the personal and moral
consequences of his actions, marking a shift in his
by his belief in the inevitability of fate and the
character development.
necessity of action. He argues that they are at the
height of their power and should strike before they The ghost serves as a physical manifestation of
Brutus' guilt and remorse over Caesar's death. It is
start to decline. This proactive stance reflects Brutus'
a stark reminder of the personal cost of his political
understanding of the volatile political situation in
actions, forcing Brutus to confront the emotional and
Rome. He recognises that they cannot afford to wait psychological impact of his decision. This encounter
and let the enemy dictate the terms of the conflict. with the supernatural shakes Brutus' resolve and
Instead, they must seize the initiative and confront adds a layer of complexity to his character. It reveals
the enemy on their chosen battleground. a more vulnerable and conflicted side of Brutus,
This decision also reveals Brutus' perception of contrasting with his earlier portrayal as a stoic and
his role within the political landscape. Despite his principled leader.
initial reluctance to join the conspiracy against Furthermore, the ghost's appearance influences
Caesar, Brutus has now assumed a leadership role Brutus' perception of his actions and their
within the conspiracy. His assertiveness in this consequences. It serves as a forewarning of the
scene contrasts sharply with his earlier hesitation, tragic events to come, suggesting that Brutus'
indicating a significant evolution in his character. actions have set in motion a chain of events that will
Brutus sees himself not just as a participant in lead to his downfall. This realization adds a sense
the political turmoil, but as a key player whose of urgency and desperation to Brutus' character,
decisions can shape the course of events. driving him to take more decisive and risky actions
in the subsequent scenes.
The decision to march to Philippi has significant
The ghost's words, "Thou shalt see me at Philippi",
implications for the power dynamics in Rome. By
also foreshadow Brutus' fate. This prophecy
choosing to confront Antony and Octavius head- suggests that Brutus will meet his end at Philippi,
on, Brutus and Cassius are effectively challenging the same place where he has decided to confront
the status quo. They are asserting their power and Antony and Octavius. This adds a sense of
their willingness to fight for their vision of Rome. inevitability to Brutus' fate, reinforcing the theme
This decision sets the stage for the climactic Battle of fate and free will that runs throughout the play.
of Philippi, which ultimately determines the fate of Q. 3. How does the context of Act IV Scene 3, particularly
the Roman Republic. the tension between Brutus and Cassius, reflect
However, this decision also exposes Brutus and the broader political turmoil in Rome? How does
Cassius to greater risks. By marching to Philippi, this scene contribute to the overall narrative arc of
they are venturing into enemy territory and "Julius Caesar"?
potentially stretching their resources thin. This Ans. Act IV, Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar" is a pivotal moment
could potentially weaken their position and make that mirrors the broader political turmoil in Rome
them more vulnerable to their enemies. The and significantly contributes to the overall narrative
decision, therefore, is a gamble that reflects the high arc of the play. The tension between Brutus and
stakes of the political conflict in Rome. Cassius in this scene is reflective of the larger power
struggles and ideological conflicts that are tearing
Q. 2. In what ways do the appearance of Caesar's ghost
Rome apart.
in Act IV, Scene 3 serve as a turning point for
The disagreement between Brutus and Cassius
Brutus' character development? How does this
over military strategy is emblematic of the differing
supernatural event influence his perception of his
ideologies within the Roman leadership. Brutus,
actions and their consequences?
the idealist, believes in confronting Antony and
Octavius head-on at Philippi, while Cassius,
64 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

the pragmatist, advocates for a more defensive reaction to Brutus' accusations reveals a sense of guilt
strategy. This discord mirrors the political divisions and insecurity. Despite his earlier manipulations,
in Rome, where differing views on leadership and he values Brutus' opinion and is affected by his
governance have led to civil war. disapproval. This scene exposes a softer side to
Moreover, the personal conflict between Brutus Cassius, making him a more sympathetic character.
and Cassius echoes the broader theme of friendship The conflict between Brutus and Cassius in this
versus duty that runs throughout the play. Brutus' scene also highlights the strain in their relationship,
decision to kill Caesar, his friend, for the greater reflecting the larger divisions within the conspiracy.
good of Rome, is paralleled in his clash with Cassius. Their differing views on military strategy reveal
Despite their friendship, Brutus does not hesitate their contrasting personalities- Brutus as the idealist
to confront Cassius over his perceived dishonesty, and Cassius as the pragmatist.
demonstrating his unwavering commitment to Q. 5. Discuss the key events in Act IV, Scene 3, such as
principle over personal loyalty. the argument between Brutus and Cassius, the
In conclusion, Act IV, Scene 3 serves as a microcosm appearance of Caesar's ghost, and the decision to
of the political turmoil in Rome and advances the march to Philippi. How are these events influenced
narrative arc of "Julius Caesar". The tension between by previous events in the play, and how do they set
Brutus and Cassius encapsulates the ideological the stage for the climax of the play?
conflicts that are tearing Rome apart, while their Ans. Act IV, Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar" is a pivotal scene
personal conflict underscores the theme of duty that features several key events, each influenced
versus friendship. The appearance of Caesar's by previous events in the play and each setting the
ghost adds a layer of supernatural intrigue and stage for the climax.
foreshadows the tragic events to come. The argument between Brutus and Cassius is a
Q. 4. Analyse the character development of Brutus and significant event that exposes the tension between
Cassius in this scene. How do their interactions the two characters. This argument is a direct result of
and conflicts in this scene reveal changes in their their differing views on the assassination of Caesar,
characters since the beginning of the play? a major event earlier in the play. Brutus, who was
Ans. In Act IV, Scene 3 of "Julius Caesar, “the character initially reluctant to join the conspiracy, has now
development of Brutus and Cassius is significantly become more assertive, while Cassius appears
revealed through their interactions and conflicts. more defensive. This shift in their dynamics reflects
This scene marks a turning point in their relationship the growing strain within the conspiracy and
and provides insight into their evolving characters. foreshadows potential discord that could impact
At the beginning of the play, Brutus is portrayed their united front against Antony and Octavius.
as a noble and principled man, torn between his The appearance of Caesar's ghost is another key
loyalty to Caesar and his commitment to the Roman event that is heavily influenced by Brutus' guilt over
Republic. Cassius, on the other hand, is depicted as his role in Caesar's assassination. The ghost serves
a manipulative and ambitious character, driven by as a physical manifestation of Brutus' guilt and a
envy and political ambition. However, in this scene, reminder of the consequences of his actions. This
we see a shift in their characters. supernatural event heightens the dramatic tension
Brutus, who was initially hesitant about joining in the scene and foreshadows the tragic events to
the conspiracy against Caesar, now takes on a come.
more assertive role. He confronts Cassius over The decision to march to Philippi is a strategic move
his dishonesty and corruption, demonstrating that sets the stage for the climactic battle in the play.
a newfound decisiveness and moral authority. This decision, influenced by Brutus' belief in the
His ability to stand up to Cassius, despite their inevitability of fate, signifies a shift from a defensive
friendship, shows his growing commitment to his to a more proactive stance. It also underscores the
principles over personal relationships. theme of fate and free will, a recurring theme in the
Cassius, meanwhile, is shown to be more vulnerable play.
and human than his earlier portrayal. His defensive

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
Explanation: Antony uses the metaphor of the
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
"empty ass" to symbolize someone who has been
stripped of authority or importance, likening them
to a donkey left to idle and shake its ears aimlessly,
(i) Then take we down his load and turn him off symbolising uselessness or insignificance.
(Like to the empty ass) _____ and graze in (ii) Antony considers Lepidus as a slight :
commons. [Recall]
[Understanding]
(a) To wag his tail (b) To twitch his ears
(a) inefficient horse (b) unmeritable man
(c) to shake his ears (d) to bray in vain
(c) eccentric man (d) indecent individual
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
 Drama 65
Ans. Option (b) is correct. In our black sentence and proscription.
Explanation: Antony considers Lepidus as an Octavius, I have seen more days than you,
unmeritable or unimportant man. And, though we lay these honors on this man
(iii) Portia takes her own life by: [Recall] To ease ourselves of diverse sland’rous loads,
(a) Swallowing poison He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold,
(b) Hanging herself To groan and sweat under the business,
(c) Stabbing with a knife (i) Who is being discussed? [Recall]What is “black
(d) Swallowing coal sentence and proscription.”? How does Antony
Ans. Option (d) is correct. come across as a person here in the extract?
Explanation: She swallows fire. [Understanding and Analysis] [3]
(iv) Brutus’ accepting his wife’s death is an example Ans. Lepidus is being discussed. The list made by Antony
of: [Application] and Octavius pertaining to who all have to answer
(a) Stoicism the murder of Caesar with their lives is referred
(b) Narcissism to as “black sentence and proscription.” Antony
(c) anarchism appears practical, ruthless and decisive here.
(d) agnosticism (ii) What is Antony planning to do with this person?
Ans. Option (a) is correct. [Understanding]
Explanation: It is his stoic beliefs that enable Brutus To which animal is he compared to? What is the
to keep equanimity of mind. point of comparison? [Application] [3]
(v) Brutus accuses Cassius of having ----------- Ans. Antony is planning to use Lepidus’ service in doing
[Understanding] things that are difficult to carry out and also to
(a) Murderous mind absolve themselves from certain tricky situations
(b) Double standards for which they may be blamed. They can put the
blame on Lepidus and save their names. Lepidus
(c) An itching palm
is compared to an ass groaning under the weight
(d) A sore thumb of gold, but having no share in that gold. The
Ans. Option (c) is correct. comparison implies that just as an ass carrying
Explanation: He is accused of taking bribe. a load of gold must laboriously bear the weight,
(vi) Just before the famous Quarrel Scene, Brutus asks groaning and sweating under the strain, this
Cassius to speak his complaints in private. What person will similarly struggle under the weight of
do you think is the reason? [Evaluation] their newfound honours or duties. The point of
(a) Brutus does not want to be humiliated in comparison underscores Antony's belief that the
public individual may not be suited or capable of handling
(b) They may come to a blow the responsibilities they have been given, likening
(c) Brutus wants to slap Cassius them to a beast of burden rather than a capable
leader.
(d) Brutus wants to show in front of the armies
there is unity between their leaders. (iii) What is Octavius’ opinion about this man? What
does this conversation imply? [Analysis][3]
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Brutus does not want the armies to get Ans. Octavius found Lepidus as an experienced and
upset or demoralised by any tension or disruption valiant soldier. Although much younger than
Antony, Octavius has a mind of his own and can
of unity between them.
judge the character of others. Also, he is not afraid
(vii) Brutus assesses a ‘hot friend cooling’ by noting the to voice his opinion in front of the more experienced
person’s ----- [Analysis] Antony. This implies there may be differences of
(a) rudeness opinion between the two in future.
(b) enforced ceremony (iv) Antony compares this man to another animal a
(c) awkward silence little later. Explain the comparison. [Application][3]
(d) Fiery looks Ans. Antony compares Lepidus to a horse that is
Ans. Option (b) is correct. appointed ‘store of provender’. He has to be given
Explanation: The cooling enemy would try to be orders and directed as a horse that
very formal and does not greet or act spontaneously. “must be taught and trained and bid go forth”. No
creativity, or originality; just following the orders

B Extract Based Questions

and following obsolete fashions and mind-sets as
(3 & 4 marks each) though he has invented them on his own.
(v) Antony tells Octavius of greater things to do. What
Q. 1. Read the given extract from Shakespeare’s Julius does he say? [Understanding][4]
Caesar and answer the questions below: Ans. Antony asks Octavius to concentrate on more
So you thought him important things. Brutus and Cassius are levying
And took his voice who should be pricked to die powers. So, they also have to combine their strengths
66 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

and move headlong. “Therefore let our alliance be be depleting their resources; so, it is better for the
combined,” he says, and find their best friends and enemy to come over to their camp.
stretch their means. He reminds Octavius that it is (iii) Going to Philippe is recommended by Brutus.
time for them to sit in council and discuss how Why? [Analysis][3]
hidden matters may be best ‘disclosed’ or found Ans. According to Brutus, the people between Philippi
out, and deal with open perils in a precise manner. and this ground stand in a forced affection, which is
Q. 2. Messala: Even so great men great losses should clear because they have grudged them contribution.
endure. Therefore, they may join the enemy, marching
Cassius: I have as much of this in art as you, along by them become “refreshed, new-added, and
But yet my nature could not bear it so. encouraged,”. This can be prevented if they face
them at Philippi with the local people at their back.
Brutus: Well, to our work alive. What do you think
(iv) What are the other two mistakes by Brutus?
Of marching to Philippi presently?
Cassius: I do not think it good. [Understanding][3]
Brutus: Your reason? Ans. It so happens that Cassius is proved true and they
waste supplies and tire their soldiers. The other
(i) What loss is being talked about here? ]Recall] How
two mistakes are Brutus allows Antony to speak in
is it borne by Brutus? What helps him to do that? Caesar’s funeral and incite the crowd. Moreover,
[Analysis][3] he does not kill Antony allowing him to lead a
Ans. The death of Portia, the beloved wife of Brutus, is domestic strife. These errors bring about the end of
being talked about here. Messala gives the tragic the ‘conspirators’.
information to Brutus and he feels greatly for the (v) Analyse the three tragic flaws of Brutus as a tragic
loss. But being a staunch believer in Stoicism, Brutus hero and how it affects him and his followers.
accepts the loss with equanimity of mind. He feels
death is inevitable at some point or the other and [Analysis and Evaluation][4]
this makes Messala say that great men bear their Ans. Honour, poor judgement and idealism lead to the
loss in this manner. downfall of Brutus. Being not practical, he goes
wrong in his judgement and strategies. Not able to
(ii) How does the war strategy of Brutus and Cassius
compromise with his honour and idealistic views,
differ? [Analysis and Evaluation][3]
he does not make his followers take an oath, he
Ans. Brutus wants to march ahead to Philippe and meet does not kill Antony, thereby, putting an end to the
the enemy headlong; however, Cassius is of the strife. He makes wrong judgement by deciding to
opinion that this would tire their soldiers and will go to Philippe which ends in his downfall as well as
his followers and friends.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on Brutus' emotional turmoil and the weight of leadership?
2. Will you be able to consider the complexities of friendship, highlighted in the interaction between Brutuand
Cassius?
3. Will you be able to analyse the strategic discussions and decisions made by Brutus and Cassius for the battle?
4. Will you be able to reflect on the significance of the ghostly visitation and its effect on Brutus?
5. Will you be able to explore how leaders cope with personal loss and the demands of war?

ACT-V, SCENE-1

Summary
The scene unfolds on "Plains of Philippi", where Octavius and Antony, along with their forces, are preparing for
the arrival of Brutus, Cassius and their armies. Antony suggests Octavius take the left side of the battlefield, but
Octavius, asserting his authority, insists on taking the right. As the opposing generals meet, a verbal confrontation
ensues. Antony accuses Brutus of hypocrisy for his role in Caesar’s assassination and criticises the conspirators
for their cowardly acts. Cassius, on the other hand, blames Antony for his deceit during the post-assassination
meeting with the conspirators. He expresses regret that they have to endure Antony’s insults, suggesting that
things would have been different had Antony been killed alongside Caesar.
Octavius, eager for battle, declares his intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors. He vows not to sheath his
sword until one of these outcomes is achieved. The exchange of words culminates in a poignant farewell between
Cassius and Brutus, who fear that this might be their last meeting. They part on a sombre note, with Cassius
 Drama 67
saying, ‘Forever, and forever, Brutus! / If we do meet again, we’ll smile indeed; / If not, is true this parting was
well made’.
The opening of the final act with a battle of words is fitting, given the play’s emphasis on language, persuasion
and power. The power struggle between Octavius and Antony, and the verbal duel between the triumvirate and
the conspirators, underscore the importance and potential power of language. This was particularly relevant in
the Elizabethan era, where language was seen as deriving its authority from God’s Word.
However, in Act V, Shakespeare suggests that it’s too late for language to make a difference. Its impact has already
been felt, leading to violence and war. Yet, the scene concludes on a poignant note with the parting of Cassius
and Brutus, reminding the audience of the divine source of language. Brutus’ contemplation at the end of the
battle hints at a desire to understanding life’s purpose and the possibility of an end beyond this life, returning the
audience to the word, a concept deeply ingrained in Elizabethan consciousness.
This scene serves as a microcosm of the themes of the play—power, language, friendship and Scan to know more
fate—and sets the tone for the dramatic conclusion. The power dynamics, the tension, and the about
this topic
emotional depth of the scene are all amplified, setting the stage for the climax of the play. The
scene ends with a sense of foreboding, setting the stage for the final confrontation. The parting
words of Cassius and Brutus underscore the gravity of the situation and the uncertainty of
their fate, adding a layer of poignancy to the scene. The power of their friendship and their
shared cause is highlighted in their farewell, serving as a stark contrast to the animosity and Act-V —Scene-1
conflict that pervade the rest of the scene. This juxtaposition underscores the tragic nature of
their predicament and the high stakes of the impending battle. The scene ends on a note of suspense, leaving the
audience in anticipation of the final act.

Word Meanings

 Hypocrisy—The practice of claiming to have higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case.  Juxtaposition—
The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

Characters in the Scene

1. Octavius: He is Caesar’s nephew and adopted heir. In this scene, he asserts his authority by insisting on taking
the right side of the battlefield, despite Antony’s instructions to take the left. He is eager for battle and declares
his intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors.
2. Antony: A friend of Caesar, Antony, is seen as a seasoned soldier in this scene. He accuses Brutus of hypocrisy
and Cassius of deceit, reflecting his antagonism towards the conspirators. Despite his initial instructions, he
respects Octavius’s decision to take the right side of the field.
3. Brutus: A high-ranking Roman, Brutus, is torn between his affection for Caesar and his political ideals. In this
scene, he is seen confronting Antony and Octavius, defending his actions and denying being a traitor. His parting
with Cassius reveals his fear of the impending battle and the possibility of never seeing his friend again.
4. Cassius: The instigator of the conspiracy against Caesar, Cassius, is seen expressing serious doubts about the
impending battle in this scene. His parting words with Brutus underscore the gravity of the situation and the
uncertainty of their fate.

Major Themes
1. Power Struggle: The scene opens with a power struggle between Octavius and Antony, reflecting the ongoing
conflict for control and dominance. This is further highlighted in the verbal duel between the triumvirate and
the conspirators.
2. Language and Persuasion: The exchange of insults and accusations underscores the power of language and its
role in persuasion. The characters use words as weapons, attempting to undermine each other’s authority and
resolve.
3. Fate vs. Free Will: Cassius, who previously dismissed omens as an Epicurean philosophy that believes that the
gods do not involve themselves directly in the fate of man, starts to believe in them due to the gravity of the
situation. This shift suggests a tension between fate and free will, a recurring theme in the play.
4. Friendship and Loyalty: The poignant parting between Cassius and Brutus highlights the theme of friendship
and loyalty. Despite the impending battle and their differing views, their bond remains strong.
68 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

5. Public Image vs. Private Perception: The characters grapple with their public roles and private emotions. Brutus,
for instance, suppresses his personal feelings for the perceived greater good of Rome.
6. Fear of Death: The characters’ contemplation of the impending battle and potential death brings forth the theme
of mortality. Their reactions vary, reflecting their personal philosophies and attitudes towards life and death.
These themes not only shape the actions and motivations of the characters in this scene but also contribute to the
overall narrative and message of the play. They provide a deeper understanding of the characters’ dilemmas and
the tragic consequences of their actions.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Explanation: Brutus is seen confronting Antony

A Multiple Choice Questions and Octavius, defending his actions and denying
being a traitor.
Q. 1. Who insists on taking the right side of the Q. 7. Who is the instigator of the conspiracy against
battlefield? Caesar?
(a) Antony (b) Brutus
(a) Antony (b) Octavius
(c) Cassius (d) Octavius
(c) Cassius (d) Brutus
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Octavius asserts his authority by
insisting on taking the right side of the battlefield, Explanation: Cassius is the instigator of the
despite Antony’s instructions. conspiracy against Caesar. He is seen expressing
Q. 2. Who accuses Brutus of hypocrisy? serious doubts about the impending battle in this
scene.
(a) Octavius (b) Antony
(c) Cassius (d) None of the above Q. 8. Who is Caesar’s nephew and adopted heir?
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (a) Antony (b) Octavius
Explanation: Antony accuses Brutus of hypocrisy (c) Cassius (d) Brutus
for his role in Caesar’s assassination. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 3. Who expresses serious doubts about the impending Explanation: Octavius is Caesar’s nephew and
battle? adopted heir. In this scene, he asserts his authority
(a) Antony (b) Octavius by insisting on taking the right side of the battlefield,
(c) Cassius (d) Brutus despite Antony’s instructions.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Q. 9. Who suggests that things would have been
Explanation: Cassius expresses serious doubts about different had Antony been killed alongside
the impending battle and fears that this might be Caesar?
their last meeting. (a) Antony (b) Octavius
Q. 4. Who declares his intent to either avenge Caesar or (c) Cassius (d) Brutus
fall to traitors?
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(a) Antony (b) Brutus
Explanation: Cassius expresses regret that they
(c) Cassius (d) Octavius
have to endure Antony’s insults, suggesting that
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
things would have been different had Antony been
Explanation: Octavius, eager for battle, declares his
killed alongside Caesar.
intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors.
Q. 10. Who respects Octavius’s decision to take the right
Q. 5. Who is seen as a seasoned soldier in this scene?
side of the field?
(a) Antony (b) Octavius
(a) Antony (b) Brutus
(c) Cassius (d) Brutus
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (c) Cassius (d) None of the above
Explanation: Antony is seen as a seasoned soldier Ans. Option (a) is correct.
in this scene. Despite his initial instructions, he Explanation: Despite his initial instructions, Antony
respects Octavius’s decision to take the right side of respects Octavius’s decision to take the right side of
the field. the field.
Q. 6. Who is torn between his affection for Caesar and Q. 11. Who suppresses his personal feelings for the
his political ideals? perceived greater good of Rome?
(a) Antony (b) Octavius (a) Antony (b) Octavius
(c) Cassius (d) Brutus (c) Cassius (d) Brutus
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Ans. Option (d) is correct.
 Drama 69
Explanation: Brutus suppresses his personal Q. 15. Octavius: ‘Upon the right hand, I; keep thou the
feelings for the perceived greater good of Rome. left’. What is Octavius suggesting with this line?
His parting with Cassius reveals his fear of the (a) He is suggesting a direction for their attack.
impending battle and the possibility of never seeing (b) He is suggesting a retreat plan.
his friend again. (c) He is suggesting a meeting point after the
Q. 12. Who uses words as weapons, attempting to battle.
undermine each other’s authority and resolve? (d) He is suggesting a place to set up camp.
(a) Antony and Octavius Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(b) Brutus and Antony Explanation: Octavius is suggesting that he will
(c) Cassius and Brutus lead his forces from the right side of the battlefield,
(d) All of the above while Antony should take the left.
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The exchange of insults and
accusations underscores the power of language Commonly Made Errors
and its role in persuasion. The characters use words
as weapons, attempting to undermine each other’s Misunderstanding the language:
authority and resolve. Shakespearean language can be difficult to
Q. 13. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events understand, and candidates often misinterpret
in the correct order. the meaning of the text.
(i) Brutus and Cassius mock Antony as an Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
untested soldier, a bee who is all “buzz” and no Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
sting. may not be familiar with the customs and
(ii) Antony gives Octavius an order about how to traditions of the time.
advance his troops, which Octavius disputes. Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
(iii) Antony and Octavius call Brutus and Cassius the plot or provide a basic description of the
hypocrites and traitors. characters without analysing the themes or
(iv) When Antony asks why Octavius is arguing motifs present in the text.
with him, he replies, "I do not cross you, but I
will do so".
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, iv, i, iii Answering Tips
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, iv, ii
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Candidates should take their time and read the
Q. 14. Antony: ‘Now, Antony, our hopes are answered. text carefully, paying attention to the context
You said the enemy would not come down But and tone of the dialogue.
keep the hills and upper regions. It proves not so; Candidates should research the historical
their battles are at hand’. What is Antony referring context of the play, including the political and
to when he says ‘their battles are at hand’? social climate of ancient Rome.
(a) The enemy is retreating. Candidates should research the historical
(b) The enemy is preparing for battle. context of the play, including the political and
(c) The enemy is surrendering. social climate of ancient Rome.
(d) The enemy is celebrating their victory. Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
Ans. Option (b) is correct. considering the themes, motifs and symbols
present in the play.
Explanation: Antony is referring to the fact that the
Candidates should pay close attention to the
enemy is ready for battle and their confrontation is
use of literary devices in the text, noting their
imminent.
effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Octavius and
that follow: Antony are preparing for the battle at Philippi.
I. OCTAVIUS Octavius’ initial perception of the enemy’s strategy
Now, Antony, our hopes .............. But 'tis not so. is that they would not come down from the hills
Q. 1. How does Octavius’ initial perception of the and upper regions, but rather keep their position.
enemy’s strategy differ from reality, and what However, the reality proves to be different as their
does this reveal about his understanding of the battles are at hand, indicating that the enemy
situation? intends to engage them directly in Philippi.
70 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

This discrepancy between Octavius’ initial desperation rather than confidence. They are trying
perception and reality reveals a certain naivety to project an image of courage to intimidate Antony
in his understanding of the situation. It suggests and Octavius, but their fear betrays their lack of
that Octavius, despite his status, might lack the confidence in their own abilities.
experience or insight to accurately predict the The phrase also suggests that the enemy’s true
enemy’s tactics. His misjudgement could also be intentions are not as straightforward as they
indicative of his underestimation of the enemy’s seem. While they appear to be bravely charging
courage or desperation. into battle, their underlying fear suggests that
However, it is important to note that Octavius they are not as confident in their victory as they
shows a willingness to adapt to the changing would like Antony and Octavius to believe. This
circumstances. When Antony gives him an order insight into the enemy’s motives and tactics gives
about how to advance his troops, Octavius disputes Antony and Octavius a strategic advantage in the
it. This shows that Octavius is not just passively upcoming battle. It allows them to see through the
accepting Antony’s commands but actively enemy’s facade and anticipate their moves, thereby
engaging in strategic planning, demonstrating his informing their own battle strategy.
potential for growth as a leader. Q. 4. In what ways does the conversation between
Overall, Octavius’ initial mis-perception of Octavius and Antony set the tone for the upcoming
the enemy’s strategy serves to highlight his conflict at Philippi?
inexperience, but also his incapacity for adaptability Ans. The conversation between Octavius and Antony
and growth in the face of unexpected challenges. sets the tone for the upcoming conflict at Philippi
Q. 2. What does Antony’s response to Octavius suggest in several ways. Firstly, it highlights the strategic
about his insight into the enemy’s motives and differences and tension between the two leaders.
tactics? Antony, the more experienced soldier, suggests a
Ans. Antony’s response to Octavius provides a deep battle strategy, but Octavius, asserting his authority,
insight into his understanding of the enemy’s disputes it. This disagreement underscores
motives and tactics. Antony believes that Brutus the power dynamics within their alliance and
and Cassius are attacking them in order to make foreshadows potential discord.
themselves appear braver than they actually are. Secondly, the conversation reveals Antony’s
This suggests that Antony, being a seasoned soldier, deep understanding of the enemy’s motives. He
can see through the enemy’s facade and understand perceives that Brutus and Cassius are attacking
their true intentions. them to project an image of bravery, a tactic he
Antony’s insight into the enemy’s tactics is further dismisses as ‘fearful bravery’. This insight into
demonstrated when he gives Octavius an order the enemy’s tactics sets a tone of confidence and
about how to advance his troops, which Octavius preparedness on their side.
disputes. Despite the dispute, Antony remains firm Lastly, the conversation sets a tone of imminent
in his understanding of the battlefield dynamics, and unavoidable conflict. Despite their internal
showing his experience and strategic acumen. disagreements, Octavius and Antony present
Moreover, Antony’s response indicates his ability to a united front against Brutus and Cassius. The
psychologically analyse the enemy. He understands exchange of insults and taunts with the enemy
that Brutus and Cassius are trying to project an leaders further escalates the tension, making the
image of bravery to intimidate them, but Antony impending battle inevitable.
sees this as a sign of their fear and insecurity. This Q. 5. Based on this dialogue, how would you characterise
psychological insight is a crucial aspect of Antony’s the relationship between Octavius and Antony,
strategic planning, as it allows him to anticipate and what might this imply about their leadership
the enemy’s moves and plan his counterattacks styles?
accordingly. Ans. The dialogue in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar
Q. 3. How does the phrase ‘fearful bravery’ encapsulate provides a fascinating glimpse into the relationship
the enemy’s approach, and what does this paradox between Octavius and Antony. They are allies,
suggest about their true intentions? united in their opposition to Brutus and Cassius,
Ans. The phrase ‘fearful bravery’ is a paradox that but their alliance is not without tension. This
encapsulates the enemy’s approach in Act V, Scene tension is palpable when Antony, the seasoned
soldier with a wealth of battlefield experience, gives
1 of Julius Caesar. The term ‘fearful’ suggests
Octavius an order about how to position his troops.
apprehension or dread, while ‘bravery’ implies
Octavius, despite his relative inexperience, disputes
courage or valour. When used together, the phrase
Antony’s order, asserting his own authority. This
paints a picture of an enemy who is simultaneously
disagreement underscores the power dynamics
courageous and afraid. within their alliance, hinting at potential discord
This paradox is indicative of the enemy’s strategy. and foreshadowing the internal conflicts that might
They are attacking Antony and Octavius head-on, arise.
a move that requires bravery. However, the fact Antony’s leadership style is characterised by
that they are doing so out of fear, as suggested by his experience, strategic acumen and deep
Antony, indicates that their bravery is born out of
 Drama 71
understanding of the enemy’s motives and tactics. Octavius’ response, however, contrasts sharply
He is able to see through the enemy’s facade of with Antony’s approach. Octavius asserts his own
bravery, recognising it as a desperate attempt to authority and chooses to lead his battle on forces to
intimidate them. His approach to leadership is the right side of the battle field, despite Antony’s
pragmatic, grounded in reality and informed by his advice to lead the forces to the left. This shows
keen insight into the psychology of the enemy. Octavius as a leader who is assertive and confident
In contrast, Octavius, despite his status and in his own decisions. He is not afraid to challenge
authority, appears to be less experienced in the Antony’s orders, indicating a desire for autonomy
nuances of warfare. However, he is not a passive and control.
follower. He is willing to challenge Antony’s The contrast between Antony’s strategic caution
decisions, indicating a strong desire for autonomy and Octavius’ assertiveness sets up a dynamic
and control. His leadership style is characterised by tension between the two leaders. It highlights
his assertiveness, ambition and willingness to learn the differences in their leadership styles and their
and adapt. approaches to the battle. This tension not only
II. MESSENGER adds a layer of complexity to their alliance but
Prepare you, generals: .............. I do not cross you; but I also foreshadows potential conflicts and power
will do so. struggles within their ranks. The dialogue thus
serves as a crucial setup for the ensuing conflict,
Q. 1. How does the Messenger’s announcement of the
revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the two
enemy’s approach set the stage for the upcoming
leaders and hinting at the challenges they will face
conflict, and what does the phrase ‘gallant show’
in the battle to come.
suggest about the enemy’s demeanour?  [3]
Q. 3. How does the exchange between Antony and
Ans. The Messenger’s announcement of the enemy’s
Octavius regarding the positioning of their troops
approach in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, serves
reflect the power dynamics between them, and
as a crucial turning point that sets the stage for the
what might this foreshadow about their alliance?
upcoming conflict. The news of the enemy’s arrival
heightens the tension and anticipation, signalling [3]
the imminent battle at Philippi. This announcement Ans. The exchange between Antony and Octavius
not only underscores the urgency of the situation regarding the positioning of their troops provides
but also serves to galvanise Octavius and Antony, a clear reflection of the power dynamics between
prompting them to finalise their battle strategies. them. Antony, as the more experienced soldier,
The phrase ‘gallant show’ used by the Messenger instructs Octavius to lead his battle from the left.
to describe the enemy’s approach is particularly However, Octavius asserts his own authority and
telling. It suggests that the enemy is making a bold, chooses to lead from the right, directly contradicting
confident and perhaps even ostentatious display of Antony’s order.
their readiness for battle. This could be interpreted This disagreement reveals a power struggle within
as a psychological tactic aimed at intimidating their alliance. Antony’s experience and strategic
Octavius and Antony, projecting an image of acumen are contrasted with Octavius’ assertiveness
strength and courage. and desire for autonomy. Octavius’ refusal to follow
However, the phrase ‘gallant show’ also implies a Antony’s order suggests a level of tension and
certain theatricality, suggesting that the enemy’s potential discord within their alliance, which could
display of bravery might be more about appearance have significant implications for their united front
than substance. This raises questions about the against Brutus and Cassius.
enemy’s true strength and their chances of success This exchange also foreshadows the potential
in the upcoming battle. It hints at the possibility that conflicts within their alliance. Octavius’
the enemy’s bravado might be masking underlying assertiveness and willingness to challenge Antony’s
fears or doubts, adding another layer of complexity orders hint at his ambition and desire for power.
to the unfolding drama. This could lead to power struggle and conflicts
Q. 2. What does Antony’s instruction to Octavius to within their alliance, potentially weakening their
‘lead your battle softly on’ imply about his strategic position against Brutus and Cassius. The dialogue
approach to the battle, and how does this contrast thus serves as a crucial setup for the ensuing
with Octavius’ response? [3] conflict, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of
the two leaders and hinting at the challenges they
Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Antony’s
will face in the battle to come.
instruction to Octavius to ‘lead your battle softly
on’ reveals a lot about his strategic approach to the Q. 4. What does Octavius’ statement, ‘I do not cross you;
battle. Antony, being the more experienced soldier, is but I will do so’ reveal about his character and his
advocating for a cautious and measured approach. relationship with Antony?  [3]
He understands the importance of assessing the Ans. Octavius’ statement, ‘I do not cross you; but I will do
situation on the battlefield and adjusting tactics so’ in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, is a significant
accordingly. His advice to ‘lead softly’ suggests a revelation of his character and his relationship
strategy that prioritises observation, patience and with Antony. This statement comes after Antony
adaptability. instructs Octavius to lead his battle from the left,
72 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

an order that Octavius disputes, choosing instead Ans. The dialogue between Brutus, Cassius, Octavius
to lead from the right. and Antony in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a
This exchange reveals Octavius as a leader who is vivid portrayal of the tension and conflict leading
assertive and confident in his own decisions. He is up to the battle at Philippi. The exchange of words
not afraid to challenge Antony’s orders, indicating serves as a prelude to the physical battle, revealing
a desire for autonomy and control. His statement, ‘I the strategies and motivations of the respective
do not cross you; but I will do so’ is a clear assertion parties.
of his independence and his willingness to stand up Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the conspirators,
to Antony, despite Antony’s greater experience and are shown to be cautious and diplomatic. Brutus’
strategic acumen. statement, ‘They stand, and would have parley’
This interaction also sheds light on the power indicates a desire for negotiation, reflecting a
dynamics between Octavius and Antony. It suggests strategy that values dialogue over immediate
a level of tension and potential discord within their conflict. This is further emphasised by his line,
alliance, which could have significant implications ‘Words before blows: is it so, countrymen’?,
for their united front against Brutus and Cassius. suggesting a preference for resolving disputes
Octavius’ assertiveness and willingness to challenge through discussion rather than violence.
Antony’s orders hint at his ambition and desire for On the other hand, Octavius and Antony,
power, which could lead to power struggle and representing the loyalists of Caesar, display a
conflicts within their alliance. more aggressive stance. Octavius’ question:
Q. 5. Based on this dialogue, how would you characterise ‘Mark Antony, shall we give a sign of battle’? and
the mood and tone of the scene, and what might Antony’s response, ‘No, Caesar, we will answer
this suggest about the upcoming events in the on their charge’, show a readiness for battle and
play?  [4] a determination to respond to the conspirators’
Ans. The dialogue in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar sets a challenge. Their strategy is one of confrontation,
mood and tone of tension, anticipation and conflict. reflecting their motivation to avenge Caesar’s
The scene opens with the armies of Octavius and death.
Antony preparing for battle. The arrival of the The dialogue also reveals the personal motivations
Messenger, announcing the enemy’s approach, driving each character. Brutus, the idealist, believes
heightens the tension and sets the stage for the in the power of words and the possibility of reason
impending conflict. prevailing over violence. Cassius, however, seems
The exchange between Antony and Octavius more pragmatic and wary, as indicated by his
further intensifies this mood. Antony, the more advice to Tintinius to ‘Stand fast’. Octavius, eager
experienced soldier, instructs Octavius to lead his to assert his authority, contradicts Antony’s orders,
battle softly, suggesting a cautious and measured indicating his ambition and desire for control.
approach. However, Octavius asserts his own Antony, driven by loyalty to Caesar and a desire
authority, choosing to lead his battle on the for revenge, uses harsh words to provoke the
right, directly contradicting Antony’s order. This conspirators, highlighting his role as an avenger.
disagreement reveals a power struggle within their Q. 2. What does Brutus’ statement ‘Words before blows:
alliance and foreshadows potential discord. is it so, countrymen’? reveal about his approach
Octavius’ statement, ‘I do not cross you; but I will to conflict, and how does this contrast with the
do so’, adds another layer of tension. It is a clear responses of Octavius and Antony? [3]
assertion of his independence and his willingness
Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Brutus’ statement,
to stand up to Antony, despite Antony’s greater
‘Words before blows: is it so, countrymen’? reveals
experience and strategic acumen. This statement
his preference for diplomacy and negotiation over
not only reveals Octavius’ assertiveness and
ambition but also hints at potential conflicts within immediate violence. This approach to conflict is
their alliance. reflective of Brutus’ character as a rational and
principled leader who values reason and discourse.
The tone of the scene is one of defiance and
He believes in the power of words to resolve
determination. Despite the tension and potential
discord within their alliance, Octavius and Antony disputes and is reluctant to resort to violence
present a united front against Brutus and Cassius. unless necessary. This is consistent with his earlier
Their determination to face the enemy, even in the actions in the play, where he was the last to join
face of disagreement and potential discord, sets a the conspiracy against Caesar, only doing so out of
tone of resolve and resilience. concern for the welfare of Rome.
III. BRUTUS: Contrasting sharply with Brutus’ approach are
Words before blows: is .............. of traitors. the responses of Octavius and Antony. Octavius,
despite being the younger and less experienced of
Q. 1. How does the dialogue between Brutus, Cassius,
Octavius and Antony reflect the tension and the two, is assertive and eager for battle. His order
conflict leading up to the battle, and what does to his troop on Anytony’s advice, ‘Stir not until the
this suggest about their respective strategies and signal’, is firm indicating his readiness for conflict
motivations? [3] and his desire to meet the enemy head-on.
 Drama 73
Antony, on the other hand, is more strategic powerful declaration of his motivation for the battle
and experienced. He understands the value of and his commitment to avenging Caesar’s death.
patience and timing in warfare. His response, Octavius’ reference to ‘Caesar’s three and
‘No, Caesar, we will answer on their charge’ to thirty wounds’ is a stark reminder of the brutal
Octavius’ question, ‘shall we give sign of battle’, assassination of Caesar, in which he was stabbed
suggests that he prefers to wait for the enemy to 33 times by the conspirators. By vowing not to
make the first move, thereby conserving their own sheathe his sword until these wounds are ‘well
forces and potentially drawing the enemy into a avenged’, Octavius is expressing his deep-seated
disadvantageous position. desire for retribution. This suggests that his primary
The contrast between Brutus’ preference for words motivation for the battle is not merely political or
and the more aggressive stances of Octavius and strategic but deeply personal. He is driven by a
Antony sets up a dynamic tension in the scene. sense of duty and loyalty to Caesar and a desire to
It highlights the different leadership styles and see justice served.
strategic approaches of the characters, adding The phrase ‘or till another Caesar Has added
depth to their portrayals and foreshadowing the slaughter to the sword of traitors’ further
conflicts to come. underscores Octavius’ commitment to avenging
Q. 3. How does Antony’s reference to Caesar’s Caesar’s death. Here, Octavius is likely referring to
assassination (‘Witness the hole you made in himself as ‘another Caesar’, indicating his intention
Caesar’s heart, Crying “Long live! hail, Caesar” to carry on Caesar’s legacy. His use of the word
!’) serve to provoke Brutus and Cassius, and what ‘slaughter’ suggests a ruthless, uncompromising
does this reveal about Antony’s tactics?  [3] approach to dealing with the conspirators, further
Ans. Antony’s reference to Caesar’s assassination is highlighting his determination to avenge Caesar’s
a powerful rhetorical tactic designed to provoke death.
Brutus and Cassius. By reminding them of their Moreover, Octavius’ statement also reveals his
treacherous act—the murder of Caesar—Antony understanding of the symbolic importance of his
seeks to stir their guilt and unsettle them on the actions. By avenging Caesar’s death, he is not only
eve of the battle. His words, ‘Witness the hole you seeking personal retribution but also upholding
made in Caesar’s heart, Crying “Long live! hail, the honour and dignity of the Roman state, which
Caesar”!’ serve as a stark reminder of their betrayal, was tarnished by the act of regicide. His actions are
highlighting the contrast between their proclaimed therefore aimed at restoring order and justice to
loyalty to Caesar and their violent actions. Rome, in line with his role as Caesar’s adopted heir
This tactic reveals Antony as a shrewd and and successor.
manipulative speaker who understands the Q. 5. Based on this dialogue, how would you characterise
power of words. He uses his speech not only to the relationship between Brutus, Cassius, Octavius
communicate but also to influence, control and and Antony, and what might this suggest about the
provoke reactions. Antony knows that by bringing upcoming events in the play?  [4]
up the memory of Caesar’s assassination, he Ans. The dialogue in Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar
can exploit the emotional turmoil and guilt that provides a deep insight into the complex
Brutus and Cassius might be experiencing, thereby relationship between Brutus, Cassius, Octavius and
weakening their resolve and confidence. Antony. The scene is marked by a tense exchange of
Moreover, Antony’s reference to Caesar’s words that reveals not only the personal animosities
assassination underscores his motivation for the and alliances among these characters but also their
battle—to avenge Caesar’s death. His words serve strategic approaches to the impending battle at
as a rallying cry for his own troops, reinforcing the Philippi.
righteousness of their cause and their moral high Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the conspirators,
ground over Brutus and Cassius. It paints Brutus share a bond forged by their mutual involvement
and Cassius as traitors, thereby justifying the war in Caesar’s assassination. Their relationship is
against them. characterised by a shared commitment to the cause
Q. 4. What does Octavius’ statement ‘Never, till Caesar’s they believe in—the preservation of the Roman
three and thirty wounds Be well avenged; or till Republic. However, their approach to conflict, as
another Caesar Has added slaughter to the sword revealed in this dialogue, is marked by caution
of traitors’ imply about his motivations for the and a preference for negotiation over immediate
battle and his commitment to avenging Caesar’s violence. This is evident in Brutus’ statement,
death? [3] ‘Words before blows: is it so, countrymen’?, which
Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Octavius’ reflects his belief in the power of dialogue and
statement, ‘Never, till Caesar’s three and thirty reason.
wounds Be well avenged; or till another Caesar On the other hand, Octavius and Antony, who are
Has added slaughter to the sword of traitors’ is a aligned in their loyalty to Caesar and their desire for
revenge, display a more aggressive stance. Octavius,
74 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

despite his youth and relative inexperience, is The dialogue also reveals a power struggle within
assertive and eager for battle. His refusal to follow the alliance of Octavius and Antony. Antony,
Antony’s orders and his vow to avenge Caesar’s despite his greater experience, is challenged by
death reveal a strong determination and a desire for Octavius, who asserts his authority and disputes
power. Antony, the more experienced and strategic Antony’s orders. This tension between them
of the two, uses harsh words to provoke the suggests potential discord within their alliance,
conspirators, highlighting his role as the avenger of which could have significant implications for their
Caesar’s death. united front against Brutus and Cassius.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Analyse the power dynamics at play in this scene. final act of the play, where these power struggles
How do the interactions between Brutus, Cassius, come to a head in the climactic Battle of Philippi.
Antony and Octavius reflect the shifting power Q. 2. What is the symbolism behind Cassius’ reference
structures in Rome? Consider their dialogue, the to his heart being ‘richer than gold’? How does this
insults they exchange, and their decisions about symbolism contribute to the overall meaning and
battle strategy in your analysis. impact of his speech?
Ans. Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, is a pivotal scene that Ans. Cassius’ reference to his heart being ‘richer than
showcases the power dynamics between Brutus, gold’ is a powerful symbol that carries deep
Cassius, Antony and Octavius. The interactions emotional and thematic significance. This metaphor
between these characters reflect the shifting power serves to highlight the contrast between material
structures in Rome as the Republic transitions from wealth and emotional richness and underscores
the rule of Caesar to a new era of uncertainty and the value Cassius places on loyalty, honour and
conflict. integrity.
The dialogue between the characters reveals their In the context of the dialogue, Cassius is expressing
respective positions of power. Brutus and Cassius, his despair and frustration at feeling unappreciated
the leaders of the conspirators, assert their authority and misunderstood. He feels that his worth is being
by challenging Antony and Octavius to a verbal measured solely in terms of his political power and
duel before the physical battle commences. They material wealth, rather than his emotional depth
exchange insults, each trying to undermine the and personal integrity. By stating that his heart is
other’s authority and legitimacy. This exchange is a ‘richer than gold’, he is asserting that his true value
power play, a battle of words that mirrors the larger lies in his emotional capacity and moral character,
power struggle in Rome. qualities that he believes are more valuable than
Antony, who was initially perceived as a mere any amount of gold.
follower of Caesar, emerges as a powerful figure in This symbolism contributes to the overall meaning
this scene. His ability to manipulate the crowd in his and impact of his speech by providing insight into
famous funeral speech has already demonstrated Cassius’ inner turmoil and his struggle to reconcile
his rhetorical prowess. In this scene, he further his personal feelings with his political ambitions. It
asserts his power by standing up to Brutus and underscores the conflict between personal loyalty
Cassius. However, it is Octavius who surprises and public duty, a recurring theme in the play.
everyone with his assertiveness. Despite being the Cassius’ reference to his heart being ‘richer than
youngest, he refuses to be side-lined and insists on gold’ serves as a poignant reminder of the personal
taking the right side of the battlefield, contradicting sacrifices that are often made in the pursuit of
Antony’s suggestion to take the left. This act of power, and the devastating consequences that can
defiance marks a shift in power dynamics, signalling result.
Octavius’s rise as a future leader. Q. 3. Analyse the character of Octavius in this scene.
The decisions about battle strategy also reflect How does his dispute with Antony over the battle
the power dynamics. Brutus, driven by his stoic strategy reflect his personality and foreshadow his
philosophy, decides to strike the enemy at Philippi, future actions?
believing it to be the most honourable course of Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Octavius emerges
action. Cassius, however, disagrees, arguing that as a strong-willed and assertive character. His
it would be more advantageous to let the enemy dispute with Antony over the battle strategy is a
exhaust themselves by coming to them. This
significant moment that reveals his determination
disagreement highlights the power struggle within
and strategic mind-set.
the conspirators’ camp, with Brutus’s decision
ultimately prevailing. Octavius insists on taking the right side of the
In conclusion, Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar is a battlefield, despite Antony’s suggestion to the
microcosm of the larger power struggle in Rome. contrary. This decision is not a trivial one; it
The interactions between Brutus, Cassius, Antony demonstrates Octavius’s confidence in his own
and Octavius, their exchange of insults, and their judgement and his willingness to assert himself,
decisions about battle strategy all reflect the shifting even against a more experienced military leader
power dynamics. This scene sets the stage for the like Antony. This assertiveness is a key aspect of
 Drama 75
Octavius’s character and is indicative of his future The contrast between these two philosophies is
actions as a leader. evident in the decisions Brutus and Cassius make
Moreover, Octavius’s dispute with Antony in this scene. Brutus, the Stoic, is willing to face
foreshadows the tension that will later develop the consequences of his actions, while Cassius, the
between them. Despite their alliance against Brutus Epicurean, is driven by fear and personal desire.
and Cassius, Octavius and Antony have different However, despite their philosophical differences,
visions for Rome, and their disagreement in this both Brutus and Cassius are united in their goal to
scene hints at the power struggle that will ensue. preserve the Republic. Their shared commitment
Furthermore, Octavius’s strategic decision-making to this cause overrides their personal philosophies
in this scene suggests his potential as a future leader. and influences their actions in the scene.
He understands the importance of positioning in Q. 5. Octavius’s remark to Antony, ‘I do not cross you,
battle and is not afraid to make decisions that he but I will do so’, has a double meaning. Discuss this
believes are in the best interest of his forces. This statement in the context of the theme of betrayal in
ability to make tough decisions under pressure is the play.
a critical leadership quality that Octavius exhibits Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Octavius’s remark
throughout the play. to Antony, ‘I do not cross you, but I will do so’, is a
Q. 4. Compare and contrast the philosophical schools of significant statement that carries a double meaning
Brutus and Cassius as revealed in their conversation. and ties into the theme of betrayal that permeates
How do these philosophies influence their actions the play.
and decisions in the scene? On a surface level, Octavius’s statement is a
Ans. In Act V, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, the philosophical response to Antony’s suggestion about the battle
schools of Brutus and Cassius are revealed strategy. Antony suggests that Octavius should take
through their conversation, and these philosophies the left side of the battlefield, but Octavius insists
significantly influence their actions and decisions in on taking the right. When Antony accuses him of
the scene. crossing him, Octavius responds, “I do not cross
Brutus subscribes to the philosophy of Stoicism, you, but I will do so". Here, the term “cross” is used
a school of thought that emphasises reason, self- in the sense of contradicting or opposing someone.
control and acceptance of fate. Stoics believe that one However, the statement also carries a deeper,
should remain calm and composed, regardless of more ominous meaning. The term ‘cross’ can also
external circumstances. This philosophy is evident imply betrayal or double-crossing. In this context,
in Brutus’s demeanour throughout the play. Even Octavius’s statement can be interpreted as a subtle
in the face of an impending battle, Brutus remains warning to Antony that he might betray him in the
calm and composed, believing that he has done his future. This interpretation aligns with the theme
duty to Rome and accepting whatever outcome fate of betrayal that is central to the play. Julius Caesar
has in store. is, after all, a play about political power and the
On the other hand, Cassius adheres to the betrayals that often accompany the quest for power.
Philosophy of Epicureanism, which values pleasure The play is rife with instances of betrayal, the most
and avoids pain. Epicureans believe in the pursuit notable being Brutus’s betrayal of Caesar. Brutus,
of personal happiness and freedom from fear. This a close friend of Caesar, is persuaded to join a
philosophy is reflected in Cassius’s actions and conspiracy to assassinate Caesar in the belief that
decisions. He is driven by his personal grievances Caesar’s ambition will lead to tyranny. This act of
against Caesar and fears the tyranny that Caesar’s betrayal sets off a chain of events that leads to civil
rule could bring. His decision to join the conspiracy war and the eventual downfall of Brutus and his
against Caesar is motivated by these fears. co-conspirators.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to understand the power dynamics between Brutus, Cassius, Antony and Octavius?
2. Will you be able to examine the character development of Octavius and how his assertiveness in this scene fore-
shadows his future actions?
3. Will you be able to interpret the symbolism of the carrion birds and how they contribute to the mood of the scene
and foreshadow future events?
4. Will you be able to understand how the philosophical schools of Brutus (Stoicism) and Cassius (Epicureanism)
influence their actions and decisions?
5. Will you be able to evaluate the significance of the dialogue and insults exchanged between the characters?
76 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

ACT-V, SCENE-2

Summary
During the early course of the Battle at Philippi, Brutus sends Messala a message, urging Cassius to engage
the enemy forces at once. Brutus believes that the forces under Octavius, which are positioned before him, are
currently unspirited and vulnerable to attack. This scene is a testament to Brutus’ hope and the rashness born
of having nothing more to lose. The scene’s brevity and the quickness of its language are meant to heighten the
tension of the battle for the audience. In an Elizabethan theatre, there was no scenery to shift—the action was fast
as actors left and came back on stage, sometimes in a matter of seconds. The battle, for the most part, takes place
offstage. The important action of this final act will lie in the fates of the characters, not in their swordplay. Thus,
this scene underscores the significance of the characters’ decisions and their impact on the unfolding events.

Word Meanings

 Swordplay—the activity or skill of fencing with swords or foils.  Heighten—to become or to make something greater
or stronger.

Scan to know more

Character in the Scene about
this topic

Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a strategic and decisive leader. He quickly assesses
the situation on the battlefield and decides to send Messala with orders for Cassius’s forces.
Brutus is also shown to be hopeful and somewhat rash, as he perceives a weakness in Octavius’s
army and decides to exploit it. Despite the uncertainties of war, Brutus remains determined and Act-V —Scene-2
focused on his goal. His actions in this scene reflect his courage and his willingness to take risks.
However, his decision also reveals a certain level of desperation, indicating that he feels he has nothing more to
lose. Overall, Brutus emerges as a complex character with a blend of leadership, courage, hope and desperation.

Major Themes in the Scene

1. Leadership and Strategy: Brutus, as a leader, makes strategic decisions based on his observations of the battlefield.
His decision to attack Octavius’s forces demonstrates his role as a military strategist. This theme is significant as
it underscores the political and military aspects of the play.
2. Courage and Determination: Brutus’s determination to exploit the perceived weakness in Octavius’s forces,
despite the uncertainties of war, highlights his courage. This theme is central to the play as it explores the
personal qualities required in leadership roles.
3. Fear and Desperation: The scene also brings out the theme of fear and desperation. Brutus’s decision to attack,
despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation. This theme adds a layer of complexity to Brutus’s character and
sets the stage for the tragic events that follow.
These themes not only add depth to the characters and the plot but also contribute to the tragic outcome of the
play. The decisions made in this scene have far-reaching consequences, leading to the eventual downfall of Brutus
and his allies. Thus, this scene plays a crucial role in advancing the plot and developing the tragic arc of the play.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(a) Retreat from the battlefield

A Multiple Choice Questions (b) Surrender to Octavius
(c) Send Messala with orders for Cassius’s forces
Q. 1. What does Brutus decide to do at the beginning of
(d) Challenge Antony to a duel
the scene?
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
 Drama 77
Explanation: At the beginning of the scene, Brutus Ans. Option (c) is correct.
decides to send Messala with orders for Cassius’s Explanation: As a result of Brutus’s decision to
forces, sensing a weakness in Octavius’s army. attack, his forces successfully overcome Octavius’s
Q. 2. Why does Brutus decide to attack Octavius’s troops. However, this manoeuvre also leaves
forces? Cassius’s side vulnerable to Antony’s forces.
(a) He believes they are unspirited and vulnerable
(b) He wants to avenge Caesar’s death
Commonly Made Errors
(c) He wants to prove his bravery
(d) He believes Octavius is a weak leader Misunderstanding the language:
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Shakespearean language can be difficult to
Explanation: Brutus decides to attack Octavius’s understand, and candidates often misinterpret
forces because he perceives them as unspirited and the meaning of the text.
vulnerable to attack. Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
Q. 3. What does the Man-scorpion do in the scene? Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
(a) Attacks Brutus may not be familiar with the customs and
(b) Betrays Cassius traditions of the time.
(c) Opens the gate of the mountain Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
(d) Surrenders to Octavius the plot or provide a basic description of the
Ans. Option (c) is correct. characters without analysing the themes or
Explanation: The Man-scorpion opens the gate of motifs present in the text.
the mountain, allowing Brutus to pass through and
continue his journey.
Q. 4. What is the significance of the line ‘Although I
should go sorrow and in pain, with sighing and Answering Tips
with weeping, still I must go’?
Candidates should take their time and read the
(a) It shows Brutus’s regret over Caesar’s death
text carefully, paying attention to the context
(b) It shows Brutus’s determination to continue
his journey despite the challenges and tone of the dialogue.
(c) It shows Brutus’s fear of Octavius Candidates should research the historical
(d) It shows Brutus’s desire for power context of the play, including the political and
Ans. Option (b) is correct. social climate of ancient Rome.
Explanation: This line underscores Brutus’s Candidates should research the historical
determination and willingness to face challenges, context of the play, including the political and
even if it means experiencing sorrow and pain. social climate of ancient Rome.
Q. 5. What is the outcome of Brutus’s decision to attack Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
Octavius’s forces? considering the themes, motifs and symbols
(a) Brutus’s forces are defeated present in the play.
(b) Octavius surrenders Candidates should pay close attention to the
(c) Brutus’s forces overcome Octavius’s troops use of literary devices in the text, noting their
(d) The battle ends in a draw effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions strategy for the battle. Brutus is shown as a decisive
that follow: and strategic leader who is not afraid to take bold
BRUTUS: actions when he sees an opportunity. His decision to
Ride, ride, Messala, ......... Messala: let them all come attack Octavius’s forces, based on his observation of
down. their ‘cold demeanour’, shows his ability to quickly
assess the situation and make tactical decisions.
Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Brutus’s instructions
to Messala. What do these instructions reveal Brutus’s leadership style is also characterised by his
about Brutus’s leadership style and his strategy for ability to delegate tasks and trust his subordinates.
the battle? [3] By sending Messala with a message for Cassius’s
forces, he shows that he values teamwork and
Ans. Brutus’s instructions to Messala in this speech
reveal a lot about his leadership style and his
78 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

collaboration. He understands that victory in battle Q. 4. Brutus repeats the command, ‘Ride, ride, Messala’.
requires the coordinated efforts of all his forces. What is the effect of this repetition? What does
Furthermore, Brutus’s strategy for the battle is it convey about the urgency and importance of
Messala’s mission? [3]
revealed to be aggressive and opportunistic. He
believes in taking the initiative and exploiting the Ans. The repetition of the command ‘Ride, ride, Messala’
serves to emphasise the urgency and critical
enemy’s weaknesses. His command to Messala to
nature of Messala’s mission. Brutus is in the midst
let all forces ‘set on at once’ indicates his preference of a battle, and his decision to attack Octavius’s
for a swift and decisive strike. forces hinges on the swift delivery of his orders to
Q. 2. Brutus mentions a ‘cold demeanour in Octavius’ Cassius’s forces. By repeating the command, Brutus
wing’. What does he mean by this? How does this underscores the need for speed and immediate
observation influence his decision to attack? [3] action.
Ans. When Brutus mentions a ‘cold demeanour in This repetition also serves to highlight the high
Octavius’ wing’, he is referring to what he perceives stakes of the situation. The outcome of the battle,
as a lack of spirit or enthusiasm among Octavius’s and potentially the future of Rome, depends on the
troops. In the context of the battlefield, a ‘cold successful execution of Brutus’s strategy. Messala’s
demeanour’ could suggest a lack of morale, energy mission is not just a simple errand but a crucial task
or readiness for battle. This observation is crucial, as that could determine the course of the war.
it influences Brutus’s decision to attack. Moreover, the repetition adds a dramatic effect
Brutus, being a strategic leader, is always on the to the scene, conveying the tense and chaotic
lookout for any advantage that could turn the tide atmosphere of the battlefield. It reflects Brutus’s
of battle in his favour. Observing this perceived anxious state of mind and his desperate desire for
weakness, he sees an opportunity to strike and victory. Thus, through this repeated command,
potentially overpower Octavius’s forces. This is the audience gets a glimpse of the pressures and
a calculated risk, based on his assessment of the challenges that Brutus faces as a leader at the time
situation. of war.
His decision to attack, therefore, is a strategic move Q. 5. In the context of the play, how does this speech
aimed at exploiting what he believes to be a moment contribute to the development of Brutus’s
of vulnerability in Octavius’s forces. It demonstrates character? How does it set the stage for the events
Brutus’s proactive approach to leadership—he does that follow in the battle of Philippi? [4]
not wait for opportunities to present themselves Ans. This speech is pivotal in the development of
but actively seeks them out. This decision sets the Brutus’s character and sets the stage for the events
course for the subsequent events in the battle, that follow in the battle of Philippi.
highlighting the pivotal role that perception and Brutus, in this speech, is portrayed as a decisive and
decision-making play in the outcomes of war. strategic leader. He quickly assesses the situation
Q. 3. The phrase ‘sudden push gives them the on the battlefield and makes the decision to send
overthrow’ suggests a specific tactic in warfare. Messala with orders for Cassius’s forces. This shows
What tactic is Brutus referring to, and why might his ability to make quick decisions under pressure,
this be effective against Octavius’s forces?  [3] a key trait of a strong leader. His decision to attack,
Ans. The phrase ‘sudden push gives them the overthrow’ based on his observation of a ‘cold demeanour’ in
refers to a tactic in warfare known as a surprise Octavius’s forces, further underscores his strategic
or swift attack. Brutus is suggesting that a quick, thinking and proactive approach to leadership.
forceful offensive, launched when the enemy least The repetition of the command ‘Ride, ride, Messala’
expects it, can lead to a decisive victory. This tactic serves to emphasise the urgency and critical nature
relies on the element of surprise and the momentum of Messala’s mission. This not only highlights the
gained from a forceful charge to overwhelm the high stakes of the situation but also reflects Brutus’s
enemy. anxious state of mind and his desperate desire for
victory.
In the context of the battle against Octavius’s forces,
Brutus believes this tactic could be effective due to However, this speech also foreshadows the tragic
the perceived ‘cold demeanour’ in Octavius’s wing. outcome of the battle. Brutus’s decision to attack,
He interprets this as a sign of weakness or a lack despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation
of readiness, making them vulnerable to a sudden and a willingness to gamble everything on a single
attack. decisive move. This sets the stage for the subsequent
events in the battle, where Brutus’s gamble fails to
Brutus’s decision to employ this tactic reveals
pay off, leading to his eventual downfall.
his strategic thinking and his willingness to seize
opportunities as they arise. It also underscores In conclusion, this speech is a crucial moment
in the play that contributes significantly to the
the high-stakes nature of the battle, where quick
development of Brutus’s character. It reveals
decisions can have far-reaching consequences.
his strengths as a leader, his courage, and his
However, as the play unfolds, we see that such
desperation. At the same time, it sets the stage
tactics also carry significant risks, highlighting
for the tragic events that follow, highlighting
the unpredictable nature of war and the fine line
the unpredictable nature of war and the fine line
between victory and defeat.
between victory and defeat.
 Drama 79

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Analyse Brutus’s leadership style is depicted Brutus’s decision to employ this tactic reveals
in this scene. How do his decisions and actions his strategic thinking and his willingness to seize
reflect his character and strategic thinking? opportunities as they arise. It also underscores
Ans. In Act V, Scene 2 of ‘Julius Caesar’, Brutus’s the high-stakes nature of the battle, where quick
leadership style is prominently displayed through decisions can have far-reaching consequences.
his decisions and actions. Brutus is portrayed as a However, as the play unfolds, we see that such
decisive and strategic leader. He quickly assesses the tactics also carry significant risks, highlighting
situation on the battlefield and makes the decision the unpredictable nature of war and the fine line
to send Messala with orders for Cassius’s forces. between victory and defeat.
This shows his ability to make quick decisions The outcome of the battle is directly influenced by
under pressure, a key trait of a strong leader. His Brutus’s decision to employ this tactic. While his
decision to attack, based on his observation of a forces successfully overcome Octavius’s troops, this
‘cold demeanour’ in Octavius’s forces, further manoeuvre also leaves Cassius’s side vulnerable to
underscores his strategic thinking and proactive Antony’s forces. This ultimately leads to the defeat
approach to leadership. of Brutus and his allies, demonstrating that while a
Brutus’s leadership style is also characterised by his “sudden push” can give an initial advantage, it can
ability to delegate tasks and trust his subordinates. also expose one’s own vulnerabilities.
By sending Messala with orders for Cassius’s In conclusion, the phrase ‘sudden push gives them
forces, he shows that he values teamwork and the overthrow’ is significant as it provides insight
collaboration. He understands that victory in battle into Brutus’s strategic thinking and the high-risk
requires the coordinated efforts of all his forces. nature of his battle tactics. It also sets the stage for
Furthermore, Brutus’s strategy for the battle is the tragic outcome of the battle, underscoring the
revealed to be aggressive and opportunistic. He themes of risk, unpredictability and the high cost of
believes in taking the initiative and exploiting the war that permeate the play.
enemy’s weaknesses. His command to Messala to Q. 3. In Act V, Scene 2 of William Shakespeare’s ‘Julius
let all forces ‘set on at once’ indicates his preference Caesar’, how does Brutus’ strategic decision to
for a swift and decisive strike. attack Octavius’ forces reflect on his character
However, this speech also foreshadows the tragic and the overall theme of the play? Discuss the
outcome of the battle. Brutus’s decision to attack, implications of this scene on the unfolding of the
despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation plot and its impact on the subsequent events.
and a willingness to gamble everything on a single Ans. In Act V, Scene 2 of William Shakespeare’s ‘Julius
decisive move. This sets the stage for the subsequent Caesar’, Brutus, one of the key conspirators against
events in the battle, where Brutus’s gamble fails to Caesar, makes a strategic decision that has far-
pay off, leading to his eventual downfall. reaching implications for both his character and the
Q. 2. Discuss the significance of the phrase ‘sudden overall theme of the play.
push gives them the overthrow’ in the context of Brutus sends Messala with orders for Cassius’s
the battle strategy Brutus employs. How does this forces to attack Octavius’s troops, who appear
tactic influence the outcome of the battle? to be vulnerable. This decision, made in the heat
of battle, reflects Brutus’ character as a decisive
Ans. The phrase ‘sudden push gives them the
leader who is willing to take risks. However, it also
overthrow’ is significant as it encapsulates Brutus’s
reveals his lack of foresight and understanding of
battle strategy in this scene. It refers to a tactic in
the battlefield’s dynamics. While his manoeuvre
warfare known as a surprise or swift attack. Brutus
successfully overcomes Octavius’s troops, it leaves
is suggesting that a quick, forceful offensive,
Cassius vulnerable to Antony’s troops.
launched when the enemy least expects it, can lead
This scene is pivotal in the play, as it marks a turning
to a decisive victory. This tactic relies on the element
point in the battle and sets the stage for the tragic
of surprise and the momentum gained from a
events that follow. The decision made by Brutus not
forceful charge to overwhelm the enemy.
only impacts the outcome of the battle but also the
In the context of the battle against Octavius’s forces, fate of the conspirators. It underscores the theme of
Brutus believes this tactic could be effective due to the play that human choices often yield unforeseen,
the perceived ‘cold demeanour’ in Octavius’s wing. fateful consequences.
He interprets this as a sign of weakness or a lack The implications of this scene are profound. Brutus’
of readiness, making them vulnerable to a sudden decision to attack Octavius’s forces, based on a
attack. perceived weakness, leads to a temporary victory.
80 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

However, this victory is short-lived as Antony’s Furthermore, this scene enhances our
forces, left unchecked, attack Cassius’s now understanding of Brutus’ character. Despite his
vulnerable troops. This turn of events leads to the noble intentions, Brutus’ strategic miscalculations
eventual defeat of the conspirators, highlighting reveal a tragic flaw in his character - his inability
the tragic flaw of Brutus: his inability to fully grasp to foresee the consequences of his actions. His
the consequences of his actions. decision, driven by a desire to seize a perceived
opportunity, ultimately leads to his downfall.

Reflection
1. Will you be able to reflect on the outcomes of Brutus’s leadership decisions in the final battle?
2. Do you understand the unpredictable nature of war and its impact on strategies?

ACT-V, SCENE-3

Summary
In Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, the battlefield becomes a site of miscommunication and tragic errors. Cassius,
seeing his men retreating and Brutus’ forces foraging for spoils, sends Titinius to identify distant soldiers and asks
Pindarus to observe from a hill. Pindarus misinterprets the scene, leading Cassius to believe that Titinius has been
captured. In despair, Cassius asks Pindarus to kill him, which he does, marking a tragic end to Cassius’ life, with
his last words being a tribute to Caesar. Scan to know more
about
However, Titinius was not captured but was hailed by Brutus’ troops. He returns with Messala, this topic
intending to comfort Cassius with news of Octavius’ defeat by Brutus, only to find Cassius
dead. Shocked, Titinius kills himself with Cassius’ sword. Brutus arrives on the scene with
Messala, Young Cato, Strato, Volumnius and Lucilius, finding the bodies of Titinius and Cassius.
He says a sad farewell to them, calling Cassius ‘the last of all the Romans’, before leaving for Act-V —Scene-3
another encounter with the enemy.
This scene is a poignant illustration of the tragic consequences of miscommunication. Cassius’ death is a result of
Pindarus’ misreading of the battle and Cassius’ own despair. The belief of Titinius and Messala that Cassius killed
himself due to a loss of faith in their cause and in Brutus’ abilities adds a layer of tragedy to his death.
The audience’s perception of Cassius and Brutus undergoes a significant shift in this scene. Cassius, initially
portrayed as a manipulative and emotionless character with unclear motives for killing Caesar, shows a deep love
for his friend at the end, albeit one that leads to his downfall. His melancholy becomes the ‘mother’ to his death,
and in contrast to Brutus’ virility in the face of his friend’s death, Cassius appears less manly.
Brutus, on the other hand, transforms from a passive character pursued by Cassius to a man of action. Any doubts
about his nobility are swept aside by the sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship with Cassius. This
scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, highlighting the tragic consequences of miscommunication
and the evolving perceptions of its central characters.

Word Meanings

 Melancholy—a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.  Manipulative—exercising unscrupu-
lous control or influence over a person or situation.

Characters in the Scene

1. Cassius: In this scene, Cassius is portrayed as a tragic figure who misinterprets the situation on the battlefield,
leading to his despair and eventual suicide. His death is a result of his miscommunication and despair, showing
a vulnerable side to his character that was not evident earlier in the play. His transformation from a manipulative
 Drama 81
and emotionless character to one who shows a deep love for his friend, albeit leading to his downfall, significantly
impacts the rest of the play. His death marks a turning point in the battle and sets the stage for the tragic events
that follow.
2. Titinius: Titinius is shown as a loyal friend to Cassius. He is mistakenly believed to have been captured by the
enemy, which leads to Cassius’ suicide. Upon discovering Cassius’ body and realising the tragic misunderstanding,
Titinius is overcome with grief and kills himself with Cassius’ sword. His death further underscores the tragic
consequences of miscommunication and adds to the mounting losses for Brutus’ side.
3. Brutus: Brutus is portrayed as a noble and sympathetic character in this scene. He arrives to find the bodies
of his comrades and pays a sad farewell to them. His reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his
deep sense of loss and loyalty. Brutus’ transformation from a passive character to a man of action is evident in
this scene. His nobility and the sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship with Cassius significantly
influence the audience’s perception of him and set the stage for his own tragic end.
4. Pindarus: Pindarus is a minor character in this scene, but his role is crucial. As Cassius’ servant, he misinterprets
the situation on the battlefield, leading to Cassius’ despair and suicide. His miscommunication underscores the
tragic theme of the scene and his obedience to Cassius, even in carrying out the act of killing him, highlights the
rigid hierarchy and loyalty among the characters.
The development of these characters in this scene significantly impacts the rest of the play. The tragic deaths of
Cassius and Titinius set the stage for the final tragic events, while Brutus’ nobility and sense of loss further engage
the audience’s sympathy, setting the stage for his own tragic end. The theme of miscommunication, highlighted
through the characters of Cassius and Pindarus, continues to play a significant role in the unfolding tragedy.

Major Themes in the Scene

1. Miscommunication and Misinterpretation: This theme is central to the scene. Cassius’ death is a direct result of
Pindarus’ misinterpretation of the situation on the battlefield. This tragic miscommunication leads to a series of
unfortunate events, including Titinius’ suicide. This theme has been developed in previous scenes, particularly in
the manipulation and misuse of language by characters like Cassius and Brutus. The impact of this theme is felt
throughout the play as it leads to the tragic end of several characters and, ultimately, the downfall of Brutus.
2. Despair and Suicide: Despair is a powerful theme in this scene. Cassius’ despair leads him to ask Pindarus to kill
him, and Titinius, upon discovering Cassius’ body, also kills himself. This theme is a continuation of earlier scenes
where Brutus contemplates suicide as an honourable way out. The impact of this theme is significant, as it leads
to the tragic end of the play with Brutus’ suicide.
3. Friendship and Loyalty: The deep friendship between Cassius and Brutus is evident in this scene. Cassius’ love
for his friend leads to his downfall, and Brutus’ reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his deep sense
of loss and loyalty. This theme has been developed since the beginning of the play, with Cassius manipulating
Brutus’ trust to convince him to join the conspiracy against Caesar. The impact of this theme is felt throughout
the play as it influences the actions of the characters and ultimately leads to their tragic ends.
4. Transformation of Characters: The transformation of characters, particularly Cassius and Brutus, is a significant
theme in this scene. Cassius transforms from a manipulative character to one who shows a deep love for his
friend, while Brutus transforms from a passive character to a man of action. This theme has been developing since
the beginning of the play, and its impact is felt in the rest of the play as it influences the audience’s perception of
these characters and sets the stage for their tragic ends.
These themes, developed in this scene and previous ones, significantly impact the rest of the play, setting the
stage for the tragic events that follow. They highlight the tragic consequences of miscommunication, the despair
that leads to suicide, the power of friendship and loyalty, and the transformation of characters, all of which
contribute to the tragic end of the play.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(a) Brutus (b) Pindarus

A Multiple Choice Questions (c) Titinius (d) Messala
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Q. 1. Who does Cassius send to identify the soldiers in Explanation: Cassius sends Titinius to ride towards
the distance? the soldiers that he sees in the distance and
determine who they are.
82 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 2. Who does Cassius ask to kill him? Q. 10. Cassius: ‘Caesar, thou art revenged, / Even with the
(a) Brutus (b) Pindarus sword that killed thee’. What does Cassius mean
(c) Titinius (d) Messala by this line?
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (a) Cassius is happy that Caesar is avenged.
Explanation: Cassius asks Pindarus to keep his oath (b) Cassius feels guilty for killing Caesar.
of obedience and to stab him. (c) Cassius is being sarcastic about Caesar’s
revenge.
Q. 3. Who kills himself with Cassius’ sword?
(d) Cassius believes that his death is a form of
(a) Brutus (b) Pindarus revenge for Caesar.
(c) Titinius (d) Messala Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: Cassius feels that by dying from the
Explanation: Shocked by Cassius’ death, Titinius same sword that killed Caesar, he has avenged
kills himself with Cassius’ sword. Caesar’s death.
Q. 4. Who does Brutus call ‘the last of all the Romans’? Q. 11. Cassius: ‘Pindarus, what news’? What is Cassius
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus asking Pindarus in this line?
(c) Titinius (d) Messala (a) For news about the battle.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (b) For news about Brutus.
Explanation: Brutus pays a sad farewell to Cassius (c) For news about Titinius.
and Titinius, calling Cassius ‘the last of all the (d) For news about Rome.
Romans’. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Q. 5. Who is hailed by Brutus’ troops? Explanation: Cassius is asking Pindarus for updates
on the situation on the battlefield.
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus
(c) Titinius Q. 12. Which of the following statements is not true of
(d) Messala
Cassius?
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(a) He sends Titinius to identify the soldiers in the
Explanation: Titinius is not captured but is hailed distance.
by Brutus' troops when he arrives on horseback.
(b) He asks Pindarus to kill him.
Q. 6. Who transforms from a passive character to a man
(c) He believes that Titinius has been captured by
of action in this scene?
the enemy.
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus
(d) He is hailed by Brutus’ troops.
(c) Titinius (d) Brutus
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: In this scene, it is Titinius who is hailed
Explanation: Brutus, who at the beginning of the
by Brutus' troops, not Cassius.
play was passive and pursued by Cassius, is now a
man of action. Q. 13. Select the option that shows the correct
relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
Q. 7. Who is portrayed as a noble and sympathetic
character in this scene? (i) ‘Cassius sends Titinius to identify the soldiers
in the distance’.
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus
(ii) ‘Pindarus misinterprets the situation on the
(c) Titinius (d) Brutus
battlefield’.
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
Explanation: Brutus is portrayed as a noble and
(b) (i) is an example of (ii)
sympathetic character in this scene. His reaction to
the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his deep (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
sense of loss and loyalty. (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
Q. 8. Who transforms from a manipulative character to Ans. Option (a) is correct.
one who shows deep a love for his friend? Explanation: Cassius sending Titinius to identify
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus the soldiers leads to Pindarus misinterpreting the
(c) Titinius (d) Brutus situation on the battlefield.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Q. 14. Select the option that shows the correct
Explanation: Cassius, initially portrayed as a relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
manipulative and emotionless character with (i) ‘Cassius asks Pindarus to kill him’.
unclear motives for killing Caesar, shows a deep (ii) ‘Titinius finds Cassius’ dead body and kills
love for his friend at the end. himself with Cassius’ sword’.
Q. 9. Who arrives on the scene to find the bodies of his (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
comrades? (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
(a) Cassius (b) Pindarus (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
(c) Titinius (d) Brutus (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: Brutus arrives on the scene with Explanation: Cassius asking Pindarus to kill him
Messala, Young Cato, Strato, Volumnius and leads to Titinius finding Cassius’ dead body and
Lucilius, finding the bodies of Titinius and Cassius. killing himself.
 Drama 83

Commonly Made Errors Answering Tips

Misunderstanding the language: Candidates should take their time and read the
Shakespearean language can be difficult to text carefully, paying attention to the context
understand, and candidates often misinterpret and tone of the dialogue.
Candidates should research the historical
the meaning of the text. context of the play, including the political and
Failing to consider the historical context: Julius social climate of ancient Rome.
Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates Candidates should research the historical
may not be familiar with the customs and context of the play, including the political and
social climate of ancient Rome.
traditions of the time.
Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
the plot or provide a basic description of the present in the play.
characters without analysing the themes or Candidates should pay close attention to the
motifs present in the text. use of literary devices in the text, noting their
effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions Q. 2. Titinius mentions that Brutus ‘gave the word too
that follow: early’ and his soldiers ‘fell to spoil’. What does this
I CASSIUS: suggest about Brutus’ leadership and decision-
O, look, Titinius, look, .......... Antony are all enclosed. making skills? How might this have impacted the
outcome of the battle?  [3]
Q. 1. Analyse the character of Cassius as depicted in his
lines. How does his dialogue reflect his state of Ans. Titinius’ statement that Brutus ‘gave the word too
mind and his view of the battle?  [3] early’ suggests a critique of Brutus’ leadership and
decision-making skills. It implies that Brutus may
Ans. In this excerpt from Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar,
have acted prematurely or impulsively without
Cassius is portrayed as a character in turmoil. His fully considering the consequences of his actions.
dialogue reveals a state of mind that is fraught This could indicate a lack of strategic foresight
with despair and self-doubt. His words, ‘O, look, or patience, qualities that are crucial in a leader,
Titinius, look, the villains fly! Myself have to mine especially in a battlefield context.
own turned enemy’, reflecting his perception of
The phrase ‘his soldiers fell to spoil’ further
the battle as a losing one, and his role in it as self-
underscores this point. It suggests that Brutus’
destructive. He sees himself as his own enemy,
soldiers were more focused on claiming the spoils
indicating a deep internal conflict and a sense of
of war than on the strategic objectives of the battle.
guilt or regret over his actions. This could reflect a failure on Brutus’ part to instill
Cassius’ dialogue also reveals his view of the battle discipline and focus in his troops or to effectively
as a chaotic and treacherous event. His statement, communicate the importance of the larger strategic
‘This ensign here of mine was turning back; I slew goals over immediate gains.
the coward and did take it from him’, shows his The impact of these potential shortcomings in
desperation and the extreme measures he’s willing
Brutus’ leadership and decision-making skills
to take in the face of defeat. It suggests a view of the
could be significant for the outcome of the battle.
battle as a test of loyalty and courage, where those
The premature action could have led to a lack of
who retreat are deemed cowards.
preparedness among his troops, making them
Overall, Cassius’ dialogue paints a picture of a vulnerable to attack. The focus on spoils could have
man who is deeply conflicted, filled with regret, led to a loss of strategic advantage, allowing their
and grappling with the harsh realities of war. His
opponents to gain the upper hand. Ultimately,
words provide a glimpse into his troubled psyche,
these factors could have contributed to the defeat
offering a deeper understanding of his character
of Brutus’ forces in the battle. This scene serves to
and his perspective on the events unfolding around
highlight the tragic consequences of poor leadership
him. His dialogue serves as a stark reminder of
and decision-making, themes that are central to the
the tragic consequences of misjudgement and
play.
miscommunication, themes that are central to the
play. His despair and subsequent actions set the Q. 3. Cassius states, ‘Myself have to mine own turned
stage for the tragic events that follow, underscoring enemy’. What does this reveal about his internal
the play’s exploration of the destructive power of conflict? How does this self-perception influence
political ambition and betrayal. his actions in the scene?  [3]
84 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. Cassius’ statement, ‘Myself have to mine own Q. 5. The excerpt ends with Titinius saying, ‘Whilst we
turned enemy’, reveals a profound internal conflict. by Antony are all enclosed’. What does this line
He perceives himself as his own worst enemy, suggest about the situation of Cassius and Titinius?
suggesting a deep sense of self-doubt and regret. How does this line foreshadow the events to come
This self-perception is deeply rooted in his role in in the play?  [4]
the conspiracy against Caesar and the subsequent Ans. Titinius’ line, ‘Whilst we by Antony are all
civil war, events that have led to much bloodshed enclosed’, paints a grim picture of the situation
and turmoil. faced by Cassius and Titinius. It suggests that they
Cassius’ internal conflict is further exacerbated are surrounded by Antony’s forces, indicating
by the unfolding events on the battlefield. His a strategic disadvantage and imminent danger.
misinterpretation of Titinius’ fate, fuelled by his The use of the word ‘enclosed’ conveys a sense of
own despair and guilt, leads him to view himself as entrapment and hopelessness, reflecting the dire
a traitor to his own cause. This self-perception acts circumstances they find themselves in. This line
as a catalyst for his subsequent actions in the scene. underscores the gravity of their situation on the
Influenced by this self-perception, Cassius makes battlefield, highlighting the overwhelming odds
the tragic decision to end his own life, believing that they are up against.
he has become a liability to his own cause. His death This line also foreshadows the tragic events to
marks a significant turning point in the play, setting come in the play. The fact that they are enclosed
the stage for the tragic events that follow. Thus, by Antony’s forces suggests an impending defeat.
Cassius’ self-perception not only influences his It hints at the possibility of capture or death,
actions in the scene but also shapes the trajectory setting the stage for the tragic end that befalls
of the play. His internal conflict and subsequent both Cassius and Titinius. Cassius, despairing and
suicide serve as a stark reminder of the destructive misinterpreting the situation, ends up taking his
power of guilt and regret, themes that are central to own life, while Titinius, upon discovering Cassius’
the play. body, also chooses to die by suicide. Thus, this line
serves as a harbinger of the tragic fate that awaits
Q. 4. Both Cassius and Titinius mention the enemy in
them.
their dialogues, but their perspectives seem to
differ. Compare and contrast their views of the Moreover, this line also foreshadows the ultimate
enemy. How do these views reflect their individual defeat of Brutus’ forces. The encirclement by
characters and roles in the play?  [3] Antony’s forces is a clear indication of Brutus’ failing
strategy and the impending victory of Antony and
Ans. In Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, both Cassius and
Octavius. It sets the stage for the final scenes of the
Titinius mention the enemy, but their perspectives
play, where Brutus, too, meets a tragic end.
indeed differ, reflecting their characters and roles in
the play. In a broader sense, this line encapsulates the tragic
trajectory of the play—the fall of the conspirators
Cassius views the enemy with a sense of despair
who assassinated Caesar. It underscores the themes
and defeat. His dialogue was, ‘O, look, Titinius,
of misjudgement, betrayal and the devastating
look, the villains fly! Myself have to mine own
consequences of political ambition that are central
turned enemy’, reveals his perception of the battle
to the play.
as a losing one. He sees himself as his enemy,
indicating a deep internal conflict and a sense of II CASSIUS:
guilt or regret over his actions. This perspective Come down, behold .......... note of him.
aligns with his character throughout the play as a Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Cassius' decision to
manipulator driven by personal ambition and fear, end his life with the same sword that killed Caesar.
leading to tragic consequences. How does this act reflect on his character and his
On the other hand, Titinius’ dialogue reflects a relationship with Caesar?
more objective view of the enemy. His statement, Ans. Cassius’ decision to end his life with the same
‘Whilst we by Antony are all enclosed’, suggests a sword that killed Caesar is a pivotal moment that
clear understanding of the strategic situation on speaks volumes about his character and his complex
the battlefield. He acknowledges the threat posed relationship with Caesar. As one of the conspirators
by Antony’s forces without succumbing to despair. against Caesar, Cassius’ choice of weapon signifies
This reflects his role in the play as a loyal friend and his acceptance of the consequences of his actions. It
soldier who remains level-headed and focused on is a powerful symbol of his guilt and remorse over
the task at hand, even in the face of adversity. Caesar’s death, as well as his deep-seated sense of
honour and responsibility.
Thus, their differing views of the enemy provide
insight into their characters and contribute to the Despite being political adversaries, Cassius’ action
unfolding tragedy in the play. Cassius’ despair indicates a complex relationship with Caesar,
and self-perception as his enemy led to his tragic hinting at an underlying respect and possibly a
sense of lost friendship. His final words, ‘Caesar,
end, while Titinius’ clear-eyed assessment of the
thou art revenged, even with the sword that killed
situation underscores the dire circumstances faced
thee’, underscore this sentiment. This act paints
by Brutus’ forces.
 Drama 85
Cassius as a man of honour, deeply conflicted and emotional weight of the scene, making the audience
willing to face the consequences of his actions. empathise with his remorse and despair.
This scene adds a layer of complexity to his Furthermore, his words also serve to humanise
character, revealing a man torn between his political him, showing that, despite his previous actions,
ambitions and personal guilt. The act of suicide, he is capable of feeling guilt and regret. This adds
especially with the weapon that killed Caesar, is a a layer of complexity to his character, making him
poignant reminder of the tragic consequences of more relatable to the audience. It also sets the stage
political power struggles and the personal toll it for his subsequent actions, providing a deeper
takes on those involved. It is a stark portrayal of understanding of his motivations and emotional
the human cost of ambition and power. This scene, state. Overall, this line plays a crucial role in shaping
therefore, serves as a critical turning point in the the mood of the scene and developing Cassius’
narrative, highlighting the tragic downfall of a once character.
powerful figure. Q. 4. ‘Far from this country Pindarus shall run, Where
Q. 2. Pindarus is a captured soldier who gains his never Roman shall take note of him’. —What does
freedom after following Cassius' orders. What Pindarus’ decision to flee suggest about his view
does this suggest about the themes of freedom, of the Roman Empire and his own future?
duty and loyalty in this scene? Ans. Pindarus’ decision to flee and his declaration,
Ans. Pindarus’ role in this scene is a powerful exploration ‘Far from this country Pindarus shall run, Where
of the themes of freedom, duty and loyalty. As a never Roman shall take note of him’, reveal a lot
captured soldier, Pindarus is bound by his duty about his perspective on the Roman Empire and
to Cassius, who spared his life in Parthia. His his own future. His decision to distance himself
obedience to Cassius’ orders, even when it involves from the Roman Empire suggests deep-seated
disillusionment and perhaps even fear. It could be
the act of killing, speaks volumes about his loyalty
interpreted as a critique of the Roman Empire’s
and the sense of duty ingrained in him.
political machinations, which have led to the tragic
However, the freedom he gains after following events he has been a part of.
Cassius’ orders is a complex one. While he is
His decision to run ‘where never the Roman shall
technically free from his servitude, the act that take note of him’ indicates a desire for anonymity
grants him this freedom—the killing of Cassius— and freedom from the oppressive gaze of the
is a heavy burden to bear. His subsequent decision Roman Empire. It suggests a longing for a future
to flee ‘where never Roman shall take note of him’ where he is not defined by his past actions or his
suggests a desire to escape not just from Roman association with the Roman Empire. This decision
rule, but also from the guilt and moral implications underscores his desire to escape the guilt and moral
of his actions. burden associated with his actions under Cassius’
This scene, therefore, presents a nuanced view of orders.
freedom. It suggests that freedom can come at a high Moreover, his decision to flee can also be seen as an
personal cost and may not always bring the relief act of self-preservation. By distancing himself from
or happiness one might expect. It also highlights the Roman Empire, Pindarus is attempting to carve
the often-complicated relationship between duty, out a future for himself that is free from the violence
loyalty and freedom and the difficult choices and power struggles that have so far defined his
individuals must make when these concepts are in life. In this sense, his decision to flee is not just
conflict. This is evident in Pindarus’ actions and the a physical act of distancing but also a symbolic
subsequent consequences he must face. act of disassociation from the Roman Empire
Q. 3. ‘O, coward that I am, to live so long, To see my and everything it represents. Overall, Pindarus’
best friend ta’en before my face’!—What does this decision to flee underscores the themes of freedom,
line reveal about Cassius' feelings of guilt and guilt and the quest for personal redemption.
responsibility? How does it impact the mood of Q. 5. How does the tone and mood shift throughout this
the scene? scene, particularly from Cassius’ initial despair to
Ans. This line from Cassius reveals a deep sense of guilt Pindarus’ final declaration of freedom? What does
and responsibility over the death of his best friend. this shift suggest about the nature of power and
By calling himself a ‘coward’, Cassius is expressing control in the play?
regret for his actions that led to his friend’s death. Ans. The tone and mood of this scene undergo a
He feels guilty for living while his friend has died, significant shift, moving from Cassius’ initial despair
suggesting that he believes he should have been the to Pindarus’ final declaration of freedom. This shift
one to die instead. This self-deprecating language is not just a change in the emotional landscape of
indicates a strong sense of personal responsibility the scene but also a commentary on the nature of
for the tragic events that have unfolded. power and control in the play.
The impact on the mood of the scene is significant. At the beginning of the scene, the tone is one of
Cassius’ words create a sombre and regretful despair and regret. Cassius, filled with guilt and
atmosphere, highlighting the tragic consequences remorse over his role in Caesar’s death, decides
of his actions. His guilt and self-blame intensify the to end his life. His words, ‘O, coward that I am, to
86 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

live so long, to see my best friend Ta’en before my suggest about the characters’ views on their
face’! reveal a man tormented by his actions and actions and the outcomes of those actions? How
the consequences they have wrought. The mood does it contribute to the tragic tone of the scene?
is sombre, and the atmosphere is heavy with the Ans. In Messala’s speech, the phrase ‘O hateful error,
weight of Cassius’ guilt and despair. melancholy’s child’, is a powerful metaphor that
However, as the scene progresses, the tone and provides insight into the characters’ views on
mood shift dramatically with Pindarus’ final their actions and the outcomes of those actions.
declaration of freedom. Having fulfilled his duty The ‘hateful error’ could be interpreted as the
to Cassius, Pindarus is now free. His words, ‘Far misguided actions and decisions made by the
from this country, Pindarus shall run, where never characters, particularly the decision to assassinate
Roman shall take note of him’, convey a sense of Caesar. The term ‘melancholy’s child’ personifies
relief and anticipation. The mood lightens and the these errors as the offspring of sadness and despair,
atmosphere is charged with Pindarus’ newfound suggesting that these actions were born out of a
freedom. state of melancholy.
In conclusion, the shift in tone and mood in this This metaphor suggests a deep sense of regret and
scene, from Cassius’ despair to Pindarus’ declaration self-reproach among the characters. It indicates
of freedom, offers a nuanced exploration of the that they view their actions as errors that have led
themes of power and control in the play. It presents to disastrous outcomes. This could be seen as a
a complex picture of power dynamics, highlighting reflection of their guilt and the emotional turmoil
the personal costs and potential freedoms associated they are experiencing as a result of their actions.
with power and control.
Furthermore, the metaphor contributes significantly
III TINTINIUS: to the tragic tone of the scene. By personifying the
No, this was he, Messala, ......... and find Tintinius’ heart. errors as “melancholy’s child", Messala underscores
[Kills himself] the sorrow and despair that permeate the scene. It
Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Tintinius’ lines: ‘O enhances the sense of tragedy by highlighting the
setting sun, As in thy red rays thou dost sink emotional consequences of the characters’ actions.
tonight, So in his red blood Cassius’ day is set; The Q. 3. Tintinius’ final act is to kill himself with Cassius’
sun of Rome is set! Our day is gone;’. How do these sword, similar to how Cassius ended his life. What
lines reflect on the themes of loss, despair and the does this parallel suggest about their relationship
fall of power in the play? and the theme of honour in the play?
Ans. Tintinius’ lines, ‘O setting sun, As in thy red rays Ans. Tintinius’ final act of killing himself with Cassius’
thou dost sink tonight, So in his red blood Cassius’ sword, mirroring the way Cassius ended his own
life, is a poignant moment in the play that speaks
day is set; The sun of Rome is set! Our day is gone’;
volumes about their relationship and the theme of
are rich in symbolism and metaphor, and they
honour.
reflect deeply on the themes of loss, despair and the
fall of power in the play. Tintinius and Cassius share a close bond, marked
by mutual respect and loyalty. Tintinius’ decision
The ‘setting sun’ and the ‘red rays’ are metaphoric to end his life in the same manner as Cassius is a
representations of the end of a day, symbolising the testament to this bond. It suggests a deep sense of
end of Cassius’ life. The sun, which gives light and solidarity with Cassius, indicating that Tintinius
life, is now setting, indicating the death of Cassius, a would rather join his friend in death than live in a
significant figure in the Roman political landscape. world without him. This act underscores the depth
The ‘red rays’ and ‘red blood’ create a vivid image of their relationship and the profound impact of
of the violent and tragic end that Cassius has met, Cassius’ death on Tintinius.
reinforcing the theme of loss. The parallel between their deaths also highlights
Tintinius refers to Cassius as the ‘sun of Rome’, the theme of honour that permeates the play. In
indicating his powerful position and influence. The Roman society, honour was a highly valued virtue,
setting of this sun signifies the fall of power, marking often associated with bravery, loyalty and integrity.
a significant shift in the political dynamics of Rome. By choosing to die with the same sword as Cassius,
The phrase ‘Our day is gone’ further emphasises Tintinius is upholding these values. His act can be
this loss of power and control, suggesting a sense of seen as a final tribute to Cassius, honouring his
despair and uncertainty about the future. friend’s memory and their shared ideals.
In conclusion, Tintinius’ lines are a poignant In conclusion, the parallel between Tintinius and
reflection of the themes of loss, despair and the fall Cassius’ deaths provides a powerful exploration of
of power in the play. They capture the tragic end of their relationship and the theme of honour in the
Cassius and the profound impact of his death on play.
the individual characters and the broader political Q. 4. Examine the line, ‘By your leave, gods:—this is a
context of Rome. Roman’s part. Come, Cassius’ sword, and find
Tintinius’ heart’. What does this reveal about
Q. 2. In Messala’s speech, he refers to ‘O hateful error,
Tintinius’ view of Roman ideals and his own role
melancholy’s child’, What does this metaphor
in the events that have unfolded?
 Drama 87
Ans. The line, ‘By your leave, gods:—this is a Roman’s shift suggest about the nature of tragedy and its
part. Come, Cassius’ sword, and find Tintinius’ impact on the characters in the play?
heart’, is a powerful statement that reveals much Ans. The mood in this scene undergoes a significant
about Tintinius’ perspective on Roman ideals and shift, moving from shock and despair at the initial
his own role in the unfolding events. realisation of Cassius’ death to a profound sense
Tintinius’ words, ‘this is a Roman’s part’, reflect his of tragedy following the subsequent suicides. This
adherence to the Roman ideals of honour, bravery shift is not just a change in the emotional landscape
and loyalty. In Roman society, it was considered of the scene, but also a commentary on the nature
honourable to choose death over dishonour or of tragedy and its impact on the characters in the
defeat. By choosing to end his life with Cassius’ play.
sword, Tintinius is upholding these ideals, The scene begins with a sense of shock and despair
demonstrating his commitment to the values he as the characters grapple with the reality of Cassius’
believes define a true Roman. death. The mood is sombre, filled with a sense of
His invocation of the gods, ‘By your leave, gods’, loss and grief. Tintinius’ lines, ‘O setting sun, As in
suggests a recognition of the divine order and fate, thy red rays thou dost sink tonight, So in his red
common beliefs in Roman society. It indicates his blood Cassius’ day is set; The sun of Rome is set!
acceptance of his fate and his willingness to meet it Our day is gone’; encapsulates this mood, painting
with dignity and honour. a vivid picture of the despair that has descended
upon the characters.
The phrase ‘Come, Cassius’ sword, and find
However, as the scene progresses, the mood shifts
Tintinius’ heart’, reveals Tintinius’ acceptance of
to one of tragic inevitability with the subsequent
his role in the tragic events that have unfolded. He
suicides of Tintinius and others. The suicides, while
acknowledges his part in the conspiracy against shocking, are also imbued with a sense of tragic
Caesar and accepts the consequences of his actions. inevitability. The characters, bound by their sense of
In conclusion, Tintinius’ words reveal a complex honour and loyalty, choose to end their lives rather
interplay of Roman ideals, personal responsibility than live in a world marked by betrayal and loss.
and loyalty. They provide a deep insight into This shift in mood underscores the tragic nature of
his character and his perspective on the tragic the events and the profound impact they have on
events that have unfolded. His final act serves as the characters.
a poignant commentary on the themes of honour, In conclusion, the shift in mood in this scene, from
loyalty and the personal cost of political ambition. the initial shock and despair to the tragic inevitability
Q. 5. How does the mood shift throughout this scene, of the suicides, offers a nuanced exploration of the
particularly from the initial realisation of Cassius’ nature of tragedy and its impact on the characters
in the play.
death to the subsequent suicides? What does this

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Examine the shift in tone and mood throughout However, as the scene progresses, the tone and
the scene, particularly from Cassius' initial despair mood shift dramatically with Pindarus’ final
to Pindarus' final declaration of freedom. What declaration of freedom. Having fulfilled his duty
does this shift suggest about the nature of power to Cassius, Pindarus is now free. His words, ‘Far
and control in the play? How does it contribute to from this country Pindarus shall run, Where never
the dramatic tension and emotional impact of the Roman shall take note of him’, convey a sense of
scene? relief and anticipation. The mood lightens, and the
Ans. The shift in tone and mood throughout the scene, atmosphere is charged with Pindarus’ newfound
particularly from Cassius’ initial despair to Pindarus’ freedom.
final declaration of freedom, is a significant element This shift in tone and mood suggests a complex
in the play. This shift not only contributes to the view of power and control in the play. Cassius,
dramatic tension and emotional impact of the scene despite being a powerful figure, is ultimately
but also provides a nuanced exploration of the brought low by his guilt and despair. His power,
nature of power and control in the play. it seems, brings him nothing but sorrow. On the
At the beginning of the scene, the tone is one of other hand, Pindarus, a captured soldier, gains his
despair and regret. Cassius, filled with guilt and freedom through his service to Cassius. His lack of
remorse over his role in Caesar’s death, decides power, paradoxically, leads to his liberation.
to end his life. His words, ‘O, coward that I am, to In conclusion, the shift in tone and mood in this
live so long, To see my best friend ta’en before my scene, from Cassius’ initial despair to Pindarus’
face’! reveal a man tormented by his actions and final declaration of freedom, offers a nuanced
the consequences they have wrought. The mood is exploration of the nature of power and control
sombre, the atmosphere is heavy with the weight of in the play. It underscores the personal costs and
Cassius’ guilt and despair. potential freedoms associated with power and
88 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

control, while also heightening the dramatic tension consequences of his actions. This guilt is not just
and emotional impact of the scene. about the act of killing Caesar but also about the
Q. 2. Titinius promises to return "even with a thought". broader implications of his actions, including the
What does this suggest about his loyalty and civil war and the ensuing chaos in Rome.
commitment to Cassius? How does this line In conclusion, Cassius’ decision to end his life with
contribute to the dramatic tension in the scene? the same sword that killed Caesar is a poignant
Ans. Titinius’ promise to return ‘even with a thought’ reflection of his character, his relationship with
is a powerful testament to his loyalty and Caesar, and the tragic consequences of his actions.
commitment to Cassius. His words suggest that he It underscores the themes of guilt, remorse, honour
is willing to act swiftly and decisively on Cassius’s and responsibility that permeate the play, providing
behalf, underscoring the depth of his loyalty. This a deeper understanding of Cassius’ character and
commitment is further emphasised by the urgency the broader implications of his actions.
of his promise; he does not merely pledge to return Q. 4. Discuss the role of Pindarus in this scene. How do
but does so with speed of thought, indicating his his actions and decisions contribute to the tragic
readiness to put Cassius’s needs above his own. outcome of the scene?
This line also contributes significantly to the Ans. Pindarus plays a crucial role in this scene, with his
dramatic tension in the scene. Titinius’s swift actions and decisions significantly contributing to
departure leaves Cassius in a state of uncertainty, the tragic outcome.
heightening the suspense for the audience. His Pindarus is a servant to Cassius, bound by an oath
promise to return “even with a thought” creates to obey his master’s commands. His primary role in
an expectation of immediate action, adding to the this scene is to act as Cassius’ eyes on the battlefield.
sense of urgency and anticipation. This tension is However, his misinterpretation of the events on
further amplified by the knowledge that Titinius’s the battlefield sets the stage for the tragedy that
mission is fraught with danger, making his quick unfolds. He mistakenly informs Cassius that
return both crucial and uncertain. Titinius has been captured by the enemy, which
Moreover, this line subtly foreshadows the tragic plunges Cassius into despair and leads him to make
events to come. The speed with which Titinius the fateful decision to end his life.
promises to return mirrors the rapid unfolding Pindarus’ actions reflect his loyalty and obedience
of events in the play, hinting at the impending to Cassius. When Cassius orders him to assist in
catastrophe. Thus, Titinius’s promise serves not his suicide, Pindarus complies, despite the moral
only as a testament to his loyalty and commitment implications of the act. His decision to follow
but also as a pivotal moment that heightens the through with Cassius’ command can be seen as a
dramatic tension and foreshadows the tragic climax reflection of his sense of duty and loyalty. However,
of the play. it also highlights the tragic consequences of blind
Q. 3. Analyse the significance of Cassius’ decision to obedience.
end his life with the same sword that killed Caesar. Furthermore, Pindarus’ decision to flee after
How does this act reflect on his character and his Cassius’ death adds another layer of tragedy to the
relationship with Caesar? scene. His flight underscores the chaos and fear
Ans. Cassius’ decision to end his life with the same sword that pervade the battlefield, further amplifying the
that killed Caesar is a significant moment that reveals sense of despair and loss.
much about his character and his relationship with In conclusion, Pindarus’ role in this scene is
Caesar. This act is a symbol of his guilt and remorse multifaceted. His actions and decisions, driven
over Caesar’s death, as well as his deep sense of by loyalty, obedience and fear, significantly
honour and responsibility. Cassius was one of the contribute to the tragic outcome of the scene. His
conspirators who plotted against Caesar, and his misinterpretation of the events on the battlefield
use of the same sword indicates his acceptance of triggers a chain of events that lead to Cassius’
the consequences of his actions. It shows that he suicide, highlighting the tragic consequences of
holds himself accountable for Caesar’s death, to the misunderstanding and miscommunication.
point of meeting the same fate. This act also reflects Q. 5. ‘Far from this country Pindarus shall run, Where
the complexity of his relationship with Caesar. never Roman shall take note of him’. What does
Despite being political adversaries, there is a sense Pindarus’ decision to flee suggest about his view
of respect and perhaps even friendship that Cassius of the Roman Empire and his future?
still holds for Caesar. His final words, ‘Caesar, thou Ans. Pindarus’ decision to flee and his declaration,
art revenged, Even with the sword that killed thee’, ‘Far from this country Pindarus shall run, Where
further emphasise this point. never Roman shall take note of him’, reveal a lot
This Act portrays Cassius as a deeply conflicted about his perspective on the Roman Empire and
and honourable man who is willing to face the his own future. His decision to distance himself
repercussions of his actions. It suggests that he is from the Roman Empire suggests deep-seated
driven by a strong sense of duty and responsibility, disillusionment and perhaps even fear. It could be
qualities that are highly valued in Roman society. interpreted as a critique of the Roman Empire’s
However, it also reveals a deep sense of guilt and political machinations, which have led to the tragic
remorse, suggesting that he is haunted by the events he has been a part of.
 Drama 89
His decision to run ‘where never Romans shall take life. In this sense, his decision to flee is not just a
note of him’ indicates a desire for anonymity and physical act of distancing but also a symbolic act
freedom from the oppressive gaze of the Roman of disassociation from the Roman Empire and
Empire. It suggests a longing for a future where he everything it represents.
is not defined by his past actions or his association In conclusion, Pindarus’ decision to flee underscores
with the Roman Empire. This decision underscores the themes of freedom, guilt and the quest for
his desire to escape the guilt and moral burden personal redemption. It reflects his disillusionment
associated with his actions under Cassius’ orders. with the Roman Empire and his desire for a
Moreover, his decision to flee can also be seen as an future free from its influence. His actions serve as
act of self-preservation. By distancing himself from a poignant commentary on the personal cost of
the Roman Empire, Pindarus is attempting to carve political ambition and the complex dynamics of
out a future for himself that is free from the violence power, duty and freedom.
and power struggles that have so far defined his

Reflection
1. Will you be able to analyse the motivations behind Cassius's decision to commit suicide and how it impacts the
outcome of the battle?
2. Will you be able to understand the significance of the sword used by Pindarus to kill Cassius, which is the same
sword used to stab Caesar?
3. Will you be able to examine the miscommunication between Cassius and Titinius that led to their tragic ends?
4. Will you be able to discuss how despair leads characters like Cassius and Titinius to make irreparable errors?
5. Will you be able to evaluate the strategic decisions made by Brutus and their consequences for the battle?

ACT-V, SCENE-4

Summary
In the heat of battle, Brutus, accompanied by Young Cato, Lucilius and others, enters the scene. He encourages
them to remain steadfast and courageous before making their exit. Young Cato, in a display of loyalty to Rome
and Brutus, cries out his name, although some interpretations attribute these lines to Lucilius. The battle claims
the life of Young Cato, while Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus and captured by Antony’s soldiers. Believing they
have Brutus in their custody, one soldier rushes off to inform Antony.
Upon Antony’s arrival, he inquires about Brutus, only to be informed by Lucilius that Brutus is Scan to know more
about
still alive and will never be taken captive. Antony, recognising Lucilius’ loyalty, assigns guards this topic
to him and orders his soldiers to continue their search for Brutus, reporting back to him at
Octavius’ tent later.
This scene is marked by a series of errors, with Antony’s soldiers mistaking Lucilius for Brutus.
Lucilius had assumed Brutus’ identity in an attempt to protect him, hoping that the soldiers, Act-V —Scene-4
believing they had captured Brutus, would cease their search. However, Antony corrects their
mistake, depriving Lucilius of a noble death.
Now a prisoner, Lucilius’ value as a friend is questioned. Despite being the least likely to switch sides, the play
leaves it unclear if he will. Antony’s belief that soldiers will always act in their own best interest, disregarding
principles and loyalty, hints at his future rule—one that is willing to abandon both principles and loyalties.
Antony’s views, while partially accurate, suggest that his rule, along with the triumvirate, will lack the nobility
of men like Brutus and Lucilius. This scene underscores the harsh realities of war, where loyalty is fleeting and
survival often necessitates changing sides.

Word Meanings

 depriving—prevent (a person or place) from having or using something.  steadfast—resolutely.

90 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Characters in the Scene

1. Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a leader who inspires courage and bravery in his men. He is also
shown to be highly valued, with Lucilius willing to risk his life to protect him. Despite the chaos on the battlefield,
Brutus remains a figure of respect and loyalty.
2. Young Cato: Young Cato is depicted as a loyal and brave soldier. His loyalty extends not only to Rome but also to
Brutus, whom he openly declares his allegiance to. His bravery is evident in his willingness to fight, even at the
cost of his life.
3. Lucilius: Lucilius is a loyal friend and soldier to Brutus. He willingly assumes Brutus’ identity to protect him from
capture, demonstrating his loyalty and selflessness. Even when captured, he maintains his loyalty, insisting that
Brutus will never be taken prisoner.
4. Antony: Antony is shown as a discerning and pragmatic leader. He quickly corrects his soldiers’ mistake of
capturing Lucilius instead of Brutus. His views on loyalty and principles suggest a more realistic, if somewhat
cynical, approach to war and leadership.

Major Themes
1. Loyalty: Loyalty is a major theme in this scene. Young Cato’s loyalty to Rome and Brutus is evident in his battle
cry, while Lucilius’ loyalty to Brutus is demonstrated when he assumes Brutus’ identity to protect him. Even
when captured, Lucilius maintains his loyalty, asserting that Brutus will never be taken prisoner.
2. Mistaken Identity: The theme of mistaken identity is prominent in this scene. Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus by
Antony’s soldiers, a mistake that Lucilius intentionally orchestrates to protect Brutus. This theme underscores the
chaos and confusion of the battlefield.
3. Realities of War: The harsh realities of war are highlighted in this scene. Antony’s views on loyalty and principles
reflect a more realistic, if somewhat cynical, approach to war. He believes that soldiers will always act in their own
best interest, even if it means abandoning their principles and loyalties.
4. Nobility and Sacrifice: The theme of nobility and sacrifice is embodied in the characters of Brutus, Young Cato,
and Lucilius. Their actions and decisions, driven by their principles and loyalties, stand in stark contrast to
Antony’s more pragmatic approach to war and leadership.
These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis.
They reflect the complexities of the characters and the intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the
play.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Explanation: Antony’s soldiers mistake Lucilius for

A Multiple Choice Questions Brutus and take him to Antony.
Q. 3. Why does Lucilius impersonate Brutus?
Q. 1. Who does Brutus send to encourage his soldiers in (a) To confuse the enemy
Act V, Scene 4? (b) To protect Brutus
(a) Cassius (b) Antony (c) To lead the army
(c) Cato (d) Lucilius (d) To surrender to Antony
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus sends Lucilius to Explanation: Lucilius impersonates Brutus to
encourage his soldiers and keep their spirits high. protect him from being captured by Antony’s
Q. 2. What does Antony’s army do when they capture soldiers.
Lucilius? Q. 4. How does Antony react when his soldiers bring
(a) Kill him Lucilius to him?
(b) Release him (a) He orders his soldiers to kill Lucilius
(c) Take him to Antony (b) He praises Lucilius for his loyalty
(d) Make him their leader (c) He scolds his soldiers for their mistake
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (d) He asks Lucilius to join his side
 Drama 91
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (a) Antony is ordering his men to protect and treat
Explanation: Antony admires Lucilius’ loyalty to Lucilius kindly.
Brutus and orders his men to treat Lucilius well. (b) Antony is planning to interrogate Lucilius.
Q. 5. What is the outcome of the battle in Act V, Scene 4? (c) Antony is disappointed with his soldiers.
(a) Brutus’s army wins (d) Antony is praising Lucilius’s bravery.
(b) Antony’s army wins Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(c) The battle is a draw Explanation: Antony is instructing his soldiers to
(d) The outcome is not revealed keep Lucilius safe and to treat him with kindness,
recognising his loyalty to Brutus.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 11. Which of the following statements is not true of
Explanation: Antony’s army is victorious in the
Lucilius?
battle, leading to the defeat of Brutus and his forces.
(a) He impersonates Brutus.
Q. 6. Who does Antony believe he has captured in Act 5, (b) He is captured by Antony’s soldiers.
Scene 4?
(c) He offers a ransom to Antony’s soldiers.
(a) Cassius (b) Brutus
(d) He kills one of Antony’s soldiers.
(c) Cato (d) Lucilius
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: In this scene, Lucilius does not kill
Explanation: Antony initially believes that he has any of Antony’s soldiers. He is captured while
captured Brutus, but it turns out to be Lucilius impersonating Brutus and offers a ransom to
impersonating Brutus. Antony’s soldiers.
Q. 7. What does Lucilius offer to Antony’s soldiers? Q. 12. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events
(a) His sword in the correct order:
(b) A ransom (i) Lucilius impersonates Brutus.
(c) Information about Brutus (ii) Antony’s soldiers capture Lucilius.
(d) His loyalty (iii) Antony orders his soldiers to keep Lucilius
Ans. Option (b) is correct. safe.
(iv) Antony orders his soldiers to continue the
Explanation: Lucilius offers a ransom to Antony’s
search for Brutus.
soldiers, hoping to convince them that he is Brutus.
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, i, iii, iv
Q. 8. Lucilius ‘I dare assure thee that no enemy / Shall
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, ii, iv
ever take alive the noble Brutus’. What does
Lucilius mean by this line? Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: In this scene, Lucilius first impersonates
(a ) Lucilius is confident that Brutus will never be
Brutus. He is then captured by Antony’s soldiers.
captured.
Antony orders his soldiers to keep Lucilius safe and
(b) Lucilius believes that Brutus is invincible. then to continue the search for Brutus.
(c) Lucilius is planning to protect Brutus at all Q. 13. Select the option that shows the correct
costs. relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
(d) Lucilius is predicting Brutus’s death. (i) ‘Brutus sends Lucilius to encourage his
Ans. Option (a) is correct. soldiers’.
Explanation: Lucilius is expressing his belief that (ii) ‘Lucilius impersonates Brutus’.
Brutus is so noble and brave that no enemy will be (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
able to capture him alive. (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
Q. 9. Antony ‘This is not Brutus, friend, but, I assure (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
you, / A prize no less in worth’. What does Antony (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
mean by this line? Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(a) Antony is disappointed that they have not Explanation: Brutus sending Lucilius to encourage
captured Brutus. his soldiers leads to Lucilius impersonating Brutus.
(b) Antony values the captured soldier as much as Q14. Select the option that shows the correct relationship
Brutus. between statements (i) and (ii).
(c) Antony is questioning the worth of the (i) ‘Lucilius offers a ransom to Antony’s soldiers’.
captured soldier. (ii) ‘Antony’s soldiers mistake Lucilius for Brutus’.
(d) Antony is planning to use the captured soldier (a) 1 is the cause of 2
as a bargaining chip. (b) 1 is an example of 2
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (c) 1 is independent of 2
Explanation: Antony is expressing that even though (d) 1 is a contradiction of 2
they have not captured Brutus, the soldier they Ans. Option (a) is correct.
have captured (Lucilius) is no less valuable. Explanation: Lucilius offering a ransom to Antony’s
Q. 10. Antony ‘Keep this man safe, / Give him all soldiers leads to Antony’s soldiers mistaking
kindness’. What does Antony mean by this line? Lucilius for Brutus.
92 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Commonly Made Errors Answering Tips

Misunderstanding the language: Candidates should take their time and read the
Shakespearean language can be difficult to text carefully, paying attention to the context
understand, and candidates often misinterpret and tone of the dialogue.
Candidates should research the historical
the meaning of the text.
context of the play, including the political and
Failing to consider the historical context: Julius social climate of ancient Rome.
Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates Candidates should research the historical
may not be familiar with the customs and context of the play, including the political and
traditions of the time. social climate of ancient Rome.
Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
the plot or provide a basic description of the
present in the play.
characters without analysing the themes or Candidates should pay close attention to the
motifs present in the text. use of literary devices in the text, noting their
effect on the overall meaning of the play.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions themselves as defenders of Roman liberty against
that follow: the perceived tyranny of Caesar.
(I) BRUTUS: Q. 2. Compare and contrast the self-identifications of
Yet, countrymen, O, yet ........ country’s friend; know me Young Cato and Brutus in this excerpt. How do
their declarations, ‘I am the son of Marcus Cato,
for Brutus!
ho’! and ‘And I am Brutus, Marcus Brutus, I; Brutus,
Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Young Cato’s
my country’s friend; know me for Brutus’! reflect
proclamation, ‘I am the son of Marcus Cato, ho! A
their individual characters, their relationships
foe to tyrants, and my country’s friend’. What does
with their country, and their roles in the play?  [3]
this reveal about his character, his motivations and
the political context of the play? [3] Ans. Young Cato and Brutus, in their self-identifications,
reveal significant aspects of their characters, their
Ans. Young Cato’s proclamation, ‘I am the son of Marcus
relationships with their country, and their roles in
Cato, ho! A foe to tyrants, and my country’s friend’,
is a powerful assertion of his identity, his values the play.
and his political stance. This statement reveals a lot Young Cato’s declaration, ‘I am the son of Marcus
about his character and motivations. Cato, ho! A foe to tyrants, and my country’s friend’,
Firstly, by identifying himself as the son of Marcus is a bold assertion of his lineage, his political stance
Cato, Young Cato aligns himself with his father’s and his loyalty to Rome. He aligns himself with
reputation as a staunch republican and a defender his father’s reputation as a defender of Roman
of Roman liberty. This suggests a strong sense of liberty, indicating his commitment to the republican
familial duty and honour and a desire to continue cause. His identification as a ‘foe to tyrants’ and a
his father’s legacy. ‘friend’ of his country underscores his opposition to
Secondly, his self-description as a ‘foe to tyrants’ tyranny and his patriotism.
underscores his commitment to the republican On the other hand, Brutus’s self-identification, ‘And
cause and his opposition to the perceived tyranny I am Brutus, Marcus Brutus, I; Brutus, my country’s
of Caesar. This reveals his political motivations and friend; know me for Brutus’, is more personal and
his willingness to fight against what he perceives as introspective. While he also identifies himself as
a threat to Roman liberty. a ‘friend’ of his country, the repetition of his own
Lastly, by declaring himself his ‘country’s friend’, name suggests a deep internal conflict and a need
Young Cato emphasises his loyalty to Rome and its to affirm his identity and justify his actions. Unlike
citizens. This suggests a sense of patriotism and a Cato, who is defined by his lineage and political
belief in the collective good over individual power. stance, Brutus is defined more by his personal
In the context of the play, Young Cato’s proclamation moral struggle.
serves to highlight the ideological conflict at
the heart of the story—the struggle between In terms of their roles in the play, both serve
republicanism and autocracy, between collective as symbols of the Republican cause, but while
governance and individual rule. It underscores Cato is more of a straightforward embodiment
the motivations of the conspirators, who view of Republican ideals, Brutus’s character is more
 Drama 93
complex and nuanced, reflecting the moral characters, challenging them to prove their loyalty
ambiguities and personal conflicts inherent in their and courage.
struggle. In essence, Cato’s declaration reflects the Q. 5. Reflect on the repetition of the phrase, ‘I am the
external conflict against tyranny, while Brutus’s son of Marcus Cato, ho’! by Young Cato. What
reflects the internal conflict within those who is the significance of this repetition in terms of
oppose tyranny. emphasising his identity, his values and his stance
Q. 3. Examine the line, ‘Yet, countrymen, O, yet hold up in the conflict depicted in the play? [4]
your heads’! What does this line suggest about the Ans. The repetition of the phrase ‘I am the son of Marcus
speaker’s attitude towards their countrymen, the Cato, ho’! by Young Cato is a significant rhetorical
situation they are in, and the speaker’s role in the device that serves to emphasise his identity, his
scene?  [3] values, and his stance in the conflict depicted in the
play.
Ans. The line ‘Yet, countrymen, O, yet hold up your
Firstly, by identifying himself as the son of Marcus
heads’! is a powerful exhortation that reveals much
Cato, Young Cato aligns himself with his father’s
about the speaker’s attitude, the situation at hand, reputation as a staunch republican and a defender
and the speaker’s role in the scene. of Roman liberty. This suggests a strong sense of
The speaker’s use of the word ‘yet’ twice in this familial duty and honour and a desire to continue
short sentence suggests a sense of urgency and his father’s legacy.
desperation. It indicates that the situation is dire, Secondly, the repetition serves to reinforce Young
but there is still hope. The speaker is urging his Cato’s determination and resolve. It suggests
countrymen to remain resilient in the face of that he is not just declaring his identity, but also
adversity, to not lose hope or courage and to keep reaffirming his commitment to the cause they are
their heads held high. This reveals the speaker’s fighting for. It underscores his readiness to stand
deep concern for his countrymen and his desire to against tyranny, just like his father did.
inspire them to persevere.
Lastly, in the context of the conflict depicted in the
The phrase ‘hold up your heads’ is a metaphorical play, Young Cato’s repeated declaration serves as a
call to maintain dignity, courage and resolve in rallying cry. It is a reminder to his allies of what they
the face of defeat or adversity. It suggests that the are fighting for and a challenge to his enemies. It
speaker believes in the strength and resilience of his sets him apart as a figure of resistance and defiance.
countrymen.
In conclusion, the repetition of the phrase ‘I am the
The speaker’s role in the scene, as suggested by this son of Marcus Cato, ho’! is a powerful tool used by
line, is that of a leader and motivator. He is rallying Young Cato to emphasise his identity, reaffirm his
his countrymen, trying to boost their morale, and values and underline his stance in the conflict. It
encouraging them to continue the fight. This line serves to inspire his allies, intimidate his enemies
underscores the speaker’s leadership and his and underscore the high stakes of the conflict
commitment to his cause and his countrymen. they are engaged in. It encapsulates the themes of
Q. 4. Consider the line, ‘What bastard doth not? Who resilience, courage and leadership that are central
will go with me’? What does this line reveal about to this scene and the play as a whole.
Young Cato’s view of loyalty and courage, and how II LUCILIUS:
does it set the tone for the rest of the scene?  [3] Safe, Antony; Brutus is safe ........ How everything is
Ans. The line ‘What bastard doth not? Who will go chanced.
with me’? is a powerful declaration by Young Cato Q. 1. Analyse Lucilius’s line, ‘Safe, Antony; Brutus
that reveals his views on loyalty, courage and the is safe enough: I dare assure thee that no enemy
standards he sets for those around him. shall ever take alive the noble Brutus’. What does
The first part, ‘What bastard doth not’? is a rhetorical this reveal about Lucilius’s loyalty to Brutus, his
question that implies that anyone who does not perception of Brutus’s character, and the situation
share his loyalty to their cause is not worthy of they are in?
respect. This reveals Young Cato’s uncompromising Ans. Lucilius’s line, ‘Safe, Antony; Brutus is safe enough;
view of loyalty: for him, it is an absolute, defining I dare assure thee that no enemy shall ever take
characteristic of a person’s worth. alive the noble Brutus’ is a powerful declaration
The second part, ‘Who will go with me’? is a direct that reveals several key aspects about his character,
challenge and an invitation. It reveals Young Cato’s his relationship with Brutus, and the situation at
hand.
courage and his readiness to take action. It also
shows his leadership qualities, as he is willing to Firstly, Lucilius’s assurance of Brutus’s safety
lead by example and expects others to follow. underscores his deep loyalty to Brutus. His bold
claim that no enemy shall ever take Brutus alive
This line sets a defiant and resolute tone for the
demonstrates his unwavering faith in Brutus’s
rest of the scene. It establishes Young Cato as a abilities and his commitment to protecting Brutus
character who values loyalty and courage above all at all costs. This loyalty is a defining characteristic
else and who is willing to fight (and potentially die) of Lucilius and is a testament to the strong bond
for his beliefs. It also raises the stakes for the other between him and Brutus.
94 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Secondly, the phrase ‘the noble Brutus’ reveals of Brutus’s integrity and consistency, and how
Lucilius’s high regard for Brutus’s character. By does it contribute to the portrayal of Brutus in the
referring to Brutus as noble, Lucilius acknowledges play?
Brutus’s virtues and uprightness. This suggests that
Ans. The line, ‘When you do find him, or alive or dead, He
Lucilius not only respects Brutus as a leader but also
admires him on a personal level. will be found like Brutus, like himself ’ is a powerful
testament to Lucilius’s view of Brutus’s character. It
Lastly, the situation they are in is one of conflict
and uncertainty. Yet Lucilius’s confident assurance suggests a deep respect for Brutus’s integrity and
suggests a sense of optimism and determination. It consistency and contributes significantly to the
shows that despite the dire circumstances, Lucilius portrayal of Brutus in the play.
remains hopeful and steadfast in his belief in Firstly, the phrase ‘like Brutus, like himself ’ implies
Brutus’s safety and success. that Lucilius views Brutus as a man of unwavering
In conclusion, Lucilius’s line serves as a testament integrity. He believes that Brutus is true to his
to his loyalty to Brutus, his admiration for Brutus’s principles, regardless of the circumstances. This
character, and his unwavering optimism in the face reveals Lucilius’s deep respect for Brutus’s moral
of conflict and uncertainty. It highlights the depth
character and his belief in Brutus’s consistency.
of his commitment to Brutus and the cause they are
fighting for. Secondly, the line contributes to the portrayal of
Q. 2. Reflect on Antony’s response: ‘This is not Brutus, Brutus in the play as a figure of steadfast integrity.
friend; but, I assure you, A prize no less in worth: Despite the tumultuous events of the play, Brutus
keep this man safe; Give him all kindness; I had remains true to himself, reinforcing his image as
rather have Such men my friends than enemies’. a tragic hero driven by principle rather than self-
How does this response reveal Antony’s character, interest.
his attitude towards his enemies and his strategy
Lastly, the line also underscores the tragic nature
for dealing with the situation?
of the play’s events. Lucilius’s words foreshadow
Ans. Antony’s response, ‘This is not Brutus, friend; but,
Brutus’s fate, hinting at the inevitable tragedy that
I assure you, A prize no less in worth: keep this
results from Brutus’s unwavering commitment to
man safe; Give him all kindness: I had rather have
his principles. This adds a layer of dramatic irony
Such men my friends than enemies’, reveals several
key aspects of his character, his attitude towards to the scene, as the audience is aware of Brutus’s
his enemies, and his strategy in dealing with the impending doom.
situation. Q. 4. Examine Antony’s command, ‘Go on, and see
Firstly, Antony’s recognition of Lucilius as a ‘prize whether Brutus is alive or dead; and bring us word
no less in worth’ despite not being Brutus shows unto Octavius’ tent: How every thing is chanced’.
his ability to appreciate the value of his opponents. What does this command reveal about Antony’s
This reflects a pragmatic and respectful aspect of leadership style, his relationship with Octavius
his character, suggesting that he is not blinded by and his approach to the unfolding events?
personal animosity and can acknowledge the worth
Ans. Antony’s command ‘Go on, And see whether Brutus
of his enemies.
be alive or dead; And bring us word unto Octavius’
Secondly, his instruction to ‘keep this man safe’ and
tent How everything is chanced’ reveals several key
‘give him all kindness’ indicates a level of respect
aspects of his leadership style, his relationship with
towards his enemies that is unusual in the context of
Octavius, and his approach to the unfolding events.
war. This reveals Antony’s attitude towards treating
his enemies with dignity, further emphasising his Firstly, Antony’s decisive command shows his
pragmatic approach. assertive and proactive leadership style. He is not
Lastly, his statement, ‘I had rather have such men a passive observer but an active participant who
my friends than enemies’ reveals his strategic takes charge of the situation. This decisiveness is
approach to dealing with the situation. Antony a crucial trait for a leader, especially in a volatile
understands the value of turning enemies into situation like a battlefield.
allies, indicating his diplomatic skills and strategic Secondly, the reference to Octavius’ tent indicates
thinking. a collaborative relationship between Antony and
In conclusion, Antony’s response in this scene Octavius. Antony acknowledges Octavius’ role
reveals a character marked by pragmatism, and importance in their shared cause, suggesting
respect for his enemies, and strategic foresight. It
mutual respect and shared authority between them.
underscores his ability to navigate complex political
situations and highlights his skills as a leader. Lastly, Antony’s approach to the unfolding events
is strategic and pragmatic. He understands the
Q. 3. Consider the line, ‘When you do find him, alive or
importance of staying informed about the situation
dead, he will be found like Brutus, like himself’.
and makes it a priority to get updates about Brutus.
What does this line suggest about Lucilius’s view
 Drama 95
This reflects his strategic thinking and his ability to or dead, speaks to the theme of honour, suggesting
adapt to changing circumstances. a belief in the constancy and integrity of Brutus’s
In conclusion, Antony’s command reveals a decisive character.
and strategic leader who values collaboration and Antony, on the other hand, exhibits a pragmatic
information. His leadership style, his relationship approach to the situation. His decision to spare
with Octavius, and his approach to the unfolding Lucilius and treat him kindly, despite recognising
events all contribute to his effectiveness as a leader that he is an enemy, reflects a strategic mindset.
in the complex and dynamic context of the play. Antony’s preference for having ‘such men my
Q. 5. Reflect on the overall interaction between Lucilius friends than enemies’ suggests a desire for
and Antony in this excerpt. How do their words reconciliation and unity, even in the face of conflict.
and attitudes towards each other reflect the larger The interaction also reveals a mutual respect
conflict in the play, and what insights do they between Lucilius and Antony. Despite being on
provide into the themes of loyalty, honour and opposing sides, they recognise and appreciate each
friendship in the face of political strife? other’s courage and commitment. This mutual
Ans. The interaction between Lucilius and Antony in this respect, even in the face of conflict, speaks to the
excerpt provides a microcosm of the larger conflict theme of friendship.
in the play, reflecting the themes of loyalty, honour Overall, the interaction between Lucilius and
and friendship amidst political strife. Antony serves as a reflection of the larger conflict
Lucilius’s words and actions demonstrate his in the play. It underscores the themes of loyalty,
unwavering loyalty to Brutus. His willingness honour and friendship and provides insights into
to protect Brutus, even at the risk of his own life, the complexities of political strife. Despite the
underscores the theme of loyalty. His assertion that conflict, there is a recognition of shared values and
Brutus will always be ‘like himself ’, whether alive respect for the opponent.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the action and dialogue in this scene perception of Brutus and his reputation as a noble
contribute to the overall plot of the play? What are and honourable leader.
the key events, and how do they drive the story In conclusion, the action and dialogue in Act
forward? V, Scene 4, play a pivotal role in advancing the
Ans. In Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar, the action and plot of Julius Caesar. They not only heighten the
dialogue significantly contribute to the overall drama and tension of the battle but also deepen
plot of the play. This scene is a crucial part of the our understanding of the characters and their
climactic Battle of Philippi, where the forces of motivations. This scene sets the stage for the final
Brutus and Cassius face off against those of Antony events of the play, marking a turning point in the
and Octavius. narrative.
One of the key events in this scene is Lucilius’s Q. 2. Identify and analyse the poetic devices used in
impersonation of Brutus. When captured by this scene. How do they enhance the dramatic
effect and contribute to the characterisation and
Antony’s soldiers, Lucilius claims to be Brutus, a
theme?
strategic move designed to protect Brutus. This act
of deception not only showcases Lucilius’s loyalty Ans. In Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar, Shakespeare
to Brutus but also adds a layer of intrigue and employs a variety of poetic devices that enhance the
suspense to the plot. dramatic effect, contribute to the characterisation,
and underscore the themes of the play.
Another key event is the bold fight and subsequent
death of Cato. Despite being outnumbered, Cato One of the key poetic devices used in this scene is
chooses to fight, demonstrating his courage and dramatic irony. This is particularly evident when
commitment to the cause. His death adds to the Lucilius impersonates Brutus. The audience, aware
tragic weight of the play and serves as a symbol of of the true identity of Lucilius, experiences a sense
honour and bravery. of irony as Antony’s soldiers mistake him for Brutus.
This not only heightens the dramatic tension but
The dialogue in this scene further drives the story
also underscores the theme of deception and
forward by revealing the characters’ motivations
mistaken identity that runs throughout the play.
and states of mind. For instance, Lucilius’s words
when he is captured (‘I am Brutus, speak’) reflect Another poetic device used in this scene is imagery.
his loyalty to Brutus and his willingness to Shakespeare uses vivid and powerful imagery to
sacrifice himself. Similarly, the soldiers’ reaction to depict the chaos and intensity of the battlefield.
Lucilius’s impersonation provides insight into their For instance, the description of Cato’s bold fight
and subsequent death paints a vivid picture of the
96 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

brutal reality of war. This enhances the dramatic honourable leader. This respect is a testament to
effect and brings to life the tragic consequences of Brutus’s character development, from a conflicted
the conflict. conspirator to a respected leader.
Metaphor is another poetic device employed in In conclusion, the actions of the characters in
this scene. For example, the battlefield is often Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar are a reflection of
referred to as a ‘stage’, metaphorically suggesting their development throughout the play. Their
that the characters are merely players in a larger, motivations, decisions and interactions in this
predetermined narrative. This metaphor not only scene are the culmination of their character
adds depth to the scene but also reflects the theme arcs, providing a deeper understanding of their
of fate and free will. characters and the themes of the play. This scene
serves as a microcosm of the larger narrative,
Furthermore, the dialogue in this scene is rich with encapsulating the character development, thematic
rhetorical devices such as antithesis and parallelism. depth and dramatic intensity of the play.
These devices serve to highlight the contrasts
Q. 4. What is the significance of this scene in the context
between the characters, particularly Brutus and
of the entire play? How does it influence the
Antony, and their differing views on honour, loyalty
audience’s perception of the characters and the
and power.
unfolding events?
In terms of characterisation, the poetic devices used
Ans. Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar holds significant
in this scene provide insight into the characters’
importance in the context of the entire play. It
motivations and inner conflicts. For instance,
serves as a turning point in the narrative, marking
Lucilius’s impersonation of Brutus reveals his
the climax of the Battle of Philippi and setting the
loyalty and selflessness, while Cato’s brave fight
stage for the tragic conclusion of the play.
underscores his courage and commitment to the
cause. The significance of this scene lies in its ability to
encapsulate the central themes of the play: honour,
In conclusion, the poetic devices used in Act 5,
loyalty and sacrifice. Through the actions of Lucilius
Scene 4 of Julius Caesar play a crucial role in
and Cato, the scene underscores these themes,
enhancing the dramatic effect, contributing to the
adding depth and emotional resonance to the
characterisation, and underscoring the themes of
narrative. Lucilius’s impersonation of Brutus and
the play.
Cato’s brave fight and subsequent death serve as
Q. 3. How do the actions of the characters in this powerful symbols of loyalty and sacrifice, reflecting
scene reflect their development throughout the the tragic cost of honour and the nobility of self-
play? Consider their motivations, decisions and sacrifice.
interactions with other characters.
Moreover, this scene influences the audience’s
Ans. In Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar, the actions of the perception of the characters and the unfolding
characters reflect their development throughout events. The audience witnesses the depth of
the play. This scene is a microcosm of the larger Lucilius’s loyalty to Brutus and Cato’s courage,
narrative, showcasing the motivations, decisions enhancing their understanding of these characters.
and interactions of the characters that have been The scene also provides insight into the soldiers’
evolving since the beginning of the play. respect for Brutus, despite being on opposing sides,
One of the key characters in this scene is Lucilius, further shaping the audience’s perception of Brutus
whose decision to impersonate Brutus reflects his as a noble and honourable leader.
unwavering loyalty and dedication. Despite being
In conclusion, Act V, Scene 4 of Julius Caesar is
a relatively minor character in the early parts of
significant in the context of the entire play. It not
the play, Lucilius’s development is brought to the
forefront in this scene. His willingness to sacrifice only encapsulates the central themes of the play
himself for Brutus is a testament to his character but also shapes the audience’s perception of the
growth and the strength of his loyalty. This act of characters and the unfolding events. Through
self-sacrifice not only highlights Lucilius’s personal its exploration of honour, loyalty and sacrifice,
development but also underscores the theme of the scene adds depth to the narrative, enhances
loyalty and sacrifice that runs throughout the play. the characterisation, and heightens the dramatic
Similarly, the actions of Cato in this scene reflect tension, making it a pivotal moment in the play.
his development as a character. Despite being Q. 5. Discuss the role of deception in this scene,
outnumbered, Cato chooses to fight, demonstrating particularly focusing on Lucilius’s impersonation
his courage and commitment to the cause. His bold of Brutus. What does this reveal about Lucilius’s
fight and subsequent death serve as a symbol of loyalty to Brutus and the soldiers’ perception of
honour and bravery, reflecting his development Brutus?
from a passionate supporter of the republic to a Ans. Deception plays a crucial role in Act V, Scene 4
martyr for the cause. of Julius Caesar, particularly through Lucilius’s
The interactions between the characters in this impersonation of Brutus. This act of deception is
scene also reflect their development throughout not only a strategic move in the heat of battle but
the play. The respect shown by Antony’s soldiers also a testament to Lucilius’s unwavering loyalty to
towards Brutus, despite being on opposing sides, Brutus.
underscores Brutus’s reputation as a noble and
 Drama 97
Lucilius, in an attempt to protect Brutus, deceives indicates their recognition of Brutus’s importance.
the enemy soldiers by claiming to be Brutus. Despite being on opposing sides, they respect
His willingness to put himself in harm’s way for Brutus as a worthy adversary. Their reaction also
Brutus’s safety speaks volumes about his loyalty underscores Brutus’s reputation as a noble and
and dedication. It shows that Lucilius values honourable leader, even among his enemies.
Brutus’s life more than his own, highlighting the However, this scene also raises questions about
deep bond of trust and respect between them. the morality of deception in times of war. While
This act of deception, therefore, reveals Lucilius’s Lucilius’s impersonation is a tactical move
character as a loyal friend and a devoted follower. intended to protect Brutus, it also involves lying
The soldiers’ reaction to Lucilius’s impersonation and manipulation. This brings to light the ethical
also provides insight into their perception of Brutus. dilemmas faced by characters in the play, adding
The fact that they are eager to capture Brutus alive another layer of complexity to the narrative.

Reflection

1. Will you be able to analyse the development of characters like Brutus, Antony, Lucilius and Cato in this scene?
2. Will you be able to identify and explore the themes of honour, loyalty and sacrifice as depicted in this scene?
3. Will you be able to identify and analyse the poetic devices used in this scene, such as dramatic irony, imagery and
metaphor?

ACT-V, SCENE-5
Summary
In Act V, Scene 5, Brutus, worn out from battle, asks his comrades Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to end his
life, but they refuse. Brutus reveals that he has seen Caesar’s ghost again and believes his end is near. Despite
Volumnius’ disagreement, Brutus insists on dying, as the enemy has them cornered. He requests that Volumnius
hold his sword while he runs onto it, but Volumnius refuses, considering it an inappropriate act for a friend. As
the enemy approaches, signalled by an alarm, Clitus advises Brutus to flee. However, Brutus bids farewell to
his comrades, including Strato, who agrees to hold Brutus’ sword. They shake hands, and Brutus runs onto the
sword, ending his life.
Scan to know more
about
Following the defeat of Brutus’ army, Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius and others discover this topic
Strato with Brutus’ body. Octavius offers to employ all who served Brutus, and Antony delivers
a famous oration over Brutus’ body, praising him as the noblest Roman of all. Antony asserts
that unlike the other conspirators who acted out of envy, Brutus acted for the general good
of Rome. Octavius promises a fitting funeral for Brutus and orders the cessation of the battle, Act-V —Scene-5
inviting his colleagues to celebrate their victory.
Analysing the scene, Brutus’ fear of voicing his desire to die could be attributed to his stoic philosophy, which
discourages suicide. His act of running onto his sword, however, portrays him as a heroic figure, ready to die
rather than be conquered. This act could be interpreted in multiple ways by the audience, viewing Brutus as either
a classical tragic hero or a Christian hero sacrificing his life for the people’s good. Despite Antony and Octavius
having the last word, Brutus’ narrative dominates the story. The ending leaves room for doubt, a common trait in
Shakespeare’s finales. While Caesar’s reputation may have been restored and Brutus’ faults glossed over, the play
ends as it began, with an uncertain future. This analysis underscores the complexity and depth of Shakespeare’s
characters and narrative.

Word Meanings

 trait—a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.  comrades—a colleague or a
fellow member of an organization.
98 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Characters in the Scene

1. Brutus: Brutus is portrayed as a noble and stoic character, who is weary from battle. Despite his stoic philosophy,
he expresses a desire to die, believing his end is near after seeing Caesar’s ghost. He is seen as a tragic hero,
choosing to run onto his sword rather than be conquered.
Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius: These characters are loyal comrades of Brutus. They refuse Brutus’ request to
end his life, demonstrating their respect and loyalty towards him. They are depicted as honourable soldiers who
value friendship and duty.
2. Strato: Strato is a faithful companion to Brutus. He agrees to hold Brutus’ sword, enabling Brutus to end his life.
His actions reflect his loyalty and willingness to fulfil Brutus’ final wish.
3. Octavius: Octavius is depicted as a generous and victorious leader. He offers to employ all who served Brutus and
promises a fitting funeral for Brutus. His actions reflect his respect for Brutus and his ability to unite and lead.
4. Antony: Antony is portrayed as an eloquent and respectful character. He delivers a famous oration over Brutus’
body, praising him as the noblest Roman of all. His words reveal his admiration for Brutus and his understanding
of Brutus’ intentions.
5. Messala and Lucilius: Messala and Lucilius are depicted as loyal followers of Octavius and Antony. They are
part of the victorious side and are present during Antony’s oration over Brutus’ body. Their characters add to the
victorious atmosphere of the scene.

Major Themes in the Scene

1. Heroism and Honour: Brutus’ decision to end his life rather than be captured reflects the theme of heroism and
honour. He chooses death over dishonour, adhering to the Roman ideal of a noble death. His act of running onto
his sword portrays him as a tragic hero, embodying courage and nobility.
2. Loyalty and Friendship: The refusal of Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to assist Brutus in his suicide
underscores their loyalty and the sanctity of their friendship. Strato’s agreement to hold the sword for Brutus
further emphasises the theme of loyalty and the bonds of comradeship.
3. Fate and Supernatural: The appearance of Caesar’s ghost signifies the theme of fate and the supernatural. Brutus
interprets the ghost’s appearance as a sign of his impending death, indicating the influence of supernatural
elements on human actions and destiny.
4. Rhetoric and Power: Antony’s oration over Brutus’ body highlights the theme of rhetoric and power. His speech
not only praises Brutus but also subtly manipulates the narrative, demonstrating the power of rhetoric in shaping
perceptions and asserting authority.
5. Ambiguity and Uncertainty: The play ends on an ambiguous note, reflecting the theme of uncertainty. Despite
the victory of Octavius and Antony, the future remains uncertain, mirroring the unpredictable nature of power
and politics. This theme is a common trait in Shakespeare’s works, adding depth and complexity to the narrative.
6. Conflict Between Stoicism and Emotionalism: Brutus, a stoic character, is seen struggling with his emotions
in this scene. His desire for suicide goes against his stoic beliefs, highlighting the conflict between stoicism and
emotionalism. This internal conflict adds a layer of complexity to Brutus’ character and the overall narrative.
These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis. They
reflect the complexities of the characters and the intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the play.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(c) Dardanius (d) Strato

A Multiple Choice Questions Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Strato agrees to hold Brutus’ sword,
Q. 1. Who first refuses Brutus’ request to end his life?
enabling Brutus to end his life.
(a) Strato (b) Volumnius
Q. 3. Who delivers a famous oration over Brutus’ body?
(c) Clitus (d) Dardanius
(a) Octavius (b) Antony
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Brutus first whispers his request to (c) Messala (d) Lucilius
Clitus, who refuses. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 2. Who agrees to hold Brutus’ sword while he runs Explanation: Antony delivers a famous oration over
onto it? Brutus’ body, praising him as the noblest Roman of
(a) Volumnius (b) Clitus all.
 Drama 99
Q. 4. What does Antony say about the other conspirators Q. 11. Who discovers Strato with Brutus’ body?
in his oration? (a) Octavius and Antony
(a) They acted out of loyalty to Caesar. (b) Messala and Lucilius
(b) They acted out of personal envy. (c) Clitus and Dardanius
(c) They acted for the general good of Rome. (d) Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius and others
(d) They acted out of fear. Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius
Explanation: Antony asserts that, unlike Brutus, and others discover Strato with Brutus’ body.
all the other conspirators attacked Caesar out of Q. 12. Who has the last word in the scene?
personal envy. (a) Brutus (b) Antony
Q. 5. Who offers to employ all who served Brutus? (c) Octavius (d) Strato
(a) Antony (b) Octavius Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) Messala (d) Lucilius Explanation: Octavius has the last word in the scene,
Ans. Option (b) is correct. calling on his colleagues to join him in celebrating
their victory.
Explanation: Octavius offers to employ all who
Q. 13. What does Antony believe about Brutus’ actions
served Brutus, demonstrating his generosity and
against Caesar?
leadership.
(a) Brutus acted out of personal envy.
Q. 6. What does Brutus see that makes him believe his
(b) Brutus acted out of loyalty to Caesar.
end is near?
(c) Brutus acted for the general good of Rome.
(a) A vision of his death
(d) Brutus acted out of fear.
(b) The defeat of his army Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) Caesar’s ghost Explanation: Antony asserts that Brutus acted for
(d) A sign from the gods the general good of Rome, differentiating him from
Ans. Option (c) is correct. the other conspirators.
Explanation: Brutus reveals that he has seen Q. 14. What does Brutus ask Volumnius to do?
Caesar’s ghost again and believes his end is near. (a) To kill him
Q. 7. How does Brutus die? (b) To hold his sword while he runs onto it
(a) He is killed in battle. (c) To lead his army
(b) He is assassinated by his comrades. (d) To surrender to the enemy
(c) He runs onto his sword. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(d) He is captured and executed by the enemy. Explanation: Brutus asks Volumnius to hold his
Ans. Option (c) is correct. sword while he runs onto it, indicating his decision
Explanation: Brutus chooses to die by running onto to end his life.
his sword rather than be captured. Q. 15. What does Antony say about Caesar in his oration?
Q. 8. What does Octavius promise after Brutus’ death? (a) Caesar was a tyrant.
(a) To avenge Brutus’ death (b) Caesar was a great ruler.
(b) To continue the war (c) Caesar was a victim of envy.
(c) An appropriate funeral for Brutus (d) Caesar was a traitor to Rome.
(d) To punish those who served Brutus Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: Antony asserts that Caesar was a victim
Explanation: Octavius promises an appropriate of the personal envy of the other conspirators.
funeral for Brutus, showing respect for his Q. 16. Brutus: ‘Caesar, now be still. I killed not thee with
adversary. half so good a will’. What does Brutus mean by
Q. 9. What does Antony call Brutus in his oration? this line?
(a) The noblest Roman of them all (a) Brutus regrets killing Caesar.
(b) The greatest traitor of Rome (b) Brutus is glad he killed Caesar.
(c) The most cunning conspirator (c) Brutus wishes he had killed Caesar with more
(d) The bravest soldier of Rome resolve.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (d) Brutus is more willing to kill himself than he
Explanation: Antony praises Brutus as the noblest was to kill Caesar.
Roman of them all in his oration. Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Q. 10. Who warns Brutus to flee as the enemy approaches? Explanation: Brutus is saying that he is more willing
(a) Clitus (b) Dardanius to kill himself (which he is about to do) than he was
(c) Volumnius (d) Strato to kill Caesar.
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Q. 17. Antony: ‘All the conspirators, save only he, did that
Explanation: As the enemy approaches, signalled they did in envy of great Caesar’. Who is Antony
by an alarm, Clitus advises Brutus to flee. referring to as ‘he’ in this line?
100 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(a) Octavius (b) Caesar (i) ‘Brutus and Cassius argue about allowing
(c) Brutus (d) Cassius Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral’.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (ii) ‘Brutus decides to let Antony speak’.
Explanation: Antony is referring to Brutus, stating (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
that unlike the other conspirators, Brutus acted not (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
out of envy, but for the general good of Rome. (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
Q. 18. Which of the following statements is not true of (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
Brutus?
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(a) He asks his comrades to end his life.
(b) He sees Caesar’s ghost. Explanation: Brutus and Cassius arguing about
allowing Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral leads
(c) He runs onto his sword to end his life.
to Brutus deciding to let Antony speak.
(d) He is captured by Antony’s soldiers.
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Q. 24. Select the option that shows the correct
relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus is not captured by
Antony’s soldiers. Instead, he chooses to end his life (i) ‘Caesar ignores the soothsayer’s warning’.
by running to his sword. (ii) ‘Caesar is assassinated’.
Q. 19. Which of the following statements is not true of (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
Octavius? (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
(a) He discovers Strato with Brutus’ body. (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
(b) He offers to employ all who served Brutus. (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
(c) He promises an appropriate funeral for Brutus. Ans. Option (c) is cororect.
(d) He criticizes Brutus in his speech. Explanation: Caesar ignoring the soothsayer’s
Ans. Option (d) is correct. warning and Caesar being assassinated are two
Explanation: In this scene, Octavius does not independent events.
criticise Brutus in his speech. Instead, he offers to
employ all who served Brutus and promises an
appropriate funeral for him.
Commonly Made Errors
Q. 20. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events
Misunderstanding the language:
in the correct order: Shakespearean language can be difficult to
(i) Brutus sees Caesar’s ghost. understand, and candidates often misinterpret
(ii) Brutus sends Messala to deliver orders to his the meaning of the text.
troops. Failing to consider the historical context: Julius
(iii) Brutus and his troops prepare for battle. Caesar is set in ancient Rome, and candidates
(iv) Brutus and Cassius say their goodbyes. may not be familiar with the customs and
traditions of the time.
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, i, iii, iv Lack of analysis: Candidates may summarise
(c ) i, iii, ii, iv (d ) iii, i, ii, iv the plot or provide a basic description of the
Ans. Option (a) is correct. characters without analysing the themes or
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus first sees Caesar’s motifs present in the text.
ghost. He then sends Messala to deliver orders to
his troops. After that, Brutus and his troops prepare
for battle. Finally, Brutus and Cassius say their Answering Tips
goodbyes.
Q. 21. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events Candidates should take their time and read the
in the correct order: text carefully, paying attention to the context
(i) Brutus kills himself with his sword. and tone of the dialogue.
(ii) Antony and Octavius find Brutus’ body. Candidates should research the historical
(iii) Antony gives a speech praising Brutus. context of the play, including the political and
(iv) Octavius orders to take Brutus’ body to his social climate of ancient Rome.
tent. Candidates should research the historical
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, i, iii, iv context of the play, including the political and
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, ii, iv
social climate of ancient Rome.
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Candidates should analyse the text in depth,
Explanation: In this scene, Brutus first kills himself
considering the themes, motifs, and symbols
with his sword. Antony and Octavius then find
present in the play.
Brutus’ body. Antony gives a speech praising
Brutus. Finally, Octavius orders to take Brutus’ Candidates should pay close attention to the
body to his tent. use of literary devices in the text, noting their
Q. 23. Select the option that shows the correct effect on the overall meaning of the play.
relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
 Drama 101

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Read the following text and answer the questions seeking validation of his views. It shows Brutus’
that follow: trust in Volumnius and his desire for a shared
I BRUTUS: understanding of their predicament. Overall,
Why, this, Volumnius: ......... for a friend, my lord. Brutus’ statement paints a picture of a man who is
acutely aware of his impending defeat, yet remains
[Alarum still]
resolute and dignified in the face of it. It underscores
Q. 1. Analyse the significance of Brutus seeing Caesar’s Brutus’ tragic heroism, his acceptance of fate, and
ghost twice. What does this reveal about Brutus’ his unwavering commitment to his principles, even
state of mind and his feelings towards his past in the face of certain defeat.
actions?
Q. 3. Brutus asks Volumnius to hold his sword while
Ans. The recurring apparition of Caesar’s ghost in Brutus’
he runs onto it. How does this request reflect
presence is a significant element in the narrative.
on Brutus’ character and his relationship with
It symbolises Brutus’ internal turmoil and the
Volumnius?
guilt he harbours for his involvement in Caesar’s
assassination. The ghost is essentially a physical Ans. Brutus’ request to Volumnius to hold his sword
embodiment of Brutus’ remorse, representing the while he runs onto it is a poignant moment that
psychological torment he is experiencing due to his reveals much about Brutus’ character and his
past actions. relationship with Volumnius.
Brutus’ admission to Volumnius about the ghost’s Brutus’ decision to end his own life rather than be
appearance suggests that he is haunted by his past, captured or killed by his enemies underscores his
indicative of a disturbed state of mind. The ghost courage and his adherence to the Roman ideal of
appearing twice, once at Sardis and then at Philippi, honour. It shows his determination to control his
emphasises the relentless nature of Brutus’ guilt. It own fate and his refusal to give his enemies the
serves as a constant reminder of the irreversible satisfaction of defeating him. This act is a testament
decision Brutus made, thereby intensifying his to Brutus’ stoicism and his commitment to his
sense of regret. principles, even in the face of death.
Moreover, the encounter with the supernatural also The fact that Brutus asks Volumnius, a trusted
foreshadows Brutus’ impending doom, reinforcing friend and ally, to assist him in this act speaks
the tragic trajectory of his character. In essence, volumes about their relationship. It shows the deep
the appearances of Caesar’s ghost reveal Brutus’ trust and camaraderie between them. However,
troubled psyche, his struggle with guilt, and the Volumnius’ refusal to assist Brutus in his suicide
moral repercussions of his actions against Caesar. highlights the moral complexities of their situation
This spectral presence underscores the theme of
and underscores the depth of their friendship.
retribution and the inevitable consequences of
Volumnius values Brutus’ life more than he values
one’s actions in the narrative.
adhering to Brutus’ wishes, indicating a profound
Q. 2. Brutus says to Volumnius, ‘Thou seest the world, respect and affection for Brutus.
Volumnius, how it goes; Our enemies have beat
us to the pit’. What does this statement reveal Q. 4. Volumnius responds to Brutus’ request by saying,
about Brutus’ perception of their situation and his ‘That’s not an office for a friend, my lord’. What
attitude towards their defeat? does this response tell us about Volumnius’ values
and his perspective on friendship?
Ans. Brutus’ statement to Volumnius, ‘Thou seest the
world, Volumnius, how it goes; Our enemies have Ans. Volumnius’ response to Brutus’ request, ‘That’s
beat us to the pit’, reveals a profound sense of despair not an office for a friend, my lord’, provides a
and resignation. Brutus acknowledges the reality of deep insight into his values and his understanding
their situation: they are on the brink of defeat. His of friendship. His refusal to assist Brutus in his
words reflect a clear-eyed understanding of the dire suicide is a clear indication of his moral integrity
circumstances they are in, and a readiness to face and the value he places on life. It shows that
the consequences. Volumnius believes in preserving life, even in dire
The phrase ‘Our enemies have beat us to the pit’ is circumstances, and that he does not view assisting
particularly telling. It suggests that Brutus sees their in a friend’s suicide as a duty or obligation.
defeat as inevitable, and that their enemies have Furthermore, his response reflects his perspective
cornered them with no way out. This is in stark on friendship. For Volumnius, friendship is not
contrast to the confident and determined Brutus about blind loyalty or unquestioning obedience.
we see earlier in the play, indicating a significant Instead, it involves moral judgement, empathy
shift in his attitude towards their cause. and a deep concern for the friend’s well-being. His
Moreover, by addressing Volumnius directly, refusal to comply with Brutus’ request underscores
Brutus is not only sharing his perception but also
102 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

his belief that a true friend should prevent harm, them. His acknowledgement that he found no man
rather than facilitate it. but Strato, who was true to him, highlights the trust
Q. 5. The conversation takes place amidst the sounds and loyalty he has experienced in his relationships.
of battle (alarums). How does the setting of Brutus’ perspective on the events that have unfolded
this conversation impact the tone and mood of is one of acceptance and resolution. Despite the dire
the dialogue, and what does it convey about circumstances, he views his impending death as a
the circumstances surrounding Brutus and form of glory, believing that he will attain more
Volumnius?  [4] honour by this losing day than Octavius and Mark
Antony by their conquest. This reflects his belief in
Ans. The setting of the conversation amidst the sounds
the nobility of sacrifice for a greater cause.
of battle (alarums) significantly impacts the tone
and mood of the dialogue between Brutus and Q. 2. Brutus says, ‘I shall have glory by this losing day
more than Octavius and Mark Antony by this
Volumnius. The constant reminder of the ongoing
vile conquest shall attain unto’. What does this
battle creates a sense of urgency and tension,
statement tell us about Brutus’ understanding of
infusing the dialogue with a sombre and grave
glory and honour? How does it reflect his attitude
tone. It underscores the dire circumstances Brutus towards defeat and victory?
and Volumnius find themselves in, heightening the
Ans. Antony’s response, ‘This is not Brutus, friend; but,
drama and intensity of their exchange.
I assure you, A prize no less in worth: keep this
The alarums serve as a stark reminder of the reality man safe; Give him all kindness: I had rather have
of war, the imminent danger, and the high stakes Such men my friends than enemies’, reveals several
involved. They punctuate the dialogue, reinforcing key aspects of his character, his attitude towards
the seriousness of the situation and the impending his enemies and his strategy in dealing with the
doom. This backdrop of war casts a shadow over the situation.
conversation, making it not just a dialogue between Firstly, Antony’s recognition of Lucilius as a ‘prize
two friends, but a discourse on life, death, honour no less in worth’ despite his not being Brutus shows
and duty under the most trying circumstances. his ability to appreciate the value of his opponents.
Moreover, the setting also provides a deeper This reflects a pragmatic and respectful aspect of
understanding of the characters of Brutus and his character, suggesting that he is not blinded by
Volumnius. Despite the chaos of battle around personal animosity and can acknowledge the worth
them, Brutus remains focused on his principles, of his enemies.
demonstrating his stoicism and resolve. His request Secondly, his instruction to ‘keep this man safe’ and
to Volumnius to assist in his suicide is made amidst ‘give him all kindness’ indicates a level of respect
the alarums, highlighting his readiness to face towards his enemies that is unusual in the context of
death honourably rather than be captured by the war. This reveals Antony’s attitude towards treating
enemy. On the other hand, Volumnius’ refusal to his enemies with dignity, further emphasising his
comply with Brutus’ request, despite the desperate pragmatic approach.
situation, underscores his moral integrity and the Lastly, his statement, ‘I had rather have Such men
value he places on friendship. my friends than enemies’ reveals his strategic
approach to dealing with the situation. Antony
II BRUTUS:
understands the value of turning enemies into
Farewell to you; and you; and you, ....... While I do run allies, indicating his diplomatic skills and strategic
upon it. Wilt thou, Strato? thinking.
Q. 1. Analyse Brutus’ farewell speech to his comrades Q. 3. The cry within, ‘FLY, FLY, FLY’! and Clitus’ urging
and Strato. What does his speech reveal about his Brutus to flee adds tension to the scene. How
character, his relationships, and his perspective on does this element of the setting contribute to the
the events that have unfolded? mood of the dialogue and the portrayal of Brutus’
Ans. Brutus’ farewell speech to his comrades and Strato predicament?
is a poignant moment that offers deep insights into Ans. The cry within, ‘FLY, FLY, FLY!’ and Clitus’ urging
his character, his relationships, and his perspective Brutus to flee significantly contribute to the tension
on the unfolding events. and mood of the scene, and effectively portray
Brutus’ character is revealed as one of honour, Brutus’ predicament.
courage and stoicism. His decision to end his life The repeated cry of ‘FLY, FLY, FLY!’ serves as a stark
rather than be captured by his enemies underscores reminder of the imminent danger and the urgency
his commitment to the Roman ideal of honour of the situation. It creates a sense of chaos and panic,
and his determination to control his own fate. His heightening the tension in the scene. This element
speech, filled with dignity and resolve, reflects his of the setting intensifies the dramatic impact of the
stoic acceptance of his impending death. dialogue, infusing it with a sense of urgency and
His relationships with his comrades are desperation.
characterised by mutual respect and loyalty. His Clitus’ urging Brutus to flee further adds to the
heartfelt farewell to each of them, particularly to tension. His plea underscores the direness of
Strato, underscores the deep bonds he shares with Brutus’ situation and the immediate threat to his
 Drama 103
life. It serves as a stark contrast to Brutus’ calm and in the greater good for Rome, sets him on a path
composed demeanour, highlighting his courage of internal conflict and external strife. His words,
and resolve in the face of adversity. ‘my bones would rest, that have but labour’d to
These elements of the setting significantly contribute attain this hour’, reflect the physical and emotional
to the mood of the dialogue. They create a sense of toll this journey has taken on him. They suggest a
impending doom and desperation, casting a sombre sense of exhaustion and relief, indicating that he
has reached the end of a long and arduous journey.
and tense mood over the dialogue. The contrast
between the chaotic setting and Brutus’ calm Moreover, the phrase ‘Night hangs upon mine eyes’
farewell speech heightens the emotional intensity metaphorically signifies the approach of death,
of the scene, making it all the more poignant and with ‘night’ symbolising the end of life. It suggests
that Brutus is not only aware of his impending
impactful.
death but also ready to embrace it. This readiness to
Moreover, these elements effectively portray face death is a testament to Brutus’ courage and his
Brutus’ predicament. Despite the chaos and danger, stoic Roman virtues.
Brutus remains steadfast in his decision to end his
III MESSALA:
life on his own terms. His refusal to flee, even in
the face of certain death, underscores his courage, My master’s man. Strato, where is thy master?
honour and stoicism. ....... That did the latest service to my master.
Q. 4. Brutus asks Strato to hold his sword while he Q. 1. Analyse Strato’s statement, ‘For Brutus only
runs onto it, similar to his earlier request to overcame himself, And no man else hath honour
Volumnius. How does Strato’s response compare by his death’. What does this reveal about Strato’s
to Volumnius’, and what does it reveal about their perception of Brutus’ death and the concept of
respective relationships with Brutus? honour?
Ans. Brutus’ request to both Volumnius and Strato to Ans. Strato’s statement, ‘For Brutus only overcame
hold his sword while he runs onto it is a significant himself, And no man else hath honour by his
moment that reveals much about their respective death’, is a profound observation that reveals his
relationships with Brutus. perception of Brutus’ death and the concept of
Volumnius’ refusal to assist Brutus in his suicide honour.
underscores his deep respect for Brutus’ life and Strato’s words suggest that he views Brutus’ death
his belief that assisting in a friend’s suicide is not as a personal triumph rather than a defeat. The
an act of friendship. His response, ‘That’s not an phrase ‘Brutus only overcame himself ’ implies
office for a friend, my lord’, reveals a profound that Brutus’ greatest adversary was not his
understanding of the sanctity of life and the external enemies, but his own internal conflicts
boundaries of friendship. It shows that Volumnius and principles. Brutus’ decision to end his life, in
values Brutus’ life more than he values adhering Strato’s view, is an act of overcoming his own fears
to Brutus’ wishes, indicating a deep affection for and doubts, a testament to his courage and resolve.
Brutus. Furthermore, Strato’s statement reflects his belief
On the other hand, Strato’s response to Brutus’ that the honour of Brutus’ death belongs to Brutus
request is not explicitly mentioned in the text alone. This suggests that Strato perceives honour
provided. However, given that Brutus does not as a public accolade but as a personal virtue
indeed die by running onto his own sword, it can that is inherent in one’s actions and decisions. In
be inferred that Strato ultimately complies with Strato’s view, Brutus’ honourable death is a result of
Brutus’ request. This compliance could be seen as his adherence to his principles and his willingness
an act of loyalty and respect for Brutus’ wishes. It to face the consequences of his actions, even if it
suggests that Strato respects Brutus’ desire to die on means meeting a tragic end.
his own terms and is willing to assist him, despite
Moreover, Strato’s words also reveal his deep
the moral complexities of the situation.
respect for Brutus. His acknowledgment of Brutus’
Q. 5. Brutus’ final words are, ‘Night hangs upon mine self-overcoming and the honour of his death
eyes; my bones would rest, that have but labour’d
indicates his admiration for Brutus’ character and
to attain this hour’. How does this statement
his understanding of the moral complexities of their
encapsulate Brutus’ journey throughout the play,
situation.
and what does it convey about his acceptance of
his fate? Q. 2. Lucilius thanks Brutus for proving his saying true.
What could this saying be, and how does it reflect
Ans. Brutus’ final words, ‘Night hangs upon mine eyes;
on Brutus’ actions and Lucilius’ understanding of
my bones would rest, that have but labour’d to
attain this hour’, poignantly encapsulate his journey Brutus’ character?
throughout the play and convey his acceptance of Ans. Lucilius’ statement, ‘I thank thee, Brutus, That thou
his fate. hast proved Lucilius’ saying true’, is a reflection of
Brutus’ journey in the play is marked by a constant his understanding of Brutus’ character and actions.
struggle between his personal affection for Caesar While the exact saying is not provided in the text, it
and his political ideals for Rome. His decision to join can be inferred from the context and the events that
the conspiracy against Caesar, driven by his belief unfold.
104 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

The saying could possibly be related to Brutus’ Ans. Strato’s conditional response to Octavius’ offer, ‘Ay,
unwavering commitment to his principles, his if Messala will prefer me to you’, reveals significant
courage, or his sense of honour. Given that Lucilius aspects of his loyalty and his relationship with
thanks Brutus after his death, it’s likely that the Messala.
saying pertains to Brutus’ willingness to sacrifice Strato’s response indicates a deep sense of loyalty,
himself for his beliefs. Lucilius could have predicted not just to Brutus but also to Messala. Despite
or stated that Brutus, being a man of honour, would Brutus’ death, Strato does not immediately
choose to die on his own terms rather than be accept Octavius’ offer but instead defers to
captured by his enemies. Messala’s preference. This suggests that Strato
Brutus’ suicide is a testament to his courage and values Messala’s judgement and is loyal to him. It
his adherence to the Roman ideal of honour. It shows that Strato is not easily swayed by offers of
shows his determination to control his own fate patronage and remains steadfast in his loyalties,
and his refusal to give his enemies the satisfaction even in the face of changing circumstances.
of defeating him. Furthermore, Strato’s response reveals the nature
Lucilius’ statement also reveals his understanding of his relationship with Messala. His deference
of Brutus’ character. He recognises Brutus as to Messala’s preference suggests a relationship
a man of principle, courage and honour. His based on respect and trust. It indicates that Strato
acknowledgement that Brutus has proved his views Messala as a leader or mentor figure, whose
saying true indicates his deep respect for Brutus opinion and preference he values highly. This could
and his actions. be indicative of a close and respectful relationship
Q. 3. Octavius offers to entertain all who served Brutus between the two, forged through their shared
and asks Strato to spend time with him. What service to Brutus.
does this suggest about Octavius’ attitude towards Q. 5. Strato confirms to Messala that Brutus died by
Brutus’ followers and his intentions moving running onto his own sword. How does this fact
forward? impact the characters’ perception of Brutus, and
Ans. Octavius’ offer to entertain all who served Brutus what does it suggest about the values and norms
and his invitation to Strato to spend time with of their society?
him reveal a lot about his attitude towards Brutus’ Ans. Strato’s confirmation to Messala that Brutus died
followers and his intentions moving forward. by running onto his own sword has significant
Octavius’ attitude towards Brutus’ followers implications for the characters’ perception of Brutus
appears to be one of respect and understanding. and the values and norms of their society.
Despite being on opposing sides, Octavius The fact that Brutus chose to end his own life rather
recognises the loyalty and dedication of Brutus’ than be captured or killed by his enemies would
followers. His offer to entertain them suggests likely reinforce the characters’ perception of Brutus
that he does not view them as enemies but as as a man of honour and principles. His decision to
honourable men who were loyal to their leader. control his own fate, even in death, underscores his
This reflects Octavius’ ability to separate personal courage, resolve and adherence to the Roman ideal
animosities from professional respect. of honour. It shows that Brutus valued his dignity
Furthermore, Octavius’ invitation to Strato and principles above his own life, which would
indicates his willingness to build bridges and likely earn him the respect and admiration of his
foster relationships with those who were once his peers, even those who were once his adversaries.
adversaries. This could be seen as a strategic move Moreover, Brutus’ suicide reflects the values and
to consolidate his power and ensure a smooth norms of Roman society, where honour, courage
transition in the aftermath of the conflict. By and stoicism were highly esteemed. The act of
welcoming Strato and other followers of Brutus falling on one’s sword was considered a noble way
into his fold, Octavius is likely aiming to unify the to die, as it demonstrated a refusal to surrender
divided factions and restore peace and stability. to one’s enemies and a readiness to face death on
Q. 4. Strato’s response to Octavius’ offer is conditional one’s own terms. Brutus’ death would therefore be
on Messala’s preference. What does this reveal seen as an embodiment of these values, reinforcing
about Strato’s loyalty and his relationship with his status as a tragic hero.
Messala?

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does Brutus’s stoic philosophy influence his that teaches the development of self-control and
decision to commit suicide? What does this reveal fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive
about his character and the ideals he upholds? emotions, is a defining characteristic of Brutus’s
Ans. In Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar, Brutus’s stoic persona. It influences his actions and decisions
philosophy plays a significant role in his decision throughout the play, including his decision to end
to commit suicide. Stoicism, a school of thought his life.
 Drama 105
At the opening of the scene, Brutus is seen to be suicide, is seen as honourable and in keeping with
frightened to speak his wishes out loud. This could Brutus’s principles.
be interpreted as his shame to state his desire to The scene concludes with Antony’s eulogy for
die out loud because he is denying his lifetime Brutus. Antony declares Brutus ‘the noblest Roman
philosophy, stoicism, which precludes suicide. of them all’, as he acted not out of envy but from lofty
This shame would have been prevalent in an ideals. The language used by Antony influences the
Elizabethan audience, to whom the act of suicide audience’s perception of Brutus, highlighting the
would be abhorrent. However, his decision to thematic depth of honour, virtue and idealism in
commit suicide is not a violation of his stoic beliefs the play.
but rather a testament to his belief in the justice of Q. 3. Consider Antony’s eulogy for Brutus. How does
his actions. Antony’s language influence the audience’s
Brutus’s dying words indicate that, unlike Cassius, perception of Brutus? What does this say about the
he kills himself not to avoid the humiliation of thematic depth of honour, virtue and idealism in
capture, but because he believes his actions deserve the play?
death. If his suicide is a just punishment rather Ans. In Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar, Antony’s eulogy
than an avoidance of future events, then it could for Brutus is a pivotal moment that influences the
be argued that Brutus does not exactly violate his audience’s perception of Brutus and underscores
Stoic belief that suicide is improper. Rather, it’s in the thematic depth of honour, virtue and idealism
keeping with Brutus’s honourable principles. in the play.
In conclusion, Brutus’s stoic philosophy significantly Antony refers to Brutus as ‘the noblest Roman of
influences his decision to commit suicide in Act V, them all’. This statement is a testament to Brutus’
Scene 5 of Julius Caesar. It reveals his unwavering noble character, which is evident throughout the
commitment to his principles and ideals, even in play. Brutus is consistently portrayed as a man
the face of defeat and death. Despite the tragic of great honour, integrity and wisdom. Antony’s
outcome, Brutus’s actions serve to highlight his language, filled with respect and admiration,
character’s depth and complexity, making him one influences the audience’s perception of Brutus,
of the most memorable characters in the play. His transforming him from a traitor to a tragic hero.
suicide, while tragic, is a fitting end to his character
Antony’s eulogy also highlights the thematic depth
arc, underscoring the themes of honour, duty and
of honour, virtue and idealism in the play. He
sacrifice that are central to his character.
acknowledges that Brutus acted not out of envy or
Q. 2. Analyse the use of language and rhetoric in this personal gain but from lofty ideals and a genuine
scene. How do the characters, especially Brutus, belief in the welfare of Rome. This recognition of
use language to express their emotions, justify Brutus’ motives adds a layer of complexity to his
their actions, and influence others? character and elevates the themes of honour, virtue
Ans. In Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar, the use of language and idealism.
and rhetoric is instrumental in expressing emotions, In conclusion, Antony’s eulogy for Brutus in
justifying actions, and influencing others. The Act V, Scene 5 of Julius Caesar significantly
characters, especially Brutus, use language as a tool influences the audience’s perception of Brutus.
to convey their inner thoughts and feelings, justify His respectful and admiring language transforms
their actions, and sway the opinions of others. Brutus from a traitor to a tragic hero, highlighting
Brutus, the tragic hero of the play, is at the centre of his honour, virtue and idealism. This not only adds
this scene. His use of language reflects his emotional depth to Brutus’ character but also underscores the
turmoil as he contemplates suicide. He speaks thematic richness of the play. The eulogy serves as
tearfully to his companions—Clitus, Dardanius and a powerful testament to the enduring impact of
Volumnius—asking each of them in turn to assist language and rhetoric in shaping perceptions and
him in his suicide. Their refusal to comply with his narratives.
request underscores their respect for Brutus and Q. 4. Analyse the character development of Brutus
their reluctance to participate in his death. throughout the play, culminating in his final
The appearance of Caesar’s ghost, as explained moments as depicted in this scene. Discuss how
by Brutus to Volumnius, adds to the emotional his actions, decisions and interactions with other
intensity of the scene. Brutus interprets the ghost’s characters reflect his principles and values.
appearance as a sign that his end is near. This Ans. Brutus, one of the central characters in Shakespeare’s
supernatural element contributes to the mood play, undergoes significant character development
and tone of the scene, creating an atmosphere of throughout the narrative. His actions, decisions and
impending doom. interactions with other characters provide a deep
Brutus’s final words: ‘Caesar, now rest. I killed insight into his principles and values, culminating
you half as willingly as I kill myself ’, reveals his in his final moments as depicted in the scene.
acceptance of the consequences of his actions and At the beginning of the play, Brutus is portrayed
his readiness to meet death. His suicide is not an as a loyal friend to Caesar and a respected senator
act of cowardice but a testament to his belief in the of Rome. However, his deep love for Rome and its
justice of his actions. This act, in contrast to Cassius’s people, coupled with his fear of Caesar’s growing
106 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

power, leads him to join the conspiracy against Brutus’ decision to end his own life is a powerful
Caesar. This decision reflects Brutus’ commitment reflection of his understanding of honour. In Roman
to the welfare of Rome and his willingness to society, honour was a highly esteemed virtue, often
sacrifice personal relationships for the greater good. associated with courage, integrity and a strong
As the play progresses, Brutus’ character is further sense of duty. Brutus, faced with the prospect of
revealed through his interactions with other defeat and capture, chooses to die on his own
characters. His respectful treatment of his fellow terms, thereby preserving his honour. His suicide is
conspirators, his attempts to justify his actions not an act of despair but a deliberate choice driven
to the Roman public, and his deep remorse over by his commitment to the Roman ideal of honour.
Caesar’s death all reflect his integrity, sense of duty, It demonstrates his courage, his control over his
and moral conflict. own fate, and his refusal to be dishonoured by
In the final moments of his life, Brutus’ character his enemies. This act of self-sacrifice underscores
comes full circle. Faced with defeat and capture, Brutus’ character as a man of principles, who values
Brutus chooses to end his own life rather than be honour above life itself.
taken prisoner. This decision reflects his courage, Octavius’ decision to honour Brutus with all respect
his adherence to the Roman ideal of honour, and and rites of burial further underscores the theme of
his determination to control his own fate. His final honour. Despite being on opposing sides, Octavius
words, ‘Night hangs upon mine eyes; my bones acknowledges Brutus’ nobility and the principles
would rest, that have but labour’d to attain this he stood for. His decision to honour Brutus suggests
hour’, reveal a man who has come to terms with his a deep respect for Brutus and an understanding of
actions and their consequences and is ready to face the importance of honour in their society. It reflects
his fate with dignity and resolve. Octavius’ character as a leader who values honour
Q. 5. Discuss the theme of honour as portrayed in this and respects his adversaries.
scene. How do the characters’ actions, particularly These actions aligned with the societal norms and
Brutus’ decision to end his own life and values of their time, where honour, courage and
Octavius’ decision to honour Brutus, reflect their integrity were highly esteemed. Roman society
understanding of honour? How does this align valued the concept of ‘dying honourably’ and
with the societal norms and values of their time? viewed suicide as a noble way to preserve one’s
Ans. The theme of honour is a central element in this honour in the face of certain defeat. Similarly,
scene, as reflected in the actions and decisions of honouring one’s adversaries was seen as a mark of
the characters, particularly Brutus and Octavius. magnanimity and a reflection of one’s own honour.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(a) He is a man of action
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
(b) He is a man of words
(c) He is compassionate
(d) He is a tyrant
(i) Find from the following options the figure of Ans. Option (c) is correct.
speech that is similar to the quoted line-“My life is
Explanation: Brutus empathises with the boy who
run his compass.” [Application]
is tired at the end of the day.
(a) The sun of Rome is set! (iv) “To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.? What is
(b) You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned the significance of this line? [Understanding]
like hounds (a) That Brutus is eager to fight
(c) O hateful error, melancholy's child, (b) That the ghost of Caesar is thirsting for revenge
(d) Here wast thou bayed, brave hart (c) That Brutus foresees his doom
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (d) That Brutus will meet Cassius at Philippe
Explanation: Both are personification Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(ii) “There is a tide in the affairs of men/ Which, taken Explanation: Brutus feels the ghost of Caesar is
at the flood, leads on to -------------------- [Recall] eager to meet him at Philippe.
(a) Success (b) Achievement (v) Antony pays a great tribute to Brutus towards the
end of the play.
(c) Happiness (d) Fortune
So mixed in him that nature might stand up/And
Ans. Option (d) is correct. say to all the world “This was a man.” Earlier he
Explanation: ‘Fortune’ is the word used. had said Brutus was an honourable man in another
(iii) “What, thou speak’st drowsily?/Poor knave, I tone. What had been his tone? [Evaluation]
blame thee not; thou art o’erwatched.” (a) Satire (b) Pitiable
(c) Ironical (d) Shocking
What do you understand about the nature of
Brutus from this line? [Analysis] Ans. Option (c) is correct.
 Drama 107
Explanation: Earlier, it was a classic case of verbal [Recall and Understanding] Is there a veiled
irony. criticism in his voice? [Analysis]
(vi) All the conspirators save only he/ Did that they did Ans. Cassius reminds Brutus if he had listened to
in ------------of great Caesar. [Recall] his advice as to the fate of Antony, he would not
(a) Admiration (b) Vengeance be standing there and arrogantly calling them
(c) Anger (d) Envy flatterers. Yes, there is a veiled criticism on Brutus’s
error of judgement. Brutus allowed Antony to live
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
and turn the table against them.
Explanation: Each of the conspirators except for
(v) How does Cassius describe Octavius and Antony
Brutus attacked Caesar as every one of them envied
a little later? What does Antony remark at this
his power.
point of time? Do you think he is justified in his
Analysis?  [Recall and Analysis]
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
Ans. Cassius refers to Octavius as “A peevish schoolboy,
worthless of such honour,” and implies Antony is
a ‘masker and a reveller” who is prone to enjoy
Q. 1. Read the given extract from Shakespeare’s Julius
the frivolous amusements of life. Antony implies
Caesar and answer the questions that follow:
he is still the old Cassius, sarcastic, pessimistic
Antony. In your bad strokes, Brutus, you give good
and sharp tongued! Yes, he is justified in calling
words: Witness the hole you made in Caesar's heart,
Cassius so because by nature he is quarrelsome
Crying 'Long live! hail, Caesar!'
and uses harsh words. Antony's remarks highlight
Cassius. Antony, The posture of your blows are yet
his disillusionment with the political games and
unknown; But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
manipulations of power, suggesting that those
And leave them honeyless.
elevated to positions of honour are ultimately
Antony. Not stingless too.
disposable.
Brutus. O, yes, and soundless too; For you have stol'n
Q. 2. Read the given extract from Shakespeare’s Julius
their buzzing, Antony, And very wisely threat before you
Caesar and answer the questions that follow:
sting.
Tintinius. They are, my lord.
(i) On which stage is the battle now? [Recall] What is
Cassius. Tintinius, if thou lovest me,
the significance of the line “In your bad strokes,
Mount thou my horse, and hide thy spurs in him,
Brutus, you give good words:”
Till he have brought thee up to yonder troops,
[Understanding]
And here again; that I may rest assured
Ans. Before the battle it was customary to have a
Whether yond troops are friend or enemy.
discussion on the necessity and outcome of war
(i) Why does Titinius say ‘They are’? [Recall] What
which is called parley. However, here both the sides
does it signify? In what mood is Cassius now?
are being sarcastic and heaping blames on each
Does it foreshadow any event? [Analysis]
other. Antony is referring to the way how Brutus
Ans. Cassius asks him whether the fire that they can
gave the fatal blow even as he was addressing
see is caused by the burning of his camps. It
Caesar with sweet words.
signifies Cassius’ army is being defeated and the
(ii) Explain the reference to Hybla bees. How is the
enemy is taking charge. Cassius is in a pensive
metaphor carried on in the following few lines?
and philosophical mood. It is his birthday and he
[Application]
forebodes that his life has come to a full circle. “My
Ans. Hybla bees are famous for their sweet honey.
life is run his compass”. He has lost the will to fight.
Here, the way Antony sweet talked Brutus to
(ii) What does Cassius ask Pindarus to do after
get permission to talk at Caesar’s funeral may be
Titinius is gone to fulfil his errand? [Recall] What
referred to. It is as though he has robbed the bees
news does he convey?[ Understanding]What is the
to render them honey less. Antony answers that he
irony brought about? [Application]
has made them stingless too, may be referring to
Ans. Cassius asks Pindarus to go up the hill, and
how Antony with his natural eloquence won over
intimate him what is happening in the field. He is
the masses and incited them to fury. Brutus says
anxious about his troop. He asks Pindarus to do this
that he has stolen their buzzing too to threaten
because his eye sight is poor and he cannot see from
before he stings.
far. The irony is that Pindarus reports that Titinius
(iii) What exactly does Antony accuse of the others
is surrounded by soldiers and is taken. Cassius
soon after this exchange of words?
misconstrues that his friend has been caught by
[Recall and Understanding]
the enemy. He asks Pindarus to kill him without
Ans. Antony calls them Villains who flattered Caesar
knowing that Titinius has been greeted by friendly
before they stabbed him with their vile daggers.
soldiers.
They showed their teeth like apes and fawned like
(iii) What is the aftermath of this information?
hounds and bowed like bondmen, kissing Caesar’s
[Understanding and Evaluation]
feet. And Casca, like a cur, behind struck Caesar on
Ans. Cassius rues that he has to see his best friend taken
the neck. It was the height of treachery.
before his face! He calls Pindarus and reminds him
(iv) How does Cassius react when Antony calls them
that he was taken a prisoner at Partha, but Cassius
flatterers? What does he remind Brutus now?
did not kill him on the promise that Pindarus would
108 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

do whatever Cassius asked him to do. Now he asks soon after this? [Understanding] Why does Cassius
Pindarus to fulfil his oath and run his sword into before he dies say, “Caesar, thou art revenged,
his stomach and be a free man and escape from his Even with the sword that kill'd thee.” Is there
enemies. poetic justice here? Explain.
(iv) How does Titinius lament the death of Cassius? [Analysis and Evaluation]
[Recall]What does it show of his character? Ans. Messala says “Mistrust of good success hath
[Analysis] done this deed.” He wonders how hateful
Ans. Titinius laments that Cassius is no more. He error, ‘melancholy's child’, misguides men by
compares Cassius lying in the pool of blood to making them believe what actually is not. Error,
the setting sun that sinks amidst his red rays. He misconceived, never has a happy birth, because it
cries, ”The sun of Rome is set! Our day is gone;” kills its mother who engenders it. Cassius admits
He evokes clouds, dews, and dangers to come and that Caesar has taken revenge for the direst cruelty
see how their deeds are done. In fact mistrust of his against him and it is poetic justice that his murderer
success has prompted Cassius to this deed. dies stabbed by the same sword.
(v) “Mistrust of good success hath done this deed”.
What does Messala say about error of judgement

Reflection
1. Will you be able to analyse the evolution of Brutus’s character, especially his stoic philosophy and how it influ-
ences his decision to commit suicide?
2. Will you be able to examine the use of language and rhetoric by the characters, particularly Brutus, to express their
emotions, justify their actions, and influence others?
3. Will you be able to investigate the thematic depth of honour, virtue and idealism in the play, as highlighted in
Antony’s eulogy for Brutus?
4. Will you be able to appreciate the dramatic elements in the scene, such as the appearance of Caesar’s ghost and
the atmosphere of impending doom it creates?
5. Will you be able to interpret the symbolism in the scene, such as Brutus’s suicide, as a symbol of his honour and
principles?
6. Will you be able to interpret the symbolism in the scene, such as Brutus’s suicide as a symbol of his honour and
principles?

qq
 SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER - 1
MM: 40 Maximum Time: 1 hour

SECTION-A (b) He respects the man but thinks he is not fit for
Q. 1. Choose the correct answers to the questions from leadership.
the given options. (c) He does not respect the man and considers
(Do not copy the question, write the correct him only fit for running errands.
answers only.)  [16] (d) He is indifferent towards the man and does
not consider him important.
(i) What metaphor does Caesar use to describe himself
when he refuses to pardon Publius Cimber? (viii) Statement 1: "They plan to examine Caesar's will."
(a) A lion (b) The Northern Star Statement 2: "Antony questions Lepidus's
(c) A wolf (d) A mountain suitability to rule Rome."
(ii) Who distracts Antony away from the Senate room? Question: Select the option that shows the correct
relationship between statements 1 and 2.
(a) Brutus (b) Cassius
(a) 1 is the cause for 2
(c) Trebonius (d) Decius
(b) 1 is an example of 2
(iii) What is the main theme of Brutus' speech?
(c) 1 is independent of 2
(a) Ambition (b) Loyalty
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2
(c) Power (d) Rhetoric
(ix) Brutus: "He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus,
(iv) Brutus: "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath given me
loved Rome more." some worthy cause to wish Things done undone;
Question: What is the speaker trying to convey but if he be at hand I shall be satisfied."
with this line? Question: What is Brutus expressing in this line?
(a) The speaker didn't love Caesar. (a) He is happy with Pindarus.
(b) The speaker loved Rome less than Caesar. (b) He has issues with Pindarus's master, Cassius.
(c) The speaker assassinated Caesar out of love for (c) He wants to undo some things that have been
Rome. done.
(d) The speaker loved Caesar and Rome equally. (d) He is satisfied with the current situation.
(v) Choose the option that lists the sequence of events (x) Which of the following statements is NOT true
in the correct order: about Brutus' opinion of Cassius?
1. Cinna the poet is on his way to attend Caesar’s (a) He questions Cassius' honesty.
funeral. (b) He believes Cassius' is a worthy man.
2. Cinna the poet is accosted by a group of riotous (c) He doubts Cassius' loyalty.
citizens. (d) He thinks Cassius' is a "hot friend cooling".
3. The citizens mistake him for Cinna the
(xi) Cassius: "A peevish schoolboy, worthless of such
conspirator.
honor, Joined with a masker and a reveller!"
4. Despite his protests, they attack him.
Question: What is Cassius expressing in this line?
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
(a) He is praising Octavius.
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
(b) He is criticizing Octavius.
(vi) Statement 1: "The plebeians are swayed by Brutus’
speech justifying Caesar’s murder." (c) He is indifferent towards Octavius.
Statement 2: "The plebeians are easily incited to (d) He is expressing his admiration for Octavius.
violence against an innocent man." (xii) Which of the following is NOT an outcome of Act
Question: Select the option that shows the correct IV, Scene 3?
relationship between statements 1 and 2. (a) Brutus and Cassius part ways
(a) 1 is the cause for 2 (b) Antony is criticized by Cassius
(b) 1 is an example of 2 (c) Octavius asserts his authority
(c) 1 is independent of 2 (d) Brutus and Cassius agree to kill Antony
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2 (xiii) Who part on a sombre note, fearing that this might
(vii) Antony: "This is a slight, unmeritable man, Meet be their last meeting?
to be sent on errands." (a) Antony and Octavius
Question: What is Antony's opinion of the man he (b) Brutus and Antony
is referring to in this line?
(c) Cassius and Brutus
(a) He thinks highly of the man and considers him
(d) Octavius and Cassius
a close ally.
110 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(xiv) What is the significance of the line "Although I 2. How does Lucilius's response "With courtesy and
should go sorrow and in pain, with sighing and with respect enough; But not with such familiar
with weeping, still I must go."? instances, Nor with such free and friendly
(a) It shows Brutus' regret over Caesar's death. conference, As he hath used of old" reflect
(b) It shows Brutus' determination to continue his the change in their relationship? What does it
journey despite the challenges. suggest about the impact of recent events on their
(c) It shows Brutus' fear of Octavius. interactions?  [3]
(d) It shows Brutus' desire for power. 3. Brutus says, "Thou hast described A hot friend
(xv) Brutus: "Are yet two Romans living such as these?" cooling: ever note, Lucilius, When love begins
to sicken and decay, It useth an enforced
Question: What is Brutus implying with this line?
ceremony." How does this statement reflect Brutus'
(a) He is questioning the loyalty of his remaining understanding of friendship and loyalty? How
men. does it relate to his own experiences in the play?
(b) He is expressing his grief over the loss of [3]
Cassius and Titinius.
4. Based on Brutus' lines "There are no tricks in plain
(c) He is wondering if there are any Romans left
and simple faith; But hollow men, like horses hot
who are as brave as Cassius and Titinius.
at hand, Make gallant show and promise of their
(d) He is doubting the strength of the remaining
mettle; But when they should endure the bloody
Roman forces.
spur, They fall their crests, and, like deceitful
(xvi) Which of the following statements is NOT true of
jades, Sink in the trial," how would you describe
the scene?
Brutus' view of honour and integrity? How does
(a) Lucilius impersonates Brutus.
it contrast with his observations of others in the
(b) Antony's soldiers capture Lucilius. play?  [3]
(c) Antony orders his soldiers to keep Lucilius
5. The line "Comes his army on?" marks a shift in the
safe.
conversation. What does this line reveal about the
(d) Brutus surrenders to Antony.
impending conflict? How does it set the stage for
SECTION- B the upcoming events in the play?  [4]
Q. 2. Read the extract given below and answer the C. OCTAVIUS
questions that follow: Now, Antony, our hopes are answered:
A. CAESAR: ....... But 'tis not so.
I must prevent thee, Cimber. 1. How does Octavius' initial perception of the
....... nor without cause Will he be satisfied. enemy's strategy differ from the reality, and what
1. How does Caesar characterize the behaviour of the does this reveal about his understanding of the
petitioners, including Metellus Cimber? (Think situation?  [3]
about his choice of words and imagery.)  [3] 2. What does Antony's response to Octavius suggest
2. What does Caesar claim about his own nature about his insight into the enemy's motives and
and how he reacts to flattery or manipulation? tactics?  [3]
(Analyse the contrasting ideas he presents.)  [3] 3. How does the phrase "fearful bravery" encapsulate
3. Explain the role of "preordinance and first decree" the enemy's approach, and what does this paradox
in Caesar's argument against Cimber's plea. suggest about their true intentions?  [3]
(Connect it to themes of power and authority.)  [3]
4. In what ways does the conversation between
4. Consider the animal metaphors Caesar uses: how Octavius and Antony set the tone for the upcoming
do they contribute to his portrayal of himself and conflict at Philippi?  [3]
his response to Cimber? (Analyse the specific
animals and their connotations.)  [3] 5. Based on this dialogue, how would you characterize
the relationship between Octavius and Antony,
5. Analyse the speech as a reflection of Caesar's
and what might this imply about their leadership
understanding of power and his relationship with
styles? [4]
the Roman people. How does he present himself,
and what image does he seek to project? Consider C. CASSIUS
the consequences of his approach for both his rule Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come,
and the stability of the Republic.  [4] ....... And straight is cold again.
B. BRUTUS 1. How does Cassius' speech reflect his emotional
He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius; state and his relationship with Antony and
....... Sink in the trial. Comes his army on? Octavius? What is the significance of his
1. Analyse Brutus' line "He is not doubted. A word, willingness to offer his heart, and how does this
Lucilius; How he received you, let me be resolved." tie into the broader context of the scene?  [3]
What does this reveal about Brutus' feelings 2. What does Brutus mean when he says "dishonour
towards Lucilius and his trust in him?  [3] shall be humour"? How does this line reflect
 Self Assessment Paper 111
his attitude towards Cassius' outburst and the about Antony's perception of Brutus and the
situation they find themselves in?  [3] motivations of the other conspirators?  [3]
3. How do the mood and tone shift between Cassius' 2. Antony states, "He only, in a general honest thought
and Brutus' speeches? What does this reveal about and common good to all, made one of them." How
their respective characters and their approach to does this statement reflect on Brutus' character
the challenges they face?  [3] and his reasons for joining the conspiracy against
4. How do the speeches of Cassius and Brutus set the Caesar? [3]
stage for subsequent events in the scene? What 3. Antony describes Brutus' life as gentle and says
themes or conflicts introduced in these speeches that nature might declare him a man. How does
are further explored as the scene progresses?  [3] this characterization contrast with Brutus' actions
5. What is the symbolism behind Cassius' reference in the play, and what does it suggest about Antony's
understanding of manhood and virtue? [3]
to his heart being "richer than gold"? How does
this symbolism contribute to the overall meaning 4. Octavius decides to honor Brutus with all respect
and impact of his speech?  [4] and rites of burial. What does this decision tell us
about Octavius' attitude towards Brutus and his
D. ANTONY understanding of honor and virtue? [3]
This was the noblest Roman of them all: 5. Octavius ends the conversation by calling for rest
....... To part the glories of this happy day. and looking forward to sharing the glories of the
1. Analyse Antony's speech about Brutus being the day. How does this statement reflect on Octavius'
"noblest Roman of them all". What does this reveal character and his vision for the future of Rome? [4]

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112 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X
 Treasure Chest : Prose

CHAPTER

1
WITH THE
PHOTOGRAPHER

—Stephen Leacock

Learning Objectives
Objective
 The students will be able to : To enjoy the underlying humour and tongue in cheek expressions in the story.
 To shed light on how photographs should reflect reality.
  
 To learn the use of words that makes the reading highly enjoyable.
  
 To express how technology should not completely distort faces that nullifies the objective of taking a photograph.

About the Author

Stephen Leacock (1869–1944) was a famous Canadian teacher, writer and humorist. He was born in England and
was educated at Toronto University, Canada. He earned a PhD in political science and economics from Chicago
University and taught political science at McGill University in Montreal. However, he took a flair for writing
and became well known for his humorous stories and writings. His stories earned him international fame and
recognition. His best-known works include ‘Literary Lapses’, ‘Nonsense Novels’ and ‘The Garden of Folly’. He
was awarded the Mark Twain Medal for humour.

Word Meanings

 studio—a room where an artist or photographer works. humiliation: the feeling of being ashamed or losing respect.
 disappointment—the state of being disappointed. annoyance: the act of annoying someone or of being annoyed. 
adjusted—to get used to new conditions or a new situation.  delphide—creates an intense nature with strong feelings
and emotional desires.

Summary
The story was written at a time when people were supposed to visit a studio to be photographed. The story
exposes the humiliation suffered by the author due to his unphotogenic facial appearance at Scan to know more
the hands of a drooping photographer. about
this topic
The author is asked to wait in the studio for about an hour before being called in. He spends
his time reading old magazines and journals. The studio, to his disappointment, was an old-
fashioned, dimly lit room without any attractive appearance. The photographer finds his face
‘wrong’ and, to Leacock’s annoyance, begins ordering him to alter his expressions and pose.
The photo that he finally received was a distortion of his real face. The photographer had With the
Photographar
touched, adjusted and made changes to his photograph using the latest delphide technique.
Leacock wanted his face as it was, and so he did not take the photo. The purpose of the photograph was thus
defeated.
114 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

his seat angrily. Just at that moment of animation,

A Multiple Choice Questions the photographer caught the features with a click.
Q. 8. The photographer asked Leacock to visit the studio
Q. 1. The author of the story ‘With the Photographer’ is? on Saturday to
(a) Stephen Leacock (b) Thomas Hardy (a) Retake his photograph
(c) A. G. Gardener (d) Robert Lynd (b) Make fool of him
Ans. Option (a) is correct (c) See the proof of his photograph
Explanation: Stephen Leacock is the author of the (d) Annoy him
story ‘With the Photographer’. Ans. Option (c) is correct
Q. 2. Who was responsible for the distortion of Stephen Explanation: The photographer asked Leacock
Leacock’s face in the photograph? to visit the studio on Saturday to see a proof his
(a) The dentist (b) The barber photograph.
(c) The photographer (d) The physician Q. 9. The narrator was frustrated because the
Ans. Option (c) is correct photograph
Explanation: The photographer had touched, (a) Was in black and white
adjusted and made changes in the author’s (b) Was coloured
photograph. (c) Was of someone else
Q. 3. What part of the writer’s face remained unchanged (d) Did not look like him
in his photograph? Ans. Option (d) is correct
(a) Cheeks (b) Eyes Explanation: The narrator was frustrated because
(c) Ears (d) Nose the photograph did not look like him, which he had
Ans. Option (c) is correct planned to give to his friend to keep after his death.
Explanation: The ears, the photographer thought, Q. 10. The author left the studio saying the photograph
had a good likeness to his own and hence did not was:
require any touching. (a) A worthless bauble
Q. 4. Who has said, ‘Is it me’? (b) A priceless gem
(a) The Author (b) The photographer (c) A wasted effort
(c) A client (d) The author’s wife (d) A mockery to his face
Ans. Option (a) is correct Ans. Option (a) is correct
Explanation: The photograph was a complete Explanation: Leacock wanted to have his face
distortion of his appearance. His eyebrows were photographed as it was, so that his friends could
removed, his mouth twisted and his eyes retouched. remember him after his death, but the face in the
The author exclaimed in shock, ‘Is it me’? photograph was not his real face. So, he angrily left
Q. 5. The photographer commented on the author’s face the studio, calling it ‘a worthless bauble’.
as:
Q. 11. The narrator got angry because:
(a) Quite wrong (b) Unphotogenic
(a) The studio was unattractive
(c) Distorted (d) Ugly
(b) The photographer was a drooping man
Ans. Option (a) is correct
(c) The photographer made him wait for an hour
Explanation: The photographer was not pleased
with Leacock’s face and hence commented that it (d) The photographer commented on his facial
was ‘quite wrong’. features
Q. 6. The photographer made the author wait for: Ans. Option (d) is correct
(a) half hour (b) 15 minutes Explanation: The narrator got angry because the
(c) The whole day (d) An hour photographer commented on his facial features. It
was quite humiliating for him.
Ans. Option (d) is correct
Explanation: The author was asked to wait in the Q. 12. ‘The face is quite wrong’, said the photographer.
studio for about an hour before being called in for What does the ‘wrong’ in this Extract refer to?
the photograph. (a) Deformed
Q. 7. The photographer was pleased after he clicked a (b) Not photogenic
photo of the author in moments of (c) Angry
(a) Animation (b) Laughter (d) Sad
(c) Distress (d) Heated discussion Ans. Option (b) is correct
Ans. Option (a) is correct Explanation: The photographer was not satisfied
Explanation: The photographer made unpleasant with the author’s face. He did not find his face
comments about Leacock’s face. Leacock rose from photogenic.
 Prose 115
Q. 13. Which of the following statements is NOT true of Q. 15. Select the option that shows the correct
the narrator? relationship between statements (i) and (ii).
(a) He believes in accepting the reality (i) ‘The ears are mine, and if your machine is too
(b) He is 40 years old narrow’—Here I started to rise from the seat.
(c) He has attractive features (ii) When the photographer came out at last, he
(d) He believes in accepting the reality looked very grave and shook his head. ‘The
Ans. Option (iii) is correct face is quite wrong’, he said.
Explanation: The narrator does not have attractive (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
features, because of which the photographer finds (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
fault in his face and calls it ‘wrong’. (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
Q. 14. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
in the correct order. Ans. Option (a) is correct
(i) After, an hour the photographer opened the Explanation: Leacock became angry because the
inner door. photographer made unpleasant comments about
(ii) The photographer had pulled the string. The Leacock’s face. He said, ‘I don’t like the head’, ‘the
photograph taken. ears are bad’ and ‘I don’t like the face’.
(iii) ‘The ears, though’, I said, ‘strike me as a good Q. 16. When the photographer made unpleasant
likeness; they’re just like mine’. comments about Leacock’s face, he experiences:
(iv) I broke into tears and left. (i) Anger (ii) Surprised
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 4, 1, 3 (iii) Sadness (iv) Humiliation
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 4, 2 (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
Ans. Option (a) is correct (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
Explanation: After an hour, the photographer Ans. Option (d) is correct
opened the inner door. The photographer had Explanation: When the photographer made
pulled the string. The photograph was taken. ‘The unpleasant comments about Leacock’s face, he
ears, though’, I said, ‘strike me as a good likeness; experiences anger and humiliation.
they’re just like mine’. I broke into tears and left.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that Ans. The photographer had a drooping posture,
follow: with his body bent and his eyes dim. When
The photographer ....... describe him. the narrator asked the photographer to click
his photograph, he looked at him without
(i) From which story has the extract been taken? What
enthusiasm. Maybe he was tired or he took
is the name of the author? What is the theme of the
the task as part of his routine. Later in the
story?
story, the photographer comments, ‘the face
Ans. The extract has been taken from the story ‘With the is quite wrong’. Maybe he lacked enthusiasm
photographer’. The name of the author is Stephen because the narrator’s face did not appeal to
Butler Leacock. The story is based on the themes his professional acumen.
of shock, annoyance, acceptance, appearance and (iv) Describe the photographer. Why do you
control. It is through his reading of the magazines think the author did not find it necessary to
while waiting and seeing how other people look describe the photographer?  [3]
that the narrator begins to feel insecure. When the Ans. The photographer was a drooping man; his
narrator sees his distorted self in the negative, he body was bent and his eyes dimmed like those
experiences shock, humiliation and annoyance. of a natural scientist. He was wearing a grey
(ii) Why did the author go to the photo studio? suit. He seemed to have a good knowledge
What plans did he have in mind regarding his of his profession. This is the reason why he
purpose of going to the studio? [3] was critical of the face of the narrator. He is
Ans. The author went to the photo studio to have proud of his skill with which he could bring
his photograph taken. Leacock wanted to transformations to the photographs.
have his own real face, as given by Heaven, (v) For how long did the photographer make
photographed exactly as it was. He wanted the author wait at the studio? How did he
to gift it to his friends so that they could spend his time while waiting? What is the
remember him after his death. significance of what Leacock was reading?
(iii) Why do you think the photographer looked at  [4]
the author without enthusiasm? [3] Ans. The photographer made the author wait for
about an hour before he called him inside for
116 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

the photograph, in spite of the fact that there and is proud of his skill with which he can
was no one else in the studio. While waiting, bring about a great transformation in any
the narrator kept reading ‘The Ladies’ photograph. Also, he has his own whims and
Companion for 1912’, ‘The Girls Magazine style. He strictly adheres to the standards he
for 1902” and ‘The Infants Journal for 1888’. has set regarding his profession.
This means that the narrator was not reading Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
anything serious. He was waiting for being follow:
called in and hence was scrolling through the I sat down in a beam of ....... crawled into it from behind.
pages just to kill time!
(i) Where do you think the narrator is in the
Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that extract? What is the machine that the narrator
follow: talks about?  [3]
‘I don’t like the head’, ....... face just a little upward’. Ans. The narrator is inside a photo studio. He
(i) Who is the speaker here, and whom is he wanted to get himself photographed so that
talking to? What is the speaker trying to do? he could give it to his friends so that they
[3] could keep it after his death to reconcile for the
Ans. The speaker here is the photographer. He is loss. The story is written at a time when there
talking to Leacock, the narrator of the story. were no smart gadgets, and the photographs
The photographer is trying to photograph the were clicked inside a studio in a dark room.
narrator but he seems to be The machine here is the old photography
(i) Dissatisfied with the latter’s appearance and machine.
figure as he feels it does not meet his standards (ii) Describe the studio of the photographer.  [3]
for a portrait. Ans. The studio had two rooms: one waiting
(ii) Why did the photographer take a long time room and the other a dark room where
to photograph Leacock?  [3] photographs were clicked by a machine.
Ans. At first, the photographer crawled into There were magazines from old times in the
the machine and adjusted the camera for waiting room, like ‘The Ladies’ Companion
some time. When he came out, he went to for 1912’, ‘The Girls Magazine for 1902’ and
Leacock and twisted his face, adjusted his ‘The Infants Journal for 1888’. The inner room
sitting position, and once again went into had a frosted window with a sheet of factory
the machine. Then he asked Leacock to first cotton hanging against it. It allowed a beam of
open and then shut his mouth, droop his ears, sunlight to filter through it. The room had a
and roll his eyes in under the lids. Thus, the machine for taking photographs, which could
photographer took a long time to photograph be rolled and taken in any part of the room.
Leacock. (iii) What is the photographer trying to do in the
(iii) Do you think the narrator was comfortable extract?  [3]
with the photographer?  [3] Ans. The photographer is trying to adjust the room
Ans. It is clearly noticeable that the photographer for photography. He first rolls the machine
has taken a dislike to the narrator’s into the middle of the room and then crawls
appearance. The narrator, it seems, doesn’t into it from behind. He comes out after only
meet the standards set by the photographer. a second to adjust the light in the room. He
What should have been a simple process tears at the cotton sheet and the window
of taking a photograph turned out to be a panes with a hooked stick. He is apparently
nightmare. The author got up from his seat frantic for light and air. He then crawls back
angrily. into the machine and draws a black cloth over
(iv) Was the photographer happy after taking the himself.
photograph? How do you know?  [3] (iv) Was the photographer quick in taking the
Ans. The photographer begins by ordering Leacock photograph? Why do you think so?  [3]
to alter his expressions and pose. At one Ans. No, it looks like the photographer wanted to
time, he orders him to open his mouth and prove his skill and hence took a lot of time
at another to close it, drop his ears, expand to take the best photograph. Firstly, he took
his lungs, roll his eyes, and much more. time to adjust the light and air in the room.
Leacock grows frustrated by his demands. Then he realised the narrator’s face was not
Just when he is about to get up in anger, the fit for a good photograph, and due to this,
photographer secretly takes the photo. He is he ordered him a quite a lot of times to alter
pleased to capture its animated emotion. his expressions and pose. He twisted the
(v) Draw the character sketch of the speaker narrator’s head sideways, ordered him to
based on the extract.  [4] sometimes open and at other times to close
Ans. The photographer is indifferent to the the mouth, to droop his ears, to roll the eyes
feelings of others. His attitude makes the under the eyelids, to contract the face, to
narrator conscious of his face and breaks his expand the lungs, and the like. By all means,
confidence. He seems to be a professional he wanted the best features and expression
 Prose 117
of the author and hence took time suggesting eyes, removing the eyebrows and adjusting
and criticising. the mouth, so as to make the face look
(v) Did the photographer find the narrator’s face handsome. Since the face in the photo was not
photogenic? Give reasons in support of your his face, he failed to recognise it.
answer.  [4] (v) What changes did the photographer intend to
Ans. The photographer did not like Leacock’s make in his final photograph?  [4]
face. He said, ‘Your face is wrong’ and made Ans. The photographer had completely altered
unpleasant comments like ‘I don’t like the and adjusted Leacock’s mouth, eyes and
head’, ‘the ears are bad’ and ‘I don’t like the eyebrows. The ears were the same though, but
face’. It is for this reason that he touched, he intended to remove the ears completely
adjusted and made many changes to his using the sulphur process and replace them
photograph. He retouched the eyes, removed with new ones. It seems that he wanted to
the eyebrows and adjusted the mouth to show his technical expertise, in which the
make the face look more handsome. He also photographers use chemical processes to
wanted to remove the ears entirely and put in make changes in the photo in order to make
new ones. the person appear more beautiful than he
Q. 4. Read the Extract and answer the questions that really is.
follow: Q. 5. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
I thought he seemed quieter ....... went on looking at it. follow:
(i) Who is ‘he’ referred to in the extract? Why was Take your negative, ....... To me, it is a worthless bauble.
there a certain pride in his manner?  [3] (i) Why is the narrator upset in the extract?  [3]
Ans. Here ‘he’ is refers to the photographer. He Ans. The narrator was shocked in silence upon
was proud of the photography, believing it to seeing the negative of the photograph. The
be a good representation of his skills. He had photographer had retouched and adjusted
used his technical expertise to make the face Leacock’s eyes, eyebrows, hair, and mouth.
look more beautiful than it really was. There He made the face look more handsome than
was a touch of pride in his manner, as he had it really was. The photo was completely
corrected all the ugly features and made the different from his real face. He was upset
photo presentable. He was certain Leacock because his purpose of giving it to his friends
would appreciate his work. as a token of remembrance after death was
(ii) Why do you think both the narrator and the defeated.
photographer looked at the photograph in (ii) Mention any three processes mentioned
silence? [3] in the story with the help of which the
Ans. The photographer was proud of his work. He photographers edit facial features.  [3]
probably waited in silence for approval from Ans. Using his professional expertise, the
his client. The narrator, on the other hand, photographer used three techniques to make
was trying to absorb the impact of seeing his changes in the photo in order to make Leacock
altered image. He had lived with this face, appear more presentable than he really was.
with all its faults, for 40 years, and now he is He retouched his eyes to make them look
made to realise that it was all ‘wrong’. He was attractive. He used the Delphi process to
absorbed in the shock and thus felt silent. remove the original eyebrows and to carry
(iii) What was the narrator’s reaction to seeing his the hair away from the brow. He also planned
photograph?  [3] to use the process sulphide for removing the
Ans. Looking at his altered self, the narrator ears completely.
inquired if it really was his real self. The (iii) What was the only similarity between
narrator was in shock and felt disgusted to Leacock’s face and his photograph?  [3]
see his features adjusted to make him look Ans. The photographer had made many changes
attractive. A wave of shock and anger rose using his professional expertise. He had made
in him when he found the negative of the changes in Leacock’s eyes, eyebrows, hair and
photograph far removed from reality. He mouth. To his amazement, Leacock found that
almost burst out at the photographer with the ears were the same. He commented, ‘the
a bitter rebuke and scorn. He found the ears strike me as a good likeness; they are just
photograph now useless to him as his purpose like mine’. The ears were the only similarity
was defeated and considered it a ‘worthless between Leacock’s face and the photograph.
bauble’. (iv) Why did the photographer’s touch of
(iv) Why was the narrator not able to recognise his expertise appear a worthless bauble to
own photograph?  [3] Leacock?  [3]
Ans. The photographer had completely altered the Ans. In an attempt to make the photograph
appearance of the narrator only because he beautiful, the photographer completely
found the face ‘wrong’ for a good photograph. altered the features and looks of the narrator.
He made many changes, like retouching the Leacock wanted a life-like portrait of himself
118 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

so that his friends so that his friends could on people’s faces when using his camera. He
keep it as a memory after his death. He doesn’t seem to be friendly. He is seen making
wanted his face as it was, but retouching and unpleasant comments about people’s faces.
altering the features distorted the photograph He is indifferent to the feelings of others.
and hence defeated its real purpose. He is proud of his skill, with which he can
(v) Draw the character sketch of the bring about a great transformation in any
photographer.[4] photograph. Also, he has his own whims and
Ans. The photographer is a drooping man who is style. He strictly adheres to the standards he
presented as a scientist conducting research has set regarding his profession. He doesn’t
on the faces of his clients. He is always focused like people’s physical characteristics if they do
not match his idea of what is attractive.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (v) What does the photographer make the
follow: narrator do when he asks him for a click?
‘I want my photograph ....... no need to describe him. What personality of the photographer does

that depict?  [4]
(i) Who is the narrator of the story? Why does Ans. When the narrator asked the photographer
he go to the photographer? [3] for a click of his face, the photographer
Ans. Stephen Leacock, the author, is also the asked him to sit and wait outside the studio.
narrator of the story. He shares his own bitter Leacock waited for an hour, after which the
experiences with a professional photographer. photographer called him inside the studio.
Leacock visits the photographer because he This shows that he was not a considerate man,
wants his photograph taken as a treasure of as he made Leacock wait for so long. It also
memory for his friends after his death. looks like he had no consideration for other
(ii) Why do you think the photographer looks at people’s time.
the narrator without enthusiasm? [3] Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
Ans. The photographer was a drooping man with follow:
the dim eye of a natural scientist. He has The photographer ....... ‘don’t look very much like mine’.
his own whims and style. He seems to be a (i) Why do you think the photographer looked
professional who knows his art well. It is clear quieter and graver than before?  [3]
that he did not like the narrator’s face, as
Ans. The photographer had put in his professional
the narrator, it seems, did not have attractive
and technical skills to improve upon the
facial features. The photographer could judge
original looks of the narrator. In anticipation
at first glance that Leacock’s face was not
of the narrator’s reaction upon looking at the
photogenic and hence lost enthusiasm.
negative, the photographer wore a graver and
(iii) Describe the photographer in your own . [3] quieter look.
Ans. The photographer was a drooping man in (ii) Why did the two look at the photograph in
a grey suit. He had the dim eye of a natural silence? Draw a sketch of the emotions that
scientist. He had his own whims and style. He must be flowing in the hearts of both the
seemed to be a professional who knew his art photographer and the narrator.  [3]
well. He had set some standards and wished
Ans. The photographer was an egoist who took
to follow them strictly without bothering
pride in his professional skills. Using his
whether they suited his customer or not.
professional expertise, the photographer
Apart from this, he had a human side too. He
improved upon the original looks of the
suggested to the narrator that he could make
narrator. He had recreated new features and
his appearance look better if taken at ‘three-
made the ugly ones disappear. The narrator
quarters full’.
was silent, as he was expecting an elated
(iv) Why does the author say that there was no response from the surprised Leacock.
need to describe the photographer?  [3]
Leacock, on the other hand, was a man of
Ans. The photographer was a drooping man with humility and self-respect. The photographer
the dim eye of a natural scientist. The narrator had distorted his face to such an extent that
felt that all photographers looked alike, and he himself failed to recognise it. He was
hence there was no need to describe him in silent because he had expected originality.
particular. He had not expected the photographer to
 Prose 119
meddle with it in order to give a better, more Ans. The photographer was a professional who
presentable face. He is silent because he is knew his art well. He embarked on a journey
experiencing a shock of anger and annoyance to improve the narrator’s face with the
upon seeing his negative. knowledge of his professional skills. When he
received the narrator on Saturday, there was
(iii) The narrator was looking at his photograph
certain pride in his manner because he was
then why did he ask, ‘Is it me’?  [3]
feeling proud of his skill, with which he had
Ans. The photographer had distorted his face brought about a great deal of transformation
to such an extent that he himself failed to in Leacock’s photograph.
recognise it. He had meddled with his features (v) What changes had the photographer brought
to make it better and more presentable, about in the looks of the narrator?  [4]
and in the process, the photograph had lost Ans. Using his professional skills, the photographer
originality and was beyond recognition. retouched Leacock’s eyes. He had put in new
(iv) Why was there a certain pride in the manner eyebrows in place of the original ones. The
of the photographer when he received the mouth, too, had been adjusted a little. Though
narrator on Saturday?  [3] the ears were the same, the photographer
intended to remove them and supply new
ones.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(a) Laughter (b) Decrepit
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
(c) Tantrums (d) Tears
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The story concludes with the narrator
(i) The writer does not describe the photographer at
leaving the studio with tears.
length because: [Understanding]
(a) He could not see him well (vi) The narrator wanted the photograph to be taken to
give to his friends to: [Recall]
(b) He was the prototype of all photographers
(a) To reconcile with his death
(c) He disliked the photographer
(b) To make them laugh
(d) He considered beneath his dignity to give too
much attention to the photographer (c) To remind them how handsome he was
(d) To impress them with his looks
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The photographer looked like all the Ans. Option (a) is correct.
other photographers representing the tribe. Explanation: To reconcile when he passed away.
(ii) The process of putting new eyebrows on the (vii) The underlying tone of the story is:
negative is known as: [Recall] [Evaluation]
(a) Sulphide (b) Cowhide (a) Comical (b) Sensational
(c) Delphide (d) Regicide (c) Sorrowful (d) Satirical
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: Delphide is the word used by the Explanation: The story is a satire.
photographer. (viii) What was the all- pervading emotion undergone
(iii) According to the photographer, the narrator’s by the narrator listening to the photographer?
mouth was too: [Recall] [Understanding]
(a) Low (b) Wide (a) Rage (b) Humiliation
(c) Tilted (d) Close to the nose (c) Terror (d) None of these
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The primary emotion was humiliation.
Explanation: The comment was his mouth was too
(ix) How would you describe the attitude of the
low.
photographer?  [Analysis]
(iv) Of all the features, which ones remained (a) Cruel (b) Condescending
unchanged in the proof?  [Recall] (c) Insensitive (d) Humorous
(a) Eyes (b) Ears Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) Lips (d) Hairline Explanation: The photographer was insensitive to
Ans. Option (b) is correct. the feelings of the narrator.
Explanation: The ears remained untouched though (x) How old do you think the narrator was when this
the photographer offered to use sulphide later. incident took place?  [Recall]
(v) The photographer’s critical observation about his (a) 60 (b) 50
face left the narrator in:  [Understanding] (c) 40 (d) 20
120 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. Option (c) is correct. like his but that too the photographer offered to
Explanation: The narrator says he has lived with change in the print. It was not his face and the
his face for 40 years which means he is 40 years old. narrator resented it.
Q. 2. What I wanted is no longer ....... To me it is but a worthless
bauble."
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each) (i) What prompted this outburst from the narrator?
 [Recall]
Q. 1. “The photographer had pulled ....... and I'll let you see a Ans. The narrator wanted his photograph to be taken.
proof of it." He was greeted by a sour photographer who
(i) Describe the photographer in the story. What was did not like his face and was quite open about it.
his attitude to Leacock?  [Recall] When the narrator went to see the proof, he could
not recognise his face as almost every feature was
Ans. The photographer is described as “a drooping
altered. This caused the outburst.
man in a gray suit, with the dim eye of a natural
scientist.” He looks like a typical photographer who (ii) Explain the mood in which the narrator was in.
needs no further description. The photographer [Understanding]
looked at the narrator without enthusiasm and Ans. The narrator was livid with emotions. He was upset
gruffly ordered him to sit and wait. beyond words because he wanted a true version of
(ii) What were the experiences of the narrator in the his self, however ordinary he was. He wanted his
beginning of the story?  [Understanding] friends and relatives to remember as he was when
he was gone from earth. However, the photo looked
Ans. The narrator had a tough time as the photographer
far different from his true self and he felt insulted
was least interested in him. He was ordered to wait
and disappointed.
and it took so much time before the photographer
called him inside. Then he was scrutinised from (iii) Where in the extract you can decipher sarcasm?
behind the camera and criticised for his head, ears [Application]
and all the other features. Ans. The narrator sarcastically suggests to dip the
(iii) "------that I caught the features just in a moment of negative in sulphide, bromide, oxide, cowhide and
animation."-Explain the significance of the quoted also to ”remove the eyes, correct the mouth, adjust
line.  [Analysis] the face, restore the lips, reanimate the necktie and
reconstruct the waistcoat.” Sarcasm drips from
Ans. When he was insulted by the photographer for his every word in the extract.
face and looks, the narrator got so annoyed and
hurt that he got from his chair indignantly and (iv) What bitter truth is revealed in the story?
almost in tears. At the time the string to the camera [Understanding]
was pulled and the photographer was pleased to Ans. The truth is that people go to photographers to get
get the livid expression on his face. According to an authentic copy of their self so that they can leave
him, the face expressed a lot of animation which it for their memory. However, the photographers
would make the photo interesting. obsessed with the ‘artistry’ of their work do not
(iv) What were the faults the photographer found realise this genuine desire and make so many
about the narrator’s face?  [Recall] changes to the features that they look like some
other individual, totally unrecognisable.
Ans. The photographer found the face quite wrong; he
did not like his head, nor ears. Despite telling the (v) Comment on the style of the story.  [Analysis]
narrator to tilt his head, and puff up his chest, the Ans. The story is a dig at all those photographers who
photographer still disapproved of his face as he take liberty in changing the features of the ones
found it too full. that are photographed. Uncaringly they pass
(v) What could the narrator see when he went to see adverse comments and insult the customers. The
the proof? Was he pleased with it? painstaking preparations they make by tiling the
head, twisting the neck and other body adjustments
[Recall and Understanding] themselves prove their disapproval and on the top
Ans. The narrator could not believe that it was he in the of it they bring about changes in the negative that
photograph. The eyes were touched, eyebrows the picture does not resemble the original person.
removed and again restored with new ones, hair The style is humorous bordering on sarcasm.
was set back because it was too low; the ears looked

Reflection
The story serves as a reflection on the psychological aspects of human nature. It encourages reflection on the insecu-
rities that one experiences with regards to his or her physical appearance and emphasises the significance of dealing
them with confidence.
1 Do you think you can now handle your insecurities with a strong voice?
2 Did you understand how important it is to make one’s point clear to the opponent?


 CHAPTER

2
THE ELEVATOR

—William Sleator

Learning Objectives
  
 To highlight the lurking fears of characters that originate from psychological issues.
  
 To shed light on the importance of parental understanding.
  
 To give a glimpse of the generation gap that affects father-son relationships.
  
 To understand that one should not run away from fears, one should instead learn to face them and overcome them.

About the Author

Sleator was born on February 13, 1945, in Havre de Grace, Maryland. He is a popular writer of fiction for children
and young adults. He is regarded as an imaginative author whose works utilise the genres of fantasy, mystery,
and science fiction to explore personal relationships and emotional growth.
He was an excellent student. He attended Harvard University, where his writing aptitude emerged. He graduated
in 1967 with a B. A. in English. The Angry Moon (1970) became Sleator’s first published work. It was recognised
as a Caldecott Honor Book. He became a full-time author in 1983. Sleator has since become a best-selling and
multiple award-winning author, receiving, among his many honours, Best Books for Young Adults citations from
the American Library Association for House of Stairs (1974) Interstellar Pig (1984), Singularity and The Boy Who Reversed
Himself (1986). Sleator died on 3 August, 2011 in Thailand at the age of 66.

Word Meanings

 bullied—to use your strength or power to hurt or frighten somebody who is weaker or to make him/her do some-
thing.  elevator—a moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight from one level to another, as in a
building.  aggravates—to make worse or more severe; intensify, as anything evil, disorderly, or troublesome.  cour-
age—mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.  desperately—in a way
that involves despair, extreme measures, or rashness.  stairs—a series of steps or flights of steps for passing from one
level to another.

Summary
The Elevator by William Sleator is a story that revolves around a twelve-year-old boy who is meek and is often
bullied at school. He is afraid of many things, rather everything, including the elevator of his complex. Martin
has no choice but to use the elevator, as his house is located on the seventeenth floor. Also, Martin is afraid of his
father, who scorns him when he uses the stairs. He convinces himself that he will eventually get Scan to know more
used to it, just like the bullying he faces in school. about
this topic
As he struggles to cope with the situation, an old, obese lady enters his life, and she starts sharing
the elevator with him. This only aggravates the situation and one more element is added to the
list of his fears. Martin still uses the elevator because he desperately wants to show courage to
his father.
The elevator
One day, when Martin spots the plump lady already in the elevator, he runs down the stairs. In
the process he snaps his leg, and he is sadly on crutches now. In the end, Martin is abandoned by his father, and
he is left alone to face the lady in the elevator once again.
122 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(d) He could avoid the elevator now

A Multiple Choice Questions Ans. Option (d) is correct
Explanation: Martin feels relieved about staying
Q. 1. Martin dislikes riding the elevator because: home with a broken leg because he could avoid the
(a) The doors never stayed open for long elevator now.
(b) It had dirty walls Q. 8. At the end when the fat lady traps Martin in the
(c) He was afraid it would fall elevator, she says
(d) All of the above (a) ‘Good Morning Martin’
Ans. Option (d) is correct (b) ‘Hello Martin’
Explanation: Martin disliked riding the elevator (c) ‘How’s your leg’?
because he was afraid that it would fall. The walls of (d) ‘Brave boy’
the elevator were dirty, and the doors never stayed Ans. Option (b) is correct
open long enough and slammed shut with a loud Explanation: At the end when the fat lady traps
clanging noise. Martin in the elevator, she says 'Hello Martin' and
Q. 2. Martin lived on: laughs and pushes the stop button.
(a) 14th floor (b) 18th floor Q. 9. On the second time, the fat lady gets off the
(b) 17th floor (c) 9th floor elevator on the . . .
Ans. Option (c) is correct (a) 12th floor (b) 9th floor
Explanation: Martin lived on the 17th floor. (c) 14th floor (d) 18th floor
Q. 3. The elevator could carry: Ans. Option (d) is correct
(a) 3 people (b) 2 people Explanation: On the second time, the fat lady gets
(c) 4 people (d) 7 people off the elevator on the 18th floor.
Ans. Option (b) is correct Q. 10. The relationship between Martin and his father
Explanation: The elevator was too small. It seemed was . . .
crowded, even with only two people in it. (a) Affectionate (b) Friendly
Q. 4. Martin first met the fat lady on the . . . (c) Distanced (d) Interactive
(a) 12th floor (b) 9th floor Ans. Option (c) is correct
(c) 14th floor (d) 8th floor Explanation: Martin’s father had no intimate or
Ans. Option (c) is correct friendly relations with his son. His relationship
Explanation: Martin first met the fat lady on the with his son is distanced. He thinks he needs to
14th floor. grow up and stop acting like a coward.
Q. 5. Whenever Martin tries using the stairs instead of Q. 11. On their way back, Martin’s father stops on the 9th
the elevator, he . . . floor because:
(a) Slips and falls (a) He was feeling sick
(b) Shouts out of fear (b) Lights of the elevator went out
(c) Has to stop to catch his breath (c) He wanted to confront the fat lady
(d) Gets lost (d) He had to visit Mrs. Ullman
Ans. Option (c) is correct Ans. Option (d) is correct
Explanation: When Martin tries using the stairs Explanation: On their way back, Martin’s father
instead of the elevator, he has to stop to catch his stops on the 9th floor because he had promised to
breath. visit Mrs. Ullman
Q. 6. When the fat lady rides the elevator with Martin, Q. 12. Her blue eyes were tiny but sharp. They seemed
she . . . to be boring into Martin’s face. What does the
(a) Hums loudly (b) Slaps Martin ‘boring’ in this extract refer to?
(c) Stares at Martin (d) Prays for safe ride (a) Staring (b) Uninteresting
Ans. Option (c) is correct (c) Tiresome (d) Mocking
Explanation: When the fat lady rides the elevator Ans. Option (a) is correct
with Martin, instead of facing the door, she turns Explanation: Her eyes looked at him hard and
around and stares at Martin. made him feel nervous and broken down.
Q. 7. Martin feels relieved about staying home with a Q. 13. Which of the following statements is not true of
broken leg because the fat lady?
(a) He would now not be bullied by his friends at (a) She is wearing an old green coat
school (b) She occupies most of the room in the elevator
(b) He would not have to climb up the stairs (c) She has fleshy cheeks and no chin
(c) His father would behave nicely to him now (d) She has green sharp eyes
 Prose 123
Ans. Option (d) is correct Q. 15. Select the option that shows the correct
Explanation: The old fat lady has tiny blue sharp relationship between statements (i) and (ii)
eyes. (i) Martin started running down the stairs. The
Q. 14. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events stairs were dark, and he fell.
in the correct order. (ii) ‘What am I going to do with you, Martin?
(i) There was no room for the lady to get in, and Honestly, now you’re afraid of some poor old
if she did, his father would see her, and maybe lady’.
he would understand. (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
(ii) Martin’s footsteps echoed behind him on the (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
cement, as though there was another person (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
climbing, getting closer. (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
(iii) Martin hobbled to the buttons and pressed Ans. Option (b) is correct
nine, but it didn’t do any good. The elevator Explanation: Martin’s tipping down on the stairs
stopped at ten, where the fat lady was waiting and breaking his leg is an example of his fear of the
for him. old fat lady.
(iv) She did nothing. She only watched him, Q. 16. Martin felt nervous in elevators from the first day
breathing loudly, until the elevator reached they moved into the apartment may be because . . .
the first floor at last. (i) The elevators was brightly lit
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 4, 1, 3 (ii) The doors slammed shut with a loud clanging
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 4, 2 noise
Ans. Option (d) is correct (iii) It shuddered every time it left a floor
Explanation: Martin hobbled to the buttons and (iv) It was very big
pressed nine, but it didn’t do any good. The elevator (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
stopped at ten, where the fat lady was waiting for (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) 1 and 4
him. There was no room for the lady to get in, and
Ans. Option (b) is correct
if she did, his father would see her, and maybe
Explanation: Martin felt nervous in elevators from
he would understand. She did nothing. She only
the first day they moved into the apartment because
watched him, breathing loudly, until the elevator
the doors slammed shut with a loud clanging noise
reached the first floor at last. Martin’s footsteps
and also the elevator shuddered every time it left a
echoed behind him on the cement, as though there
floor.
was another person climbing, getting closer.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (iii) How was the door of the elevator?  [3]
follow: Ans. The elevator was very small and could carry
It was an old building ...... one was especially unpleasant. no more than three people. The door was in
(i) What kind of apartment was it in which a very poor state. It never stayed open for
Martin and his father recently shifted? [3] a long time and slammed shut with a loud
Ans. The apartment, in which Martin and his father clanging noise.
had recently shifted, was an old building (iv) Why were the stairs just as bad as the
with an equally old elevator. The elevator elevator?  [3]
was not only very small but also unreliable. Ans. The stairs were no better than the elevator.
It shuddered, as if exhausted, whenever it left There were no windows along the entire
a floor. The stairs were no better. There were length of the stairs. In spite of this, the lights
no windows, the lights were not working, and were not working. When anyone climbed up
the footsteps echoed. the stairs, the footsteps echoed behind him
(ii) List the reasons Martin gives for being on the cement, as though there was another
nervous about his building’s elevator?  [3] person climbing and getting closer.
Ans. Martin had always been uncomfortable in (v) What kind of a boy is Martin?  [4]
elevators. He was afraid that they would
Ans. Martin is a 12- year- old docile and weak boy
fall, but he found this one to be especially
who gets bullied in school. He is skinny, weak,
unpleasant. The lighting inside was poor, and
not good at sports and easily frightened. He
the walls were dirty. The door never stayed
is not comfortable with small enclosed spaces,
open for long and slammed shut with a loud
and due to this, he dreads being alone in an
clanging noise. The elevator shuddered each
elevator and feels nervous in it with others.
time it left a floor, as if it were exhausted. Also,
He prefers to use the stairs, but he is afraid of
it was too small and seemed crowded, even
his father’s mocking, so he is forced to use the
with only two people inside.
124 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

elevator. He lacks confidence as he is not able was no room. He had to wait as she turned
to decide between the stairs and the elevator. and moved slowly out into the lobby. Then he
Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that ran and did not care what she thought. He ran
follow: nearly all the way to school. He was ashamed
She was wearing an old ...... squeeze himself into a corner. of his behaviour in the morning.
(i) Describe the fat lady. On what floor did the (ii) Why did he hope that the elevator would not
fat lady enter the elevator? stop?[3]
Why do you think she made Martin Ans. Martin did not like the elevator in his new
uncomfortable? [3] apartment building. Every time he would
Ans. The fat lady was wearing an old, oversized get on the elevator, a lady he had never seen
green coat that ballooned around her. She was before would get on as well and would fill up
so big that her coat brushed against Martin, the whole elevator and weigh it down. She
and he had to squeeze himself into a corner. did nothing but stare at him, and hence he
She had large, fleshy cheeks and no chin— hoped the elevator would not stop.
just a huge mass of neck. Her blue eyes were (iii) Who was the piggish face person who entered
tiny but sharp and piercing. Her breathing the elevator? Why is Martin uncomfortable
was loud and heavy. Her appearance and with the person?  [3]
behaviour seemed to be sinister. Ans. The piggish face person was the big fat lady
(ii) What was Martin’s state of mind when he who looked scary to Martin. She would
confronted the lady?  [3] occupy all the space and he would be pushed
Ans. The lady was so big that her coat brushed into a corner. Martin had no choice but to ride
against Martin, and he had to squeeze himself old elevator with this mysterious and creepy
into a corner. There was no room for anyone fat lady.
else. Instead of facing the door after getting in, (iv) Did Martin talk about his fear to his father?
she turned around and stared at Martin. Her How did he react?  [3]
sharp eyes seemed to be boring into Martin’s Ans. Martin did not like the elevator in his new
face. All this made Martin uncomfortable. apartment building. Every time he would
(iii) What happened when the elevator reached get on the elevator, a lady he had never seen
the first floor?  [3] before would get on as well. He told his father
Ans. Martin had always been uncomfortable in about the lady, but he didn’t worry. Martin was
elevators. He was always afraid that it would someone who was terrified of many things and
stop suddenly and he would be trapped inside felt endangered by strangers. He was ignored
it for hours by himself. In such a nervous when he told his father, and he was not at all
state of mind, a fat old lady entered who had concerned because it happened all the time.
piercing eyes, and she didn’t stop staring at (v) What does Martin asks the person when she
the poor boy. Martin’s fears were intensified enters the elevator? What is her response to
with the entry of the lady in the elevator. his question? [4]
(iv) What was Martin’s biggest fear about riding Ans. When the old fat lady enters the elevator,
the elevator?  [3] Martin enquires in a squeaky voice, ‘Going
Ans. Martin had many fears regarding the elevator up’? She nods and steps on. Her pudgy hand
of his building, like it would fall someday, but moves towards the buttons, and she presses
his biggest fear was that the elevator would not fourteen, but eighteen, the top floor. The
suddenly stop someday and he would then be fat lady turns around and stares at him.
trapped inside for hours by himself.
Q. 4. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
(v) What happened when the elevator reached follow:
the first floor? [4]
‘What are you so worried ...... grow up and act like a
Ans. When the elevator reached the first floor,
man?
Martin wanted to run past the old fat lady
to get out, but there was no room. He waited (i) Why does the boy retort, ‘I’m not afraid’.  [3]
quietly as she turned and moved slowly out Ans. Martin’s fear is aggravated when he realises
into the lobby. Then he ran nearly all the way the old lady has come to know which floor
to school. he lives on. When the boy shares his fear
with his father, he becomes impatient and
Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
feels helpless. He is shocked that Martin is
follow:
now afraid of a lady too. Martin says this in
He felt ashamed of himself. He ...... as if she knew he
response to his father’s accusation of being
would be there.
afraid of a lady. In his attempt to defend
(i) Why was Martin ashamed of himself?  [3] himself, he retorts, ‘I’m not afraid’.
Ans. In the morning, when Martin met the lady in (ii) What was the boy’s father trying to
the elevator, as always, he was nervous and emphasise?  [3]
wanted to run past her to get out, but there
 Prose 125
Ans. Martin’s father dismissed Martin’s fears as promised to visit Mrs. Ullman’, and stepped
irrational. Martin’s father asked him to be strong out of the elevator. Martin pleaded to go with
and brave like other men so that he could fight him, struggling to move on his crutches, but
against the problems of life. He meant that Martin his father moved fast and the door closed.
should be brave and strong like other men and Martin’s father wanted Martin to face his fears,
be in control of himself and the environment. He and hence he left him alone in the elevator.
seemed to be unaware that Martin’s had a mental
(ii) What surprise awaited Martin in the elevator?
problem. He thought he needed to grow up
How did the lady treat him there?  [3]
and stop acting like a coward. Here, Martin’s
father was trying to emphasise the need for Ans. To Martin’s surprise, the fat old lady was
Martin to grow up, act bravely like a man, and waiting for him on the 10th floor. She did
not be timid. not give him time to move out. She moved in
quickly, and he was too slow to get past her
(iii) How did Martin react to his father’s rebuke?
in time to get out. The door closed, and the
[3]
elevator began to move. ‘Hello, Martin’, she
Ans. Martin believes everyone is against him. When said, laughed and pushed the stop button.
frightened, children of Martin’s age often feel
(iii) Is the title ‘The Elevator’ apt for the story?
the entire world is either coming after them or
is against them. This is the reason why Martin Give reasons in support of your answer.  [3]
thinks his father hates him. He does not want Ans. The title ‘The Elevator’ is apt for the story.
to cry in front of his father, so he waits until The story is about a timid boy named Martin
he gets to his room. He sleeps very little that who lacks confidence and has claustrophobia.
night. The story revolves around the elevator, which
(iv) What does the extract tell us about the ultimately leads him to encounter an old, fat
relationship between the son and the father? woman. The lady is always there when he
[3] has to use the elevator. He has a fractured leg
only because of his fear of the elevator. The
Ans. The relationship between them seems to be
elevator is also a place to show his courage to
strained and unaffectionate. Martin’s dad
his father, but Martin fails in his every attempt
insults him whenever he looks up to him for
help. Martin thinks his father hates him. It is to do so.
clearly visible that Martin ‘cries wolf ’ often, (iv) Draw the character sketch of the protagonist
and hence his father doesn’t give much of the story.  [3]
thought to it and acts as if he is mad about Ans. The main character of the story is Martin,
something. Martin’s dad assumes that boys who moves into an apartment that has an
should behave ‘like man’. He seems unaware equally shabby elevator. Martin is a weak boy
of Martin’s phobia and anxiety, showing a who is constantly bullied in school. He has
lack of care and sympathy. claustrophobia, and due to this, he hates the
(v) Why is the old lady so scary to the little boy? elevator. He prefers to use the stairs, but he is
[4] afraid of his father’s mocking and is therefore
forced to use the elevator. When the old
Ans. The fat lady wears an oversized green coat
that balloons around her large frame and woman starts sharing the elevator with him,
doesn’t leave room for Martin. She has a large he becomes deathly afraid. In the end, Martin
neck and fleshy cheeks. She has no chin, and is trapped by the woman in the elevator, and
her eyes are tiny and piercing. Her breathing it is left for the readers to guess if he finally
is loud and heavy. The way she stares at him succeeds in overcoming his fears.
makes him feel uncomfortable. Both her (v) What is the theme of the story?  [4]
appearance and behaviour seem sinister. Ans. ‘Avoidance is not a solution to fear; confronting
Q. 5. Read the Extract and answer the questions that it is’, is the theme of the story. Both Martin
follow: and his father react to fear differently. Fear is
‘Grow up, Martin’ ...... and pushed the Stop button. a basic human emotion that must be managed
and not avoided. Martin continuously avoids
(i) On what floor did Martin’s father get out of
his fear. Fearing and running away from
the elevator? What work did he have there?
the elevator leads him to a more terrifying
Why do you think he left Martin alone in the
situation at the end. Hence, it is important
elevator?  [3]
that we confront fear, understand it, and
Ans. Martin’s father got out on the ninth floor. manage it.
Looking at his watch, his father said, ‘I
126 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that was angry, and his face seemed to imply that
follow: Martin was not only weak and skinny but also
One morning, the ...... turned around and stared at a coward for avoiding the elevator.
Martin. Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
(i) Describe the fat lady.  [3] follow:
Ans. The fat lady is described as wearing an old ‘Oh, I almost forgot’, his father said, ...... struggling to
green coat that ballooned around her large move on his crutches.
frame. She had a huge mass of neck, large (i) What are the two main things in the story
fleshy eyes, but no chin. Her blue eyes were that Martin is afraid of? [3]
tiny but sharp and piercing. Her breathing Ans. Martin is a twelve-year-old, skinny and weak
was loud and heavy. Furthermore, when she boy. He is portrayed as a coward and is of a
cast a glance at Martin, her eyes seemed to be nervous nature. He is afraid of elevators, as
boring into his face. they are poorly lit, slam loudly when closing,
(ii) Do you think Martin was comfortable with are too small, and shudder every time they
the fat lady? Give reasons in support of your start up. He is also afraid of the fat lady, who
answer.  [3] has a bulky appearance. She has small, flashy
Ans. No, Martin was never comfortable with the eyes and Martin finds it difficult to stand her
fat lady. Martin’s father was of the opinion glare.
that Martin was a coward and of a nervous (ii) Why was Martin afraid of the fat lady in the
nature. When the fat lady entered the elevator elevator?  [3]
and stared at him, Martin almost broke down. Ans. Martin is a skinny boy who is a coward and is
Repeated confrontations with her made him of nervous nature. One day, a fat lady in an old
more nervous than before, resulting in a green coat gets on the elevator with Martin.
fractured leg. She had tiny, flashy eyes and a huge mass on
(iii) On what floor did the fat lady enter the her neck. The coat she was wearing ballooned
elevator? Did she live on this floor? How do around her and filled the small space in the
you know?  [3] elevator. Her coat brushed against Martin,
Ans. The fat lady alighted the elevator on the and he was pushed into a corner. She stared
fourteenth floor. It is not clear which floor she intensely at Martin every time she met him
lived on. Whether she lived in the apartment in the elevator. She breathed heavily on him,
is also left for the reader to speculate on. and whenever he tried to avoid the fat lady,
One morning, the elevator stopped on the her unexpected and sudden arrival in his way
fourteenth floor, and in the afternoon, she made him all the more nervous.
was waiting for the elevator on the third floor. (iii) Why was Martin afraid of the elevators?  [3]
Instead of going to the fourteenth floor, she Ans. The elevator that Martin had to use was too
pressed the button for the top floor, i.e., the small and creaky. It looked crowded even
eighteenth floor. At the end, she is found to be when there were only two people in it. The
waiting for Martin on the tenth floor. elevator was poorly lit, and the door never
(iv) Why does Martin think that the elevator was stayed open long enough and slammed shut
sinking under the fat lady’s weight? Do you with a clanging noise. He was afraid that it
think his fear is justified?  [3] would suddenly stop someday and he would
Ans. The lady has been presented as being so fat be trapped inside for hours by himself.
that her chin has completely disappeared. She (iv) Who is Martin? How old is he? What kind
had tiny, fleshy eyes and a huge neck. The coat of relationship does he have with his father?
she was wearing seemed to balloon around [3]
her. Looking at her bulky appearance, Martin Ans. Martin is a skinny and weak boy who is often
thought the elevator would sink under her bullied by his classmates at school. He has no
weight. Though Martin was a small, fearful confidence in confronting strange things and
boy who found it difficult to stand the glare strange people. He is twelve years old. His
of the fat lady, his fear cannot be justified. His relationship with his father is not friendly or
fears can be attributed to his upbringing, as intimate. He chides Martin for not taking an
he does not have normal relations with his interest in sports. He is concerned about being
father. bullied by his classmates at school. He seems
(v) What happens when Martin tries using the to be impatient, unsympathetic and critical of
stairs instead of the elevator later in the Martin’s fears.
story? How does his father react to it?  [4] (v) Why does Martin’s father get angry at him for
Ans. Each time Martin tried to avoid the fat lady, taking the stairs instead of the elevator?  [4]
her unexpected and sudden arrival made him Ans. Martin’s father wanted him to be mentally
all the more nervous. Martin was so unnerved and physically strong and shed all his fears,
when he saw the fat lady smiling creepily at whether real or imaginary. But his words, it
him in the elevator that he decided to take appeared, had no effect on Martin. So, when
the stairs instead. Since the stairway was Martin arrived home short of breath after
dark without windows, he ended up falling taking the stairs, he scolded him for not taking
and thus breaking his leg. Martin’s father the elevator.
 Prose 127

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
Explanation: The ending leaves the reader guessing;
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
was the lady real or the boy’s imagination. If real
what would happen after the lady pressed the stop
button?
(i) Maximum how many people could the elevator
(iii) On which floor did Martin live?
hold?  [Recall]
(a) 14th (b) 11th
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 17th (d) 18th
(c) 1 (d) 4
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: He lives on 17th floor.
Explanation: It is said in the beginning itself that the
lift is too small; it is just enough for 3. (ix) The father deciding to get down on the 9th floor
brings about:
(ii) The reason for Martin’s fear to go in the elevator
(a) An eerie effect
NOT because of its :
(b) A twist in the story
[Recall, Understanding]
(c) The ending of the story
(a) Size (b) Speed
(d) A cliff hanger moment
(c) Noise (d) Looks
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: When he was feeling secure in his
Explanation: The elevator was old and it was slow.
father’s company, he got a jolt when his father
(iii) What is the psychological term given to the decided to get down on the 9th floor. It was totally
unnatural fear of closed place? [Application]
against his expectation. And that marks the twist in
(a) Acrophobia (b) Megalomania the tale.
(c) Claustrophobia (d) Kleptomania
(x) Which expression on the face of the lady scares
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Martin the most?
Explanation: The unnatural fear for closed places is (a) Arrogant smirk (b) Pity
Claustrophobia. (c) Piggish grin (d) Sly smile
(iv) Martin considered the lady crazy because
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
[Understanding] Explanation: It was the sly expression on the face of
(a) She was dressed in outlandish clothes the lady that the boy found most unbearable.
(b) She was huge
(c) She laughed at him
(d) She continuously stared at him. B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: She unabashedly kept staring at him. Q. 1. Read the given extract from the story by William
(v) Why did not Martin climb the stairs? Sleator ‘The Elevator’, and answer the questions
[Understanding] below.
(a) It was dirty and poorly lit It was an old building ...... but this one was especially
(b) It was noisy unpleasant.
(c) It had a foul smell (i) Mention the three probable reasons why Martin
(d) All the above found the particular elevator unpleasant?
Ans. Option (d) is correct. [Analysis] [3]
Explanation: It was dark, smelly and noisy. Ans. There are three probabilities. It could be because of
(vi) For Martin, meeting the fat lady was like a : the poor lighting and the dirty walls. Perhaps it was
[Understanding] the door, which never stayed open long enough,
(a) A dream come true
and slammed shut with a loud clanging noise. May
(b) Nightmare
be, it was the way the elevator shuddered each time
(c) Encounter with a giant
it left a floor, ‘as though it was exhausted’. Maybe it
(d) Spooky experience
was simply too small.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(ii) What was wrong with the stairs? [Recall] [3]
Explanation: It was like a horrible dream.
Ans. The stairs were equally distasteful. There were no
(vii) The ending of the story is: [Analysis]
windows, and the lights were not working. Echoing
(a) Open ended (b) Optimistic
of footsteps behind him on the cement was eerie; it
(c) Expected (d) Realistic
gave him a feeling of another person climbing, and
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
128 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

getting closer. The whole exercise made him gasp allowed him any space. Moreover, she kept on
for breath. staring at him with her piggish, sharp eyes till he
(iii) What made Martin ultimately choose the elevator? got down on the 17th floor.
[Understanding] [3] (ii) Why did Martin feel that he was making a mistake?
Ans. Martin imagined his father’s scornful expression What does it show of the father son relationship?
and remarks condemning him for having no [Analysis][3]
courage to use the elevator. His face would say, Ans. Even before he asked his father “Have you ever
“You’re not only skinny and weak and bad at sports, noticed a strange lady in the elevator?” he knew it
-- but you are also a coward”. And the stairs were was a mistake. His father would not take interest
equally intimidating and made him feel exhausted. nor understand his predicament as he always had a
Therefore, Martin always took the elevator. He preconceived notion that his son was not enough of
had to get used to it, just like he got used to being a man. He criticised young Martin for his irrational
bullied at school. fears. At this particular occasion, he rudely asked
(iv) Describe Martin’s encounter with the lady in whether the boy was afraid of a poor old, harmless
green. [Analysis] [3] woman which made him cry.
Ans. One morning when Martin was using the elevator, (iii) How did father react to Martin’s fear of the lady?
it stopped at the fourteenth floor, and a fat lady Do you think the father is insensitive?
got on. She was wearing an old green coat that [Analysis][3]
‘ballooned’ around her. Martin felt the elevator sink Ans. When Martin mentioned the lady in the apartment,
under her weight as she ‘waddled’ in. She was so his father asked, “Are you going to grow up and act
big that she filled almost the full space which made like a man? Are you going to be timid all your life?” He
him squeeze into a corner. She had large fleshy was either fed up of his son’s childish fears or could
cheeks and no chin, just a huge mass of neck. She not understand the trauma he was undergoing. To
had tiny, sharp, blue eyes. the readers, the father sounds insensitive; instead
(v) Describe the behaviour of the lady in the elevator of being a friend or an understanding elder, he
and analyse Martin’s reactions. dismisses Martin’s problem as trivial.
[Recall and Analysis] [4] (iv) What happened when Martin tried to avoid the
Ans. As the door closed, she turned around and stared lady? [Recall and Understanding][3]
at Martin. Her sharp eyes seemed to be boring into Ans. In order to avoid the lady, he left the lift and started
his face. Martin looked away, but the woman didn’t running down the stairs. The stairs were dark and
turn around. When he glanced at her quickly, he he fell. His father took him to hospital but was
realised he was still watching him. He wanted to silent showing his disappointment and anger for
close his eyes, he wanted to turn around and stare being saddled with a son who was a coward and
into the corner, but he just could not ignore her a fool. Martin had broken his leg and needed to
presence. Even when the elevator creaked down use crutches. Using the stairs now was just out of
to twelve, then eleven, the piggy eyes were still question.
looking at him. He found her behaviour crazy. (v) What is your Analysis of the character of Martin?
Q. 2. Read the given extract from the story by William [Analysis and Evaluation][4]
Sleator ‘The Elevator’ and answer the questions Ans. Martin seems to be a nervous and hypersensitive
below. child. That he is a weak character is proved by
“She was in the elevator ...... “You’re afraid,” said his the fact how he gets used to bullying in school.
father. Besides, he seems to be afraid of new experiences
(i) Who is the she mentioned in the extract? Why did like shifting to an apartment building and having
Martin feel uncomfortable with her? [Recall][3] to use the elevator. He feels closed in as though he
Ans. The lady mentioned in the extract is the one Martin is claustrophobic. On the top of it, he runs away
encountered in the elevator. She was huge, dressed from the presence of a fat lady, showing escapist
in and green coat which ballooned around her. tendency. But he is valiant enough to force himself
Martin felt uncomfortable because she hardly to face challenges for his father’s sake. He cries in
silence at times and our heart goes out for him.

Reflection
The story serves as a reflection on the human psychology of creating unnecessary fears. It encourages reflection on
the importance of one’s fears instead of running away from them.
1 Did you understand how baseless it is to live with meaningless fears?
2 Do you think you can act strongly next time you encounter a futile fear?


 CHAPTER

3
THE GIRL WHO
CAN

—Ama Ata Aidoo

Learning Objectives
  
 To throw light on traditions and mind-sets enduring post-colonial times in Africa.
  
 Understanding of the generation gap that exists between the new generation and the old generation.
  
 Noting the awakening of respect towards women’s capacities other than bearing children.
  
 Deriving enjoyment from a well-narrated story that has something meaty to convey.
  
 Observing the characterisation of women belonging to three generations.

About the Author

Ama Ata Aidoo, born on March 23, 1942, in Abeadzi Kyiakor, Gold Coast, is a Ghanaian writer whose work
emphasised the paradoxical position of modern African woman.
Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana. She won early recognition
with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost (1965). Aidoo won a fellowship at Stanford University in California
and returned to teach at Cape Coast, Ghana. She exposed the exploitation of women who, as unacknowledged
heads of households when war or unemployment leaves them husband-less, must support their children alone.
Her titles include The Eagle and the Chickens (1986), Birds and Other Poems (1987), the novel Changes (1991), The Girl
Who Can (1997) and Diplomatic Pounds (2012).

Word Meanings
 women-centric— something that is focused on or oriented towards women, often with an emphasis on women's
experiences, perspectives, and needs.  realisation—coming to understand something clearly and distinctly.  har-
bour—to keep feelings or thoughts secret in your mind for a long time.  perception—the act or faculty of perceiving,
or apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding.  criticise—to say what is bad or
wrong with somebody/something.

Summary
The story ‘The Girl Who Can’ highlights the importance of a women-centric society. Adjoa is a seven-year-
old African child whose mind is constantly engaged in issues and concerns for a girl, which leads to the three
generations in the story facing a conflict of opinions. Nana is authoritative and holds a firm Scan to know more
about
view about a woman’s role in society, i.e., to be physically fit to rear healthy children. Maami, this topic
on the other hand, is incapable of raising her voice against her mother.
Adjoa harbours questions about the workings of society but opts to stay quiet. Nana looks
down on Adjoa’s thin legs coupled with her social movements. She constantly criticises Adjoa
but Maami is seen to argue in support of Adjoa. The Girl who can
A change of perceptions is visible when Adjoa reveals her selection for a district race. Nana’s
behaviour suddenly changes. When Adjoa wins the trophy, she shows it around the neighbourhood like a proud
grandparent. The story ends with a happy realisation that legs serve more purposes for a woman than just giving
birth.
130 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q. 8. When Nana comments about Adjoa’s legs, she?

A Multiple Choice Questions (a) Laughs out (b) Feels upset
(c) Ignores (d) Argues
Q. 1. Nana is Adjoa’s . . . Ans. Option (d) is correct
(a) Maternal aunt Explanation: When Nana comments about Adjoa’s
(b) Maternal grandmother legs, she argues with her.
(c) Fraternal grandmother Q. 9. Nana thinks that legs that have meat on them are
(d) Mother good for:
Ans. Option (b) is correct (a) Doing the household chores
Explanation: Nana is Adjoa’s maternal grandmother. (b) Running in district games
Q. 2. The story is set in: (c) Child bearing
(a) Hasodzi (b) Lagos (d) Dancing and swimming
(c) Accra (d) Kumasi Ans. Option (c) is correct
Ans. Option (b) is correct Explanation: Nana believed that a woman must
Explanation: The story is set in Hasodzi, a very big have solid hips to be able to have children. Legs that
village in the Central Region of Ghana. have meat on them and have good calves, are sure
Q. 3. The central theme of the story is based on: to support solid hips.
(a) Failure (b) Disappointment Q. 10. The gleaming cup symbolises:
(c) Conflict of views (d) Generation gap (a) Achievement (b) Wealth
Ans. Option (d) is correct (c) Pride (d) Complex
Explanation: The central theme of the story is Ans. Option (a) is correct
based on the generation gap. The generation gap Explanation: The gleaming cup symbolises
is portrayed through differing views on education, achievement.
women’s roles, and physical attributes. Q. 11. ‘As I keep saying, if any woman decides to come
Q. 4. Nana’s reaction to Adjoa’s win in the district into this world with all of her two legs, then she
games is that of: should select legs that have meat on them’.
(a) Disappointment (b) Indifference What does the ‘meat’ in this extract refers to?
(c) Anger (d) Pleasure (a) Muscles (b) Strength
Ans. Option (d) is correct (c) Attraction (d) None of the above
Explanation: Nana was very pleased to win in Ans. Option (a) is correct
the district games. Her mother shut her mouth in Explanation: Nana thinks Adjoa would not be able
surprise. to bear children with thin legs. The legs of a woman
Q. 5. The age of Adjoa in the story is should be more muscular.
(a) 6 years (b) 7 years Q. 12. Which of the following statements is not true of
(c) 8 years (d) 5 years Nana?
Ans. Option (b) is correct (a) She is authoritative
Explanation: In the story, Adjoa is only 7 years old. (b) She is not critical of Maami for her choice of
Q. 6. The big brass bowl in the story holds: her husband
(a) Fruits and vegetables (c) She finally gets the realisation that a woman’s
(b) Nana’s old clothes body has more to its existence
(c) Family savings (d) She has her views which she imposes on others
(d) Water for animals Ans. Option (b) is correct
Ans. Option (b) is correct
Explanation: Nana is very critical of Maami for her
Explanation: The big brass bowl contained Nana’s choice of her husband, and she adds a bit of him
old clothes. every time she has to make her quiet in a debate.
Q. 7. After Adjoa wins the district games, Nana: Q. 13. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events
(a) Carries the gleaming cup on her back in the correct order.
(b) Leaves the village in disappointment
(i) ‘You, Adjoa, you don’t know what life is about
(c) Insults Adjoa . . . you don’t know what problems are in this
(d) Lifts Adjoa on her shoulder life . . .’
Ans. Option (a) is correct
(ii) In my eyes, all my friends have legs that look
Explanation: After Adjoa wins the district games, like legs, but whether the legs have meat on
Nana carries the gleaming cup on her back like they them to support the kind of hips that I don’t
do with babies or other very precious things. know.
 Prose 131
(i) Nana would just laugh. ‘Ah, maybe with legs
(iii) What I am sure of is that when I came out of like hers, she might as well go to school.’
the land of sweet, soft silence into the world of
(ii) Yes, I have won every race I ran in my school,
noise and comprehension, the first topic I met and I have won the cup for the best all-round
was my legs. junior athlete.
(iv) In my eyes, all my friends have legs that look (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
like legs, but whether the legs have meat on (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
them to support the kind of hips that I don’t (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
know. (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, iv, i, iii Ans. Option (d) is correct
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, iv, ii Explanation: Nana believed that Adjoa’s legs could
Ans. Option (c) is correct only take her to the school, but her legs proved
Explanation: ‘You, Adjoa, you don’t know what life Nana wrong. In contradiction, her legs won her the
is about . . . you don’t know what problems are in race and the cup for the all-round junior athlete.
this life . . .’ What I am sure of is that when I came Q. 15. Adjoa’s mother, Kaya, is portrayed in the story as:
out of the land of sweet, soft silence into the world (i) speechless (ii) authoritative
of noise and comprehension, the first topic I met (iii) confident (iv) hesitant
was my legs. In my eyes, all my friends have legs (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
that look like legs, but whether the legs have meat (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
on them to support the kind of hips that I don’t Ans. Option (d) is correct
know. Explanation: Adjoa’s mother, Kaya, is portrayed in
Q. 14. Select the option that shows the correct the story as a speechless and hesitant character.
relationship between statements (1) and (2)

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (iv) What does Adjoa’s grandmother think of the
follow: village school at the beginning of the story?
‘You, Adjoa, you don’t know ...... Maami thinks of as ‘the Why does she think so?  [3]
problem’. Ans. In the beginning of the story, Adjoa’s
(i) What is the name of the story from which the grandmother thinks that it is a waste of time
extract is taken, and who is the author? Who to go to the village school. She thinks that
is the narrator of the story? What does the women are meant to create a family and
story tell about it?  [3] then take care of it. African countries were
Ans. The name of the story is ‘The Girl Who Can’. under colonial rule for a long time, and the
Ama Ata Aidoo is the writer of the story. colonisers did not take any effective steps
A seven-year-old girl named Adjoa is the for their education. Hence, she stuck to the
narrator of the story. The story tells us about concept that girls are born to bear children
the struggle of African women to find a and to look after families. Hence, she feels
rightful place in society. education is not important for girls.
(ii) What part of Africa is the story about? What (v) Draw the character sketch of Adjoa’s
is peculiar about the place?  [3] grandmother? [4]
Ans. The story, ‘The Girl Who Can’, has been set
Ans. Nana, the grandmother, is a strong and
in Hasodzi, a very big village in the central
authoritative woman who cherishes silence
region of the country, Ghana. It is believed
around her. She speaks with superiority and
that when all of Africa is choking under a
drought, Hasodzi lies in a very fertile lowland feels she is the most knowledgeable person
in a district of Ghana known for its good soil. in the house due to her experience. She is a
(iii) What is the problem of the narrator?  [3] dynamic character who experiences a change
after learning about her granddaughter’s
Ans. Adjoa is seven years old and she thinks that
she has only one problem. She feels she does skills as a runner. In the end, she does realise
not have the proper language to speak. When that a woman’s body has more to its existence
she says something, her grandmother laughs, than just giving birth to children.
and if someone comes, she tells him about Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
it and laughs at it again. Adjoa is confused, follow:
and she never comes to know why they are And all that performance ...... would be considered so
laughing. Adjoa doesn’t understand what is funny, they would be repeated so many times.
wrong with her. (i) What is the problem of the narrator here? [3]
132 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. The problem that the narrator mentions is her Adjoa not only builds an identity as an athlete
struggle with expressing her thoughts. She but also moves away from the rigid strictures
feels that she lacks the knowledge of proper of her society.
language to convey what she thinks, and (ii) Who is particular about girls’ legs and why?
this makes it difficult for her to communicate [3]
with the adults effectively. Adjoa is not able to Ans. Nana, Adjoa’s grandmother, is particular
understand what is actually wrong with her. about the girl’s legs. She feels that Adjoa’s
(ii) What is the narrator forbidden to do?  [3] legs are very thin and long and, hence, not
Ans. Whenever Adjoa told Nana something, she appropriate for a woman. She was of the view
would stare at Adjoa with her mouth open that a woman’s legs should have meat on
and then burst out laughing. She is told them, for such legs would support solid hips,
not to repeat whatever she has said in front and a woman must have solid hips to be able
of others. She was never explained why to have children.
sometimes she shouldn’t repeat some things (iii) What does Nana think about legs that ‘have
in front of others. She feels confused with meat on them’?  [3]
their treatment. Ans. Nana holds a traditional worldview that
(iii) What surprising habit of the elders is referred sees a woman in the light of motherhood
to here? [3] alone. She believes that legs that have meat
Ans. Elders never pay attention to their children on them are ideal for women because such
and always underestimate them for whatever legs support solid hips, which are essential
they may be doing. Instead of explaining to for bearing children, and for this reason, she
them, they are made to either hush up or are often criticises Adjoa’s thin legs.
made an object of amusement. Their innocent (iv) How does Adjoa feel about her legs?  [3]
acts would be repeated so many times for so Ans. Adjoa is unable to understand why Nana is
many people’s enjoyment. so conscious of her legs. She finds her legs
(iv) Describe the setting of the story.  [3] useful and believes that legs do not have just
Ans. The story is set in Hasodzi, a large village in one purpose to fulfill. She doesn’t understand
the central region of postcolonial Ghana. It is what it means to ‘have meat on legs’ as she
a fertile area. The people there are simple and finds all girls of her age to have the same kind
not very educated. The setting of the village of legs. Later in the story, Adjoa’s legs prove
is essential, as it provides a backdrop for the their worth in helping her achieve in the
traditional views of the characters in the story. district games.
(v) What is the relationship between Nana and (v) How does Adjoa’s mother react to Nana’s
Adjoa? [4] comments?[4]
Ans. Nana is Adjoa’s maternal grandmother. She Ans. Adjoa’s mother is a hesitant and speechless
has had a significant influence on Adjoa’s character in the story. She lacks the courage
life. There is communication anxiety between to face her mother and protect her daughter
Adjoa and her grandmother due to differing from her discouraging comments. She
beliefs. Grandmother holds a traditional attempts to counter her mother’s views but
worldview that sees a woman in the light fails and is silenced.
of motherhood alone. Her conventional Q. 4. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
thoughts are due to her lack of education and follow:
orthodox upbringing. School is another thing Nana ...... never understood what
Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that she meant.
(i) What were the two things Nana and Adjoa’s
follow:
mother seemed to have different ideas about?
If any woman decides ...... such legs would support solid
[3]
hips.
Ans. The two things Nana and Adjoa’s mother
(i) What is the central theme of the story?  [3]
differed mainly on were Adjoa’s legs and
Ans. The theme revolves around the generation women’s education. Nana believed that legs
gap, societal expectations and differing with meat on them were ideal for women as
perspectives. Adjoa, who is the youngest, they were essential for childbearing. Adjoa’s
has questions and doubts that she feels mother tried to defend her daughter but was
lack an appropriate expression, and silenced by Nana’s strong opinion. Also, Nana
Nana, the grandmother, is the oldest. She believed school was a waste of time for girls,
holds a traditional world-view that sees a while her mother valued education highly.
woman in the light of motherhood alone. (ii) What were Nana’s views on education? [3]
Communication anxiety is clearly visible due
Ans. Nana, the grandmother, holds a traditional
to a differing set of beliefs. Adjoa was born
world-view that sees a woman in the light of
in a postcolonial era, and hence it is evident
motherhood alone. She believes that going to
that the two worlds would clash. By running,
 Prose 133
school is a waste of time for girls. She is unable time she heard the news. She took it upon
to understand how education can benefit herself to wash and iron her uniform. She
her granddaughter in her traditional role of experienced a change after learning about
bearing children and looking after the family. Adjoa’s skills as a runner and accompanied
(iii) What were Adjoa mother’s views on her every afternoon for the district sports
education?  [3] week.
Ans. Maami, Adjoa’s mother, values education (ii) What is the ‘big brass bowl’ mentioned in the
highly. She is aware of the limitations in her extract here, and what is its significance?  [3]
life due to a lack of education and doesn’t want Ans. The ‘big brass bowl’ mentioned in the extract
the same for her daughter. She understands here is where Nana keeps her old clothes. The
that education can open opportunities for bowl here serves as a symbol of tradition and
Adjoa and that she can then have a broader the past. It represents her old ideologies that
understanding of the world around her. she so strongly holds.
(iv) How does Adjoa feel about school?  [3] (iii) What does Nana do after Adjoa wins the
Ans. School is a pleasant experience for Adjoa. In district games? [3]
spite of the long five kilo meter stretch that Ans. After Adjoa’s victory, Nana proudly carries
she has to cover on foot, she enjoys going to the gleaming cup on her back as they return
school. She feels that school is a place where to their village, treating it as a precious thing.
she can learn and grow. She is a bright child When they arrive in the village, she shows
whose education later becomes a medium the cup to Adjoa’s mother before giving it
to introduce an altered mind-set in her back to the headmaster. She makes Adjoa sit
matriarchal household. on her knees and cries softly, signifying her
(v) Draw the character sketch of Adjoa’s mother. newfound pride in her granddaughter.
[4] (iv) How does Adjoa’s achievement affect Nana’s
Ans. Adjoa’s mother occupies the least space in the perception of her?  [3]
story due to her hesitant character. She loves Ans. Nana is a dynamic character who experiences
her daughter, Adjoa, and supports her in a change in her perception after learning
her dreams, but when it comes to defending about Adjoa’s skills as a runner and her
her daughter from Nana’s comments, she subsequent win. She begins to value Adjoa’s
is silenced by her strong opinion. She feels abilities and takes pride in her achievements.
trapped by her ignorance due to lack of She realises that a woman’s body has more to
education and wants better future for her its existence than just giving birth to children.
daughter. (v) Draw the character sketch of Adjoa.  [4]
Q. 5. Read the Extract and answer the questions that Ans. Adjoa is a 7- year- old girl with a modern
follow: outlook on life. Her views of society differ
Yes, she has been coming ...... clothes are always so stiffly greatly from those of her elders. She is
starched. intelligent and inquisitive. She has questions
(i) Who accompanied the girls to town every and doubts, but she lacks of an appropriate
afternoon, and why?  [3] expression. Her grandmother looks down on
Ans. Nana couldn’t believe it when Adjoa declared her for having thin legs, but after winning a
that she had been selected to run for the junior district-level race organised by her school, she
section of the school in the district games. She facilitates a change in the perception of her
had been pleased and excited since the first grandmother’s conventional beliefs.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that difficult to get her grown-ups to listen to her
follow: whenever she takes the risk to say something
And my problem is that ...... and say something serious to serious to them.
them. (ii) What is the attitude of the elders in general
(i) Who is the speaker? What is her problem? towards the problems of the children?  [3]
[3] Ans. The elders are generally either dismissive or
Ans. Adjoa, a seven-year-old girl from Hasodzi in overly amused by the problems of children in
the Central Region of Ghana, is the speaker general. They do not consider their opinions
here. Her problem is that, at the tender age of seriously. Like Adjoa in the story, they swing
between expressing their feelings frankly and
seven, she does not have the proper language
keeping quiet.
to express her thoughts. This makes it difficult
for her to communicate effectively with adults (iii) Why is it not easy for children to get adults to
listen to them?  [3]
and hence she gets laughed at. She finds it
134 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. Adults are in the habit of imposing their at the hands of both her mother and her
will on their children, which makes them husband, who had unfeelingly deserted her.
conscious of the fact that if they speak out (ii) Who is the speaker here? At what point does
their mind and heart, they would either be speaker’s mother always break down?
given a rebuke or called an insolent. Hence, Ans. Legs that are thin and do not have meat on
they swing between expressing their feelings them are the topic of debate in the house.
frankly and keeping quiet. Adjoa’s grandmother is of the opinion that
(iv) What does the speaker think about adults? thin and long legs are not proper for a girl. It
[3] is her traditional belief that legs that do not
Ans. Adjoa struggles to express her thoughts and have meat on them cannot support the hips
feelings to the adults around her, as they often needed for a woman to bear children later in
dismiss or laugh at what she has to say. She her life.
feels that the adults do not take her thoughts (iii) What kind of legs are the topic of debate in
and opinions seriously. the house? Discuss
(v) What is the general attitude of Nana towards Ans. Adjoa’s thin and long legs are considered to
the speaker? Has it been easy for the speaker be imperfect by her grandmother, Nana, who
to deal with Nana?  [4] feels that legs should have meat on them to
Ans. Nana is Adjoa’s maternal grandmother. She support solid hips, which in turn are important
has a significant influence on Adjoa’s life with for bearing children. Adjoa, on the other hand,
regards to societal expectations. She holds never suffers from anything complex about
traditional views and is vocal about them. She her thin legs. She is innocent and just seven
expects a seven-year-old girl to know a great years old. She thinks that her legs do not pose
deal about the affairs of the world. No, it was any threat to her achievements. She covers a
not easy for Adjoa to deal with Nana. distance of five miles daily to go to school. She
Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that does not lag behind others, despite her skinny
follow: legs. She even wins the district-level games
And you know, such things ...... my mother was weeping later in the story.
inside. (iv) Who thinks the speaker’s legs are not
(i) What point is being talked about here? How perfect? What concept does the person have
logical is it? about legs?
Ans. Nana and Maami, Adjoa’s mother, often Ans. Nana feels proud of the achievements of
had discussions about Adjoa’s legs and her Adjoa. Her achievement in the district games
insistence on going to school. Nana was a serves as a turning point in Nana’s perception
dominating lady and had the confirmed of her. She begins to treat her granddaughter
notion that Adjoa would not be able to rear better than before. She realises that Adjoa’s
a child as her legs would not support it. She legs are capable of achieving something big.
criticised Maami for her choice of husband Ans. The title of the story, ‘The Girl Who Can’,
and for having a female child with skinny symbolises the vast potential of a girl. In
legs. Maami, being a hesitant and speechless the story, Adjoa does not lag behind others
woman, always broke down at this point of because of her skinny legs. By winning the
criticism. She felt suffocated and oppressed district games for juniors, she shows her
potential to achieve anything with her legs.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(b) Good soil
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
(c) Droughts
(d) Heavy rains
(i) The story “The Girl Who Can” highlights the Ans. Option (b) is correct.
happenings in a: [Understanding] Explanation: While many areas of Africa suffered
drought, Hasodzy, being a low- lying land had no
(a) Women-centric household
water shortage and enjoyed fertile soil.
(b) School for girls
(iii) Adoja did not articulate her doubts about certain
(c) Sports oriented world social issues because  [Understanding]
(d) Patriarchal household (a) She did not want to be ridiculed
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (b) She was timid

Explanation: The characters belonging to three (c) She was afraid of her grand- mother.
generations are living in a house where there are (d) Her mother did not allow her.
no male members. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(ii) Hasodzi was known for its: [Recall] Explanation: She did not want to be laughed at by
her grand mother and her friends.
(a) Educational facilities
 Prose 135
(iv) Nana always criticised Adoja’s legs because they (x) The purpose of the story is to highlight the
were thin and: [Recall] importance of:
(a) Spindly (b) Crooked (a) Change of heart
(c) Ugly (d) Long (b) Female sports
Ans. Option (d) is correct. (c) Women empowerment
Explanation: The girl had thin, long legs more suited (d) All the above
for an athlete than for child bearing considered Ans. Option (c) is correct.
ideal for women with ‘meat’ on her calves. Explanation: The main purpose of the story is to
(v) “To have acted out to show them’. The quoted highlight the need for women empowerment. Here
expression Recalls the saying: [Application] the girl child is showing the way to her elders that
(a) Once bitten twice shy given the chance, women can excel in any field.
(b) Actions speak louder than words
(c) Man proposes, God disposes.
(d) Attitude determines the altitude
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 1. Read the following extract from the short story,
Explanation: That her legs fulfilled other purposes
The Girl Who Can’ and answer the questions that
like running was proven by Adoja as she won
follow:
championship in school sports. This was better than
“You Adoja, you don’t know ...... only one problem.
trying to explain verbally and inviting ridicule.
(i) Who is the speaker? To whom are these words
(vi) “by portraying a female tripartite household”
addressed?  [Recall]
means:[Understanding]
Ans. The speaker is Nana, the grandmother of Adoja, the
(a) Patriarchal household
narrator of the story. They are the inhabitants of
(b) Parted into three Hasodzi, Ghana, the central region of Africa. These
(c) Shared by three parties words are addressed to Adoja, the 7 year old African
(d) A household where women were not given girl who aspires to be an athlete and who has a lot
importance of questions regarding the restrictions imposed
Ans. Option (c) is correct. upon women in the then African society.
Explanation: Tripartite means parted into three. (ii) Why does the speaker admonish in this manner?
Here it means the house had three females of three [Understanding]
generations. Ans. Whenever drought happens, the low lying Hasodzi
(vii) Nana at last realised is the only village in Africa that remains fertile. So,
(a) Legs carry women (b) Fat legs cannot run whenever Adoja wastes food, Nana admonishes
(c) Legs are legs (d) Thin legs can run her by saying that she does not know the harsh
Ans. Option (d) is correct. realities of life; how people in other parts of Africa
Explanation: Nana was thrilled with Adoja’s suffer deprivation, denied of the basic necessities of
accomplishments as she had strong long legs ideal society.
for running. The older woman realised legs are (iii) What is the ‘one problem’ that is mentioned? What
good for sports; not only for child bearing. does it show of then African tradition?
(viii) ““In my eyes, all my friends have got legs that look [Understanding and Analysis]
like legs; but whether the legs have got meat on Ans. The one problem is Adoja has many questions in
them to support the kind of hips that…that I don’t her head but she does not have the appropriate
know.” The quoted lines are language to express. The 7 year old feels tongue tied
(a) Mocking (b) Satiric in front of the elders. She always finds it difficult to
(c) Scathing (d) Comic decide-whether to be quiet or risk being laughed at.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (iv) Why does not Adoja speak out?  [Analysis]
Explanation: The author uses satire to mock at the Ans. She has many questions about the workings of
stereotyped view of women who are primarily the society but prefers to keep them to herself, in
considered as objects for carrying children. the treasure house of her mind, for two reasons-
firstly, she does not want to cause distress to her
(ix) The narrator introduces the landscape of her
grandmother and secondly to avoid becoming a
village by juxtaposing its uniqueness with the
target for jokes.
rest of the continent. What does juxtaposing mean
here? (v) What are the general themes of the story brought
(a) Comparing (b) Contrasting out by the writer?  [Evaluation]
(c) Eliminating (d) Undermining Ans. The need for female empowerment and the
necessity of a change in the orthodox mentality are
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
the major themes. Education in the post - colonial
Explanation: Contrast between lush greenery of the
times opens new door for youngsters and how they
village with drought hit areas of Africa is brought
(represented by Adoja) bring about a change in the
out by the author.
136 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

set mentality of the older generation is the major Ans. Running symbolises freedom from the oppressive
theme. mind-set of the then existing society. With that
Q. 2. Read the following extract from the short story, freedom comes the power of choice. Thus, the
‘The Girl Who Can’ and answer the questions that narrator possesses certain choices that her mother
and grandmother never had an access to. Even as
follow:
Adoja runs to build an identity as an athlete, she
“If any woman decides ...... solid hips to be able to have also gets a chance to move away from the rigid
children.” norms of her society. One can say, she runs towards
(i) How does the story-writer hold an image to the an optimistic and bright future by running away
mentality of the women in the Pre - Colonial Africa from a stifling and stereotypical past.
through the quoted words?  [Analysis] (iv) According to Nana, what was wrong with Adoja’s
Ans. In the precolonial era, lack of education and legs? What did this way of thinking imply?
adherence to strict rules of tradition made women [Understanding and Evaluation]
think themselves objects for utilitarian purposes. Ans. Nana thought they were too thin and long. There
Out of those, one was to give birth to healthy was no meat on them and the calves were thin.
children and for that strong calves with ’meat’ Such legs would not give support to solid hips
were essential. They did not believe schools were which were essential to carry babies. This implied
important for girls as their place was in the four that the sole purpose of a woman was to give birth
walls of the home rearing a family. Idea like sports to babies. Legs were meant for that and had no
never entered their minds. other practical purpose.
(ii) What are the traits of character displayed by (v) What does the word ‘meat’ imply? How does
NANA ?  [Analysis] Nana’s perspective on legs change?
Ans. As the matriarch of the house, Nana is a strong [Application and Analysis]
and authoritative woman who silences people Ans. The word ‘meat’ objectifies a woman, as though
around her in her own distinct style. She thinks comparing her to a domestic animal, solely to be
her experience gives her authority to hold opinions used for utilitarian purpose. Nana’s perception
and thrust them on others. She feels she is superior on legs changes when Adoja is selected for
sports competition and wins the best athlete
to all in the house, and considers to be more
championship. She realises the thin long legs of her
knowledgeable and wiser.
grand -daughter have enough strength to bring her
(iii) How does running become a symbol of change in glory and the sole objective of legs is not just child
the story?  [Analysis and Evaluation] bearing.

Reflection
The story serves as a reflection on the strength of female solidarity in uplifting women in a vastly changing cultural
milieu. It encourages reflection on exploring one’s potential in life.
1 Did you understand the importance of exploring one’s potential in life?
2 Can you act as a supporter for someone who is denied the basic right to education?


 CHAPTER

4
PEDESTRIAN

—Ray Bradhury

Learning Objectives
  
 The students will be able to : Deliberating on the outcomes of immersing too much in technological devices.
  
 To show the pitfalls of ignoring nature and close bonds with family and friends.
  
 To shed light on the likelihood of a dystopian future and dehumanisation of society.
  
 Understanding the symbolisms that make clear government’s desire to repress and silence citizens.

About the Author

Ray Bradbury (1920–2012) was an American author best known for his highly imaginative short stories and
novels. In the mid- 1940s, Bradbury’s stories started to appear in major magazines such as The American Mercury,
Harper’s and McCall’s.
Bradbury was often considered a science fiction author, but he said that his only science fiction book was Fahrenheit
451. Much of his work was fantasy, horror or mystery.
Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, is regarded as his greatest work. He received many honours for his work,
including an Emmy for his animated adaptation of The Halloween Tree (1994) and the National Medal of Arts
(2004). In 2007, the Pulitzer Prize Board awarded Bradbury a Special Citation for his distinguished career.

Word Meanings

 pedestrian—a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go.  psychiatric—of or relating to the
study of mental illness.  deserted—abandoned; forsaken.  venture—to do something or go somewhere new and
dangerous, when you are not sure what will happen.  Tendency—an inclination to do something.  automated—
carried out by machines or computers without needing human control.

Summary
The story is set in a future world in which people sit mindlessly glued to their television sets every evening. The
pedestrian is the man in the city who refuses to sit inside in the evenings and doesn’t own a Scan to know more
about
television either. this topic
One night in November, a man named Leonard Mead is walking the deserted streets of the city.
He is the only person out on the street at night because everyone else is indoors, consuming
hours of television. This practice of not venturing out at night has now become law.
Pedistrian
It is the habit of Leonard to stay outside until late at night. A police car stops him, and he is told
to get in the back. Strangely, the car is empty, and the voice speaking to him was automated. Leonard is told that
he is being taken to a psychiatric centre that researches ‘Regressive Tendencies’. His only ‘crime’, it seems, is
refusing to plug himself into the electronic brain-drainer as that has been done by his fellow citizens.
138 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(d) Takes to his heels

A Multiple Choice Questions Ans. Option (b) is correct
Explanation: When the police car approached him,
Q. 1. Leonard Mead starts his night walks usually at: he stood entranced, stunned by the illumination.
(a) 7 p.m. (b) 9 p.m. Q. 8. At night, the people are inside their houses:
(c) 8 p.m. (d) 6 p.m. (a) Sleeping
Ans. Option (c) is correct (b) Reading
Explanation: Leonard Mead usually starts his night (c) Watching television
walks at 8 p.m.
(d) Fighting with each other
Q. 2. In which month of the year is the story set in?
Ans. Option (c) is correct
(a) November (b) January
Explanation: At night, people are inside their
(c) December (d) September
houses watching television.
Ans. Option (a) is correct
Q. 9. Leonard Mead compares his walks to:
Explanation: The story is set in the month of
November. (a) An early morning walk
(b) A hurried walk to office
Q. 3. Leonard wears sneakers during the night walks to:
(a) Run faster (c) A graveyard walk
(b) Keep his feet warm (d) Ladies walk
(c) Impress upon the passers by Ans. Option (c) is correct
(d) Avoid barking dogs Explanation: On his way, he could see the cottages
Ans. Option (d) is correct and home with their dark windows, and it was not
Explanation: Long ago, Leonardo wisely changed unequal to walking through a graveyard.
to sneakers while strolling at night; the dogs would Q. 10. The story is set in the year:
parallel his journey with barking if he wore hard (a) 2053 (b) 2055
heels. (c) 2054 (d) 2050
Q. 4. By profession, Leonard is a: Ans. Option (a) is correct
(a) Policeman (b) News reader Explanation: The story is set in the AD 2053.
(c) Writer (d) Teacher Q. 11. The houses Leonard Mead passes by were:
Ans. Option (c) is correct (a) Abandoned
Explanation: Leonard is a writer by profession. (b) Well lit and welcoming
Q. 5. The condition of the sidewalks on which Leonardo (c) Colourful and pleasing
walks is: (d) Tomb like and ill lit
(a) Uneven and cracked
Ans. Option (d) is correct
(b) Well maintained
Explanation: The houses Leonard Mead passed by
(c) Muddy
were tomb like and ill lit.
(d) Flooded
Q. 12. ‘8:30 p.m.? Time for a dozen assorted murder? A
Ans. Option (a) is correct
quiz? A revue? A comedian falling off the stage’?
Explanation: The condition of the sidewalks on
What does the ‘revue’ in this Extract refer to?
which Leonardo walked was uneven and cracked.
(a) A conference
He stumbled over a particularly uneven section of
the sidewalk. (b) Any entertainment featuring skits, dances etc
Q. 6. The city streets at night are: (c) A road show
(a) Filled with police patrols (d) None of the above
(b) Crowded with mischief makers Ans. Option (b) is correct
(c) Busy with night walkers Explanation: The ‘revue’ in this extract refers to any
entertainment featuring skits, dances etc.
(d) Empty and silent
Ans. Option (d) is correct Q. 13. Which of the following statements is not true of
Leonard Mead?
Explanation: The street was silent, long and empty,
with only his shadow moving like the shadow of a (a) He loves to wander around the city at nights
hawk in midcountry. (b) He is afraid of his isolation
Q. 7. When the police car approaches Leonard, he: (c) He appreciates nature
(a) Hides behind a lamp post (d) He is a writer
Ans. Option (b) is correct
(b) Stands still
Explanation: Mead is content with his isolation and
(c) Walks towards it with confidence
seems to enjoy his solitude.
 Prose 139
Q. 14. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events only his shadow moving like the shadow of a
in the correct order hawk in midcountry.
(i) He stood entranced, not unlike a night moth, (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
stunned by the illumination and then drawn (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
towards it. (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
(ii) Sometimes he would walk for hours and miles (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
and return only at midnight to his house. Ans. Option (a) is correct
(iii) He got in the door shut with a soft thud. Explanation: Mead’s wandering on the streets at
(iv) ‘8:30 p.m.? Time for a dozen assorted murder? night when all other people are confined to their
A quiz? A revue? A comedian falling off the homes, is interpreted as a threat to the conformist
stage’? society. As a result of this he is sent to a psychiatric
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, iv, i, iii institute for treatment.
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, iv, ii Q16. The Robotic Police Car in the story––––––––––––.
Ans. Option (b) is correct (i) Has iron voice
Explanation: Sometimes he would walk for hours (ii) Interrogates Mead
and miles and return only at midnight to his house. (iii) Is powerless
‘8:30 p.m.? Is it time for a dozen assorted murders? A (iv) Doesn’t follow rules
quiz? A revue? A comedian falling off the stage’? He
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
stood entranced, not unlike a night moth, stunned
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
by the illumination, and then drawn towards it. He
got in. The door shut with a soft thud. Ans. Option (a) is correct
Q. 15. Select the option that shows the correct Explanation: The Robotic Police Car speaks to
relationship between statements (i) and (ii) Mead in its ‘iron voice’ and puts searching and
(i) A metallic voice called to him: ‘Stand still. Stay embarrassing questions to him. It interrogates
where you are! Don’t move’! Mead about his name, his profession and also about
the reason of his wandering on the wintry night.
(ii) The street was silent, long and empty, with

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that So, he wears sneakers so that he does not
follow: make any noise. Another advantage is that
Sometimes he would walk ...... walking through a sneakers prevent lights from clicking on faces
graveyard. startling anyone by his lone presence. The
(i) What is the atmosphere in the beginning of symbolism of sneaker is the government’s
the story?  [3] desire to repress and silence its citizens.
Ans. The atmosphere at the beginning of the story (iv) What time and month of the year does the
is one of silence and solitude. Leonard is passage inform about? Where does he decide
alone on the streets during his night walks to walk on that particular evening?  [3]
in the world of AD 2053. Faint glimmers of Ans. The story is set in the early November on a
the television sets are visible behind dark
misty evening of the year 2053 in an un-
windows. The city has a deserted, graveyard
named city where Leonard enjoys taking long
look.
walks in the deserted streets. The time is 8.00
(ii) What is Leonard’s routine for his walks?  [3]
p.m. and the evening has a good crystal frost
Ans. Leonard steps out into the city at eight
in the air. On this particular evening, he began
o’clock at night and stands at the corner of
his journey in a westerly direction towards
an intersection to decide which way to take.
the sea.
With a final decision made, a path selected, he
would stride off, sending patterns of frosty air (v) Why does Mr. Mead wear sneakers for his
before him like the smoke of a cigar. He would night walk? [4]
walk for hours and miles and return late to his Ans. Mr. Mead was careful not to make noise on the
house, sometimes at midnight. lumpy walk because the dogs in intermittent
(iii) How do dogs react to Mead during his walks? squads would parallel his journey with
What does he do to prevent this happening barking if he wore hard heels. The lights
and what does it symbolise? What other would click on and faces appear and the
advantage is there? [3] entire street be startled by the passing of a
Ans. During Leonard’s walks, the dogs in lone figure in the early November evening. It
intermittent squads would parallel his is for this reason he had changed to sneakers
journey with barking if he wore hard heels. when strolling at night.
140 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that individuality at the hands of technology.
follow: People, he says, would sit ‘dead’ in their
The streets were silent, long ...... dry river beds, the ‘tomb-like’ homes. The story foresees how
streets, for company. the world will be about a hundred years from
(i) Why is the city deserted at night time?  [3] now. The technical development today have
already enslaved mankind, and in a hundred
Ans. The story is set in the year 2053. Leonard
years, people shall lose their individuality. He
enjoys taking long, solitary walks on the
foresees the dehumanizing effect of machines
empty streets. The people in the city remain
and robots on the population.
inside their houses, glued to their televisions.
Faint lights flicker behind the curtains of the (ii) What is Leonard questioning in the extract?
darkened houses. In ten years of walking, What does this suggest?  [3]
Leonard has never met a single person. People Ans. Leonard speculates that the people must be
prefer artificial interactions with television to watching their favourite shows of adventure,
real human ones. quiz, news or comedy and hence he questions
(ii) In what way is the city like a graveyard?  [3] what is on Channel 4, Channel 17, and
Channel 9 as he walks on the deserted streets
Ans. The city was silent, dark, and devoid of
of the city. He asks where the cowboys are
life. Solitude and emptiness hung over
rushing and whether the United States
the atmosphere. The cottages and homes
Cavalry is coming to the rescue. This suggests
had dark windows. Leonard felt it was like
that he finds the content on television of little
walking through a graveyard where only the
depth and that people are becoming slaves to
faintest glimmers of firefly light appeared in
technology.
flickers behind the windows.
(iii) Draw a contrast between the nature of Mr.
(iii) Where is the speaker himself wandering?
Leonard and other people in the city.  [3]
What kind of desert is Arizona?  [3]
Ans. Leonard is a freedom-loving individual. He is
Ans. The speaker himself is wandering on the
out, active and free. The people, on the other
deserted streets of his city. There is no one
except his shadow moving along with him. hand, are prisoners in their homes. They are
Arizona is a plain, wintry, windless desert lifeless, passive and trapped in their grave-like
with no houses in a thousand miles. There is homes. When people remain indoors, hooked
no life except for the dry river beds and the on their television sets, Leonard embarks on
streets to give company. his evening strolls.
(iv) What kind of a person is the speaker?  [3] (iv) What is Leonard’s attitude towards the shows
Ans. Leonard likes to walk on the streets alone at on television?  [3]
night. For ten years, he has passed the homes Ans. Leonard feels television is isolating people as
of the other citizens and has never met another they are not interacting socially. People are
person. Despite being a loner, he seems losing interest in activities such as reading,
content in his isolation. He enjoys his solitude strolling out on streets, appreciating nature
and appreciates nature. and socialising and are sitting passively in
(v) Why do you think the story is set in the their houses.
month of November?  [4] (v) What do you learn about the speaker from
Ans. The story is set in the month of November, this extract?  [4]
just before the onset of winter. This signifies Ans. Mead is the only person out on the streets
the coming of death. When Leonard chooses on a winter night. He enjoys nature and is
to walk in a ‘westerly direction’, it signifies swayed by the natural world and its beauty.
the coming of death as west is the direction His enjoyment of nature shows that he has
in which the Sun sets. ‘Dry river beds’, maintained his individuality in the face of
mentioned in the extract, have no life in them; pervasive social conformity.
again, signifying death.
Q. 4. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that follow:
follow:
He turned back on ...... stood entranced.
‘Hello, in there’, he whispered ...... over the next hill to the
rescue’?
(i) What happens when Mead starts to turn
(i) What kind of story is it, and when does the towards his home?  [3]
story take place? Why do you think the story Ans. When he turns back on a side street, circling
was written for that year?  [3] around towards his home, a lone car turns
Ans. This is a futuristic story written in 1951 and a corner quite suddenly and flashes a fierce
set in November 2053, near the onset of white cone of light upon him. A ‘metallic
winter. This signifies the coming of death. voice’ addresses him from the car and orders
Leonard foresees the death of humanity and him to remain stationary.
 Prose 141
(ii) Why do you think there is only one car at
(i) What does the car represent? What is peculiar
night time?  [3] about the voice of the car? What is the central
Ans. People are inside their tomb-like houses, theme of the story?  [3]
glued to their television sets. There is only one Ans. The car symbolises the power of the state
police car patrolling the streets at night. Ever to curb all nonconformist behaviours. It
since the election year, the force has been cut represents the power to enforce social
down from three cars to one. Crime is ebbing conformity and, hence, has power to arrest
and there is no need for the police. anyone who is found not following the set
(iii) Who is actually controlling the car? Why moral standards of society. The voice from the
car is harsh and accusatory. It addresses Mead
is the identity of the voice in the car kept
in a metallic whisper.
anonymous? [3]
(ii) How does the back seat of the car look like?
Ans. When Leonard looks into the front window, he
[3]
realises that the car is empty. Probably the car
Ans. The back seat was a little cell—a little black jail
is being controlled by some automated system
with bars. It smelled of riveted steel and harsh
or by artificial intelligence. The identity of the antiseptic. There was nothing soft there. It
car, which represents swift state power to smelled too clean, hard and metallic.
enforce social conformity, is kept anonymous
(iii) What does Mead’s ‘brightly lit’ house tell us
to emphasise the dehumanized society. about him? [3]
(iv) Why is Mead’s behaviour considered Ans. The houses in the city were dark, ill-lit,
threatening? [3] and ghostly. In contrast, Mead’s house was
Ans. Though Mead was not hurting anyone, it ‘brightly lit’. This suggests that he is different
was supposed that his daily habit of walking from the rest of the citizens. He is a social being
every night could upset social stability. His and a nature lover. It shows that technology
behaviour is different from the rest, as they has not affected him adversely.
remain inside houses glued to television (iv) What happens to Leonard Mead in story? [3]
sets, and this is interpreted as abnormal Ans. The police car, which is revealed to have no
and considered to be a threat to the law and occupants, is unable to understand why Mead
order in society. He is found guilty of being a would be out walking on deserted streets
deviant from the set code of conduct. at night when all other people stay inside
(v) Draw the character sketch of Leonard Mead. glued to their television sets. The car finds
it suspicious. It, therefore, decides to take
[4]
him to the ‘Psychiatric Centre for Research
Ans. Despite being a loner, Mead seems to be on Regressive Tendencies’. It is ironic that
content with his isolation, and he enjoys his human qualities like curiosity and socialising
solitude. He appreciates nature, taking in the are considered regressive.
sights, sounds, and smells on his walks. He (v) Why isn’t writing considered a profession in
is a vibrant, imaginative person and strongly 2053? [4]
contrasts with the ghost-like other citizens. Ans. Mead is a writer by profession, though he
He is a creative and intellectual individual has not written in years. In 2053, writing will
who values written words. no longer be considered a profession. This is
because people have lost the habit of reading.
Q. 5. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
Magazines and books do not sell anymore.
follow:
People now sit ‘dead’ in their tomblike homes.
He put his hand to the ...... was nothing soft there. They are now devoid of life and emotions.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that was walking on the deserted streets of an
follow: unnamed city, passing the darkened houses.
‘Hello, in there’, he whispered ...... shadow of a hawk in (ii) What kind of picture does the speaker
midcountry. present here?  [3]
(i) Who is the speaker in the extract above? Ans. Leonard Mead was the only pedestrian in
Who are the listeners? Where is the speaker the city who did not feel lonely on a cold
wandering about?  [3] November night. The rest of the citizens were
Ans. Leonard Mead, the only named character in under the mesmerising effect of television
the story ‘The Pedestrian’, is the speaker in the shows and were confined to their homes.
extract above. Mead was alone on the deserted (iii) What kind of a person is the speaker?  [3]
streets. There were no listeners. He whispered Ans. Leonard Mead was the solitary pedestrian,
to himself as if he was calling the inmates. He walking miles for sheer pleasure. He seemed
142 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

to enjoy a vibrant life by doing what he eight. Mead was the solitary pedestrian on the
liked and not following social norms. He deserted streets of an unnamed city, while the
was deviant from others in his behaviour rest of the population was confined to their
and views. He seemed to have a romantic homes, watching television shows.
sensibility. He was vibrant and imaginative, (ii) What did Mead most dearly love to do during
and the only hope left to stir individuality. his walk? [3]
(iv) What are Channel 4, Channel 7, Channel 9? Ans. Mead most dearly loved to enter into the
Why does the speaker make a mention of silence of the night; to put his feet upon the
them?  [3] buckling concrete walk; to step over grassy
Ans. Channel 4, Channel 7, Channel 9 are the seams and make his way, hands in pockets,
different channels on television. He makes a through the silences.
mention of them to indicate that he was the (iii) What is the condition of the sidewalks Mead
only pedestrian to enjoy nature while the rest walks on? What does Mead do when he
of the population was confined to their homes passes by the houses?  [3]
and watching television shows. Mead is out Ans. The houses that Mead passes by during his
to enjoy his daily walks. He was the only walks have a deserted look. They have dark
pedestrian, feasting his eyes and ears on the windows and are described as tomb-like.
sights and sounds of the open air. The only light visible is that of the television
(v) Why do you think the speaker asks the above sets, escaping through the curtains. When he
questions? What kind of life does the speaker passes by them, he whispers to himself as if he
hint at?  [4] were calling to the inmates.
Ans. This is a futuristic story written in 2952, and (iv) How does Mead feel about being alone
it foresees how the world will look almost a during his night walks? What does he listen
hundred years hence. Leonard questions the to during the walks?  [3]
benefits of technological and social progress. Ans. Mead enjoys his solitary night walks. He
He wants to stress how the technological feasts his eyes and ears on the sights and
developments in science have already sounds of the open air. He listens to the faint
enslaved mankind, and after a hundred years, push of his soft shoes through autumn leaves,
this would destroy individuality and have a and picks up one of the leaves, and smells its
dehumanising effect on the people. rusty smell.
Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (v) Is there any company for Mead during his
follow: walks? How do the dogs behave when he
To enter out into that silence ...... A.D. 2053, or as good as walks on the streets at night? What do the
alone . . . people in the city do at night?  [4]
(i) When and in which year is the story set? At Ans. Mead was the only pedestrian in the city. All
what time does Mead usually start his night other people are glued to their television sets.
walk? What is unusual about the walk at They prefer artificial interaction to real human
night in the story?  [3] connection. During his walks, if he wore a
Ans. This is a futuristic story written in 2951 and set hard heel, the dogs in intermittent squads
in 2053, almost a hundred years after it was would parallel his journey with barking. This
written. Mead usually starts his night walk at is the reason why Mead switches to sneakers.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(a) Dystopian (b) Cynical
A Multiple Choice Questions (c) Pessimistic (d) None of the above

(i) The story ‘The Pedestrian’ is set in the year 2053. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
What literary term would you give to such a story? Explanation: The story paints a horrific picture of
[Application] a future steeped in technology deprived of natural
(a) Far fetched (b) Futuristic touch and human interaction.
(c) Predictable (d) Pre conceived
(iii) Which of the following are symbolic of
Ans. Option (b) is correct. approaching death? [Application]
Explanation: The story is set in A.D 2053 making it
(a) Month of November
futuristic.
(b) Westerly direction
(ii) The story envisages a state where things are not
happening in the right way. What is this type of (c) Dry riverbeds
narration known as? [Understanding] (d) All of the above
 Prose 143
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Explanation: a faint incense puttering from their
Explanation: All the given options paint a picture of exhausts, skimmed homeward to the far directions:
approaching death. Similar to people resembling the dead under dim
(iv) What does the flicker of light from television lights.
signify?[Analysis] (x) The two strong possibilities envisaged in the story
(a) Prospective of technology are:[Analysis]
(b) Virtual life 1. The dangers of technological advancement
(c) Interactive communication 2. Man turning against man
(d) Hope for future 3. The horrors of government control.
4. Going back to the medieval times
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
Explanation: It is a virtual world painted.
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 4 and 1
(v) What makes Leonard enjoy his solitude?
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
[Understanding]
Explanation: The story explores risks of technology
(a) his ability to muse and dangers of oppressive government control.
(b) appreciation of Nature
(c) he being an introvert
(d) he finds social interaction stressful B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Leonard enjoys a walk on the streets Q. 1. Read the given extract from the story ‘The
rather than watching programmes at home. Pedestrian’ written by Ray Bradbury and answer
(vi) If he closed his eyes and stood very still, he could the questions below.
imagine himself upon the: [Recall] He would stand upon ...... like the smoke of a cigar.
(a) End of the world (b) Arizona desert (i) Who is the he? Where is the story taking place? At
(c) Iceland (d) Arabian desert what time?
Ans. Option (d) is correct. [Recall and Understanding][3]
Explanation: The setting evokes a vast, empty Ans. He is Leonard Mead, the protagonist of the story
landscape, reflecting isolation and desolation. ‘The Pedestrian’. He is in a large unnamed futuristic
(vii) The fact only one car is left in the police force city. It is eight o clock of a night in a misty November.
implies that [Analysis]
(a) The government is going bankrupt (ii) “but it really made no difference;” Explain the
(b) The city is going green significance of the quoted line.  [Analysis][3]
(c) Crime rate is going down Ans. What direction the lone walker took was of no
(d) Cars are becoming obsolete importance. Wherever he turned, he would see no
Ans. Option (b) is correct. one. It would be the same calm streets stretching
Explanation: The reduction of police cars suggests a endlessly. He enjoyed the company of Nature but
shift towards environmentally friendly practices. as he walked along the residential area, he would
(viii) He stood entranced, not -----------a night moth, feel it as a grave yard with dim flickering lights
stunned by the illumination, and then drawn peeping through the windows. All had a static look
toward it. Fit in the missing word. [Recall] with none of the dynamism of natural life.
(a) like (b) unlike (iii) Which direction did he take on this particular
(c) as (d) more like evening? Describe the atmosphere and its effect
Ans. Option (b) is correct. on the lone walker.
Explanation: He was mesmerized differently, not [Recall and Understanding][3]
like a moth drawn to light.
Ans. On this particular evening, Mead began his
(ix) The tombs, ill-lit by television light, where the journey in a westerly direction, toward the hidden
people sat like the dead, the gray or multicoloured
sea. He could feel crystal frost in the air strong
lights touching their faces. Find a similar expression
enough to cut the nose and made the lungs blaze.
from the following options: [Application]
All the branches were filled with invisible snow.
(a) He would stride off, sending patterns of frosty
He listened to the faint sound made by his soft
air before him like the smoke of a cigar
shoes through autumn leaves and whistled softly
(b) There was a good crystal frost in the air; it cut
the nose. between his teeth. Occasionally, he picked up a leaf
(c) Was that a murmur of laughter from within a as he passed, examining its skeletal pattern and
moon-white house? inhaling its rusty smell.
(d) A faint incense puttering from their exhausts, (iv) What did he ask the lonely looking houses? What
skimmed homeward to the far directions is the implication of these questions?
Ans. Option (d) is correct. [Recall and Analysis] [3]
144 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Ans. Mead greeted the silent houses with a cheery "Hello, Ans. A big police car with lots of lights and metallic
in there," He whispered to every house on every sounds is being talked about. It is unmanned as it
side as he moved. "What's up tonight on Channel 4, is robotic. The back seat, seems a little cell, a little
Channel 7, Channel 9? He wanted to know where black jail with bars. It smells of riveted steel and
the cowboys were rushing, whether the Cavalry harsh antiseptic; The smell is said to be “too clean
over the next hill go to the rescue. "What is it now?" and hard and metallic.” There is nothing soft there.
he would ask, "Eight-thirty p.m.? Time for a dozen (iii) Who is there in the car? Where is the car going?
assorted murders? A quiz? A comedian falling off [Understanding][3[
the stage?" The implication is that all are immersed
Ans. No one is there in the car. It is automatic. He is
in various programmes beaming in their drawing
being taken to Psychiatric Centre for Research on
rooms; no one is in touch with the outdoor world.
Regressive Tendencies. It is ironic because today’s
(v) What does the silence imply?  [Analysis][4] normal activities will turn out to be regressive ones
Ans. The silence implies the oncoming days where life as years proceed, embracing technology as a norm,
will turn out to be eerie and isolated. The cold rather than spending time outdoors in the company
deserted streets depict a scene of desolation. It will of nature.
be a virtual life isolated in the confines of four walls. (iv) What does the experience imply?
Technology would replace real life and human
[Analysis and Evaluation][3]
interaction will become rare. The cold November,
the snow, the westerly direction and dry river beds Ans. In the case of Mead, a harmless walking at night
suggest a cessation of life akin to death. turns out to be a life- long ‘arrest’. He is being
considered unstable for not sticking to the virtual
Q. 2. Read the given extract from the story ‘The world by the robotic police. He is considered
Pedestrian’ written by Ray Bradbury and answer abnormal for not conforming the expectation of the
the questions below. regimental authority. Thus, the precious freedom of
"That's my house," said ...... chill November night. walking which he enjoys the most is being taken
(i) What is special about Leonard’s house?? What away from him.
does it signify?  [Understanding][3] (v) What is dystopian about the occasion?
Ans. Leonard’s house is illuminated unlike the other [Analysis][4]
houses shrouded in darkness. The members of
Ans. Dystopian is a term given to a piece of writing
the other houses are withdrawn into their world
when it depicts a state or society where there is an
of technology watching programmes beamed out
undesirable environment of restrictions or injustice.
from their television sets or other devices. Mead is
Here, a state when all individuals lose contact with
the only person walking out doors, so his house is
the natural world by accepting technology as their
well lit with bright light beaming through all the
main stay is being imagined. Social interaction and
windows. It also suggests that only he retains sense;
connection with natural world will be restricted as
others have become slaves of so called ‘progress’.
it will be considered as a regressive mentality.
(ii) Which car is being talked about? What is peculiar
about it?  [Recall and Understanding][3]

Reflection
The story serves as a reflection on the threat that technological advancement poses to the survival of human life. The
story encourages reflection on the consequences of sinking oneself into electronic brain-drais.
1 Did you understand the dangers that the electronic world poses for the quality of the human life?
2 Will you be able to survive in a society where the natural instincts of humans are destroyed?


 CHAPTER

5
THE LAST
LESSON

—Alphonse Daudet

Learning Objectives
  
 Understanding the importance of the mother tongue and the need to preserve individuality.
  
 Throwing light on teacher-student relationship.
  
 To note how a well-composed speech can generate thoughts and influence minds.
  
 To make people realise how the linguistic chauvinism of the conquerors inflicts pain on the local people by taking away their
right to study or use their own language, making them aliens to their own culture.

About the Author

Alphonse Daudet (1840–1897) was a French short-story writer and novelist. He wrote his first poems and his first
novel at age 14. His health was long undermined by poverty and by the venereal disease that eventually cost him
his life.
One of the most iconic writers, almost all his novels are rooted in his life experiences, once in a while deviating
into the realms of fantasy. His many works include the story collection Monday Tales (1873), the play L’Arlésienne
(1872), the novels The Nabob (1877) and Sappho (1884).

Word Meanings

 pedestrian—a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go.  psychiatric—of or relating to the
study of mental illness.  deserted—abandoned; forsaken.  venture—to do something or go somewhere new and
dangerous, when you are not sure what will happen.  Tendency—an inclination to do something.  automated—
carried out by machines or computers without needing human control.

Summary

The Last Lesson is a story about the last day of school in the district of Alsace during the Franco-Prussian war. The
author narrates events about the year 1870, when France was captured by Prussian forces led Scan to know more
about
by Bismarck. There was a discontinuation of teaching French in districts of Lorraine and Alsace. this topic
The French teachers were ordered to leave.
The narration of this story is by a French boy, Franz. He hates his teacher M. Hamelin his school
and has no interest in studying French. When he learns one day that this shall be his last lesson
as his teacher is supposed to leave, he realises the importance of the subject which happens to The Last Lesson
be his mother tongue.
The school’s teacher, M. Hamel, makes his last lesson memorable, invoking patriotism in all the students and
village people present at the premises.
146 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Q. 8. Who is the narrator of the story?

A Multiple Choice Questions (a) Vincet Daudet (b) Joe
(c) Franz (d) M. Hamel
Q. 1. The order to teach only German in schools came Ans. Option (c) is correct
from
Explanation: Franz is the narrator of the story
(a) Lorraine (b) Alsace
Q. 9. What did M. Hamel bring for his class on his last day in
(c) France (d) Berlin
the school?
Ans. Option (d) is correct
(a) New pens (b) New notebooks
Explanation: The order to teach only German in the
(c) New books (d) Question papers
schools of Alsace and Lorraine came from Berlin.
Ans. Option (b) is correct
Q. 2. M. Hamel is heartbroken because
Explanation: M. Hamel brings new notebooks for
(a) He will retire tomorrow
his class on his last day in the school.
(b) He has to leave the country
(c) He has been expelled Q. 10. Who was walking up and down with his terrible iron
ruler under his arms?
(d) He has been insulted
Ans. Option (b) is correct (a) Franz (b) Wachter
Explanation: M. Hamel is heartbroken because (c) A villager (d) M. Hamel
he has to leave the country the next day. There Ans. Option (d) is correct
are orders that French shall no longer be taught in Explanation: M. Hamel was walking up and down
schools in Alsace and Lorraine. with his terrible iron ruler under his arms
Q. 3. Angelus refers to Q. 11. Whom did Franz see drilling in the open fields?
(a) Thanksgiving prayer (a) Prussian soldiers (b) French soldiers
(b) Prayer sung in a group (c) French rebellions (d) School teachers
(c) Roman catholic prayer Ans. Option (a) is correct
(d) Sound of church bell Explanation: Franz saw Prussian soldiers drilling in
Ans. Option (c) is correct the open fields
Explanation: Angelus refers to Roman Catholic Q. 12. In which language is the last lesson?
prayer (a) German (b) British
Q. 4. By profession, M. Hamel is a (c) American (d) French
(a) Teacher (b) Soldier Ans. Option (d) is correct
(c) Doctor (d) Priest Explanation: The last lesson was in French.
Ans. Option (a) is correct
Q. 13. It was in honour of this last lesson that he had
Explanation: M. Hamel is a devoted teacher in a
put on his fine Sunday-clothes . . . What does the
school in Alsace
‘Sunday-clothes’ in this extract refer to?
Q. 5. What homework had been given to Franz?
(a) The best dress that one has
(a) Learn tenses (b) Learn gerunds
(b) The dress he wears on Sundays
(c) Learn participles (d) Learn modals
(c) The dress that one keeps for holidays
Ans. Option (c) is correct
(d) The dress that one doesn’t want to wear
Explanation: M. Hamel had asked the class to learn
participles Ans. Option (a) is correct
Q. 6. The story, the last lesson, is written by Explanation: ‘Sunday-clothes’ is considered to be
(a) G. B. Shaw (b) William Faulkner the best dress that one has, and he uses it on special
(c) Alphonse Daudet (d) Rudyard Kipling occasions.
Ans. Option (c) is correct Q. 14. Which of the following statements is not true of M.
Explanation: The story, the last lesson, is written by Hamel?
Alphonse Daudet (a) He is devoted teacher
Q. 7. Who was reading the bulletin board? (b) He is a true patriot
(a) Wachter, the blacksmith (c) He is a strict disciplinarian
(b) His apprentice (d) He fails to highlight the beauty of their mother
tongue
(c) M. Hamel
Ans. Option (d) is correct
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation: In his last lesson, he highlights the
Ans. Option (d) is correct
beauty of their mother tongue by saying that it is
Explanation: Both Wachter, the blacksmith and his the key to their prison and their identity.
apprentice were reading the bulletin board
 Prose 147
Q. 15. Choose the option that lists the sequence of events (i) ‘Now those fellows out there will have the
in the correct order right to say to you, ‘How is it; you pretend to
(i) When I passed the town hall there was a crowd be Frenchmen, and yet you can neither speak
in front of the bulletin-board. nor write your own language’?
(ii) Oh, how sorry I was for not learning my (ii) ‘Your parents were never anxious enough to
lessons, for seeking birds’ eggs, or going sliding have you learn, instead they preferred to put
on the Saar! you to work on a farm or at the mills so as to
(iii) I had to open the door and go in before have a little more money’.
everybody. You can imagine how I blushed (a) (i) is the cause for (ii)
and how frightened I was. (b) (i) is an example of (ii)
(iv) All at once the church-clock struck twelve. (c) (i) is independent of (ii)
Then the Angelus. At the same moment the (d) (i) is a contradiction of (ii)
trumpets of the Prussians, returning from drill, Ans. Option (a) is correct
sounded under our windows. Explanation: It is because the people had postponed
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) ii, iv, i, iii learning their language that they would now be
(c) i, iii, ii, iv (d) iii, i, iv, ii mocked by the Prussian soldiers.
Ans. Option (c) is correct Q17. The story ‘The Last Lesson’ conveys the message
Explanation: When I passed the town hall, there that______________.
was a crowd in front of the bulletin board. I had (i) At times it is not bad to postpone doing things
to open the door and go in before everybody else. (ii) Mother tongue cannot keep identity intact
You can imagine how I blushed and how frightened (iii) It is unwise to postpone learning things
I was. Oh, how sorry I was for not learning my
(iv) Mother tongue is the key to freedom
lessons, for seeking birds’ eggs, or for going sliding
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
on the Saar! All at once, the church clock struck
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
twelve. Then there was Angelus. At the same
moment, the trumpets of the Prussians, returning Ans. Option (c) is correct
from drill, sounded under our windows. Explanation: The writer points out that it is unwise
Q16. Select the option that shows the correct relationship to postpone learning of things for some or the other
between statements (1) and (2) from All Summer reason and also that the only way to keep one’s
in a Day freedom intact is to keep the mother tongue alive.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (iii) What was the scene at the town hall?  [3]
follow: Ans. When Franz passed the town hall, there was
For a moment I thought ...... Prussian soldiers were a crowd in front of the bulletin board. For the
drilling. last two years, all the bad news has come from
(i) Who is the narrator of the story, and why there: the lost battles, the draft and the orders
does he think of running away?  [3] of the commanding officer.
(iv) What was more tempting to Franz rather than
Ans. Franz, a school-going boy, is the narrator of
going to school?  [3]
the story. He was in great dread of a scolding
because M. Hamel had said that he would Ans. Since Franz was late for school and was also
question participles that day, and Franz did not prepared with his participles, he found
not know the first word about them. Hence, the warm and bright weather more tempting
for a moment, he thought of running away than going to school. The birds chirping at the
and spending the day outside. edge of the woods and the Prussian soldiers’
drill were more interesting than the lessons in
(ii) What did the narrator notice that was unusual
the school.
about the school that day? [3]
(v) What was the news which was put up on the
Ans. Usually, when school began, there was a
bulletin board? [4]
great bustle, which could be heard out in
Ans. For the last two years, all bad news—the
the street: the opening and closing of desks,
lost battles, the draft, and the orders of the
lessons repeated in unison, and the teacher’s
commanding officer—was displayed on the
great ruler rapping on the table. But it was all
notice board. That day, the news that only
very still that day. Everything was as quiet as
German would be taught in schools of Alsace
Sunday morning. His classmates were already
and Lorraine was displayed, and this made
in their places. The teacher’s great ruler was the crowd gather there to read it.
under M. Hamel’s arm.
148 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that learning. On reaching school, he realises that
follow: he has lost the chance to learn his mother
I had to open the door ...... were beginning without you’. tongue and exclaims in shock, ‘My last French
(i) Why do you think Franz was frightened? [3] lesson’.
Ans. Franz was late for school that day. When (ii) What does the narrator feel sorry for? What
he reached the school, his classmates were truth dawns on Franz and the others present
already in their places, and M. Hamel was there?[3]
walking up and down with his terrible iron Ans. Franz is sorry that, all these years, he has
ruler under his arm. Also, he was unprepared been postponing learning. Instead of revising
for his lesson on participles, as was instructed and understanding his lessons, he had been
seeking birds’ eggs and going sliding on the
by his teacher. All of these made him dread his
Saar. The truth that dawns on them is how
teacher’s anger.
precious their mother tongue is to maintain
(ii) What did Franz notice about his teacher after individuality, tradition and culture.
he settled down in the class?  [3] (iii) Who does he say were his old friends? What
Ans. When Franz got a little over his fright, he saw makes him reflect so? [3]
that his teacher was wearing his beautiful Ans. Franz says that his books, his grammar, and
green coat, his frilled shirt, and the little black his history of the saints, which had seemed
silk cap, all embroidered. This was the dress such a nuisance a while ago and so heavy to
that he never wore except on inspection and carry, are now his old friends. The realisation
prize days. that his mother tongue would never be taught
(iii) Which thing surprised Franz the most? What again in the school came as a shock. In his own
else was unusual about the school that day? way, he understands that their mother tongue
[3] has become a victim of linguistic chauvinism.
Ans. The thing that surprised Franz the most was (iv) What makes Franz forget Hamel’s ruler?  [3]
that the village people were sitting quietly on Ans. The idea that his teacher, M. Hamel, was
the back benches of his class, which otherwise going away from the school as French would
remained empty on normal days. Another no longer be taught in the school and that
aspect unusual was that the school was the narrator would not see him again made
absolutely quiet as on a Sunday morning—no him forget all about his ruler and his cranky
nature.
closing of desks, no rapping of the ruler on
the table. (v) Why do you think Hamel is going away? 
[4]
(iv) What is the significance of the villagers
sitting at the back of the classroom?  [3] Ans. There was an order from Berlin to teach only
German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine.
Ans. The presence of the villagers in Mr. Hamel’s
The new master was supposed to arrive the
class on his last day at school was a reflection next day. M. Hamel was no longer required at
of their respect for their teacher. They had the school, and hence he has to leave.
come to the school to express their gratitude
Q. 4. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
for his forty years of devoted service. Also,
follow:
they had come to pay respect to the nation
Then, from one thing to another, ...... as if they had the key
that was no longer their own now.
to their prison.
(v) What changes did the order from Berlin
(i) What does M. Hamel say about French
cause in school?  [4] language?[3]
Ans. The order from Berlin brought life in the Ans. M. Hamel says that French is the most beautiful
school to a standstill. All the routine hustle- language in the world. He finds it the clearest
bustle in the school was missing. M. Hamel and the logical language. He further says that
taught his lessons with patience and became everyone must guard it and never forget it
more sympathetic towards his students. because when people are enslaved, as long as
The students became more attentive in their they hold fast to their language, it is as if they
classes. The villagers, who were sitting on the had the key to their prison.
empty back benches of the class, had come to (ii) Why does M. Hamel blame himself for
show their respect to M. Hamel. Franz’s ignorance?  [3]
Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that Ans. M. Hamel blames himself for Franz’s
follow: ignorance. He says with regret that he had
My last French lesson! Why, ...... old friends now that I often sent Franz to water his flowers instead
couldn’t give up. of insisting on learning his lessons. He further
(i) Who says, ‘My last French lesson’? Why does recollects that when he wanted to go fishing,
he say so? What is the central theme of the he unmindfully gave the children a holiday.
story?  [3] (iii) Why does M. Hamel blame Franz’s parents
Ans. Franz is a carefree and an easily distracted for his ignorance?  [3]
lad. He does not attach much attention to
 Prose 149
Ans. M. Hamel blames not only himself but also against the wall and, without a word, made a
Franz’s parents for his ignorance. He tells gesture for everyone to depart.
Franz that his parents were never anxious (ii) When did M. Hamel stand up?  [3]
enough to have him learn, instead they Ans. When the church clock struck twelve,
preferred to put him to work on a farm or at followed by the Angel, M. Hamel stood up
the mills so as to have a little more money. from his chair, looking very pale and tall. The
(iv) How was everyone quiet that day?  [3] trumpets of the Prussians sounded under
Ans. When everyone realised that this was their last their windows at the same moment.
lesson in French, their mother tongue, they (iii) What message does M. Hamel want to convey
were all in shock. This last lesson has turned by writing ‘Vive La Fance’!?  [3]
out to be their first lesson, for they suddenly Ans. The story conveys the message that it is never
realised that they were losing their identity, wise to neglect the learning of one’s mother
which until they had taken for granted. It tongue because it is only through our mother
was a matter of shame for them that being tongue that we can preserve our identity,
Frenchmen, they were unable to read or write culture and freedom. This message is clearly
French. conveyed when M. Hamel writes ‘Vive La
(v) Why do you think Franz found his lessons Fance’! on the blackboard in the last lesson.
easy that day? What is the central idea of the (iv) What life lesson do you learn from the story?
story?  [4] What is the central theme of the story?  [3]
Ans. To his amazement, Franz saw that he Ans. It is a human tendency to think that there is
understood French so well that day. Maybe
plenty of time to do things. Hence, we keep
it was because he had never listened to his
postponing the lessons of life, forgetting that
teacher so carefully, and probably the teacher
life is subject to change. The same happened
had never explained everything with so much
patience. That day, it seemed almost as if poor in the story. Learning French by the people
M. Hamel wanted to give his children all he was never a serious affair with them, and the
knew before going away and to put it all into sudden order to stop teaching French came as
their heads with one stroke. The central idea a sudden blow and a sad realisation to them.
is that our mother tongue is a part of our (v) How apt is the title of the story? What is the
identity and culture. irony involved in the title?  [4]
Q. 5. Read the Extract and answer the questions that Ans. The story revolves around the last lesson
follow: taught by M. Hamel. French would no
Ah, how well I remember it, ...... I never saw him look so longer be taught in the schools of Alsace and
tall. Lorraine. People have lost their chance to
(i) How can you say M. Hamel turned emotional hold on to their identity as they can neither
towards the end of the class?  [3] read nor write French, their mother tongue.
Ans. When the church clock struck twelve, M. Therefore, ‘The Last Lesson’ is apt for the story.
Hamel wanted to say something, but he was However, ironically, it becomes the first lesson
choked. He could not go on. Then he turned too because the importance of their mother
to the blackboard and wrote, ‘Vive La Fance!’ tongue dawns on them, stirring a spirit of
as large as he could. He then leaned his head patriotism and pride for their language.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that (ii) What did Franz notice after he settled down
follow: at the desk?  [3]
But nothing happened. M. Hamel ...... whole school Ans. When Franz settled down in his seat, he was
seemed so strange and solemn.
surprised to notice that M. Hamel was wearing
(i) What was Franz expecting to happen? What
his beautiful green coat, which he had never
happened instead?  [3]
worn except on inspection and prize days. He
Ans. Franz was expected to be prepared with
participles because M. Hamel had said that was also surprised to see the back benches
he would question them on participles. Franz being occupied by the village people.
did not know anything about participles. He (iii) Why does the whole school seem strange to
was afraid of being scolded by his teacher, M. Franz?  [3]
Hamel. When Franz entered, he was greatly
Ans. The usual bustle at the school was missing.
frightened, but nothing happened. M. Hamel
asked him kindly to occupy his seat. Everything was still and quiet. It looked like
150 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

a Sunday morning. M. Hamel spoke kindly to exceptionally quiet. The back benches, which
him and asked him to occupy his seat without usually remained vacant, were occupied by
scolding him. the villagers.
(iv) What did M. Hamel teach in school? What (ii) Who was sitting on the back benches of the
kind of teacher was he?  [3] class? Why were they in the class that day?
Ans. M. Hamel taught French at the school. He is [3]
portrayed as a devoted teacher. He was a strict Ans. The village people were sitting quietly on the
disciplinarian and a true patriot. Filled with a back benches of the class, which otherwise
deep sense of sorrow and regret, he tries to remained empty on normal days. They had
rouse patriotic feelings in the people of Alsace come to the school to express their gratitude
in his last lesson. for his forty years of devoted service. Also,
(v) What do you think about Franz? Does he like they had come to pay respect to the nation
going to school? What does he regret about that was no longer their own now.
the end? [4] (iii) What had Hauser brought with him to the
Ans. Franz was a carefree boy who was easily class?  [3]
distracted. He did not attach much importance Ans. Hauser had brought an old primer to the class
to learning. It looks like he did not like going that was thumbed at the edges. He held it
to school. On the day of the last lesson, he open on his knees, his great spectacles lying
was filled with dread as he had not revised across the pages.
his participle. Learning French was never a (iv) Who is M. Hamel? How did he treat his
serious affair for him. Sudden orders to stop students? What was different about him that
teaching French in schools came as a blow day?  [3]
and a sad realisation to him. He was a victim Ans. M. Hamel was a devoted teacher at a school
of procrastination and, hence, regretted not in Alsace who taught French. He seems to be
having learned his lessons when there was a strict disciplinarian. He was exceptionally
time. kind that day and filled with a deep sense of
Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that sorrow and regret. Instead of scolding Franz
follow: for not learning participles, he blamed himself
Everybody looked sad; and Hauser ...... this is the last and his parents for his ignorance.
lesson I shall give you . . .’ (v) Why does M. Hamel calls it the last lesson?
(i) Who is the narrator in the extract above? [4]
Whom is he talking about? What was strange Ans. The words, ‘My children, this is the last lesson
about the class that day? [3] I shall give you . . . ’ were unexpected and were
Ans. A little school-going boy, Franz is the like a thunderclap. He was shocked to know
narrator in the extract. The story is set in the that he had lost the chance to learn French.
background of the Franco- Prussian war. He is His innocent mind was filled with anger and
talking about the order from Berlin that French regret. He discovers a new love for his mother
would no longer be taught in the schools of tongue. Also, his heart is filled with respect for
Alsace and Lorraine. Everybody in the class his teacher.
looked sad that day, and M. Hamel was

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
A Multiple Choice Questions
(1 mark each)
Explanation: He had to recite rules of participle
(iii) The old men of the village sitting there in the back
(i) France was defeated by Prussian army led by: of the class room signified: [Analysis]
(a) they were happy to see the last of the French
[Recall]
teacher
(a) Lenin (b) Bismarck
(b) It was their way of thanking the master for his
(c) Hitler (d) Stalin
forty years of faithful service.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (c) showing their respect for the country that was
Explanation: History says the battle was fought theirs no more.
under Bismark. (d) they wanted to observe their children’s lessons
(ii) What lesson did Franz had to recite that day? Ans. Option (b) is correct.
[Recall]
Explanation: They wanted to show their gratitude
(a) Tenses (b) participles to the old teacher.
(c) voices (d) paraphrasing
 Prose 151
(iv) The copies distributed by the master looked like: Explanation: Germany could force people to forget
[Recall] their native language but they would not be able to
(a) Pigeons (b) paintings suppress the natural instincts.
(c) Flags (d) pamphlets (x) She puts off learning till tomorrow. What tendency
Ans. Option (c) is correct. of people is referred to here?  [Evaluation]
Explanation: they looked like flags. (a) procrastination
(v) it was funny to hear him that we all wanted to (b) dishonesty
laugh and cry” Who is the he? [Recall] (c) lack of patriotism
(a) Hamel (b) Hauser (d) forgetful nature
(c) Mayor (d) Post master Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: They postpone everything for
Explanation: The old man read from the primer tomorrow.
with tears in his voice
(vi) What activities did the boy regret doing after
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
bunking classes? [Recall]
(a) Watering the garden
Q. 1. Read the following extract from Alphonse
(b) Cycling along the streets Daudet’s story ‘The Last Lesson’ and answer the
(c) seeking birds’ eggs, or going sliding on the questions below:
Saar!
When I passed the town hall ...... “What can be the matter
(d) Sleeping now?”
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (i) What do you know about the setting of the story?
Explanation: He went in search of birds; eggs. [Recall][3]
(vii) And M. Hamel, too; the idea that he was going Ans. The Last Lesson is set during the times of Franco-
away, that I should never see him again, made Prussian War (1870-1871). France was defeated
Franz forget: [Understanding] by Prussia that consisted regions which are now
(a) His beatings and odd behaviour known as Germany, Poland and parts of Austria.
This story is of the time when the French districts
(b) His advice and boring lessons
of Alsace and Lorraine have passed into Prussian
(c) His way of teaching hands.
(d) None of the above
(ii) Who is the narrator? Why was he in a hurry? What
Ans. Option (a) is correct. is his present state of mind?
Explanation: Franz forgot the pain of the beatings [Understanding][3]
and the odd behaviour of the teacher. Ans. A French boy named Franz is the narrator of the
(viii) “Usually, when school began, there was a great story. He is scared as he is late for the school. He is
bustle, which could be heard out in the street.” Out nervous as he has to recite participles that day. He
also regrets the fact that he cannot run away and
of the following which action is NOT included in
spend his time outdoors
the bustle mentioned? [Analysis]
(iii) How is the morning described by the boy who
(a) the opening and closing of desks,
loves outdoors? What trait of the boy’s character is
(b) lessons repeated in unison, very loud evident at this point of time?
(c) the cawing of the crows
[Understanding and Analysis][3]
(d) and the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the
Ans. The morning is described warm and bright! The
table.
birds can be heard chirping at the edge of the
Ans. Option (c) is correct. woods. In the open field, the Prussian soldiers are
Explanation: Cawing of crows not mentioned doing their drills. These are much more tempting
anywhere. for Franz than the rule for participles. However,
(ix) Franz wondered if they would teach German he has the strength to resist the temptation, and
proceeds hurriedly to school.
to the pigeons. What is the significance of this
(iv) What does the boy think about the bulletin board?
remark?[Analysis]
[Recall][3]
(a) German is easy to learn
Ans. When the boy passed the town hall, he saw a crowd
(b) They want to make German universal language
in front of the bulletin-board. He reminisced that
(c) The pigeons would spread the message of the
the last two years all the bad news had come from
importance of German.
there; about the lost battles, the drafts prepared, the
(d) Whether the authority can forcibly take away orders of the commanding officer and many more.
the natural instinct This made him wonder, “What can be the matter
Ans. Option (d) is correct. now?”
152 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(v) What surprised the boy the most? How did he their lessons. And when he wanted to go fishing,
react?  [Recall and Analysis][4] he gave them a holiday.
Ans. Mr Hamel’s words that it was the last lesson he (iii) What were Hamel’s memorable words on mother
would give them, surprised the boy. It was like a tongue?[Recall][3]
thunderclap. There was this order from Berlin Ans. Hamel said French was beautiful. In fact, of all
to teach only German in the schools of Alsace the languages in the world, it was the clearest, the
and Lorraine. They were also informed the new most logical. They must guard it and never forget
master would come the next day. Then the master it, because even if a people are enslaved, as long as
requested them to be very attentive to their last they hold fast to their language “it is as if they had
French lesson. And all, including Franz were glued the key to their prison”.
to their work. (iv) What was the realisation that dawned on the
Q. 2. Read the following extract from Alphonse people present there? What shows you this? Why
Daudet’s story ‘The Last Lesson’ and answer the does this happen?  [Analysis][3]
questions below: Ans. The people realised how precious their language
“Then he opened a grammar ...... into our heads at one was to them. They had neglected it so long.
stroke.” However, when they came to know French would
(i) What had he said to Franz a little while ago? What be never taught, they felt the loss, of never having
did he say of procrastination? .” an opportunity to learn French. The children
[Recall and Analysis] [3] concentrated as never before; Mr Osler started
Ans. The teacher said to Franz, “I won’t scold you, little reading from a primer. Even as he choked and shed
Franz; you must feel bad enough. Then he talked tears, the children felt laughing and crying. This
about the dangers of procrastination. Every day happened because of procrastination; and also an
people think there is plenty of time and leave work apathy towards learning.
for the next day. The great trouble with Alsace is (v) Ah, how well I remember it, that last lesson!
“she puts off learning till tomorrow.” Now the Summarise the events in the class on the day of
others will have the right to say, ‘How is it; you the last lesson. [Evaluation][4]
pretend to be Frenchmen, and yet you can neither Ans. M. Hamel informed them about the last lesson.
speak nor write your own language?’ They had to learn German instead of French. He
(ii) Why did he not blame Franz or other children for talked to them about the beauty and importance
not learning French? [Analysis][3] of French. He made them do their work, gently
Ans. Hamel said even the parents as well as he himself without scolding. At last he stood up, stood up,
had to be blamed. It was not the fault of the very pale. He could not speak, so, he turned to the
children. Their parents were not anxious enough blackboard, took a piece of chalk, and wrote as large
to have them learn. They preferred to put them as he could — “Vive La France!” Then he stopped
to work on a farm or at the mills, so as to have a and leaned his head against the wall, and, without
little more money. As for him he had often sent the a word, he made a gesture to us with his hand —
children to water his flowers instead of learning “School is dismissed — you may go.”

Reflection
It serves as a reflection on the importance of one’s mother tongue. It also encourages reflection on the tendency of
people to postpone learning, thinking there is plenty of time for it.
1 Did you understand what importance our mother tongue holds to preserving our identity as citizens of our great
nation, India?
2 Do you realize how dangerous it can be to postpone things under the pretext that there is enough time to do it?


 SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER - 2
MM: 40 Maximum Time: 1 hour

SECTION A (b) The Distance of the school from her house

Choose the correct answers to the questions from (c) Her grandmother’s criticism regarding her
thin legs
the given options. (Do not copy the question; write
(d) Her inability to express thoughts
the correct answer only.) [10]
Q. 9. What does the police car ask Mead to do when he
Q. 1. What was the only similarity between Leacock and
goes out for a walk in the night?
his photograph?
(a) Put his hands crossed behind his head
(a) The eyes were almost the same
(b) Put his hands up
(b) The ears were almost the same
(c) Put his hands behind his back
(c) The nose was almost the same
(d) Put his hands inside his pocket
(d) The hair was almost the same
Q. 10. Why does Martin feel relieved about staying home
Q. 2. What does Mead’s ‘brightly lit’ house tell us about
with the broken leg?
him?
(a) He will not have to climb up the stairs
(a) He is more alive than other people in the city
(b) He will be able to avoid the elevator now
(b) He keeps awake all night
(c) He shall not have to go to the school now
(c) He doesn’t like darkness in his house
(d) He shall not be bullied in the school now
(d) He likes to disturb other people
SECTION B
Q. 3. Who is the author of the lesson ‘the last lesson’?
(a) Ama Ata Aidoo Q. 1. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
(b) Alphonse Daudet follow:[16]
(c) Stephen Leacock He was only in ....... and I kept still.
(d) Robert Frost (i) How was the lighting in the inner room of the
Q. 4. On what floor does the fat lady get off the elevator studio?  [3]
for the second time? (ii) What is the machine mentioned in the extract
(a) 17th floor above? [3]
(b) 10th floor
(iii) Why did Leacock assume that the photographer
(c) 4th floor
was praying? [3]
(d) 18th floor
(iv) Do you think the photographer took more than the
Q. 5. What does the ‘gleaming cup’ symbolise?
normal time to click the photograph? Give reasons
(a) Pride
for your answer.  [3]
(b) Dominance
(c) Achievement (v) What angered the author?  [4]
(d) Wealth Q. 2. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
Q. 6. Which magazine did Leacock read while waiting follow:[16]
at the studio? Nana would just laugh. ....... This time it was different’.
(a) Invention and discoveries (i) Whose legs are being talked about? Why is Nana
(b) Science fiction so sarcastic about the legs?  [3]
(c) Indian cuisine
(ii) Why was running different this time for the
(d) Infants journal
speaker?  [3]
Q. 7. From where did the order to teach only German in
(iii) What did the speaker achieve by running this
the schools of Alsace and Loraine come from?
time? [3]
(a) Turkey
(b) Rrussia (iv) How did Nana react to the speaker’s achievement?
(c) Gemany [3]
(d) Berlin (v) How does the story portray the generation gap
Q. 8. What is the serious problem that Adjoa mentions between Nana and the speaker?  [4]
in the story, ‘the girl who can’? Q. 3. Read the Extract and answer the questions that
(a) The relationship between Nana and her follow:
mother
154 Oswaal ISC Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Martin’s father worked at ....... But he didn’t get (iii) What does Martin’s father think of him? [3]
used to it. (iv) Why does Martin’s father get angry at him?  [3]
(i) Who was Martin? Why was he out of breath?  [3] (v) How is the relationship of Martin with his father?
(ii) Why do you think Martin did not take the elevator? [4]
[3]

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Poetry 155
 Treasure Chest : Collection of Poems

CHAPTER

1
HAUNTED
HOUSES

—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Learning Objectives
The
 students will be able to : To delve deeply into the theme and message of the poem.
To
 note how the literary devices enhance the poem.
To understand the deviation between the traditional depiction of haunted houses and ghosts in other pieces of literature and

in this poem.
To evaluate the philosophical angle towards the end.


About the Poet

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–82) is one of the most celebrated literary figures of the nineteenth century.
Born in Portland, Maine, New England, he developed a love for literature and languages. He began his career
as a professor of modern languages. He later held positions at Harvard University, where he taught modern
languages and literature. He was the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's ‘Divine Comedy’ into English.
Longfellow’s poetry gained international acclaim for its lyricism and themes of love, nature and American history.
Some of his famous works include ‘Paul Revere's Ride’, ‘The Song of Hiawatha’ and ‘Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie’,
which are living proofs of his uncanny ability to capture the spirit of the times and convey universal themes.
Longfellow received numerous honours during his lifetime. He is the first American poet to have a bust in Poet's
Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He also had a U.S. commemorative postage stamp issued in his honour.

About the Poem

‘Haunted Houses’ is a reflective poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It explores the idea

Scan to know more
that houses where people have lived and died retain a sense of haunting. The poem suggests about
that these houses are inhabited by ‘harmless phantoms ’, intangible and quiet spirits that this topic

move through the spaces with a sense of purpose. Despite the absence of human occupants,
the houses continue to host a presence, and unseen forms seem to come and go through the
open doors and passages. These spirits represent the memories of those living in the house,
thereby establishing a connection between the past and the present. Haunted Houses

Summary
Longfellow’s poem is reflective and affirms that all houses where people have lived and died are haunted. The
strangers in the house cannot perceive the spirits, but to those familiar with the place, the ghosts are visible.
The poem emphasises the continuity of life beyond the physical, with the spirits of those who once lived in the
house; even in death, these spirits retain a connection to the places they inhabit. These houses are not solely
the property of the living; instead, they hold a spiritual connection to the past, even in the absence of legal
 Poetry 157
ownership or titles to the property. The spirit-world, described as an atmosphere, surrounds the world of the
living. The poem concludes with a metaphorical image of a bridge of light connecting the two realms. This bridge
serves as a metaphor for the mysterious connection between the tangible and intangible aspects of existence.
In essence, ‘Haunted House’" reflects the coexistence of the living and the dead, suggesting that houses retain the
imprints and memories of past lives; the spiritual presence transcends time and connects different generations.

Explanation of the Poem

Stanzas 1 and 2
All houses wherein men have lived and died Words Meanings
Are haunted houses. Through the open doors
 Guests—(here) ghosts  Illuminated hall—our sub-
The harmless phantoms on their errands glide,
conscious mind  Thronged—crowded  Inoffensive—

With feet that make no sound upon the floors. harmless  Perceives—feels
We meet them at the door-way, on the stair, Explanation : The guests, in the form of quiet,
harmless invisible ghosts, are more in number than

Along the passages they come and go,
the hosts around the dining table. They are as silent
Impalpable impressions on the air, as the pictures on the wall. The stranger at the
A sense of something moving to and fro. fireside cannot see their forms or hear the sounds
made by them as the narrator does. However, he
can perceive their presence. He may be aware of
Words Meanings our current state but we are vividly aware of our
 Haunted—deeply influenced and replete with memo- history and the multitude of influences that lend us
added perceptions and feelings.
ries of the inhabitants of the past  Open doors—vulner-
Stanzas 5 and 6
ability or openness in our lives  Harmless phantoms:
ghostly figures who do not hurt anyone. They are mem- We have no title-deeds to house or lands;
ories and impressions  Errands—(here-the purposes Owners and occupants of earlier dates
or reasons for influencing our lives)  Glide—move From graves forgotten stretch their dusty hands,
smoothly and silently, Indicates the subtle influences And hold in mortmain still their old estates.
they have on the living  Impalpable—difficult to feel or The spirit-world around this world of sense
grasp. Elusive nature of memories. Floats like an atmosphere, and everywhere
Wafts through these earthly mists and vapours dense
Explanation: The poet of ‘Haunted Houses’ firmly
A vital breath of more ethereal air.
believes that all houses where men have lived and
died are haunted, not in the horrific sense but in
a gentle and intangible way. The harmless ghosts
Words Meanings
glide through the doorways, staircase and passages
without making any sound, intent on fulfilling  Title—deeds-claims or rights to ownership  Mort-
their errands. They are without substance and main—estate papers  Ethereal—pure
hence outside our grasp. However, we can feel
them moving to and fro, due to the imperceptible Explanation: The living survivors have no legal
movements of the air. They are, in fact, the indelible documents of ownership of the houses. They are
marks or influence left by the people whom held by the dead ancestors who are holding their
we interact with in life. They leave subtle but hands from their forgotten graves. They move
meaningful imprints on us. around like an atmosphere, and through it a vital
breath of purer air comes out. In other words, the
Stanzas 3 and 4
ethereal life breathes into our perceptions, a wider
There are more guests at table than the hosts understanding that enriches our experience.
Invited; the illuminated hall Is Stanzas 7 and 8
thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts, Our little lives are kept in equipoise
By opposite attractions and desires;
As silent as the pictures on the wall.
The struggle of the instinct that enjoys,
The stranger at my fireside cannot see And the more noble instinct that aspires.
The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear; These perturbations, this perpetual jar
He but perceives what is; while unto me Of earthly wants and aspirations high,
Come from the influence of an unseen star
All that has been is visible and clear.
An undiscovered planet in our sky.
158 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

A bridge of light, connecting it with this,

Words Meanings O'er whose unsteady floor, that sways and bends,
Wander our thoughts above the dark abyss.
 Equipoise—balance, equilibrium  Perturbations—
A floating bridge of light-connecting two worlds.
disturbances  Perpetual—long-lasting  Jar—a contain-
er of the memories and experiences of individuals Light stands for enlightenment.

Explanation: Our lives are balanced by equal Words Meanings

opposing forces of our desires and attractions.
They strike a balance between our basic instincts  Abyss—deep unchartered territory, deep unfathomed
and high aspirations. We are made of instincts of sea
mortal life, which give us enjoyment as well as
Explanation : The moon throws a bridge of light
higher aspirations of spirituality. Some people we
encounter may pull us into a world of material across the sea establishing a close connection with
pleasures whereas some may pull us into a higher the sky and the sea. Our imaginations haunt the
level of thinking and spiritual experiences. They area trying to unravel the dark mystery. Similarly,
may be unseen and mysterious but they guide our from the world of the spirit descends a bright
inner beings. light that binds us with the insubstantial forms of
Stanzas 9 and 10 the dead souls that surround us. The dead never
And as the moon from some dark gate of cloud really die; they live within and around us, as fond
Throws o’er the sea a floating bridge of light, memories and experiences. In short, past influences
Across whose trembling planks our fancies crowd are guiding lights that can shape our journey. As
Into the realm of mystery and night,— we navigate through our lives, our decisions and
So from the world of spirits there descends feelings are continuously marked by those who
have left an indelible impact on us.

Critical Appraisal
There are several figures of speech that contribute to the poem's vivid imagery and overall impact. Here are some
examples:
1. Metaphor:
• Haunted Houses: The entire poem is an extended metaphor. The houses themselves are not literally haunted
by ghosts; rather, they symbolise the lingering memories and impressions of past inhabitants. They are our
bodies, the containers of impressions of people from the past.
2. Personification:
• Harmless phantoms on their errands glide: The phantoms are personified by suggesting that they have
‘errands’, giving them a sense of purpose or direction.
3. Simile:
• Silent ghosts are compared to pictures on walls—as silent as
• Floats like an atmosphere: The spirit-world is likened to an atmosphere, using a simile to convey the idea
that it surrounds the tangible world like air surrounds the Earth.
4. Symbolism:
• Bridge of light: The bridge of light is a symbolic representation of the connection between the world of spirits
and the earthly realm. It symbolises a pathway or a link between the seen and the unseen.
5. Assonance:
• Above the dark abyss: The repetition of the short ‘a’ sound in ‘above’ and ‘abyss’ is an example of assonance,
creating a rhythmic and melodic quality.
6. Imagery:
• The stranger at my fireside cannot see/The forms I see: The use of visual imagery helps convey the idea that
the speaker perceives something that is invisible to others.
7. Metonymy:
• Bridge of light: The ‘bridge of light’ is a metonym for the connection or pathway between the spirit-world
and the world of the living.
These figures of speech contribute to the poem's richness and depth, helping to explore the themes of
memory, the spirit-world and the connections between different realms of existence.
 Poetry 159

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

Ans. Option (c) is correct.

A Multiple Choice Questions Explanation: The poet says that the moon ‘throws
o’er the sea a floating bridge of light’.
Q. 1. What are the inoffensive ghosts in the ‘Haunted Q. 8. The central idea of the poem ‘Haunted House‘ is---
Houses’ compared to? : ----------:
(a) zombies in the halls (a) mortality of humans
(b) pictures on the walls (b) immortality of souls
(c) cobwebs in the corners (c) impermanence of desires
(d) flowers in the vases (d) permanence of the body
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The ghosts are compared to ‘pictures Explanation: The bodies die but the souls of the
on the walls’. ‘dead’ are always with us in our subconscious
Q. 2. ‘The stranger at my fireside cannot see/The forms minds.
I see’,-Who is the narrator of ‘Haunted Houses’? Q. 9. The themes of the poem ‘Haunted Houses’ are----
(a) a ghost (a) the eerie ghosts and their impact on the living
(b) a living person (b) the transience of the material and the
(c) an unknown guest permanence of the spiritual
(d) a disinterested watcher (c) life in the world of living and the underworld
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (d) insubstantial mortals and the substantial dead
Explanation: Narrator is one of the living characters Ans. Option (b) is correct.
who is able to see and hear the spirits. Explanation: The material body decays but the soul
Q. 3. ‘We have no title-deeds to house or lands’; ‘The lives on.
title deeds’ mentioned in the ‘Haunted Houses’ Q. 10. The ultimate significance of the ghosts is to show
bring in a sense of : that:
(a) ethereal quality (b) philosophy (a) past is always overshadowing the present
(c) materialism (d) None of the above (b) past is aggressively dominating over the
Ans. Option (c) is correct. present
Explanation: Title deeds are legal documents to (c) past has lost its significance
prove the ownership of the houses. (d) past has a profound and silent influence on the
Q. 4. The spirit world around the world of senses float present
like: Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) soft breeze (b) environment Explanation: The ghosts, symbolising our past,
(c) atmosphere (d) shimmering cloth are silent but function as a strong influence on the
Ans. Option (c) is correct. living.
Explanation: The world of the spirit is said to be Q. 11. According to the poem, how are the ghosts
making a spiritual atmosphere around the world of described as they move through the house?
the living. (a) noisily and disruptively
Q. 5. “our lives are kept in equipoise by opposite--------- (b) with feet that make no sound
--------and ---------------"[Haunted Houses] (c) stomping loudly on the floors
(a) reactions (b) desires (d) dancing gracefully in the air
(c) aspirations (d) attractions Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Explanation: The poem describes the ghosts as
Explanation: The exact words to be inserted are ‘harmless phantoms on their errands glide, with
attractions and desires. feet that make no sound upon the floors’.
Q. 6. What is the unseen celestial body mentioned? Q. 12. The impression left by the harmless phantoms are
(a) The Sun (b) The Moon ------------
(c) The Planet (d) The Pole Star (a) palpable (b) intangible
(c) tangible (d) none of the above
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The planet in general is mentioned by
Explanation: According to the poet, the harmless
the poet. No particular star is mentioned.
phantoms leave ‘an impalpable impressions on the
Q. 7. According to Longfellow, what does the moon air’.
throw over the sea? Q. 13. Which two realms are connected by the ‘bridge of
(a) a veil of light (b) a blanket of light light’?
(c) a bridge of light (d) a sheet of sunshine (a) earth and heaven
160 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(b) heart and soul Q. 17. Which of the following is not true in regard to
(c) the world of spirit and the world of present Longfellow’s ‘Haunted Houses’?
(d) heaven and hell (a) the phantoms move softly and smoothly
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (b) the theme of the poem is unconventional
Explanation: The poet says that the moon ‘throws (c) the speaker cannot hear or see the ghosts
o’er the sea a floating bridge of light’ through which (d) the house throngs with memories
he conveys that the World of Spirit is connected Ans. Option (b) is correct.
with the World of the Living. Explanation: The theme of the poem deviates from
Q. 14. What does mortmain stand for in ‘Haunted the general perception of haunted houses.
Houses’? Q. 18. According to Longfellow, what brings balance in
(a) legal document human life?
(b) grip of the past (a) inequity
(c) death and end of deed (b) opposing forces
(d) a living memory (c) verisimilitude of attitudes
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (d) mind and matter
Explanation: When an organisation owns a piece Ans. Option (b) is correct.
of land that will never pass to another owner, it is
Explanation: Opposing forces of material and
called mortmain or dead hand.
spiritual bring balance in life.
Q. 15. ‘Vital breath of more ethereal air’
Q. 19. The ghosts cannot be invited to the dining table as
represents------------
(a) they disturb the diners
(a) the last gasp of the dying person
(b) they create horror
(b) new beginnings
(c) they are only memories and emotions
(c) spiritual influence
(d) they are insignificant
(d) earthly ties
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The ghosts in the poem are symbolic
Explanation: Through the breath of air that comes
of our memories of the past.
from the spirit world, the spirits make their presence
Q. 20. ‘The veil of air partially lifted to let in breeze’
felt in a subtle and gentle manner.
symbolises:
Q. 16. Longfellow’s portrayal of the ghosts is :[AI]
(a) supernatural visitations
(a) traditional (b) unusual
(b) breath of fresh air
(c) unpredictable (d) unimaginative
(c) dreams that visit in sleep
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(d) nightmares
Explanation: Unlike the horrible images of ghosts
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
traditionally portrayed in literature and tales,
Explanation: The breeze denotes supernatural
Longfellow portrays ghosts as gentle spirits of our
influences.
ancestors.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the following extract from the poem ‘Haunted others. The mention of doorways, stairs and
House’ by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and passages in the poem symbolises the pervasive
answer the questions that follow: presence of ghosts, emphasising their ability to
move freely and unpredictably throughout the
We meet them ....... moving to and fro.
entire house.
(i) Who are referred to as they? Where are they
(iii) Bring out the meaning of ‘Impalpable
encountered? What is the relevance of the
impressions on the air’.  [3]
place?[3]
Ans. Since the ghosts are insubstantial spirits, they
Ans. They are the harmless ghosts. They are in the
cannot be touched or felt by the living. The
house, which is described as haunted by the movement of the air as they move across can
poet Longfellow. The place is relevant because be an indication of their presence. The phrase
the house is thronged by the spirits of the ‘impalpable impressions on the air’ highlights
ancestors who occupied them while they were the elusive nature of memories and influences.
alive. Symbolically, it means our bodies which
(iv) What sense of perception is alluded to in the
inhabit strong memories.
last line of the extract? Why is it used here?
(ii) What is the significance of mentioning  [3]
doorways, stair and passages?  [3]
Ans. There is no concrete presence, only a vague
Ans. The spirits are said to be moving everywhere sense of something impalpable moving up and
in the house. One can perceive them walking down, a paranormal experience. This is because
through the doorways, staircase and the they are actually the memories attached to
passages, ever so silently without disturbing
 Poetry 161
their activities when alive. This is to show that presence. But the speaker can actually see
the survivors carry their memories in their and hear the ghosts as he has been personally
subconscious minds and feel an invisible bond attached to their living memories and
with them. experiences.
(v) How does the poet Longfellow introduce the (v) Explain the extended metaphor in the poem.
main concept of the poem? What is unusual [4]
about the introduction? In what way is the Ans. The poem ‘Haunted Houses’ is an extended
poem a deviation from the accepted belief of metaphor implying the living as the holder of
haunted houses? [4] all the past history and memories of all those
Ans. The poet lends an emphatic touch while ancestors who lived and died. They shape the
affirming that all houses are haunted. The lives and ethos of the characters they leave
main concept of the poem is that the dead behind. Their presence is felt in the illuminated
never ‘die’. They live in our memories guiding hall and they give company at the table. Our
our instincts which shape us. The idea is
traditions and values are derived from the
unusual as opposed to the traditional concept
ancestors, and they continue to influence our
of haunted houses inhabiting vengeful and
horrifying spirits that are blood thirsty, ready activities.
to pounce upon the intruders. Longfellow’s Q. 3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that
haunted houses are inhabited by ‘inoffensive follow.
phantoms’ who walk silently doing their Our little lives are kept in equipoise
errands. They are gentle reminders of our past. By opposite ....... planet in our sky.
Q. 2. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that (i) Bring out the meaning of the first stanza of
follow. the given extract.  [3]
There are more guests ....... pictures on the wall. Ans. Longfellow brings out the human perspective
(i) Where is the table set? Why are there more as opposed to the spiritual in the earlier lines.
guests than hosts?  [3] In human nature, there is a tug of war between
Ans. The table is set in the haunted house described our desires and attractions. They have to fight
by the poet Longfellow. The guests are joined against their primal nature to attain higher
by spirits of all the ancestors who had lived in aspirations. Ghosts are better off than the living
beings as they do not fall into temptations of
the house for generations together. So, there is
the material world; they are the enlightened
bound to be more guests at the table than the
ones.
hosts.
(ii) What is meant by perturbations and ‘perpetual
(ii) Explain the meaning of “the illuminated hall
jar’?  [3]
Is thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts,”
Ans. Perturbations are the disturbances brought
[3]
about in our lives by conflicting thoughts
Ans. Longfellow alludes to the well-lit hall of
and desires. The constant desire for material
the haunted house where the ghost spirits
gains is in conflict with noble attainment of
join the hosts as guests in their invisible
spirituality. The jar of greed is filled with the
form. Although they are innumerable, they
desires for earthly pleasures and fame.
are absolutely quiet and do not cause any
disturbance. Symbolically, the illuminated hall (iii) Why are we affected by these perturbations?
is our mind charged with the memories of the What can bring about the superior state of
dead. mind?  [3]
(iii) What is the figure of speech used in the last Ans. The humans undergo perturbations because
line of the given extract? Explain. Mention they are influenced by unexplored stars or
another example of similar comparison from planets. They are torn between their material
the poem. [3] desires as opposed to higher level of thoughts
Ans. The last line refers to the spirits as silent as that bring spiritual enlightenment. The spirits
the pictures on the wall. The figure of speech from the other ‘atmosphere’ bridge the gap
is a simile in which two different things are with their constant presence.
compared to each other with the use of the (iv) What is the metaphysical aspect reflected in
word ‘as’. This creates a word picture. A similar the last stanza of the extract?  [3]
simile can be seen when the poet compares the Ans. In this stanza, imagination is connected to
spirit world encompassing the world of sense the supernatural world in a seamless manner.
like an atmosphere. The world of thoughts and feelings in our
(iv) In the stanza following the given extract, the minds is connected to the world of spirits. The
speaker brings out a difference between him unseen stars and planets are the influences
and the stranger. What is the difference? [3] either unknown to man or above his realm of
Ans. In the following stanza of the poem, the poet understanding.
says ‘The stranger at my fireside cannot see/ (v) What is the symbolic significance of the
The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear’; poem? [4]
he can only get a vague sense of the ancestral Ans. On the face of it, the poem ‘Haunted Houses’
describes the ghosts inhabiting the house
162 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

they lived in. However, the house portrays enabling us to achieve better understanding.
our mind, the ‘illuminated hall’, in which (iv) Discuss the emotional or psychological
memories throng and emotions pulsate. implications of the phrase ‘Wander our
The ghosts are gentle impulses, which guide thoughts’ in relation to the bridge of light.
our instincts and values. They are constant How does it reflect the theme of the poem? [3]
reminders of our history and ancestry. They Ans. The phrase ‘Wander our thoughts’ implies a
act as a bridge to higher aspirations or spiritual sense of exploration and contemplation. In the
experiences. context of the bridge of light, it suggests that
Q. 4. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that the speaker’s thoughts have the freedom to
follow. explore the spiritual realm, moving beyond
So from the world ....... above the dark abyss. the constraints of the material world. This
(i) A bridge of light is mentioned in the previous reflects the theme of the poem, which explores
stanza of the given extract. Bring out the the interaction between the tangible and
comparison.  [3] intangible and the seen and unseen.
Ans. The previous stanza mentions a floating bridge (v) Comment on the ending of the poem.  [4]
of light thrown by the moon from some dark Ans. The ending of ‘ Haunted Houses’ presents
gate of cloud. This bridge illuminates a small a metaphorical image of a ‘bridge of light’
area of the sea that makes us long inquisitive, connecting the world of spirits and the realm
and we desire to explore into its mysteries. The of the living. This adds a layer of mystery
bridge is a connection between the dark sky and transcendence to the poem. This bridge
and the deep sea. The moon has always been becomes a powerful metaphor for the
a mystery to the poets, and it amply brings out mysterious and often unseen influences that
the mystification of our minds. exist beyond the physical world. It encourages
(ii) Why is the bridge having unsteady floor? readers to contemplate the unseen forces that
What does it signify? [3] shape our spiritual thoughts.
Ans. The bridge is made of of moonlight that floats
on the waves of the sea;. hence, it keeps
moving unsteadily along with the rise and fall
Commonly Made Errors
of waves. The poet has used this imagery to
highlight the mystery of spirituality blending Students may not be able to infer the hidden
with the unknown mystery of life. As our meanings and symbolism in the poem. Along
imagination or fancy floats on the illuminated with the apparent meaning of the lines, they
area, our swaying thoughts and feelings blend should focus on the underlying meaning.
with the world of spirits.
(iii) What is the ‘dark abyss’?  [3]
Ans. Abyss is the deep unchartered territory of the Answering Tips
unknown aspects of our lives, a seemingly
infinite space of afterlife. It is the mysterious Read the poem thoroughly and reflect upon
and unseen realm that separates the world of the theme and suggested ideas in their obvious
the living from the world of spirits. The memory sense as well as the hidden ideas. These
of the past and the lessons learned from it can metaphysical aspects should be included in the
definitely act as a beacon of light that arouses answers.
our desires to dwell into unknown mysteries

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the poet's use of "Haunted Houses" as our ancestors, and they continue to influence our
a metaphor for ancestral memories show how the activities.
past shapes present values, and what does this Q. 2. How does the poet's different view of "haunted
reveal about the poet's skill in exploring memory, houses" change traditional ideas, and what does
tradition, and identity? this show about the poet's ability to create fresh
Ans. The title ‘Haunted Houses’ is an extended metaphor. perspectives on memory and identity?
It is haunted by memories, not by vengeful spirits.
Value Points
The living are the holders of all the past history and
memories of all those ancestors who lived and died. Dead never die-live as memories-guide us-add
They live on shaping the character and ethos of the value to life-this in contrast to horrifying images
ones they leave behind. Their presence is felt in of conventional ghosts.
the illuminated hall, giving them company at the Ans. The poet uses the word haunted in a different
table; our traditions and values are derived from sense. The main concept of the poem is that
 Poetry 163
the dead never ‘die’. They live in our memories Q. 4. How does the poet use "Haunted Houses" for the
guiding our instincts which shape us. The idea is mind and its ties to memories and values, and what
unusual as opposed to the traditional concept of does this show about the poet's skill in expressing
haunted houses inhabiting vengeful and horrifying
complex ideas?
spirits that are bloodthirsty, ready to pounce upon
the intruders. Longfellow’s haunted houses are Value Points
inhabited by ‘inoffensive phantoms’ who walk
Ghosts walk silently-they live their life-house is
silently doing their errands. They are gentle
mind-memories pulsate-reminders of ancestry-
reminders of our past.
bridge to higher aspirations.
Q. 3. How does the poet's "bridge of light" enhance the
poem's theme of mystery and transcendence, and Ans. On the face of it, the poem ‘Haunted Houses’
what does this reveal about the poet's ability to describes the ghosts inhabiting the house they
provoke thought on spiritual influences? lived in. They wait and walk unobtrusively without
Ans. The ending of ‘Haunted Houses’ presents a disturbing anyone. They are a comforting presence.
metaphorical image of a ‘bridge of light’ connecting More importantly, the house portrays our mind, the
the world of spirits and the realm of the living. This ‘illuminated hall’, in which memories throng and
adds a layer of mystery and transcendence to the
emotions pulsate. The ghosts are gentle impulses
poem. This bridge becomes a powerful metaphor
for the mysterious and often unseen influences which guide our instincts and values. They are
that exist beyond the physical world. It encourages constant reminders of our history and ancestry.
readers to contemplate the unseen forces that shape The act as a bridge to higher aspirations or spiritual
our thoughts of the spiritual aspect. experiences.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(iv) What, according to Longfellow does the envelope
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
around our world contain?  [Analysis]
(a) Malevolent Ghosts (b) Pure Ether
(c) Benevolent Spirits (d) Vacuum
(i) Longfellow’s ‘Haunted Houses’ is a poem that
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
deals with: [Understanding]
(a) Halloween figures (b) Ghastly figures Explanation: The envelope around the atmosphere
contains kind spirits of our ancestors.
(c) Gentle ghosts (d) Dead spirits
(v) Which of the following facts is NOT mentioned in
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
the poem?  [Understanding]
Explanation: They are invisible phantoms as silent
(a) Dark abyss
as pictures going about their errands without
harming others. (b) A bridge of light
(c) Harmless phantoms
(ii) Which of the following options contains the
(d)  Rainbow
figure of speech that appears in the following
lines: “as the moon from some dark gate of cloud Ans. Option is (d) correct.
Throws o’er the sea a floating bridge of light,” Explanation: Except for rainbow all the other
 [Application] options are mentioned in the poem
(a) The tangled bine-stems scored the sky (vi) The illuminated hall is a metaphor for our:
(b) Child is the father of the man [Analysis]
(c) Up above the world so high/like a diamond in (a) heart (b) brain
the sky (c) intellect (d) mind
(d) He is a lion in the battlefield Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: The hall symbolically presents our
Explanation: Both are examples of similes. With mind or consciousness.
words such as ‘as’ and ‘like’ comparisons are made. (vii) According to the poet, our little lives are kept in
(iii) The Haunted Houses presents a scene of : equipoise by what? [Recall]
[Understanding] (a) Contrasting expectations and realities
(a) Repose (b) Horror (b) Opposite attractions and desires
(c) Eerie hall (d) Terror (c) Desire for immortality and mortality
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (d) Pleasures and pain
Explanation: It suggests a calm, eerie stillness within Ans. Option (b) is correct.
the unsettling atmosphere of the haunted setting.
164 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Explanation: There is a conflict between material in the dining hall, on the stairways, and in the
desires and spiritual aspirations in human mind. doorways and corridors unobtrusively, attending
(viii) What are described as ‘As silent as the pictures on to their duties without causing any disturbance.
the wall’? [Recall] (iii) Mention any three descriptions to show the house
(a) Statues of the illumined hall is haunted by harmless ghosts?
(b) Inoffensive ghosts [Understanding]
(c) Invisible hosts Ans. It is said that through the open doors, the ‘harmless
(d) Shadows of eerie creatures phantoms’ glide doing their errands, and there
Ans. Option (b) is correct. are more invisible and silent spirits marking
Explanation: The inoffensive and quiet ghosts are their presence around the table. Moreover, the
compared to silent pictures on the wall. illuminated hall throngs with quiet inoffensive
(ix) The title of the poem is a bit misleading because: ghosts silent as the pictures on the wall.
[Understanding] (iv) How is the poem different from the other poems of
(a) It is an oxymoron the typical ghost genre? [Evaluation]
(b) It is about eerie ghosts Ans. Unlike other poems that deal with horrible spectres
(c) It is about gentle phantoms thirsting for revenge, Longfellow’s ‘Haunted
(d) It is about a horrific house House’ is full of gentle, comforting ghosts that
move around their beloved progeny in the familiar
Ans. Option (c) is correct. environment they spent their lives for so many
Explanation: Unlike the other writings on haunted years. Their love and care and the desire not to
houses, the ghosts of this particular house are not interfere with the life of the present generation is
blood thirsty or horrific. made evident by the poet. The message is that our
(x) Which of the following expresses an idea similar loved ones always are with us in our memories and
to the lines quoted? ‘As silent as the pictures on their presence is often felt even if they have left
the wall.” [Analysis] their physical forms.
(a) Tossing their heads in sprightly dance (v) What is the mood created by the poet in the last
lines of the stanza? Comment on the tone.
(b) My love is a Red, Red rose
[Analysis and Evaluation]
(c) I wandered lonely as a cloud
Ans. The mood created is of spirituality. Our world
(d) Cold as a tomb
of senses is surrounded by “A vital breath of
Ans. Option (d) is correct. more ethereal air.” The tone is reverential, highly
Explanation: Both the expressions describe the state philosophical, and comforting to our minds and
of inanimate objects and contain simile. souls, as we feel enveloped by their gentle and
caring presence. It offers a contrast between the

B Extract Based Questions

transient material and permanent spiritual. It
(3 & 4 marks each) adds a sense of mystery as the tangible world gets
connected with the intangible.
Q. 1. Read the following extract from Longfellow’s Q. 2. Read the following extract from Longfellow’s
‘Haunted Houses’ and answer the questions that ‘Haunted Houses’ and answer the questions that
follow: follow:
The spirit world around ...... breath of more ethereal air. So from the world of ....... above the dark abyss.
(i) Who is the narrator of the poem?  [Recall] (i) What words does the poet use in the given stanza
What is exactly the haunted house? to create a sense of permanence?
 [Understanding] [3] [Understanding]
Ans. The narrator of the poem is poet himself. He may In what way do the ghosts make their house their
be imagining himself as a ghost who is able to see own despite forsaking the physical world?
the other ghosts or he may be the living progeny [Recall] [3]
of the family who is able to feel the ghosts of his Ans. The poet uses an extended metaphor of a bridge
ancestors around him. As he is a close member of of light connecting the spiritual world with the
the family, the memories of his dead ancestors are physical world. This bridge of light hovers above
palpable for him unlike the others present who are the confused feelings related to material aspects
not aware of the ghosts surrounding them as they of life and aspirations of future. The ghosts move
have no connect with the past. around the house with ease and familiarity going
about their chores in a silent and quiet way.
(ii) How does the narrator describe the haunted
house?  [Recall] [3] (ii) “A bridge of light, connecting it with this, “Bring
Ans. The narrator describes the house silent but poignant out the significance of the quoted line.
with memories. The ghosts are moving everywhere, [Analysis] [3]
 Poetry 165
Ans. The significance is that there is a connection (iv) The poet says that our lives are kept in “equipoise’
between the spiritual and the physical world. While by two worlds comprising attractions and desires.
on earth we are surrounded by material enjoyment; One is the instinct for worldly pleasures and the
however, the heavenly light that hovers above us other of aspirations of a nobler kind. Perhaps,
promises spiritual solace, and hope for eternal the earthy wants and higher aspirations happen
bliss. The spirits of the ancestors hover above us because of the influence of some unseen star or a
enveloping our physical world. planet.
(iii) How is the bridge described in the earlier stanza? (v) What are the imageries used in the poem?
How does the poet create similarities between this [Analysis and Evaluation] [4]
and the stanza above it? Ans. The imageries used in the poem are metaphors,
and similes. The house itself is a house of memories
[Recall and Application] [3]
regarding the departed ancestors. The illuminate
Ans. In the previous stanza, the poet describes the bridge hall is the conscious awareness of the past in our
as a beam of light emanating from the gates of the lives. In a striking simile, the ghosts are compared to
moon. It spans the sea with a floating bridge of silent pictures on the walls, and later their influence
light. It shines over the trembling planks of fancies is likened to the moon throwing a floating bridge
and dips into the realm of mystery and night. of light across the sea. “This perpetual jar of earth’
(iv) How does the poet compare the two stages of life is symbolic of our lives caught in a combat with our
material enjoyments and spiritual aspirations.
-one of instinct of enjoyment and the other of
noble aspirations? [Analysis and Evaluation] [3]

Reflection
After understanding Longfellow's portrayal of spirits as memories, do you feel a deeper connection to places filled
with personal history?


 CHAPTER

2
THE GLOVE AND
THE LIONS

—Leigh Hunt

Learning Objectives
 The students will be able to :
To lend a glimpse of medieval life and games.
 To derive enjoyment of reading a ballad.
 To learn about medieval chivalry and values attached to it.
 To understand the difference between true love and vanity.
 To note how literary devices enhance the narration

About The Poet

Scan to know more
about
An English critic, essayist, poet and editor, Leigh Hunt (1784–1859) was a literary figure of the this topic
Romantic era. He is known for his contributions to literature, criticism and journalism. He was
associated with prominent Romantic poets, including Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. He
collaborated with Shelley on various literary projects.
The Glove and
In 1813, he was imprisoned for two years for criticising Prince Regent (the future King George the Lions
IV). Although it was a challenging experience, it established his popularity as a champion of
free speech.
Leigh Hunt’s poetry, essays and critical works include ‘The Story of Rimini’, a narrative poem, and ‘Captain
Sword and Captain Pen’, a satirical work. His essays cover a wide range of topics, including literature, politics
and social issues.

About the Poem

The Glove and the Lions is a narrative poem, which takes us to the medieval times when games and bloody sports
were considered as a norm among royalty. Love, bravery and vanity are the main themes woven around this
masterpiece of storytelling. Vivid word pictures, surging emotions and a surprising twist at the end make it most
dramatic. The poem reflects the values and beliefs of the medieval society, emphasising the virtues of chivalry,
loyalty and honour. The poem is enriched with literary devices such as imagery, symbolic representations and
irony, which create a sense of drama and tension. Written in Ballad style, the poem has an aabbcc rhyme scheme.

Summary
‘The Glove and the Lions’ begins with the speaker describing King Francis and the courtiers that surround him.
The king is lively and good-natured and enjoys games and bloody sports, which were an accepted norm in those
times. When the poem begins, he is with the ‘royal… court’ watching one of his favourite sporting activities,
lion fighting. He is surrounded by aristocrats—lords and ‘ladies in their pride’. There is also present Count de
Lorge with one for whom he sighs. The lady wants to test the love of the count and throws her glove into the
arena posing a challenge to her admirer. The count jumps into the arena and alights quickly retrieving the glove.
However, he throws it on the face of the lady with scorn. King Francis approves of the act and pronounces that it
has not been love but pride and vanity which has prompted her to test her lover in such an unreasonable manner.
 Poetry 167

Explanation of the Poem

Stanza 1 Explanation: The second stanza of ‘The Glove
King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport, and the Lions’ describes the atmosphere of the
And one day as his lions fought, sat looking on the court; fight itself. The lions, being quite ferocious, roar
The nobles filled the benches, and the ladies in their pride, by opening their mouths wide and baring their
And 'mongst them sat the Count de Lorge, with one for horrible teeth. They begin to fight attempting to
whom he sighed: tear at the other. Their ‘blows’ are so strong that
And truly 't was a gallant thing to see that crowning show, the wind seems to gush along with their paws.
Valour and love, and a king above, and the royal beasts below. They are rolling around on the floor and causing a
chaotic situation. From where the king is sitting, he
Words Meanings is impressed by the majesty of this moment. He is
completely safe but is able to experience the ‘bloody
 Hearty-king—natured, cheerful, vigorous  Gallant— foam’ that comes spraying through the air. He
brave, chivalrous  Valour—bravery  royal beasts—
humorously states that he, and those around him,
(here) the lions in the palace of the king
are better off where they are than in the deadly pit
Explanation: ‘The Glove and the Lions’ begins with the lions.
with the speaker describing King Francis and the Stanza 3
courtiers. The reader enters into a medieval time
setting, which may look outlandish to the modern De Lorge's love o'erheard the King, a beauteous lively dame
audience. The king is ‘hearty’ and good-natured With smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which always
and enjoys games and bloody sports, which was an seemed the same;
accepted norm for the royalty. She thought, the Count my lover is brave as brave can be;
When the poem begins, King Francis is watching one He surely would do wondrous things to show his love of me;
of his favourite sporting activities, the lions’ fight.
King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine;
He is surrounded by aristocrats, lords and ‘women
in their pride’. There is one couple amongst them I'll drop my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine.
that draws special attention of the king, Count de
Lorge with his love, the one for whom the king had Words Meanings
sighed.
 A beauteous lively dame—a woman of exceptional
It was a brave act to see the show reach its climax.
It was indeed a royal event, not a show for beauty and liveliness  Wondrous—wonderful, spec-
commoners. The whole stadium was filled with tacular  Occasion is divine—godsend, right occasion,
‘valour and love’. The ‘beasts’ here represent both providential
the lions and the nobles who must fight amongst
Explanation: The lover of De Lorge overhears the
themselves for the king’s favour. The ladies are
comment. She turns and looks at him and smiles
majestic and sitting in pride, an allusion to the pride
of lions. temptingly with her beauty. She impulsively
Stanza 2 decides to test her lover, De Lorge. She wants to
be proven right that he is ‘brave as brave can be’
Ramped and roared the lions, with horrid laughing jaws;
and that he would ‘do wondrous things to show
They bit, they glared, gave blows like beams, a wind went
with their paws; his love’. She decides to drop her glove into the
With wallowing might and stifled roar they rolled on one pit with the hope that De Lorge would dive in and
another; retrieve it for her. Her vanity prompts her to think
Till all the pit with sand and mane was in a thunderous that this opportunity to impress all is godsend.
smother; Stanza 4
The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at
air; him and smiled;
Said Francis then, "Faith, gentlemen, we're better here than He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild:
there."
The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regained his place,
Words Meanings Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady's face.
"By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from where
 Ramped—prowled  Wallowing might—immense, he sat:
crushing power  Thunderous smother—deafening
"No love," quoth’ he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that."
roars  Whisking—spraying
168 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

of death. He leaps in and leaps out, regaining ‘his

Words Meanings place’ before anyone has the time to react. However,
the unexpected happens. Instead of expressing his
 Regained—sat back in his seat  Quoth—archaic love, he throws the glove on her face. The king feels
word for said  Vanity—pride, arrogance, a feeling of the count has done right as what the lady had done
importance was due to her vanity to shine before others as the
Explanation: De Lorge does as she expected. He beauty who inspires the brave, heroic count to risk
chivalrously bows and jumps headlong into the pit his life. There has not been any love or concern in
her heart.

Critical Appraisal
1. Alliteration: Repetition of the same sound or letters at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words to
provide a rhythm and auditory experience that helps in the movement of the poem—for example, ‘ramped and
roared the lions’.
2. Internal rhyme: Words sounding similar are used within the line to provide a musical quality—for example,
‘love and king above’ and ‘dropped her glove to prove his love’.
3. Simile: Comparison of unlike objects to create word pictures—for example, ‘gave blows like beams’ and ‘brave
as brave can be’.
4. Symbolism: Use of an object, person or situation to represent something else—for example, glove represents
test of chivalry, love and bravery.
Lions represent ferocity and pride as well as danger and unpredictability.
5. Personification: Attributing human qualities to non-human forms—for example, ‘horrid laughing jaws’. The
lions with open jaws looked as though they were laughing.
6. Repetition: Same word used for poetic effect—for example, ‘The leap was quick, return was quick’.
7. Hyperbole: For example, ‘The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air’.
8. Metaphor: Word used in place of another to suggest a likeness. For example, the sand and the tangle of mane
said to be a thunderous smother.
9. Irony: The retrieval of the glove is a chivalrous act to impress the lady love but throwing it on her face is an
ironical, unexpected gesture negating the code of the knights.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(a) simile (b) metaphor

A Multiple Choice Questions (c) irony (d) personification
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Q. 1. King Francis is described as hearty. What does
‘hearty’ mean? Explanation: Laughing is something connected to
(a) generous (b) soft-hearted human expression.
(c) good-natured (d) jealous Q. 4. The poet of ‘Glove and Lions’ is:
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (a) Oscar Wilde (b) Leigh Hunt
(c) Robert Frost (d) T S Eliot
Explanation: The king is jovial and lively radiating
good nature. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 2. ‘ladies in their pride,’ means Q. 5. ‘The bloody foam above the bars came whisking
(a) the females of the pride of lions through the air’, the poetic device used here is ---:
(b) ladies dressed in ostentatious clothes and
jewellery (a) hyperbole (b) metonymy
(c) jealous and malicious ladies (c) irony (d) simile
(d) none of the above Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Exaggerated expression is used here to
magnify the horror.
Explanation: In the royal event, ladies have
Q. 6. What peculiarity is there in the expression in the
gathered in their ornate attire and accessories.
eyes of the lady of the poem?
Q. 3. Mention the figure of speech contained in (a) uncertainty (b) fixedness
‘laughing jaws’. (c) kindness (d) humour
 Poetry 169
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: The count is chivalrous in executing
Explanation: The smile and expression do not the brave act but is cross with the lady and throws
change. the glove rudely at her in a most unchivalrous
Q. 7. According to the king what prompted the lady’s manner.
impulsive action? Q. 11. ‘And truly 't was a gallant thing to see that-----------
(a) her love for the count ---’ Complete the line from the poem.
(b) her gullibility (a) towering show (b) winning show
(c) her vanity (c) crowning show (d) daring act
(d) her innocence Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Q. 12. ‘No love’, --------------he, ‘but vanity, sets love a task
Explanation: It is her pride and vanity that makes like that’. Supply the missing word.
her test her lover. (a) said (b) quoth
Q. 8. To what genre does the poem belong?  (c) pronounced (d) proclaimed
(a) historical poem Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(b) narrative ballad Explanation: ‘quoth’ is an archaic word for said, so
it is in tune with the setting and royal vocabulary.
(c) reflective poem
Q. 13. ‘The leap was quick, return was quick, he has
(d) dramatic monologue
regained his place’, What does the line show about
Ans. Option (b) is correct. the skill of the count?
Explanation: It is a narrative tale in ballad style. (a) flexibility (b) agility
Q. 9. What aspect of the medieval age is brought out in (c) physical fitness (d) all the above
the poem? Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) medieval ignorance Explanation: The count had all the skills mentioned
(b) medieval penchant for horror here.
(c) cultural elegance of ancient times Q. 14. The bloody foam above the bars came
(d) a sedate, lethargic life style -----------through the air; Fill in the gap.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (a) whirring (b) wafting
Explanation: King Francis is fascinated by the blood (c) whisking (d) whopping
sport in all its horrific details. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Q. 10. The count’s behaviour at the end of the poem can Explanation: Whisking is the word used.
be considered as Q. 15. I'll drop my glove, to prove his-----------; great glory
(a) negation of chivalry of the times will be mine :
(b) unduly rude behaviour (a) worth (b) glory
(c) cruelty towards the fair sex (c) bravery (d) love
(d) indecent gesture quite unwarranted Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (a) is correct.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below. aristocratic audience make it a spectacular and
King Francis was ....... and the royal beasts below. adventurous show, which showcases courage,
(i) Describe the physical setting of the poem.  chivalry, love, majesty and entertainment.
[3] (iii) What can be gathered about the character of
Ans. The poem is set in an ostentatious medieval King Francis?  [3]
setting. The king and all his men are seated Ans. King Francis comes across as a jovial, good-
above the arena along with ornately dressed natured king who loves blood sports, which
ladies gracing the seats. Two ferocious lions was common among the royalty of those
fighting in the arena below create a savage times. Even as he admires the ferocity of the
and dramatic effect. Their grunts and fierce fighting lions, he is able to see the funny side
blows lend thrill as well as horror. of things as he remarks that the spectators
(ii) Explain the last three lines of the given sitting above are better off than anyone inside
stanza.  [3] the pit.
Ans. The other two characters apart from the king (iv) Comment on the genre of the poem.  [3]
are introduced in the lines. The count is in Ans. The poem is in the style of a ballad which
love with the pretty lady beside him. The poet can be sung. The aabbcc rhyme scheme is
typical of a ballad. Vivid word pictures lend a
also emphasises that the bloody sport and the
170 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

dramatic effect. Along with that alliterations Count to pick it up. He readily did that but
and internal rhyme enhance the rhythm and threw the retrieved glove on her face. That
quality of the poem. was the end of her vanity!
(v) What is said to be a gallant show and why? Q. 3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below.
 [4] De Lorge's love o'erheard ....... great glory will be mine.
Ans. The blood sport showcasing two ferocious (i) What did the lady overhear? How did she
lions is said to be a gallant show because it react to this?  [3]
provides entertainment to the royalty and Ans. The lady overheard the king saying that they
his courtiers. It requires a brave heart to were better off and safe where they were
relish the savage sport bitterly fought by the sitting. If anyone was in the pit, the end
two royal beasts. The thunderous sounds would be dismal. The lady considered it as
and the bloody vapour wafting up over the an opportunity to challenge her lover. She
rails represent the ferocity of the fight that is will be admired by all if her lover proved his
thrilling and at the same time sending a shiver adoration for her. So, she dropped her glove
of horror. It generates a sense of awe. in the pit daring her Count to retrieve it from
Q. 2. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below. the jaws of death.
Ramped and roared ....... we're better here than there." (ii) What impression do we get about the lady
(i) Where are the lions now? In what condition from this stanza?  [3]
are they?  [3] Ans. The lady is guided by her vanity. She wants to
Ans. The lions are in a pit below the raised platform be admired as the beauty for whom the gallant
on which the king and his men are sitting. count will risk his life. It cannot be true love
Both the lions are angry, fiercely trying to that sets such a gruesome test for her lover.
Her focus on keeping up her appearance
defeat the other as the spirit of competition is
projects a most selfish and uncaring attitude.
raging within them. They romp and roar, bare
their jaws and roll over amidst grunts and (iii) Pick out two phrases from the extract that
bloody sprays. paint the lady in a negative light.  [3]
(ii) How does the poet bring out the horror and Ans. The lady is described as beauteous ‘with
smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which
strength of the lions?  [3]
always seemed the same’—it projects an
Ans. The poet uses vivid visual, auditory and artificiality and lack of feelings as she has a
olfactory imagery to bring out the fierce fixed expression. Secondly, she thinks only
battle between the two mighty beasts. They about herself as she envisages great praises
ramped and roared, wallowed and rolled showered on her for whom her admirer is
with laughing jaws. The sand and mane filled ready to take such a risk. This is proved by the
the arena with horrible chaos in a thunderous phrase ‘great glory will be mine’.
smother. And the whisking spray whiffed up (iv) Explain the expression, ‘the occasion is
a bloody smell. divine;’  [3]
(iii) Why does the king feel that they are better Ans. The lady feels the moment is godsend or
where they are?  [3] providential as in front of such an aristocratic
Ans. The king gauges the danger and ferocity of gathering, she will attain great glory when
the fight. The lions are so furious that they her admirer will stake his life to prove his
are intent on annihilating anyone who comes adoration for her. There cannot be a better
in between. The spectators are safe in their situation than the lover attempting to retrieve
elevated seats; if anyone dares into the arena, her glove from the arena where the fierce
it will be the end of his life. lions are fighting.
(iv) Bring out the figure of speech used in the (v) What theme does the stanza reflect at this
stanza and explain.  [3] point of time?  [4]
Ans. Alliteration is used while referring to the Ans. The theme is the test of medieval chivalry
way the beasts ‘ramped and roared’. With a and courtly romance. The lady’s arrogant
striking personification, the poet brings out gesture reveals the empty vanity of courtly
the expression on their faces as they seem games and adventure. The superficiality
‘laughing’ with open jaws. Trans sensory and brutality of aristocratic society and the
perception is employed while comparing importance attached to hollow values that
the chaos of sand and mane to a thunderous undermine genuine feelings and empathy
are highlighted. Risking a fellow being’s life
smother.
to satisfy one’s vanity is not acceptable in the
(v) What were the repercussions of the king’s name of the game.
remark?  [4]
Q. 4. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below.
Ans. The king’s remark was overheard by the
She dropped her glove, ....... sets love a task like that."
beauteous lady. She took it as an opportunity
to prove her lover’s feelings for her. She (i) Whom did the lady look at? What did her
dropped her glove into the pit, daring her smile mean? [3]
 Poetry 171
Ans. The lady looked at the count who sighed for (v) What are the relevant insights related to the
her. Her smile was to challenge his chivalry traditions and values of the medieval setting
in proving his adoration for her. She was of the poem? What message does it convey?
supremely confident that he would take up [4]
the challenge for her beauteous self. Her trust Ans. The Glove and the Lions is a tale of romance,
in his bravery is also alluded to. bravery and chivalric notions. The aristocratic
(ii) Describe the Count de Lorge's reaction after pursuit of bloody entertainment, the flippant
the lady dropped her glove into the lion's attitude towards the warring animals, the
pit. How did his actions reflect his feelings pride and vanity of the lady who designs
towards the lady's challenge?  [3] a dangerous test of love and the aftermath
Ans. The man bowed to her before turning to fulfil of her action are well captured by the poet.
her wish. He leapt into the arena as quickly The message is that the dangerous games
as he came back but threw the retrieved of love played in the royal courts showcase
glove on her face in disgust, retaliating at her a decadence and lack of values. Chivalry is
hollow feelings for him. The fact that he did honour, generosity and courtesy, but it should
not present the retrieved glove courteously be for the right purpose to serve humanity;
with adoration was a reversal of his earlier not to seek individual glory.
chivalrous act.
(iii) What aspects of the man’s character are
Commonly Made Errors
revealed here?  [3]
Ans. The count comes across as a supremely The candidates may overlook the symbolic
courageous soldier who even dares to jump meanings of The Glove and the Lions. The visual,
into the arena where the two mighty beasts the auditory and the olfactory experiences
are grappling with each other. This not only make the poem highly dramatic; hence, these
shows his gallantry but also how he honours aspects will help them to provide informed
chivalry of the times. He will risk his life in the answers. They may also miss out on the concept
of chivalry during the times.
name of honour of a soldier.
(iv) Explain the meaning of the last two lines of
the poem.  [3] Answering Tips
Ans. The last two lines capture the opinion of the
king. He feels that the Count has reacted in the The students should analyse the themes
right manner as he has realised the hollowness thoroughly. They should also try to note the
literary devices that enhance the quality of the
of the lady’s feelings. The king feels that her
poem. The psychology of the characters that
action has been prompted by self-love and make them do, act or speak in a particular way
vanity; she has not been concerned about the has to be analysed and pointed out as per the
safety of her lover. Throwing the glove on her question requirements.
face is the just ‘reward’ she deserves for her
callousness.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the poet show the lady's test of her fortunate to be outside. This prompts a lady to test
lover's devotion with the glove toss, revealing her lover’s devotion to her. She throws her glove
themes of vanity and manipulation, and what into the arena, provoking her count to retrieve it.
does this say about the poet's ability to understand
This is prompted by her vanity. No better place to
human behavior?
show all how much her lover values and loves her.
Value Points Q. 2. How does the poet's vivid portrayal of the medieval
Lions fighting-King Francis commenting they blood sport illustrate brutality and entertainment,
are better off outside-lady overhearing-a good and what does this show about the poet's skill in
chance to prove her lover’s devotion-vanity depicting dark aspects of humanity?
boost-throws the glove.
Ans. A medieval blood sport is described in all its gory
Ans. King Francis and his royal guests were enjoying a details. The king and his men were enjoying a
fierce fight between two lions. Seeing the bloody bloody fight between two ferocious lions in the
fight, the king jokingly comments that they are arena. The lions ramped and roared, baring their
172 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

horrid ‘laughing jaws’. They bit, they glared and protectors and had to have courage, kindness
they gave blows like beams. They rolled on one and helping nature. They attached great value to
another with suppressed roars. The sand in the maintain honour and respect. Here, the lady threw
pit and their tangled hair became a ‘thunderous the glove into the fighting arena and her Count
without hesitation jumped into the fray, retrieved
smother’. The bloody foam was whisked above the
the glove and jumped up in one action, proving his
barricades, and this made the king say ‘----we're
courage and commitment to his oath; however, in a
better here than there’. most unchivalrous way, he threw the glove at her
Q. 3. How does the poet depict chivalry through the face instead of presenting it to her with ceremony.
Count's retrieval of the lady's glove, and what does Q. 4. How does the poet's examination of medieval
this show about the poet's skill in understanding chivalry and romance contrast superficiality with
honour and respect in medieval society? genuine emotions, and what does this show about
Value Points the poet's ability to critique societal values?
Ans. The theme is the test of medieval chivalry and
Set of rules and ways of behaviour knights were
courtly romance. The lady’s arrogant gesture
expected to follow in the Middle Ages-politeness,
reveals the empty vanity of courtly games and
kindness and unselfish behaviour-honour and
adventure. The superficiality and brutality of
courage were integral-kindness and respect
aristocratic society and the importance attached to
towards women paramount.
hollow values that undermine genuine feelings and
Ans. The poem examines the values of chivalry which empathy are highlighted. Risking a fellow being’s
means the rules and behaviour of the medieval life to satisfy one’s vanity is not the name of the
knights especially towards women. They were game.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
Explanation: glove and love rhyme; so, assonance.
(v) ‘Horrid laughing jaws’-Pick up a similar expression
from the poem. [Application]
(i) Leigh Hunt’s poem ‘Glove and the Lions’ describes
the cessation of love caused by -------------------- (a) Rampaged and roared
[Understanding] (b) Leap was quick return was quick
(a) Distrust (b) Vengeance (c) Threw the glove, but not with love
(c) Vanity (d) Cunning (d) They bit, they glared
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The Count’s love and admiration for Explanation: both the lines contain personification
the lady took a back seat. (vi) “a thunderous smother”- Find a similar expression
(ii) The place where the animal combat is taking place from the following:  [Application]
is called ----------- [Recall] (a) A haunted houses
(a) Hades (b) Pitfall (b) Considerable speck
(c) Cage (d) Arena (c) Lions hunker
Ans. Option (d) is correct. (d) Featherd fly turn turtle
Explanation: Arena is the word used.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(iii) By the way the poet has described, King Francis
Explanation: both are Oxymorons. Thunder is loud,
comes across as a------------ [Understanding]-
smother is suppressed same as the speck is tiny but
(a) Cruel ruler (b) Jovial king
is considerable.
(c) Sadistic person (d) Merciless ruler
(vii) What act of chivalry did Count de Lorge make?
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
[Recall]
Explanation: The king is described as a sport loving,
genial person. (a) Threw the glove in the face of the lady love
(iv) Pick out assonance from the following lines (b) Fought with the lions
[Application] (c) Retrieved the glove from the mouth of danger
“He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the (d) Smiled at his lady love
lions wild: The leap was quick, return was quick, Ans. Option (c) is correct.
he has regained his place, Then threw the glove, Explanation: As a chivalrous knight he jumped into
but not with love, right in the lady's face.” the arena and retrieved the glove.
(a) Bowed-leaped (b) Bowed-wild (viii) What, according to the king, prompted the lady’s
(c) Glove-love (d) Lady’s face
action?  [Evaluation]
 Poetry 173
(a) Deep love Ans. The whole scene of the fight renders visual impact
(b) Pride in her looks with the fierce beasts grappling and rolling over
(c) Faith in her lover one another till the pit is filled with sand and hair.
(d) Doubt about the count’s faithfulness This is a striking visual imagery along with the
picture of the beasts locking their jaws as if they
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
are laughing. Ramping and roaring of the lions
Explanation: The king feels that her vanity made
in a deafening chaotic turmoil culminating in a
her place the life of her lover in jeopardy. thunderous smother depicts the savage sounds of
(ix) ‘the ladies in their pride’ means they were the fight. The description of the blood whisking up
dressed in ornate clothes. However, it brings to the gallery subtly suggests olfactory sensation of
mind another vision in our minds. What is it? the smell of blood.
[Understanding] (iii) The poet expresses two opposite faces of chivalry
(a) A group of lions sitting in state in the poem. What are they?
(b) All were proud to witness the sport [Understanding] [3]
(c) They were dressed to kill Ans. The count jumping into the danger filled arena
(d) They had no fear without fear or hesitation to fulfil his lady love’s
Ans. Option (a) is correct. challenge is a veritable example of medieval
Explanation: A group of lions is known as pride. chivalry. He collects the glove and jumps out as
Lions are majestic animals just as the ladies look quickly as he goes in shows his alacrity, agility and
regal. quick- thinking power, so typical of the knights of
(x) “He surely would do wondrous things to show his the times. However, his feelings for his beloved turn
love for me.” bitter as he realises her vanity which makes him
throw the glove at her face in a most unchivalrous
The quoted line shows the ruling trait of the lady
manner.
character which is----------  [Analysis]
(a) Superciliousness (iv) “Faith, gentlemen, we’re better here than there.”
(b) Self -deprecation What is the significance of this line?
(c) Supreme confidence in one’s worth [Analysis] [3]
(d) Surreptitious nature Ans. King Francis remarks half in joke and half seriously
that it is fortunate that they are up above the hellish
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
arena where the two beasts are savagely grappling
Explanation: She was vain about her looks and
with each other. The line brings out the fierceness of
attractiveness and want the whole world to know
the animals that may attack any one in vicinity and
her lover was ready to do anything for her.
kill instantly in their frenzy, without showing any
mercy. The lady of the poem feels tempted to test
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
the love of the count and throws her glove into the
pit. This marks a urning point.
Q. 1. Read the following extract from Leigh Hunt’s (v) What is the significance of the title of the poem?
poem ‘The Glove and the Lions’ and answer the [Analysis and Evaluation] [4]
questions that follow: Ans. The poem revolves around two lions made to fight
And truly it was ......... royal beasts below” for the entertainment of the royalty. However, the
(i) How does the poet bring about the medieval incident turns out to be a fierce test as the lady love
atmosphere of the poem?  [Understanding] of the Count de Lorge decides to test the sincerity
How is the king described? [Recall] [3] of her admirer by throwing the glove into the arena.
Ans. The poem begins with the description of a blood The man jumps in and out to fulfil her wishes. The
sport presided over by King Francis. Two ferocious glove becomes a controversial symbol posing the
lions are shown fighting in an arena above which question whether it was vanity of the lady or the
the king and noble personalities are watching with intensity of love and courage that prompts her
great enthusiasm. The description of the gallery, actions.
the count and the countesses dressed in opulence Q. 2. Read the following extract from Leigh Hunt’s
and the entire ambience take us back in times when poem ‘The Glove and the Lions’ and answer the
blood sports were a norm of royal life and acts of questions that follow:
chivalry and love were tested through dangerous He surely would ......... glory will be mine.
games.
(i) What words does the poet use to bring about the
(ii) The poet uses various imagery in the poem. Give character of the lady?  [Understanding][3]
one example for each of the following:
Ans. The lady is aware of her beauty and attraction
[Application] [3] which fills her with confidence that her lover will
(A) Sight do anything for her. This makes her appear arrogant
(B) Sound as well as reckless. The way she challenges her lover
(C) Smell to prove his devotion for her is rooted in her vanity;
174 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

she wants to be admired and appreciated by all for Ans. The lady expected her brave lover offering her
having such a daring knight as her devoted lover. the glove with chivalry; perhaps on his knee and
(ii) “ Not love” quoth he, “but vanity sets love a task kissing her proffered hand; however, contrary to
like that” Bring out the significance of this line. her expectation, he insultingly threw the glove
[Analysis][3] on her face in a fit of anger. The poet seems
Ans. Even in the age of chivalry when courtesy was deliberately ambiguous on the intention of the lady.
enshrined one of the requirements, the king If she had been sure of the bravery and capability
approves of the angry reaction of the count. of her lover, her action would have been justified,
Realising the hollowness of his lover’s feelings, the
and the count should have taken it as a compliment
count throws the retrieved glove on her face in a
as she implicitly trusted him. However, as the king
most unchivalrous manner. This remark of the king
proves his conviction that the lady deserves insult remarked, if it had been an act revealing her vain
and rejection as her act has been to prove to the nature, then she deserved such insult.
world the devotion of her lover which, in turn, will (v) What words are used by the poet to bring about the
satisfy her vanity. ferocity of the lions?
(iii) How is the lady described? What made the lady [Recall and Application][4]
throw the glove? Ans. There is graphic description of the ferocity of lions
[Recall and Understanding][3] as they grappled with each other in the deadly
pit. They ramped the arena and they roared, and
Ans. The alluring appearance of the lady is highlighted bared their horrible jaws as though laughing. They
by the poet. She is described as “ a beauteous lovely bit each other, stared and attacked with powerful
dame” with smiling lips and sharp bright eyes. Her paws. It seemed the wind blew along with it. They
expressions always remained the same. rolled about in the mud, made suppressed roars,
(iv) What was the unexpected reaction the lady got their hair got mangled in the sand. There whisked
from her lover? Do you feel she deserved such a the foamy blood and its smell out of the arena, up
and above its protecting bars assailing the nostrils
reaction?  [Evaluation][3]
of the onlookers.

Reflection
Has the poem inspired you to explore more works that delve into the concepts of honour and bravery as understood
in different eras?


 CHAPTER

3
WHEN GREAT
TREES FALL

—Maya Angelou

Learning Objectives
 To derive enjoyment from reading a well-crafted poem packed with meaning.
 To note the parallelism between the falling of trees and the death of influential people.
 To understand the various stages of grief people go through at the death of great personalities.
 To enjoy the literary devices that give momentum and enchantment to poetry.

About the Poet

Maya Angelou (1928–2014), an American poet, memoirist and civil rights activist, was also a prominent and
influential figure in literature and social justice. Her childhood was marked by instability and trauma. Due to her
childhood experiences, Angelou became mute for several years, finding solace in literature and poetry.
Being a prolific writer, she touched various genres. Her autobiographical works, including ‘I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings’, were critically acclaimed. Her poetry collections, such as ‘And Still I Rise" (1978), are celebrated
for their powerful and empowering themes. She taught at various universities. Maya Angelou received numerous
awards and honours for her contributions to literature and civil rights. In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.

About the Poem

‘When Great Trees Fall’ masterfully captures the complex emotions and far and wide Scan to know more
consequences associated with the death of great figures who influence our lives. The poem about
this topic
speaks about the pain of loss ‘while pointing towards the enduring impact and legacy of those
who have left their mark’. Just as those massive trees shake the earth and make animals crouch
in confusion and fear, the loss of great individuals sends shockwaves throughout the world. As
days pass, people's grief and despair give way to the invigorating knowledge that the world is
a better place because these ‘great souls’ once passed through it. ‘When Great Trees Fall’ is from When Great Trees
Angelou's 1990 book of poems, ‘I Shall Not Be Moved’. Fall

Summary
This reflective poem deals with the demise of inspirational figures through the extended metaphor of falling trees.
The poem vividly describes the impact of the fall of great trees, symbolising influential and admirable figures.
The imagery of rocks shuddering and animals seeking safety conveys the seismic effect of significant losses. The
poem explores the profound silence that follows the fall of great trees, both in nature and in human experience.
It delves into the silent, eroded senses of those left behind. The poem extends its reflection to the death of great
souls, emphasising the transformative effect on the world. It portrays the collective mourning and the temporary
emptiness that follows. Despite the sorrow, the poem hints at the eventual renewal and peace that follows the loss
of great souls. It suggests that the memory of these individuals contributes to a positive and soothing vibration
that gradually fills the spaces they once occupied.

Explanation of the Poem

Stanza 1 in tall grasses,
When great trees fall, and even elephants
rocks on distant hills shudder, lumber after safety.
lions hunker down
176 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Sharpened memory takes us to all those words

Words Meanings that remained unsaid and all those promises that
remained unkept. Our minds get fixated on missed
 Shudder—tremble or shiver in fear  Hunker—
opportunities.
crouch or cower  Lumber—move awkwardly, slowly
Stanza 4
Explanation: When great trees fall, the impact sends Great souls die and our reality, bound to them,
shockwaves that make even the distant hills shake takes leave of us. Our souls,
in resonance. There is a primal unease and fear dependent upon their nurture,
among animals. Lions retreat into the tall grasses, now shrink, wizened.
and even the huge elephants with heavy steps
Our minds, formed and informed by their radiance,
withdraw into shades. They react viscerally to the
fall of trees as the foundation of their world shakes. fall away. We are not so much maddened
as reduced to the unutterable ignorance of
Stanza 2
dark, cold caves.


When great trees fall in forests,
small things recoil into silence, Words Meanings
Their senses erode beyond fear
 Nurture—care and protect, lend sustenance  Wiz-
Words Meanings ened—dried up  Radiance—brilliance

 Recoil—flinch back in horror  Erode—wear away, Explanation : The loss of inspiring figures renders us
lose power unmoored, cast adrift. There is a sense of withering
within, and we become undernourished and
Explanation : When the trees fall in forests, the tiny drained out. Their radiant influence deserts us, and
creatures withdraw into themselves with some we lose our light. We become creatures condemned
grave emotion beyond fear. Their senses go numb, to the dark caves and seem disoriented. We are
and they are stunned to mournful silence. This ignorant of what struck us.
shows even the minutest of the natural world is
Stanza 5
shocked to mournful silence. This emphasises the
And when great souls die,
totality of the loss.
after a period peace blooms,
Stanza 3
slowly and always irregularly.
When great souls die,
Spaces fill with a kind of soothing electric vibration.
the air around us becomes light,
Our senses, restored, never
rare, sterile. We breathe, briefly.
to be the same, whisper to us.
Our eyes, briefly,
They existed. They existed.
see with a hurtful clarity.
We can be. Be and be better. For they existed.
Our memory, suddenly sharpened,
examines, gnaws on kind words
Words Meanings
unsaid, promised walks never taken.
 Electric vibrations—(here) positive vibes or stimula-
Words Meanings tions.  Restored—brought back, re-established, return
to former condition.  We can be—we exist, function, we
 Rare—rarefied, with little oxygen  Sterile—not fertile,
are what we are.
not fecund, missing essential nutrients  Hurtful clari-
ty—a clear sense of hurt, acute pain  Gnaws—feeds on, Explanation : The poem now moves from despair
plague, torment, torture, nags to bloom. Time brings peace and reconciliation with
the loss. Peace blooms slowly but surely. The sense
Explanation: The effect on the people is much more of void begins to fill with the spirit of upliftment
elaborately described. Emotions take a back seat as and understanding. The primordial energy starts
it takes time to get to terms with reality. Breathing resonating. Our lives move on but we are forever
becomes laboured because air seems no longer changed. We are more receptive because of the
rich and vibrant. Air is rare and sterile, and we feel shaking experience; the great souls whisper to us
drained of spirit. Vision becomes clarified though and push us forward. The fact they existed and still
our eyes are filled with tears. This means grief can exist makes our life fuller and more meaningful. We
sharpen recollection bringing in acute nostalgia. are better off having had them in our lives.

Critical Appraisal
1. Metaphor-a non-literal comparison between two unlike things. In the poem, falling of trees is compared to the
death of great, influential personalities. Peace blooms is another example.
 Poetry 177
2. Alliteration-repetition of consonant sounds in closely following words, for example, fall-forest: silence-senses:
breathe briefly: cold-caves: suddenly sharpened: sterile silence
3. Personification-the attribution of human characteristics to something non-human. For example, Our souls shrink,
wizened: our memory examines
4. Anaphora- repetition of expression in lines that follow. (Here) When great trees fall is repeated to enhance the
effect of loss.
5. Enjambment-the sense of a line overflowing to the next. This is to give an impression that the line is cut off before
its natural stopping point to lend a sense of speed or quickness.
6. Repetition: They existed. They existed: We can be. Be and be.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(c) our stupefaction (d) all of the above

A Multiple Choice Questions Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation:-It is the darkness of despair, pain and
Q. 1. ‘rocks on distant hills shudder’ - Name the figure ignorance that we go through.
of speech.
Q. 7. What literary device is used in the expression,
(a) personification (b) simile
‘after a period peace blooms’,
(c) oxymoron (d) irony
(a) personification (b) metaphor
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(c) oxymoron (d) onomatopoeia
Explanation:-The rocks shudder as humans do.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 2. The lions and elephants react to the death of great
personalities by Explanation:-Peace is said to be a flower blooming.
(1) running in frenzy Q. 8. The poem ends on a note of
(2) lumbering (a) gratitude
 (b) hope
(3) crouching (c) peace (d) all the above
(4) roaring and trumpeting Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(a) (b) and (c) (b) (c) and (d) Explanation:-All the feelings mentioned are
(c) (b) and (c) (d) (a) and (d) expressed at the end.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Q. 9. What does the falling of tree refer to in the poem,
Explanation:-the poet says that upon felling of trees ’When Great Trees Fall’?
the lions hunker and elephants lumber (a) passing of an event
Q. 3. Which pair of words reflect the impact on small (b) demise of an inspirational figure
creatures in forest- (c) death of Nature
(a) crouch and grunt (b) silence and fear (d) None of the above
(c) agony and silence (d) shock and disbelief
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation:-The falling of tree is a metaphor for
Explanation:-Small creatures are struck silent with
the death of great influential figures.
fear.
Q. 10. What feeling affects the near and dear ones after
Q. 4. ‘When great souls die, /the air around us becomes
light, rare, -----------'. Complete the lines with the the demise of great figures?
word from the text. (a) relief that they did not suffer much
(a) silent (b) sceptic (b) pathetic fallacy
(c) sterile (d) thin (c) remorse at not appreciating them enough
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (d) sympathy
Explanation:-Sterile is the word used by the poet. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Q. 5. After the loss, we regret about Explanation:-We feel guilty for not saying the
(1) the disagreement with the departed words we should have used or for not keeping the
(2) right words unsaid promise to walk with them more often.
(3) promised walks untaken Q. 11. How do the people feel immediately after the
(4) unkind thoughts nurtured death of inspirational figures?
(a) (a) and (b) (b) (b) and (c) (a) terrified and paranoid
(c) (c) and (d) (d) (a) and (d) (b) ignorant and darkened
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (c) rendered insensitive
Q. 6. ‘dark cold caves’ represent (d) intoxicated
(a) our agony (b) our despair Ans. Option (b) is correct.
178 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Explanation:-They lose sense of reality and grope in (c) (b) and (c) (d) (a) and (d)
the darkness of ignorance. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Q. 12. According to the poet, how can we honour the Explanation: The essence is lives are short but
great souls that left us? memories last forever.
(a) by commemorating their birthdays Q. 15. The loss of inspiring great people leaves us
(b) observing death anniversaries (a) rudderless (b) unanchored
(c) by eulogising them (c) wizened (d) all the above
(d) by striving to be better Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Explanation:-The poet implies all the three states.
Explanation:-We can honour the departed souls by Q. 16. Maya Angelou is a popular poet of ----------century.
making ourselves better. Complete the sentence.
Q. 13. The central message of the poem is to -------- (a) nineteenth century
(a) be complacent with whatever happens (b) eighteenth century
(b) cherishing inspirational souls C) twentieth century
(c) forget and move ahead (d) Romantic era
(d) ruminate over the fallen trees. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation:-She wrote this poem in 1987.
Explanation:-Inspirational souls are cherished and Q. 17. Angelou wrote ‘When Great Trees Fall’ at the
followed. death of
Q. 14. The basic essence of the poem can be captured (a) James Baldwin
by the combination of which of the following (b) Martin Luther King
phrases? (c) Malcolm X
(1) lives are temporary (d) Abraham Lincoln
(2) sorrow endures Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(3) men are rendered hopeless Explanation:- She wrote the poem after the death of
(4) miracles do happen her friend and fellow writer/activist James Baldwin.
(a) (a) and (b) (b) (c) and (d) Angelou read it at Baldwin's funeral.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below Ans. The great trees falling is an extended metaphor
When great ........ after safety representing the fall of great inspirational
figures in society. Their benefactors who
(i) What repercussions are felt by the features have been imbibing knowledge, wisdom
and creatures of Nature at the fall of great and kindness of the great souls feel helpless
trees? [3] and rudderless as the shock waves spread
Ans. When great trees fall, they send a shiver through them. Like the hills and the small and
through all the elements. The far away big animals, they also feel an unnamed fear
hills shiver as if affected by an earthquake. gripping them.
The majestic lions, the kings of the jungle, (iv) What is the effect on small creatures at the
cower under tall grass and the strong and fall as described in the following stanza?  [3]
huge elephants withdraw into the safety of Ans. The small creatures of the forest become
their habitats. Their reaction is visceral, not utterly silent, overwhelmed with fear. They
comprehending the unknown fear gripping instinctively feel the canopy of security and
them. sustenance offered by the towering tree and
its fecund branches that have ceased to exist.
(ii) What do the reactions of the animals suggest? Fear grips the whole of the natural world
[3] making them paralysed.
Ans. The reaction of the animals suggests that when (v) Describe the effect on people when ‘great
a giant tree that has been offering shelter and souls die’, as portrayed in the poem.  [4]
life to big and small creatures of a forest falls, Ans. When ‘great souls’ pass away, as described in
its repercussions are felt by all. They shudder Maya Angelou's poem, it deeply shakes people.
with unnamed fear as though the very fabric The air turns ‘light, rare, sterile’, symbolising
of life has been thrown out of gear. how their absence leaves a gaping hole in our
(iii) Express the metaphorical suggestions of hearts and surroundings. Everything feels
great trees falling and its impact on society? less vibrant and there's this moment where
 [3] we find it hard to breathe, showing just how
knocked over we are by the loss. This moment
 Poetry 179
brings everything into sharp focus—all those family and friends. The sense of loss is the
things we never said, promises we didn't same.
keep come haunting back. It's a painful clarity Q. 3. Great souls die ........ radiance, fall away
that makes us regret for not expressing our
(i) Why do our souls shrink?  [3]
love and gratitude when we had the chance.
Angelou captures the essence of how the Ans. Our souls shrink because hitherto we have
departure of such influential figures forces been looking up to the great personalities
us to face our emotions head-on, making us for guidance and enlightenment. Now, left
realise the huge impact they had on us. It's behind, our souls feel weakened as though
a reminder of the profound void they leave dried up of all nourishing thoughts and
behind, pushing us to reflect on their lasting understanding. In the absence of their guiding
legacy in our lives. light, souls feel lost and affected by a lack of
Q. 2. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below purpose.
We breathe, ........ promised walks (ii) Why do our minds seem to fall away?  [3]
(i) What is said about the air around us as we Ans. Our minds seem to fall away into darkness
hear the news of the death of inspirational and ignorance. The radiance of the great
souls? [3] souls enlightens and moulds the thoughts
Ans. When great souls die, the air around us and attitudes of their followers. When great
becomes light, rare and sterile. It seems it has
personalities fall, the light seems to dim and
lost its enriching quality and becomes stifling,
we feel as though we are groping in darkness.
arresting the intake of oxygen. We gasp for
breath and feel drained. (iii) A little earlier, the poet mentions the physical
(ii) What happens to our eyes and vision?  [3] reactions to the death. What does she say?
Ans. Our eyes become blurred with tears, but [3]
they lend us a new vision of the past. Several Ans. The first response to the death of admired
scenes pass through their subconscious mind ones is visceral. There is a turmoil in our very
making them realise the enormity of the loss. being; a sense of shock and fear. We find it
(iii) Why is memory said to be suddenly difficult to breathe as though the air around
sharpened? [3] us has become devoid of nourishment. There
Ans. The memory of the departed ones is is a void which is sterile and stripped of vital
sharpened as the mind travels back to recall energy. Then our eyes seem to blur with tears
words that remained unsaid and promises not but our vision becomes keener.
kept while they were alive. Nostalgia grips (iv) How does memory make us experience guilt?
and guilt gnaws through their conscience [3]
leaving regrets to torture them for days.
Ans. Memory gets sharpened as they dwell on the
(iv) What regrets are mentioned in the extract? words and actions of the departed. Then a
Why do they keep gnawing?  [3] sense of guilt or regret grips as we think of the
Ans. The regrets relate to the words of appreciation words we could have uttered in admiration or
that could have acknowledged the support and the unkept promises of walking
contributions of the great leaders and mentors. along with them. The thoughts of ‘what-ifs’
The memory throws back the occasions when torment our conscience.
we could have walked along with them on the (v) What are the words used by the poet to
paths lighted by them. Their teachings and establish the dependence of the bereft on
enlightening discourses could have become a inspirational figures?  [4]
beacon of light for a meaningful life. Ans. The poet says the human souls derive
‘nurture’ from great personalities as their
(v) Can the experiences of the poet be related
minds are ‘informed and formed’ by their
to personal loss? What differences can be
‘radiance’. The absence of such souls is keenly
noticed in the two situations?  [4] felt leaving our very being ‘wizened’ as our
Ans. Yes, the sentiments described can be related to minds fall into ‘unutterable ignorance’. The
the close members of our family. The parental loss leaves us ‘unanchored’ as they have
figures have given us sustenance and shown moulded our psyche and world view.
us a way of life. When they are gone we Q. 4. And when great souls ........ For they existed.
realise their contributions and embrace their (i) What does the given extract allude to?  [3]
memories. The only difference is that when Ans. The extract affects a transition from despair to
public figures breathe their last they send hope and reconciliation. The hitherto emotions
shockwaves throughout society. When close settle down to peace and understanding.
ones die, they affect the immediate circle of Peace blooms as we make efforts to walk on
180 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

the path lighted by the departed souls. Then consciousness—thoughts being expressed as
the realisation comes we are what we are they come.
because of them, and we can become even (v) What profound message is contained in the
better following their ideals. given extract?  [4]
(ii) What is the ’electric vibration’ mentioned in Ans. The poem ends with a powerful message.
the extract above?  [3] Although the fall of great trees sends a shiver
Ans. The electric vibrations are the uplifting of shock and despair far and wide, their very
spirits of the great personalities providing presence in our collective consciousness
solace and comfort. Their enduring energy generates hope and positive actions. Just
resonates in our souls, renewing our thoughts as the fallen trees offer sustenance to living
and aspirations. Their thoughts provide organisms, the life and achievements of
a comforting energy as they continue to great inspirational souls lend us productivity.
impact us positively. In short, their aura and We are reminded of their presence in every
vibrations enthuse us even after their death. fibre of our being. The fact that ‘they existed’
(iii) What happens to our senses?  [3] motivates us to live a fuller and more
meaningful life. Our days are enriched with a
Ans. Our senses corroded by our sorrow regain the
purpose and meaning.
strength of purpose. They get restored though
there have been subtle changes brought about
by the sorrowful experience of the great loss. Commonly Made Error
They become more alert and sensitive as they
whisper to us the permanence of the souls’
Candidates may fail to note the intrinsic
existence. meaning and message conveyed. They may
(iv) Comment on the structure of the poem.  [3] not decipher the purpose of the literary devices
Ans. It is a poem of five uneven stanzas without used.
a specific rhyme scheme. This style makes it
free flowing, more like an emotional piece of
prose than a poem bound by structure. While
Answering Tips
the first part of the poem is full of despair
and a deep sense of loss, the last two stanzas
move towards reconciliation and attainment Students should do an in-depth analysis of the
of solace and hope. The enjambment lends meanings, symbolism and other poetic devices
a run-on effect, more like the stream of used.

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the poet show empathy towards all because air seems no longer rich and vibrant. Air
beings through the reaction of forest creatures to becomes rare and sterile, and we feel drained
falling trees, revealing the inter-connectedness of of spirit. However, our vision becomes clarified
nature and depth of impact? though our eyes are filled with tears. Grief
Ans. When trees fall in forests, the tiny creatures of the sharpens recollection and brings in acute nostalgia.
forest withdraw into themselves with some grave Sharpened memory takes us to all those words
emotion beyond fear. Their senses go numb, and that remained unsaid and all those promises that
they are stunned to mournful silence. This shows remained unkept. Our minds get fixated on missed
even the minutest of the natural world is shocked opportunities.
to mournful silence. This emphasises the totality of Q. 3. How does the poet show how people get stronger
the loss. The lions withdraw into the tall grass, and and find peace after feeling sad, and what does
the elephants lumber into safety. this tell us about how the poet makes us think
Q. 2. How does the poet show empathy towards all about how hard times can change us for the better?
beings through the reaction of forest creatures to
Value Points
falling trees, revealing the inter-connectedness of
nature and depth of impact? Initial shock and despair-time heals-revival of
hope-the dead inspire and motivate-feel happy
Value Points at having them in our lives-we exist because they
Shock-time to be in grip with reality-feel existed
suffocated-drained of vitality-nostalgia and Ans. The initial despair slowly gives way to reconciliation
regret and blooming of hope. Time brings peace and
Ans. The effect on the people is elaborately described. reconciliation with the loss. Peace blooms slowly but
Emotions take a back seat as it takes time to get surely. The sense of void begins to fill with the spirit
in terms with reality. Breathing becomes laboured of upliftment and understanding. The primordial
 Poetry 181
energy starts resonating. Our lives move on but we Ans. The great trees falling is an extended metaphor
are forever changed. We are more receptive because representing the fall of great inspirational figures
of the shaking experience; the great souls whisper in society. Just as the creatures of nature feel an
to us and push us forward. The fact they existed and unexplained fear and despair, humans are also
still exist makes our life fuller and more meaningful. affected. They who have been imbibing knowledge,
We are better off having had them in our lives. wisdom and kindness of the great souls feel helpless
Q. 4. How does the poet's metaphor of falling trees for and rudderless as the shock waves spread through
loss of inspirational figures show societal impact, them. The feeling of security and morale take a
demonstrating skill in inspiring reflection on
dip; however, they are encouraged to lead a more
resilience and growth in adversity?
meaningful life.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(a) promises never kept
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
(b) promised walks never taken
(c) promised words never uttered
(d) promises forgotten
(i) What according to Maya Angelou in ‘When Great
Trees Fall’ is the gut reaction of the creatures of Ans. Option (b) is correct.
nature at the fall of great trees?  [Analysis] Explanation: We feel guilty of not walking with
(a) They start bawling them as promised.
(b) They shed tears (vi) What contrast is brought about in the first and
(c) They grunt in desperation second stanzas of the poem?  [Analysis]
(d) They withdraw in fear (a) Size (b) Shape
Ans. Option (d) is correct. (c) Style (d) Emotions
Explanation: They do not comprehend what has Ans. Option (a) is correct.
happened but withdraw in unidentified fear. Explanation: While big animals are mentioned in
(ii) Which of the following options contains the figure the first stanza, small creatures are mentioned in
of speech that appears in the following line: ‘After the second one.
a period, peace blooms’  [Application]
(vii) What is common between rocks, lions and
(a) All the world’s a stage
elephants?[Understanding]
(b) Sing to me Autumn, with the rustle of your
(a) Steadfastness (b) Strength
leaves
(c) Solidity (d) All the above
(c) As we move along, calmness descends
(d) The swan dies after many a day Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: All are solid, steadfast and strong.
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Both are metaphors dealing with (viii) Fall of great ‘trees’ destabilizes: of forest and
positive feelings. human society  [Understanding]
(iii) “They existed. We can be. Be and be--------. (a) Equality (b) Equilibrium
Complete the line.[Recall] (c) Economy (d) Ethnicity
(a) best (b) whole Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(c) better (d) blithe Explanation: Equilibrium or balance of society is
Ans. Option (c) is correct. lost.
Explanation: The life if the influential people inspire (ix) The free verse style of the poem renders
us to be better.  [Analysis]
(iv) Which of the following reactions is NOT (a) a comic touch
mentioned in the poem?  [Understanding] (b) a conversational style
(a) Rocks shuddering (c) controlled rhythm
(b) Welkin weeping (d) critical view
(c) Elephants lumbering Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(d) Air getting rarified Explanation: Conversational style is achieved by
Ans. Option (b) is correct. not restricting the form with formal rhythm.
Explanation: Welkin weeping is not mentioned (x) The poem ends on a:
anywhere in the poem. [Analysis and Evaluation]
(v) “-gnaws on kind words unsaid, ------------------” (a) Sour note
Complete the line.  [Recall] (b) An optimistic note
182 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(c) A pessimistic note such as disbelief, shock, guilt and grief, there comes
(d) Sarcastic note reconciliation; a maturity that enables a person come
in terms with reality. Along with the acceptance of the
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
inevitable, there dawns an understanding of the positive
Explanation: The poem ends by reiterating the
outcomes. In fact, we realize that we exist because their
inspiring and motivating examples of those who
existence; that the dead with their sterling qualities and
existed. Because of them we exist and thrive. actions enrich our lives as role models. They inspire and
motivate us to follow the right path. There is positivity
B Extract Based Questions
(3 & 4 marks each)
and hope at the end of the poem.
Q. 2. Read the following extract from Maya Angelou’s
“When Great Trees Fall” and answer the questions
Q. 1. Read the following extract from Maya Angelou’s
that follow:
“When Great Trees Fall” and answer the questions
that follow: Our senses, restored, ....... For they existed.
When great trees ....... after safety (i) What stage in the grief is mentioned in the given
stanza? Explain in detail.
(i) On what occasion did Maya Angelou write this
poem? [Understanding] What is the symbolism [Understanding] [3]
used? [Analysis][3] Ans. The last stage of the grief when the survivors
Ans. Maya wrote the poem on the death of a fellow reconcile with their great loss is described in the
poet and a social activist James Baldwin’s funeral. given stanza. When all the shock, disbelief and
He was an influencer and mentor of minds. The depression get over, there comes the stage of
fallen trees are symbolic of great, influential people acceptance of the inevitable. They realise that
breathing their last, leaving their followers bereft the great souls and their actions still live in their
and scared. memory inspiring and motivating them to better
living.
(ii) What is the significance of the first stanza?
(ii) Who are compared to great trees and why?
[Analysis] [3]
Ans. The first stanza of the poem talks about the reaction [Understanding and Analysis] [3]
of elements of Nature, including the animals Ans. Great influencers who show the right path of
that are taken aback by the impact of great trees living, who fight for justice, and ensure the well
falling. Their reaction is visceral which makes them being of society in general, are compared to great
withdraw into their selves, not understanding what trees. Just as the trees spread their benevolent
really has happened. They shudder, cower and branches and protect the lives of all creatures that
lumber into safer places. seek their shelter, the great public figures and social
influencers protect society. When they die, the
(iii) How do people react at the fall of ‘great trees’?
survivors are shocked and bereft.
[Recall][3]
(iii) What are the various stages of grief mentioned in
Ans. People at first are in a stupor, finding it hard to
the poem?  [Understanding] [3]
believe. They cannot breathe as the air around them
becomes rarified offering no sustenance. Memory Ans. There are four stages of grief mentioned in the
gets sharpened and guilt starts gnawing. Then they poem. Firstly, the feeling of isolation that turns
fall into deep melancholy, feeling helpless without into anger followed by depression, which finally
their guiding spirits. However, as they recover from culminates in acceptance. The rest of the beings
the great shock and sorrow, they take inspiration first are shocked and fall victims to an unknown
from the lives of the great souls, their teachings and fear. Then they withdraw into their shells, nursing
examples. They are motivated to live a meaningful their wounds, unable to even breathe. The feeling
life. They also accept they exist because their of unfulfilled promises makes them feel guilty and
ancestors existed and will lead a better life as the helpless. However, as time passes, the wound heals
goodness of the departed ones still live in their to reveal a better understanding and acceptance of
memory. the inevitable.
(iv) Describe the imagery used in the poem.
(iv) What are the words used by the poet to describe
the air around people when they get the news of [Application][3]
death of great personalities? Ans. The falling of great trees is an extended metaphor
[Recall, Application] [3] relating to the death of great figures of society. The
rocks and hills are personified as they shudder
Ans. The people feel that the air around them becomes, light,
with fear like humans. The lions and elephants
rare and sterile. They breathe with difficulty as though
withdrawing in fear and the small creatures feeling
there is no oxygen, no life sustaining substance and they
unnamed discomfort symbolise the universal impact
feel choked. They may feel an absolute stillness in the air
of their death. The peace blooming after a period is
making them gasp.
symbolic of positive thinking an aspirations.
(v) Comment on the end of the poem.
(v) How is the ending of the poem a contrast to the
[Evaluation and Analysis] [4] beginning of the poem?
Ans. The last stanza of the poem traces the final stage
[Evaluation and Analysis][4]
of grief. After going through a gamut of emotions
 Poetry 183
Ans. The beginning of the poem is about the visceral a feeling of reconciliation and maturity of thought.
reaction of the creatures of Nature experiencing Death is accepted as inevitable. The awareness
the impact of the fall of great trees. They cower, that the departed ones exist in our thoughts and
shudder and withdraw into their selves unable continue to inspire and motivate us to better living
to comprehend the pain and the loss. But as the comes as a solace.
poem nears its ending, there is an understanding,

Reflection
After reading about the impact of great personalities on our lives through Maya Angelou's poem, do you feel in-
spired to reflect on the legacies of influential figures you admire?


 CHAPTER

4
THE POWER OF
MUSIC

—Sukumar Ray

Learning Objectives
 To derive the pleasure of reading nonsense poetry.
 To note the literary devices that make the poem a delight to read.
 To examine the impact of imposing loud music on others.
 To learn how the poet conveys ideas through exaggeration and humour.

About the Poet

Sukumar Ray (1887–1923), a poet, writer, playwright and illustrator, is known primarily for his contributions to
Bengali literature and children's literature. Father of the famous Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray,
Scan to know more
he belonged to a prominent Bengali family. He enriched the world of literature during the early about
twentieth century and is regarded as one of the pioneers of humorous and satirical writings in this topic
Bengali literature.
Sukumar Ray had a strong educational background. He studied at the Presidency College in
Calcutta and later pursued his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in England.
Sukumar Ray’s literary contributions were diverse, ranging from humorous and satirical writings The Power of
to plays, poems and essays. His most famous work is the collection of nonsense rhymes titled Music
‘Abol Tabol’, which is considered a classic in Bengali literature for children. The book is known
for its playful language, wordplay and interesting illustrations. His most famous play is "Chalachittachanchari’
(The Intelligent Surrogate), which is a delightful comedy.

About the Poem

The poem revolves around the power of music. It describes the effect of loud music on objects, animals, people
and elements of Nature. Loud music, imposed unconcernedly on others, affects negatively on their psyche as
well as physical well-being. By resorting to exaggeration, the poet succeeds in conveying his thoughts on this
matter in a humorous yet compelling manner. It comes under the genre of Nonsense Poems.

Summary
Bhisma Lochan is a singer who loves to belt out his song for his pleasure under the mistaken notion that others
also enjoy it in equal measure. When summer comes, his booming voice echoes in the streets from Delhi to
Burma. Bullock carts are upset, horses line on roads, fishes dive deep seeking silence and trees shake with fear.
His fellow beings request him to stop as they are gripped with illnesses and their daily life is upset. However, the
singer unaware of the havoc he makes, continues his vocal assault till a wise billy goat challenges him. He meets
Bhisma and bellows to bellows, screeches to screeches until the singer is subdued and gifts the precious gift of
silence to the world around.

Explanation of the Poem

Stanzas 1 You catch his strain on hill and plain from Delhi
1. When summer comes, we hear the hums down to Burma
Bhisma Lochan Sharma. He sings as though he's staked his life, he sings
as though he's hell-bent;
 Poetry 185

Words Meanings Words Meanings

 Hums—sings,  Staked his life—invested everything  Wretched brutes—miserable animals,  Resent—
in life,  Hell-bent—fiercely determined. hate, Whine-cry,  Confounded—confused to the core,
Explanation: When summer comes, the loud  Frantic—desperate.
singing of Bhisma Lochan Sharma can be heard
Explanation: The miserable animals hate the sound
echoing through hills and valleys ranging from
the moment it begins. They cry in desperation as
Delhi to Burma. He sings as though he has given they are totally confused not knowing what has
everything in his life to his singing. He is fiercely hit them. Fishes dive deep into the water seeking
determined to make his music heard. silence.
Stanzas 2 Stanzas 5
2. The people, dazed, retire amazed although they 5. The very trees collapse and shake - you hear the
know it's well-meant. crash a mile hence -
And in the sky the feathered fly turn turtle while
They're trampled in the panic rout or languish
they're winging,
pale and sickly,
And plead,' My friend, we're near our end, oh Words Meanings
stop your singing quickly
 Collapse—fall,  Feathered fly—birds,  Turn tur-
Words Meanings tle—turn upside down, somersault
Explanation: The trees are badly affected by the
 Dazed—disoriented, dizzy  Retire—withdraw  song. They shiver and fall as though in fear. They
Trampled—trodden under  Panic rout—chaos caused crash to the ground with such a force that the
by anxiety  Languish—suffer  Plead—pray, humbly vibrations are heard miles away.
request Stanzas 6
6. Again we cry, 'We're going to die, oh won't you
Explanation: People go into panic attacks listening
to the loud song. They withdraw in sheer confusion stop your singing? '
though they know he means no harm. They suffer But Bhisma's soared beyond our reach, howe'er
immensely gripped with anxiety and health issues. we plead and grumble;
They haplessly plead for the singer to stop as they The welkin weeps to hear his screech, and mighty
feel they are dying under the vocal onslaught. mansions tumble.
Stanzas 3
Words Meanings
3. The bullock-carts are overturned, and horses
line the roadside;  Soared—moved ahead,  Plea—pray,  Grumble—
But Bhisma Lochan, unconcerned, goes complain,  Welkin—sky,  Mansions—big buildings.

booming out his broadside. Explanation: Again, the people desperately plead
him to stop. They grumble that they are going to
die but Bhisma pushes along outside the range of
Words Meanings their pleadings. The sky cries in anguish, and giant
buildings fall unable to withstand the vibrations.
 Overturned—upside down,  Unconcerned—un-
Stanzas 7
aware, not bothered.  Booming out his broadside—
7. But now there comes a billy goat, a most
belting out his song mighty loudly and harshly
sagacious fellow,
Explanation: The bullocks stop on their way He downs his horns and charges straight, with
upsetting their carts, horses stop on the sides of bellow answ'ring bellow.
the roads, too scared to move ahead but the singer The strains of song are tossed and whirled by
pushes along totally oblivious to the havoc he is blast of brutal violence,
creating.
And Bhisma Lochan grants the world the golden
Stanzas 4 gift of silence
4. The wretched brutes resent the blare the hour
Words Meanings
they hear it sounded,
They whine and stare with feet in air or wonder  Billy goat—male goat, Sagacious-wise, discerning,
shrewd,  Bellow answering bellow—answering in the
quite confounded. same kind, screech to screech,  Tossed and whirled—
The fishes dived below the lake in frantic search thrown about,  Blast of brutal violence—scattered
for silence, around with merciless force.
186 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Explanation: Then comes the solace with the entry out. The high decibel noise tosses the strains of the
of a male goat. Wisely, he discerns the situation and music of the singer. He admits defeat as he realises
decides to take an aggressive stand. He downs his the effect of uncontrolled music. He grants the
head in an attacking posture and bleats his heart precious gift of silence to those around him.

Critical Appraisal
1. Alliteration-Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely situated words.
For example, ‘grants the world the golden gift of silence’, ‘welkin weeps’, ‘booming out his broadside’,
‘turn turtle’, ‘feathered fly’.
2. Repetition-‘Bellow answering bellow’
3 Personification-human qualities attributed to non-human things. For example, ‘welkin weeps’ ‘whine
and stare’.
4. Hyperbole-describe in an exaggerated manner. For example, bullock carts overturned, horses line on
roadside, people about to die, trees collapse and the sound heard a mile away, welkin weeps, birds
turning turtle.
5. Onomatopoeia-the sound echoing the meaning. For example, screech, crash, booming, hums.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

animals are startled and badly affected by the ear-

A Multiple Choice Questions splitting sound made by the singer.
Q. 4. The fishes dived below the lake in frantic search/
Q. 1. What is the primary theme of the poem by for--------------------Complete the line with the word
Sukumar Ray? used by the poet.:
(a) The joy of music in nature
(b) The negative impact of loud music on the (a) solace (b) peace
environment and others (c) quietness (d) silence
(c) The adventures of Bhisma Lochan Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(d) The beauty of Bengali landscapes Explanation: The fishes escape from the noise by
Ans. Option (b) is correct. diving deep into the lake seeking silence.
Explanation:-The negative impact of loud music on Q. 5. And in the sky the feathered fly -------------------while/
the environment and others. they're winging,:
Q. 2. What is the reaction of people when they hear (a) turn up (b) turn turtle
Bhishma singing? (c) soar high (d) turn down
(1) fazed (2) dazed Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(3) crazed (4) amazed Explanation:-They turn upside down.
(a) (1) and (2) (b) (2) and (4) Q. 6. ‘The welkin weeps to hear his screech’, Name the
(c) (1) and (3) (d) (3) and (4) figure of speech used here.:
Ans. Option (2) is correct. (a) onomatopoeia (b) oxymoron
Explanation: It ran with terror and crept with (c) anaphora (d) personification
cunning Ans. Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The welkin or the sky is said to be
Q. 3. And plead, 'My friend, we're near our end, oh stop
weeping like a human being. Attributing human
your singing quickly! 'Mention two disasters that
qualities to inanimate object is a type of poetic
happen because of Bhishma’s singing: 
device which is called personification
(1) horse-carriages overturned
Q. 7. Bring out the meaning of ‘Booming out his
(2) bullocks line the road
broadside’.
(3) horses stop on the sides of road
(a) singing in fine tune
(4) Bullock carts are overturned
(b) singing loudly but sweetly
(a) (1) and (2) (b) (2) and (3)
(c) singing loud and harsh
(c) (1) and (2) (d) (3) and (4)
(d) singing in his heart
Ans. Option (4) is correct. Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: According to the poet, horses stop on Explanation:-Bhisma’s song is too loud and hurting
the roadside and bullock carts are overturned as the the ears.
 Poetry 187
Q. 8. What have you gathered about Bhisma’s mindset? he was extremely determined or hell bent to amuse
(a) he is a master of entertainment others with his song.
(b) he is generous and kind Q. 15. Who is the poet of ‘Power of Music’?
(c) he is unconcerned about others
(a) Satyajit Ray (b) T S Eliot
(d) he enjoys troubling others
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (c) Suryakumar Ray (d) None of the above
Explanation:- He is blissfully unaware of the distress Ans. Option (d) is correct.
caused by him. Explanation:-The poet is Sukumar Ray, father of
Q. 9. ‘feathered fly’—name the figure of speech used in Satyajit Ray.
the given expression: Q. 16. Through the poem, the poet wants to convey that:
(a) repetition (b) alliteration 
(c) hyperbole (d) assonance
(a) music is food for the soul
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation:-Repetition of consonant sounds. (b) loud music is appreciated
(c) music should be moderated
Q. 10. The poem can be best described as:
(a) ironical (d) music should be used to control
(b) philosophical Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) metaphysical Explanation: The poet wants to convey that
(d) humorous however appealing music may be, there should be
Ans. Option (d) is correct. a moderation in the voice, tempo and volume of the
Explanation:-It is written in a harmless humorous song in order to be appreciated
style.
Q. 17. What is the response of the goat to Bhisma’s
Q. 11. ‘The welkin weeps to hear his screech’, What does
singing?
welkin mean here?
(a) sea (b) earth (a) roars on top of the voice
(c) sky (d) forest (b) bleats meekly
Ans. Option (c) is correct. (c) bleats like a bellow
Explanation:-Welkin means sky. (d) barks wildly
Q. 12. ‘bellow answ'ring bellow.’ Which of the following Ans. Option (c) is correct.
phrases match the given expression best? Explanation:-The bleat becomes so strong and
(a) tit for tat harsh that it sounds like a full throated bellow.
(b) neck to neck
Q. 18. Billy goat is described as sagacious. What is the
(c) shoulder to shoulder
(d) two peas in a pod meaning of sagacious?
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (a) clever (b) wise
Explanation:-The goat’s bleat gives a fierce answer (c) cunning (d) angry
to the loud song.
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 13. The strains of song are tossed and whirled by/blast
Explanation:-The goat uses his wisdom and
of brutal------------
prudence to give a fitting reply.
(a) silence (b) violence
(c) license (d) malevolence Q. 19. What figure of speech is used in, ‘But now there
Ans. Option (b) is correct. comes a billy goat, a most sagacious fellow’,
Explanation:-In a show of violence, billy goat beats (a) irony (b) simile
the singer. (c) alliteration (d) personification
Q. 14. Which of the following phrases bring out the Ans. Option (d) is correct.
passion and determination of the singer? “He Explanation:-Billy goat is called a sagacious fellow.
sings as though he's,------------------- he sings as
Q. 20. ‘When ------------------comes, we hear the hums/
though he's-----------:
(1) sold his soul (2) staked his life Bhisma Lochan Sharma’. Fill in the blank with the
(3) crazy and obsessed (4) hell-bent; right word from the poem:
(a) (1) and (3) (b) (2) and (4) (a) spring (b) autumn
(c) (3) and (4) (d) (2) and (3) (c) summer (d) bees
Ans. Option (2) is correct Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation:-The singer sang as though he staked Explanation:-Summer is the time mentioned by the
everything in his life for the sake of his song, and poet.
188 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the excerpt carefully and answer the Ans. ‘The pronoun ‘they’ refers to the hapless
questions below. people who are seriously affected by the
onslaught of Bhisma’s loud singing. They are
He sings ........ your singing quickly! '
crushed under the auditory assault, gripped
(i) Who is the ‘He’? What do you know of him? by panic and exhaustion. To make matters
[3] worse, they are affected by various illnesses
Ans. He is Bhisma Lochan, the character on whom which make them pale and unhealthy.
the poem is written. He loves singing and belts (ii) What do they plead and why? [3]
out his song in full voice without bothering
Ans. The sickly people plead Bhisma miserably to
about its effect on the listeners. The trees fall,
stop singing as they are on the verge of dying.
animals cower and people plead with him to
Their senses can take no more of his grating
stop, but he is least concerned.
voice. Moreover, their daily life is disrupted;
(ii) Bring out the meaning of ‘staked his life’ and for example, the bullock carts overturn, and
‘hell-bent’.  [3] horses are too frightened to make a move.
Ans. The phrase ‘staked his life’ shows that he (iii) How are the animals referred to in the
invested everything in life, every fibre of his following line, soon after this stanza? [3]
being, into his art. There is no world for him
Ans. They are referred to as ‘wretched brutes’
outside his music. The words ‘hell-bent’ refer
resenting the blare of the moment the song
to his determination. He is bent on making
begins. They whine and stare with feet in
the world listen to his music at all cost.
air gripped with wonder. They do not realise
(iii) Why are the people rendered dazed and what has struck them and are thoroughly
amazed? Do you think they are angry with confounded.
the singer? Give reasons for your answer.
(iv) What is the reaction of Bhisma throughout?
[3]
Does he represent any particular kind of
Ans. The people listening to the singer’s sonorous people? [3]
and imposing voice feel amazed and
Ans. Bhisma is totally unconcerned about the
disoriented. They are not angry with him
reactions around him. He goes on singing
because they know he means well. But they
loudly, completely immersed in his activity. It
plead him to stop because they are unable to
represents all those people who are obsessed
endure the onslaught on their senses.
with their talents, imposing them on others.
(iv) What expression in the extract shows that he Bhisma can be taken as a caricature of all those
does not mean any harm? Then, why does he who indulge in unrestrained singing giving
trouble people?  [3] no thought to the disruption they are making.
Ans. The words ‘well meant’ show he does (v) What aspects of music are alluded to by the
not want to trouble them. However, he is poet?[4]
unaware that his bellowing disturbs all, even
Ans. However well meant the intention of the
the equilibrium of Nature. The singer is least
singer, however much he enjoys singing,
concerned about what is happening around
it should be done in moderation with the
him as he is deeply immersed in his own self.
welfare of the people and creatures around in
(v) How do animals react to his obsessive hobby? mind. Forcibly imposing something on others
 [4] is not a desirable pursuit as all have their likes
Ans. The bullocks stop their run suddenly, and and dislikes, moods and preferences and also
the carts get overturned. The horses stop on activities they want to do in peace. An artist
their tracks and line on the roadside. This is to is a boon to society when he indulges in his
show normal life is disturbed both for humans pursuit intelligently and in keeping with time
and animals. The wretched animals seem to and decorum.
resent the blare from the moment it starts.
Q. 3. And in the sky ........ we plead and grumble;
They whine and stare with feet in air as they
are thoroughly confounded. Fishes dive into (i) What word does the poet use to describe
deep sea in search of silence and birds do a the sky a little later? What does it do? What
somersault. happens to the mansions?  [3] :
Q. 2. They're trampled ........ line the roadside; Ans. The sky is referred to as ‘welkin’ a little later.
(i) Who are referred to as 'they' in the It is said to weep on hearing the unbearable
extract??Explain the meaning of the first line. screeching sound made by the singer. The
[3] mighty mansions tumble because of the
vibrations produced. The description brings
 Poetry 189
out the helplessness of the objects and (ii) Why do you think Bhisma Lochan goes
creatures submitted to such harsh experiences. silent?  [3]
(ii) What is the meaning of ‘the feathered fly Ans. I think the singer gets the medicine of his
turn turtle while/ they're winging,’ How do own kind. The truth suddenly dawns on him
trees react to the man’s singing?  [3] : and he goes silent. When billy goat starts
Ans. Feathered flies are the birds flying in the sky. bellowing with equally loud bleats, Bhisma
They turn upside down in shock. They lose realises the torture he has been inflicting on
their equilibrium as their senses cannot stand others. Finally, he realises he has no right to
such high-decibel sounds. The trees collapse force his song on hapless beings whether they
and shake. They are thrown off and one can are inclined to listen or not.
hear the crash a mile hence. (iii) What is the significance of the last line of the
(iii) What poetic technique is used to bring out poem?  [3] :
the excessive effect of loud music? Give Ans. Bhisma at last condescends to be silent as
examples from the poem. [3] : though he is doing a favour to all those he
Ans. The poetic device used throughout the poem has been tormenting with his songs. The last
is hyperbole. The impact of the loud singing line conveys the message that no one, even
of the protagonist on different elements of
an accomplished artist, should impose his
Nature is exaggerated to provide humour and
interest and talent on others, however well-
a sense of awe. Phrases like ‘welkin weeps’,
meant their actions may be.
birds ‘turn turtle’, bullock cards turning
upside down and mansions tumbling down (iv) What adjective is used for the billy goat a
are a few of the exaggerations. little while ago? Why is he described in this
(iv) Whose entry is mentioned soon after this manner?  [3]
extract? What does this creature do?  [3] Ans. Billy goat is described as ‘sagacious’ which
Ans. The grand entry of the billy goat is mentioned. means wise because he is the only one who
He is called a sagacious fellow. He downs has had the sense to give a dose of his own
his horns and charges straight, with bellow medicine to the singer. When the singer
answering bellow. This means he bleats as realises the effect of loud and screeching
loudly as Bhimsen bellows his songs. The noise and the rage of emotions he causes to
description very well shows that he is the others, he is forced to introspect upon his own
right match for the singer and he retaliates actions and think of the effect on others.
with as much violence and ferocity. (v) What is the subtle message conveyed by the
(v) What is the after effect of this entry? poet? Comment on the way he does this.
Comment on the end of the poem.  [4] :  [4]:
Ans. The after effect is that Bhisma Lochan is at Ans. The message is that music, however powerful
last silenced. He is faced with an equally loud it may be, should have a restraint and a time
opponent who gives him the shock of his life and occasion to be entertaining. Loud music
with his unrestrained volume. Faced with may not be welcome to all. Not only the people
a powerful rival, Bhisma admits defeat and but elements of Nature are also affected or
realises the extent of irritation he must have repelled by unwarranted assaults of sound.
caused to the helpless creatures and elements The poet conveys this by exaggerating the
around him. He goes silent realising the value reactions of the objects, animals and the
of the precious gift of silence. The subtle humans in a humorous and effective manner.
message is conveyed in an effortless manner
without hurting the sentiments of anyone.
Although it comes under nonsense poetry, it Commonly Made Error
does convey the message of moderation.
Q. 4. The strains of song ........ gift of silence Candidates may not note the subtle message
(i) What are referred to as the strains of song? conveyed. They may miss out on the
What sense do the words ‘tossed and whirled’ significance of using hyperbole.
convey?  [3]
Ans. Bhisma Lochan’s loud music is referred to
as strains of song. The words tossed and Answering Tips
whirled illustrate the way the bleating of the
goat clashes headlong with Bhisma’s strains, Students should learn the effect of music on
throwing them violently into the air, churning different animals and humans. They should
and grinding them in a vortex of auditory learn the obvious and implied meanings of
sensations. Bhisma’s voice ultimately gets words used. Pay attention to the poetic devices
subdued. used.
190 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the poet showing animals reacting Q. 3. How does the poet's depiction of Bhisma Lochan's
to loud singing demonstrate understanding of reaction show humility and self-awareness, and
disruptions on humans and animals, and how does what does it teach about conveying messages
this empathy contribute to caring for everyone's sensitively?
well-being?
Value Points
Value Points Billy goat attacks-blares his bleats-higher pitch
Debilitating impacts on bullocks and horses- than Bhishma’s-Bhisma subdued-gifts silence.
normal life is disturbed-whine and stare-fishes
dive into the deep sea Ans. The poem ends by suggesting the effect of the
goat’s attack on Bhisma Lochan’s songs. He is
Ans. The loud singing has a tremendous impact on at last silenced. He is faced with an equally loud
animals. The bullocks stop their run suddenly, and opponent who gives him the shock of his life with
the carts get overturned. The horses stop on their his unrestrained volume. Faced with a powerful
tracks and line on the roadside. This is to show rival, Bhisma admits defeat and realises the extent
that normal life is disturbed both for humans and of irritation he must have caused the helpless
animals. The wretched animals seem to resent creatures and elements around him. He goes silent
the blare from the moment it starts. They whine realising the value of the precious gift of silence.
and stare with feet in air as they are thoroughly The subtle message is conveyed in an effortless
confounded. Fishes dive into the deep sea in search manner without hurting the sentiments of anyone.
of silence. Birds turn upside down in flight. Q. 4. How does the poet's exaggerated reactions to
Q. 2. How does the poet's portrayal of the billy goat's loud music stress the need for restraint in music,
reaction to the loud singing show assertiveness in and what does it show about using humour and
dealing with discomfort, and what does this say effective communication for complex ideas?
about respecting boundaries? Ans. The message is that music, however powerful it
Ans. Billy goat becomes aggressive because the singer may be, should have a restraint and a time and
upsets his nerves. He downs his horns and charges occasion to be entertaining. Loud music may
straight, matching each bellow with a bellow. The not be welcome to all. Not only the people but
strains of the song are tossed and whirled by a blast elements of Nature are also affected or repelled by
of brutal violence. Bhisma Lochan is taken aback unwarranted assaults of sound. The poet conveys
by the superior strength. And he grants the world this by exaggerating the reactions of the objects,
the golden gift of silence. The goat is said to be animals and humans in a humorous and effective
sagacious because he is the only one who has been manner.
wise enough to put a stop to the assault on ears.

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(ii) The poem ‘The Power of Music’ involves ----------
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
---[Understanding]
(a) An epic battle
(b) Man-animal conflict
(i) The poem ‘The Power of Music’ highlights the
importance of----------------- [Understanding] (c) A literary defeat
(d) A controversial ending
(a) controlled craft
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(b) imposing nature
Explanation: billy goat confronts the human.
(c) tempestuous onslaught (iii) Which of the following reactions is NOT
(d) obsessive behaviour mentioned in the poem? [Understanding]
Ans. Option (a) is correct. (a) Fishes diving
(b) Birds doing somersault
Explanation: There should be a discipline and
control in craft to make it appealing. Going (c) Sky weeping
overboard becomes distasteful. (d) Insects snoring
 Poetry 191
Ans. Option (d) is correct. (ix) Bhisma Lochan can be best described as a/an-------
Explanation: Nowhere in the poem insects are -.[Evaluation]
mentioned. (a) Antihero
(iv) Pick up the odd one out that does not tune with the (b) Caricature
context of the poem.  [Recall] (c) Cartoon
(a) Brutes whine and stare (d) Harmless figure
(b) Trees collapse and shake Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(c) Birds turn turtle Explanation: He is described as a person whose
(d) People retaliate striking features are exaggerated to create a comic
effect.
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(x) “but Bhasma Lochan, unconcerned, goes/Booming
Explanation: Humans at first withdraw, mourn and out his broadside” Which of the following lines
then accept. They do not retaliate. contains the figure of speech used in the quoted
(v) Pick up the figure of speech that is similar to the line? 2
line quoted below. [Application] (a) Like a glow worm golden in a dell of dew
‘The very trees collapse and shake-you hear the (b) Parting in such a sweet sorrow
crash a mile hence’ (c) No bigger than a glow worm shone the tent
(a) I have promises to keep and miles to go before (d) A nightingale, that all day long/Had cheered
I sleep the village with his song
(b) Feet devouring rough miles grow cracks on the Ans. Option (a) is correct.
heels Explanation: Both use alliteration.
(c) Rocks on distant hills shudder

B Extract Based Questions

(d) Cannons to right of them, cannons to left of
them/volleyed and thundered (3 & 4 marks each)
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Both use personification-shake and Q. 1. Read the given extract from Sukumar Ray’s ‘
shudder. Power of Music’ and answer the questions below.
(vi) ‘He sings as though he’s staked his life’ Pick You catch ...... sings as though he’s hell bent
up another phrase from the poem to show the (i) Who is the he mentioned in the extract? What is
intensity of the singer [Application] peculiar about his strain?
(a) Obsessed (b) Bent on [Recall and Understanding] [3]
(c) Hell-bent (d) Determined Ans. The ‘he’ mentioned here is Bhisma Lochan Sharma
Ans. Option (c) is correct. who has a passion for singing. He is ‘hell bent’
Explanation: This choice reflects the passionate and on singing loudly with all his might and his his
relentless nature of the singer's dedication to his powerful voice can be heard for miles together.
art, emphasising the profound impact and intensity He is not bothered whether his strain is loved or
conveyed in the poem. sounds appealing to others.
(vii) What does billy goat stand for in the poem? (ii) What do you understand about his passion for
[Analysis] music?
(a) Right to live in peace [Understanding and Evaluation] [3]
(b) Use force when it is needed Ans. Bhisma sings with full energy and passion as though
(c) Meekness is not all the time a virtue his life is dependent on it. He is fully obsessed with
(d) All the above his singing that he does not bother how it affects
others.
Ans. Option d ) is correct.
(iii) Comment on the poetic device used here. What
Explanation: It stands for all the qualities.
are the other literary devices used in the poem?
(viii) Which of the following idioms can be the closest [Application] [3]
interpretation of the last two lines?
Ans. The poetic device used in the given stanza is
[Application] exaggeration or hyperbole, When the singer starts
(a) Tit for tat singing, his voice echoes through hills and plains
(b) Turning a new leaf stretching from Delhi to Burma. The poem is full
(c) Calm before the storm of exaggeration such as bullock cart turning upside
(d) Man proposes God disposes down. Moreover, there are other devices like
Ans. Option (b) is correct. personification like ‘welkin weeping’, metaphors
Explanation: Turning a new leaf. The man stopped like ‘bellow answ’ring bellow ‘ , alliterations such as
singing rendering the much -needed relief for one ‘feathered fly’ and ‘turn turtle’.
and all .
192 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(iv) What is the reaction of the general public to his Ans. The phrase ‘tossed and whirled’ means thrown
songs?[Analysis] [3] in different directions causing the notes to whirl
Ans. The public is dazed, and withdraws from the around or spin with great speed bringing utter
auditory onslaught though they know the singer chaos . Phrases like ‘They whine and stare’ and
‘feathered fly turn turtle’ create striking pictures in
means no harm. They are amazed and overblown
our minds.
by the sheer power of his music that they plead
him to stop as the normal functions of the day are (iii) Explain the significance of the last two lines.
affected. The bullock carts get over turned and the [Analysis] [3]
horses stop midway refusing to move. Ans. The last two lines capture the essence of the poem
which is about a devote singer who does not know
(v) Comment on the genre of the poem.
when to stop or control his volume. However, the
[Evaluation] [4]
billy goat matches the volume bellow by bellow that
Ans. The poem is in the genre of Nonsense poems the human singer has to stop his auditory assault.
written mainly for entertainment. However, there He decides to give up singing, thus granting his
is a suble message that art is great but should not fellow creatures peaceful hours. This silence is
be imposed on others. A certain degree of discipline considered a golden gift much required by the
and control have to be exercised to render pleasure. hapless sufferers.
Artistes should not indulge in self obsession.
(iv) How did the animals react to the loud songs?
Through exaggerated descriptions and subtle
[Recall and Understanding] [3]
humour, the poet renders a comic effect. In short,
Ans. The animals could not tolerate the harsh sound
the poem conveys sense through nonsense.
of the singer. The bullocks came to a sudden halt,
Q 2 Read the given extract from Sukumar Ray’s ‘ Power horses lined the side walks, the miserable brutes
of Music’ and answer the questions below. whined and stared, fishes dived deep and the
The strains of ...... the golden gift of silence. birds turned turtle while flying. However, one billy
(i) What causes the brutal violence? How is the one goat turned aggressive and wisely put an end to
that caused the violence described just before this everyone’s misery by ‘bellow answ’ring bellow’.
extract?  [Recall] [3] (v) What is the underlying idea of the poem? Does the
Ans. The blaring and bellowing of the billy goat clashed poet succeed in conveying this idea?
with the noise made by the singer Bhisma. His [Analysis and Application][4]
sound was tossed and thrown violently into a Ans. The underlying idea is that music touches heart
vortex of din created by the goat that it was silenced and rejuvenates soul. However, noise in the name
forever. The billy goat who made the singer stop is of music is irritating and it must be put to an end.
referred to as ‘ a most sagacious fellow’. The poet is pointing a finger at all those smug artists
(ii) Give the meaning of the phrase, ‘tossed and who are obsessed by their skills, taking for granted
whirled’ . Quote other word pictures used by the that others also share their enjoyment. They should
poet. be sensitive to the feelings and tastes of others.
[Understanding and Application] [3]

Reflection
After going through the poem, do you realise what the consequences of ignoring the needs and well-being of others
can be?
Can you think of modern parallels to Bhisma Lochan's behaviour?


 CHAPTER

5
A
CONSIDERABLE
SPECK
—Robert Frost

Learning Objectives
 To inculcate interest in simple but profound poetry.
 To note the contrasting ideas in the title as well as the content of the poem.
 To learn the presence of consciousness even in minute creatures.
 To develop an admiration for the survival instincts and creativity of the mite.
 To understand poetic devices that add value to the poem.

About the Poet

Robert Frost (1874–1963) is one of the most well-known poets in American literature. He is celebrated for his vivid
and realistic depictions of rural life. He is considered a master of colloquial expressions. He has been conferred
with four Pulitzer Prizes for poetry, in 1924 for 'New Hampshire’, in 1931 for ‘Collected Poems’, Scan to know more
in 1937 for ‘A Further Range’, and in 1943 for ‘A Witness Tree’. about
this topic
Frost’s poetic genius often explores rural life, nature and the complexities of human relationships.
His writing is characterised by its use of day-to-day language and its deep insights into the
human condition. ‘The Road Not Taken’, Frost's most well-known poem, reflects on the choices
we make in life and their impact. ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ is a beautifully A Considerable
crafted poem that contemplates the tug of war between the wayside beauties of nature and the Speck

responsibilities of life.
Robert Frost's poetry, reflecting a keen insight into human nature, a deep appreciation of rural landscapes and a
profound depiction of the complexities of life, continues to be celebrated for its universal appeal.

About the Poem

‘A Considerable Speck’ is a witty and thought-provoking poem by Robert Frost. It captures the psychology and
actions of a mite on white paper, symbolising human creativity and imagination. It highlights the struggle for
survival displaying the ability of consciousness even in a tiny creature. The poet seems to admire it and respect
its intellect. He feels that even the smallest of creatures have their importance.

Summary
The poet seems to be writing something when he notices a speck on the paper. He would not have noticed it but
for the contrast between the dark dot and the stark white paper. Something at this moment makes him realise
it is not just a speck of dust. It moves around purposefully as though it has intelligence and creativity. The mite
hesitates beside the poised pen, runs across to the fresh words on the paper, smells or tastes wet ink and turns in
disgust. Then it lies still in the centre of the paper submitting to its fate. The poet lets it be, as it does not pose any
danger to him. He hopes it will go to sleep. He says he is not like certain people who are overly concerned and
kill all creativity and capacity for thought. Nor is he like those who kill harmless creatures. He feels glad to have
found the spirit for survival and desire to live as displayed by the tiny mite. That even the tiniest of beings has this
capacity is proved by the activities of the mite. This takes the poem to a philosophical level.
194 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

Explanation of the Poem

Stanzas 1 and 2 It faltered: I could see it hesitate;
1. A speck that would have been beneath my sight Then in the middle of the open sheet
On any but a paper sheet so white Cower down in desperation to accept
Set off across what I had written there. Whatever I accorded it of fate.
And I had idly poised my pen in air
To stop it with a period of ink Words Meanings
When something strange about it made me think,
 Cunning—cleverness, skill,  Faltered—lost momen-
This was no dust speck by my breathing blown, tum,  Cower down—bend down or move back with
But unmistakably a living mite head down,  Desperation—hopelessness.
With inclinations it could call its own.
Explanation: The insect looked so tiny that it seemed
that it had no feet. However, it had enough to show
Words Meanings that it did not want to die. It ran with fear but also
 Speck—a tiny dot,  Poised—ready to take action at
had enough ingenuity to creep about showing its
survival instincts. It lost its momentum, hesitated
any moment,  Period—full stop mark,  Inclinations—
for a while and then came to a standstill, cowering
instincts, natural tendencies.
in the middle of the sheet, as if submitting to the
Explanation: The poet was working on a manuscript will of the poet.
when he saw a tiny speck on the paper. He would Stanzas 7 and 8
not have noticed it but for the contrast it made on
4. I have none of the tenderer-than-thou
the white paper. He thought it was a speck of dust
Collectivistic regimenting love
blown by his breathing. He thought of obliterating
it with a full stop mark and poised his pen over it With which the modern world is being swept.
but soon realised that it was moving with a purpose But this poor microscopic item now!
across the sheet. It showed an inclination that Since it was nothing I knew evil of
proved it as a living being. I let it lie there till I hope it slept.
Stanzas 3 and 4 I have a mind myself and recognize
2. It paused as with suspicion of my pen, Mind when I meet with it in any guise
And then came racing wildly on again No one can know how glad I am to find
To where my manuscript was not yet dry; On any sheet the least display of mind.
Then paused again and either drank or smelt--
With loathing, for again it turned to fly. Words Meanings
Plainly with an intelligence I dealt.
 Tenderer than thou—extreme concern and protective

Words Meanings mentality,  Collectivistic regimenting—group orienta-

tion,  Microscopic—extremely tiny,  Guise—form,
 Suspicion—a feeling of distrust,  Manuscript—hand-  Least display—smallest evidence.
written or typed text,  Loathing—resentment. Explanation: The poet makes it clear that he let the
Explanation: The mite looked with suspicion at the mite sleep feeling that it means no harm to him.
poet’s pen ready to attack it. Then, it ran towards He also feels sympathy as well as admiration for its
the wet words, smelt or tasted the ink and turned valiant efforts. However, he does not go overboard
away with resentment as if to fly. It acted as though with emotions like some people in modern society
it had intelligence like that of humans. who nurse extremely tender feelings for creatures.
He is against the overpowering desire to streamline
Stanzas 5 and 6
the actions and thoughts of others. This regimenting
3. It seemed too tiny to have room for feet, will kill in novation
Yet must have had a set of them complete and creativity. He is immensely happy to recognise
To express how much it didn't want to die. intellect like that of a human anywhere, anytime.
Even the least intelligence shown by any creature is
It ran with terror and with cunning crept.
worthy of admiration and should be respected.

Critical Appraisal
1. Anthropomorphism: Attributing the activities of human beings to non-human beings or objects. The mite is said
to be having imagination and creativity like that of a human. Its actions such as feeling disgusted and cowering
to a superior power also are examples of making it totally human.
 Poetry 195
2. Irony: Towards the end of the poem, the poet uses irony as he sarcastically says he does not have the ‘love’ of
modern society to overpower or kill the hapless in a bid to control everything.
3. Hyperbole: exaggeration. The mite seeming to have no space for feet. Its minuscule size is emphasised.
4. Metaphor: The mite is a metaphor for intelligence and creativity on ‘any sheet of paper’.
5. Oxymoron: Words of opposite meanings pitted against each other. For example, A Considerable Speck-a huge
speck or dot.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark each)

(c) The intelligence and survival instincts of even

A Multiple Choice Questions the smallest beings.
(d) The poet’s desire to eliminate all distractions
Q. 1. ‘A speck that would have been beneath my sight’. from his work.
How/why did the poet happen to notice the speck? Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Explanation:-The poem shows how a tiny mite's
(a) it was static enough to be noticed actions on paper made the poet see its intelligence
(b) due to its black and white contrast and strong wish to live, proving that even very
(c) he saw its multiple legs small creatures can be intelligent and want to
(d) it stared at him survive just like us.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 6. But unmistakably a living mite/with----------------- it
could call its own.
Explanation:-He noticed the speck because it was
standing out against the white background. (a) movements (b) volitions
(c) inclinations (d) intentions
Q. 2. The peculiarity of the speck arrested his attention
because------ Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(a) it was round Explanation:-Although it started moving with the
(b) it had a peculiar shape blow of the poet’s breath, it had the intention to do
what to do and where to go.
(c) it glowed in the light
Q. 7. Mark the actions of the mite in the right sequence
(d) it started moving
as given in the poem:
Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(1) It came racing wildly on again
Explanation:-Until it started moving with an
(2) It paused as with suspicion of my pen
inclination of its own, the poet thought it was a
speck of dust. (3) In loathing it turned to fly
(4) Then paused again and either drank or smelt
Q. 3. Comment on the use of the two words of the title
(a) 2, 1, 4, 3 (b) 3, 2, 4, 1
(c) 2, 4, 1, 2 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
(a) It is an oxymoron.
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(b) It is rhyming.
Explanation:- First it hesitated beside the pen, then
(c) It draws a parallel with each other.
ran wildly to the freshly written words, smelt or
(d) It is an example of assonance.
tasted the wet ink and turned away in disgust.
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Q. 8. ‘Yet must have had a set of them complete’-What
Explanation:-Two words that are opposite in did it have as complete?
meaning are clubbed together to pique interest. A
(a) intelligence (b) common sense
speck is small but it is described as considerable.
(c) feet (d) instinct
Q. 4. And I had idly poised my pen in air. What did he
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
have in mind at this moment?
Explanation:-It must have had feet as it was running
(a) to kill the mite
wildly.
(b) to stop it with a period of ink
Q. 9. According to the poet, what did the mite prove
(c) to doodle on it
with its feet?
(d) to make it look like a spider
(a) that it had no fear
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(b) that it did not want to die
Explanation:-He thought of quashing the dust with
(c) that it could prove its strength to the poet
his pen.
(d) none of the above
Q. 5. What does the poet's encounter with the speck on
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
his paper primarily symbolise?
Explanation:-In desperation to save itself, it began
(a) The insignificance of small creatures in the
to run.
natural world
Q. 10. ‘It seemed too tiny to have ---------------for feet’, Fill
(b) The poet's annoyance at being disturbed while
in the gap. 
writing
196 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(a) space (b) provision Q. 16. Poet lends human manifestations like the tiny
(c) room (d) none of the above creature displaying literal human traits. What is
Ans. Option (a) is correct. this literary device known as? 
Explanation:-It looked as if a set of feet was required (a) anthropology (b) anthropomorphism
to escape but was not possible due to its diminutive (c) anthropocentric (d) anthropoids
body. Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Q. 11. The poet let the mite lie down because he thought Explanation:-Applying the actions of humans on
it non-humans is called anthropomorphism.
(a) harmful Q. 17. Which line from the poem expresses the poet’s
(b) harmless quintessential feeling about the intelligence of the
(c) was dead mite? 
(d) was complementing his writing (a) collectivistic regimental love
Ans. Option (b) is correct. (b) no one can know how glad I felt
Explanation:-It was not posing any harm to the (c) plainly with an intelligence I dealt
poet. (d) with inclinations it could call its own
Q. 12. ‘But this poor microscopic ---------------now’! Fill in Ans. Option (b) is correct.
the gap with the missing word. Explanation:-The central idea of the poem is poet’s
(a) speck (b) creature happiness at finding intelligence and creativity in
(c) dot (d) item such a tiny creature.
Ans. Option (d) is correct. Q. 18. I have none of the -------------/Collectivistic
Explanation:-The poet refers to the mite as an ‘item’ regimenting love. Fill in the missing words
to imply the individuality of the mite. (a) tender than love
Q. 13. According to the poet the modern world, is being (b) tender feeling of love
swept by  (c) tenderer-than-thou
(a) collection of sentimental love (d) tenderest love
(b) collectivistic regimenting love Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(c) collection of regimental of love Explanation:-Some people feel certain creatures are
(d) collector’s obsessive love too tender that they have to be overly protected.
Ans. Option (b) is correct. Q. 19. ‘And I had idly -----------my pen in air’
Q. 14. The poem Considerable Speck is written by- (a) pushed (b) lifted
(a) William Wordsworth (c) posed (d) poised
(b) Leigh Hunt Ans. Option (d) is correct.
(c) Robert Frost Explanation:-The pen was poised over the mite as
(d) Sukumar Ray though it would attack any moment.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Q. 20. Yet must have had a set of them
Explanation: Robert Frost is the poet. complete----------------------------. Complete the
Q. 15. ‘It ran with terror and with cunning crept’. thought with the best option from the text.
Match the pair of words correctly. (a) to show how much he wants to die
(a) ran (b) cunning (b) to express how much it didn't want to die
(c) terror (d) crept (c) the survival instincts
(a) (a) and (c) (b) (a) and (d) (d) the tour on the white paper
(c) (b) and (d) (d) (b) and (c) Ans. Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: It ran with terror and crept with Explanation:-The poet says that the mite required
cunning a set of feet to show it did not want to die. It ran
frantically over the paper displaying survival
Ans. Options (1) and (3) are correct. instinct.

(3 & 4 marks
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS each)

Q. 1. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that it as a mere speck of dust. A period of ink is a
follow: spot of ink in the form of a full stop or a mark
And I had idly ......... it could call its own. of terminating punctuation.
(i) What is the ‘it’ mentioned in the excerpt? (ii) What made the poet think that it was no dust
Where is it now? What is ‘a period of ink’? [3] speck? Bring out the meaning of ‘breathing
Ans. The poet at first feels there is a tiny speck on blown’. Explain the last two lines of the
the white sheet he is writing. At first, he thinks
extract.  [3]
 Poetry 197
Ans. At first the speck was not moving. And, when Ans. The manuscript of the poet was not dry yet.
it started moving, he thought that it must be The mite running through it either smelt or
some random dust particle being blown with tasted the wet ink. It didn’t like the experience
his breathing. However, some aspect of its and turned away in disgust. It wanted to
movements made him realise that the speck escape.
had a volition of its own. It had a purpose as (iii) Explain the meaning of ‘Plainly with an
though following its inclinations. intelligence I dealt’.  [3]
(iii) Why does the poet feel that the speck would Ans. To his surprise, the poet realised that the
have gone unnoticed? What exactly arrests mite showed some of the intelligence which
his attention?  [3] humans possessed. It made all the efforts
to safeguard its life. It ran in terror, crept
Ans. The poet feels that the speck would have gone
in cunning showing survival instinct, felt
unnoticed but for the stark contrast against the
and gauged its surroundings and finally
purely white paper. It is such a tiny speck that
surrendered itself to the superior will. The
it would have gone unnoticed anywhere else.
poet felt admiration for the tiny creature
The deliberate movements of the speck made
watching its thought process and creativity.
him realise that it was not a mere particle of
dust. It was propelled by distinct instinct and (iv) What did the mite do when it realised it
intelligence. could not escape? What are your feelings for
the mite at this moment?  [3]
(iv) Relate the activities of the ‘speck’ as described
Ans. After making frantic effort to escape, the mite
in the poem.  [3]
meekly resigned to his fate. It lay down in the
Ans. The mite starts running in terror across the middle of the paper desperately surrendering
sheet, but it shows the cunning acts of a to the will of the pen that hovered above its
survivor too. It stops hesitatingly when the tiny body. We empathise with the mite and
poet’s pen poises to quash it and then moves also admire it for its creative and survival
on towards the fresh words written on the instincts.
manuscript. Again, it hesitates smelling or (v) Closely referring to the poem, analyse the
attitude of the poet towards the tiny creature?
tasting the wet ink. Then it turns away in
[4]
disgust. After another wild attempt, it decides
Ans. At first the poet thinks the tiny creature as
to surrender to its fate and lies down in the
a speck and hopes to obliterate it with a full
centre of the sheet. stop. Then, when it starts moving, he realises
(v) How are the activities compared to human it is a living creature. Even as he admires and
activities at the time of crisis?  [4] sympathises for its struggle, he realises it
Ans. The poet draws a parallel between the tiny has an intelligence of its own. He allows the
mite to lie on the paper, unwilling to disturb
mite and the more evolved humans. Man
or harm it. He develops a respect for the tiny
caught in crisis, also panics and then uses his spark of intelligence or creativity shown by
cunning instinct to find a way out. He first the mite.
explores his surroundings and tries several Q. 3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that
attempts to escape. Then, he uses his instincts follow:
and intelligence to seek a way out. He explores It seemed too ......... see it hesitate;
the possibilities and turns away in disgust (i) What seemed too tiny? What made the poet
only to resign himself to his fate, submitting think that it would not move? What changed
to the mercy of the more powerful will. his mind?  [3]
Q. 2. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that Ans. The mite seemed so tiny that the poet thought
that it had no feet; there was hardly any space
follow:
for the set of feet that could enable the mite to
It paused ......... intelligence I dealt. move.
(i) What did the tiny mite watch with suspicion? (ii) Describe the frantic actions of the little
Why? Where did it run to?  [3] creature.  [3]
Ans. The tiny mite watched with suspicion the Ans. At first, the poet thought the speck of dust
poet’s pen hovering above. It could not make that accidentally fell on his paper moved
out what it was. It sensed the pen could be a due to the blow of his breath. However, its
deliberate movements made him realise that
threat. Then it ran across the paper with fear
it had intelligence and creativity.
but at the same time with the careful cunning
(iii) Is there a parallel between the creature and
instinct of a survivor.
the humans? If so, what?  [3]
(ii) Why did it pause again? Why did it turn to Ans. The mite is symbolic of human imagination
fly? [3] and creativity. The poet sees a tiny spark of
198 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

intelligence that makes him relate to human that runs through all creatures including the
intellect or the concept of ‘mind’. The way the humans. As such, every creature irrespective
tiny creature tries to escape danger using its of size and evolvement should be valued.
survival instinct is very much akin to human (iii) What quality of the mite does the poet
endeavours. appreciate?  [3]
(iv) What did the creature do at the end of Ans. Despite the terror that makes the mite run
his frantic attempts? What does the poet frantically on the paper, it shows remarkable
represent here?  [3] resourcefulness to make an escape. However,
Ans. The mite made frantic attempts to escape when it realises that the odds are not in its
the danger posed by the poet. Then in the favour, it submits to the superior will of the
middle of the open sheet, it cowered down power that is hovering above it. Here, the
in desperation to accept its fate. The poet power is wielded by the poet in his attempt to
here represents the superior power that can attack it with his pen.
impose its will on hapless creatures. (iv) Why is the poet happy at the end of the
(v) Why did the poet let it lie? What does it poem?  [3]
show of his mind-set? How does he contrast Ans. Frost feels happy to realise that even a
his mind-set to the mind-set of certain other minuscule creature has a spark of imagination
people in society a little later?  [4] and creativity that enables it to seek the hidden
Ans. The poet thought the tiny mite did not pose ‘cunningness’ and skill for self-preservation.
any harm to himself. So, in acceptance, he Intellect in any form should be respected.
let it sleep in the centre of the sheet. He says (v) In your evaluation, what profound truth does
that he is not unduly ‘sentimental’ like certain the poet want to convey through the poem?
set of modern people who try to smother [4]
individualism with their excessive concern Ans. In a striking oxymoron, the poet calls the
for a totalitarian set up. ‘I have none of the speck of a mite as considerable. This is
tenderer-than-thou Collectivistic regimenting because despite its size, the exhibition of
love/With which the modern world is being ‘consciousness’ takes it to the level of a
swept’. The set mentality of group control higher being. The display of ‘mind’ alludes to
does not allow liberty of thought and action. creativity and a higher level of thinking that
Q. 4. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that surprises the poet, and he values it anywhere
follow: he can find it.
But this poor ......... display of mind.
(i) What is referred to as ‘this poor microscopic
item’? Why does the poet use this expression? Commonly Made Errors
What did the poet decide to do about it? [3]
Ans. The tiny mite frantically running across the Although the poem seems simple and colloquial,
manuscript of what the poet has written there is a profound message conveyed by the
is referred to as ‘item’. The poet uses this poet. Candidates may overlook this. Also, the
expression to show that the entity before him anthropomorphism may escape their notice.
is so tiny that it is difficult to see it with naked These have to be made clear in their answers.
eye. He decides to let it lie in the centre of the
paper hoping it would go to sleep.
Answering Tips
(ii) Bring out the meaning of, ‘I let it lie there till
I hope it slept.
The students should take note of the specific
I have a mind myself and recognise’. [3]
ideas conveyed and answer the questions
Ans. The poet appreciates the survival efforts made with deep understanding. A mature thinking
by the little creature. He empathises with its is required to explain the last few lines of the
feelings and respects its intellect. He realises poem especially.
it is a manifestation of the ‘consciousness’

CRITICAL THINKING BASED QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How does the poet's observation of the mite's instinct, felt and gauged its surroundings and
behaviour show appreciation for intelligence and finally surrendered itself to the superior will. The
creativity in unexpected places? poet felt admiration for the tiny creature watching
its thought process and creativity.
Ans. To his surprise, the poet realised that the mite
showed some of the intelligence which humans Q. 2. How does the mite's behaviour, starting with
possessed. It made all the efforts to safeguard its life. hesitation and ending in surrender, show
It ran in terror, crept in cunning showing survival adaptability and resilience in tough situations?
 Poetry 199
Ans. The mite starts running in terror across the sheet have none of the tenderer-than-thou/Collectivistic
but it also shows the cunning of a survivor too. It regimenting love’ which the modern world shows
stops hesitatingly under the poet’s pen, poised off. The set mentality of group control does not
to quash it, and then moves on towards the fresh allow liberty of thought and action. Live and let live
words written on the manuscript. Again, it hesitates is the poet’s attitude.
to smell or taste the wet ink. Then, it turns away Q. 4. How does the poet comparing the mite's behavior
in disgust. After another wild attempt, it decides to to humans during crises highlight adaptability,
surrender to its fate and lies down in the centre of resilience, and strategic thinking in overcoming
the sheet. challenges and finding solutions?
Q. 3. How does the poet's view of the mite and his
rejection of 'collectivistic regimenting love' show Value Points
his support for individualism and freedom of Panic-flounder-think of possibilities-use intelli-
thought and action? gence, creativity-resign to fate
Value Points Ans. The poet draws a parallel between the tiny mite
Mite not a threat-did not harm-not in the and the more evolved humans. Man, also caught
modern sense of show off-not hypocritical-no in crisis, feels panic and flounders, but then uses
suppression. his cunning to find a way out. He explores his
surroundings and makes several attempts to escape.
Ans. The poet thought that the tiny mite did not pose
Then, he uses his instincts and intelligence to seek
any harm to himself. So, in acceptance, he let it
a way out. He explores the possibilities and if there
sleep in the centre of the sheet. He says that he is
is no way out, turns away in disgust only to resign
not unduly ‘sentimental’ like a certain set of modern
himself to his fate by submitting to the mercy of the
people who try to smother individualism with
more powerful.
their excessive concern for a totalitarian set-up. ‘I

EXAM ORIENTED QUESTIONS

(Latest Typologies of Questions Specified by the Board)
(iv) ‘On any sheet the least display of mind’- means:
Multiple Choice Questions
A (1 mark each)
[Analysis]
(a) Intelligence can be found anywhere.
(b) One has to respect even the least degree of
(i) The poem ‘A Considerable Speck’ describes the
intelligence in a being
importance of: [Understanding]
(c) No one displays intelligence
(a) being kind to the needy
(d) No one cares about intelligence
(b) dominating the weak
(c) acknowledging even a speck of intelligence Ans. Option (a) is correct.
(d) being observant of small creatures Explanation: Intelligence can be found anywhere,
any time and in any place; even on the white sheet
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
mentioned here.
Explanation: Frost feels intelligence in any form
should be respected. (v) What is the human comparison implied by the
activities of the mite? [Analysis]
(ii) This poem seems to show that Robert Frost was
deeply concerned about. [Understanding] (a) Humans give up fast
(a) power play (b) Accepting power of the superiors complacently
(b) disturbed mentality (c) Frantic running here and there to survive
(c) collectivist ideology (d) Humans are as tiny as mites
(d) pacifism Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Ans. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: Humans, confronted with challenges
Explanation: Frost does not approve of showing too run helter- skelter in terror, at first.
much kindness so that they can be controlled by (vi) ‘A speck it would have been beneath my sight’-
stronger will. Which of the following interpretations can be
(iii) What do the activities of the mite metaphorically correct?  [Analysis]
suggest?  [Analysis] (a) It would have remained insignificant if the
(a) Using the mind productively poet had not noticed it.
(b) Complacency (b) It was unworthy to catch the poet’s attention
(c) Lack of initiative (c) It had no way of expressing its need
(d) Herd mentality (d) It was a total failure
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The activities of the mite suggest the Explanation: The speck was so tiny that it would
presence of productive mind. have escaped the notice of the poet.
200 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

(vii) ‘-must have had a set of them complete’-What is Ans. The ‘I’ in the poem is the poet Frost himself. This
meant by ‘them’ in the context of the poem? person is writing a manuscript. A tiny speck moving
[Recall] across the paper on which he is writing catches his
(a) Intelligence attention.
(b) Feet (ii) ‘To stop it with a period of ink’ -explain the
(c) Emotions significance of the line. [Analysis][3]
(d) Rationality Ans. ’At first the poet thinks a speck of dust has
accidentally floated on to the paper and is about to
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
smudge it with a full stop. However, when it starts
Explanation: The mite had to use a set of feet to run
moving, he realises it is a tiny mite. As he watches,
so frantically, though it looked too tiny to have any
he is compelled to admire its struggle and survival
feet. instincts. He realises even this tiny creature has an
(viii) Trace the actions of the mite in the sequential order intelligence of its own.
as given in the poem. [Application]
(iii) What actions of the mite does the poet observe that
(1) Ran with terror makes him think that it has a volition of its own?
(2) Cowered in desperation [Recall] ][3]
(3) Hesitated Ans. At first, the mite starts running in terror across the
(4) Crept with cunning sheet; however, it shows the alacrity of a survivor
(a) 4,3,1,2 (b) 1,4,3,2 too. It stops cautiously when the poet’s pen poises
(c) 3,4,2,1 (d) 2,4,1,3 to quash it, and then moves frantically towards
Ans. Option (b) is correct. the fresh words written on the manuscript. Again,
Explanation: It first ran with terror, crept with it hesitates smelling or tasting the wet ink. Then it
cunning, hesitated and settled down in desperation. turns away in disgust. After another wild attempt,
it decides to surrender to its fate.
(ix) Identify the tone of the poet in the two lines quoted
below: (iv) What are the thoughts that run across the poet’s
mind when he sees the survival instincts displayed
“Collectivistic regimenting love
by the mite?
With which the modern world is affected” [Understanding and Recall] [3]
[Analysis] Ans. The poet’s mind is filled with admiration for the
(a) Sadness skills and intelligence displayed by the mite. He
(b) Sheer apathy realises that even tiny creatures which are at sub
(c) Sarcasm -human level also possess intellectual faculties that
(d) Good natured humour help them to survive in the world dominated by
superior powers. The poet allows the mite to rest
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
as it does not pose any threat to his life. Live and let
Explanation: The poet is sarcastic about modern
live is the attitude displayed by the poet.
world’s tendency to bring the weak under control
in the pretext of concern. (v) Comment on the title of the poem.
[Analysis and Evaluation] [4]
(x) The title of the poem involves: [Application]
Ans. The title of the poem catches our attention as it
(a) Comparison
is an oxymoron or combination of two words of
(b) Personification opposite meanings. It is an insubstantial speck but
(c) Onomatopoeia is called considerable or worthy to be taken notice
(d) Oxymoron of. It encapsules the very theme of the poem that
Ans. Option (d) is correct. even tiny creatures on earth have substance and
Explanation: A speck is so tiny that it can be value, and their worth should be acknowledged.
overlooked, but it is described as considerable in the All the speck asks is to be left alone, and not to be
title. Combining two diametrically opposite ideas smothered by too much love or the desire to control
make it an Oxymoron. as it is ‘a considerable speck’ that can take care of
itself.

B Extract Based Questions

Q. 2. Read the given extract from Robert Frost’s poem,
(3 & 4 marks each) ‘A Considerable Speck’ and answer the questions
that follow:
Q. 1. Read the given extract from Robert Frost’s poem, Since it was nothing ......... least display of mind.
‘A Considerable Speck’ and answer the questions (i) What does the poet say about the size of the mite
that follow: just before this extract? [Recall]
And I had idly poised ......... it could call its own. Why does the poet let it lie?
(i) Who is the ‘I’ in the poem and what is this person [Understanding] [3]
doing? What catches his attention? Why is the poet glad? What does it show of his
[Understanding and Recall][3] nature? [Understanding and Analysis] [3]
 Poetry 201
Ans. The poet calls it ‘a poor microscopic item.’ He allows that intelligence and creativity can be found on ‘any
it to lie in peace on the paper as it does not pose any sheet of paper’.
threat to him. This shows the poet’s live and let live (iv) Comment on the central idea of the poem.
attitude. He does not go overboard with love and [Analysis and Evaluation] [3]
kindness, but he shows his inherent humane trait,
Ans. The central idea of the poem is the poet’s happiness
an empathy for all creatures.
at finding intelligence and creativity in such a
(ii) Describe the actions of the mite before it settles tiny creature. The poem advocates recognition of
down in the middle of the paper.  [Recall] [3] intelligence and skills in any being, small or big.
Ans. The mite at first starts running here and there in Such sparks of intelligence should be admired as
utter fear. Then it cowers under the threat of the each creature contributes something to the grand
pen poised above him, but moves on valiantly. scheme of life, and is an asset by itself.
Later he moves towards the writing on the paper, (v) Provide an analytical account of the attitude of the
feels its dampness and is disgusted with the smell poet towards the ‘considerable speck’ ?
of the ink. Finally, it gives up all attempts to escape
[Evaluation and Analysis] [4]
and lies down in reconciliation in the middle of the
Ans. The poet is, at first, clinical in approach. Thinking
paper.
the tiny dot as a speck of dust, he thinks of
(iii) What are the poetic devices used in the poem? smothering it with an ink dot. However, when he
[Application] [3] realises that it is not his breath that is making it
Ans. The poet uses anthropomorphism by attributing move, that it has a volition of its own, he realises
the activities of human beings to a non-human it is a tiny living creature with remarkable survival
being. The mite is said to be having imagination and instincts. He is moved to respect its intelligence. He
creativity like that of a human. Then he uses Irony also empathises with its struggle and allows it to
towards the end of the poem, as he sarcastically rest. Even though he does not go overboard with
says he does not have the ‘love’ of modern society sympathy, he recognises the considerable value of
to overpower or kill the hapless in a bid to control the speck and acknowledges its worth.
everything. The mite is also a metaphor to show

Reflection
Does the poem suggests that even the smallest beings possess a consciousness and a will to survive, akin to humans?


 SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER -3
MM: 40 Maximum Time: 1:30 hour

SECTION A (B) the theme of the poem is conventional

Q. 1. Choose the correct answers to the questions from (C) the speaker cannot hear or see the ghosts
the given options. (Do not copy the question, Write (D) the house throngs with memories.
the correct answer only.)  [10] (x) What are the inoffensive ghosts in the ‘Haunted
(i) What does the falling of tree refer to in the poem, Houses’ compared to?
’When Great Trees Fall’? (A) zombies in the halls
(A) passing of an event (B) paintings on the walls
(B) demise of influential figures (C) cobwebs in the corners
(C) death of Nature (D) flowers in the vases
(D) none of the above SECTION B
(ii) Angelou wrote “When Great Trees Fall” at the Q. 1. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below.
death of But this poor ........... the least display of mind.
(A) James Baldwin (B) Martin Luther King (i) What is ‘this poor microscopic item’
(C) Malcolm X (D) Abraham Lincoln mentioned? What did the poet decide to do
(iii) “When ------------------comes, we hear the hums/ about it? [2]
Bhisma Lochan Sharma.” Fill in he blank with (ii) What quality of the ‘item’ does the poet
right word from the poem. : appreciate? [2]
(A) spring (B) autumn (iii) Why is the poet happy at the end of the poem?
(C) summer (D) bees [3]
(iv) ‘The welkin weeps to hear his screech, ’What does (iv) In your opinion, what message does the poet
welkin mean here? want to convey through the poem?  [3]
(A) sea (B) earth Q. 2. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below.
(C) sky (D) forest She dropped her ........... "but vanity, sets love a task like
(v) "No love," --------------he, "but vanity, sets love a task that."
like that." Supply the missing word. (i) Whom did the lady look at? What did her smile
(A) said (B) quoth mean? [2]
(C) pronounced (D) proclaimed (ii) What aspects of the man’s character are
(vi) 'Ladies in their pride' means : revealed here? [2]
(A) the females of the pride of lions (iii) Explain the meaning of last two lines of the
(B) ladies dressed in ostentatious clothes and poem.  [3]
jewellery (iv) What are the traditions and values of the
(C) jealous and malicious ladies medieval times as given in the poem? What
message does it convey? [3]
(D) none of the above
Q. 3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions below
(vii) But unmistakably a living mite/ With----------------- When great trees ........... lumber after safety
it could call its own.
(A) movements (B) volitions (i) What repercussions are felt by the features and
creatures of Nature at the fall of great trees?
(C) inclinations (D) intentions [2]
(viii) The poem ‘A Considerable Speck' is written by-
(ii) Bring out the meanings of ‘hunker’ ‘and
(A) William Wordsworth lumber’. [2]
(B) Leigh Hunt (iii) What is the effect on small creatures at the fall
(C) Robert frost as described in the following stanza? [3]
(D) Sukumar Ray (iv) Comment on the metaphor used by the poet in
(ix) Which of the following is not true in regard to the beginning itself.[3]
Longfellow’s ‘Haunted Houses’?
(A) the phantoms move softly and smoothly

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 PRACTICE PAPER -1
MM: 80 Maximum Time: 2 hours
 Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately.
 You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes.
 This time is to be spent in reading the question paper.
 The time given at the head of this Paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.
 The paper has four Sections.
 Section A is compulsory – All questions in Section A must be answered.
 You must attempt one question from each of the Sections B, C and D and one other question from any Section of your choice.
 The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

SECTION A (b) Brutus accuses Cassius of condemning

(Attempt all questions from this Section.) Lucius Pella of taking bribes
Q. 1. Choose the correct answers to the questions from (c) Brutus accuses Cassius of plotting against
the given options. his life
(Do not copy the question, write the correct (d) Brutus accuses Cassius of instigating
answers only.) [16] people of Sardis against him
(i) Who is the only conspirator who does not take (vii) Which of the following statements is NOT
part in the assassination of Julius Caesar? true of Antony?
(a) Metellus Cimber (a) Antony is a shrewd manipulator and a
(b) Trebonius master orator
(c) Casca (b) Antony stirs the mob to madness, moving
(d) Cinna from reason to rhetoric
(ii) How does Portia end her life? (c) Antony is the least powerful of the three
(a) By stabbing herself many times with a triumvirs (Antony, Octavius and Lepidus)
dagger (d) He cleverly masks his hostility towards
(b) By consuming poison the conspirators beneath his portrayal of
(c) By throwing herself in fire love towards Caesar
(d) By swallowing live coals (viii) How did Leacock react when he saw his final
(iii) What does Brutus mean when he says, ‘… but photograph?
hollow men, like horses hot at hand..’? (a) The author was happy to see the changes
(a) Such insincere men, like horses are eager in the photograph
to make a start (b) The author felt sad and disheartened to
(b) Such insincere men, like horses are see the photograph
hungry for power (c) The author almost burst out with a bitter
(c) Such insincere men, like horses are active rebuke and scorn
and energetic (d) The author felt ashamed to see his
(d) Such insincere men, like horses are quick distorted and unphotogenic face
tempered and impatient (ix) Choose the option that lists the sequence of
(iv) Cassius: “I, older in practice, abler than events in the correct order.
yourself to make conditions.” 1. He came over and took my head in his
What does the ‘conditions’ in this extract refer hands and twisted it sideways. I thought
to? he meant to kiss me, and I closed my eyes.
(a) Preparations for murder 2. “Then when you have done all that – keep
it for yourself and your friends. They
(b) Preparations for punishment may value it. To me it is but a worthless
(c) Preparations for celebrations bauble.”
(d) Preparations for war 3. The photographer rolled a machine into
(v) Why was Cinna, the poet attacked by the mob the middle of the room and crawled into
when he was on his way to attend Caesar’s it from behind.
funeral? 4. The photographer had pulled a string.
(a) Cinna, the poet was one of the conspirators The photograph taken. I could see the
(b) The poet’s name, Cinna matched with machine still staggering from the shock.
one of the conspirators (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) Cinna, the poet was a good friend of (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
Cassius, who was the mastermind of the (x) Select the option that shows the correct
murder relationship between statements (1) and (2)
(d) Cinna, the poet disliked Caesar from The Elevator.
(vi) What does Brutus accuse Cassius of in his 1. Martin started running down the stairs.
rebel camp in Sardis?
The stairs were dark and he fell. His
(a) Brutus accuses Cassius of letting people
off for offenses in exchange for bribes father was silent on the way to hospital,
204 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

disappointed and angry with him for SECTION B

being a coward and a fool. Martin had (Answer one or more questions from this Section.)
broken his leg and needed to walk on DRAMA
crutches. (Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare)
2. The piggy eyes were still looking at him. Q. 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
She had to be crazy. Why else would she questions that follow:
stare at him like this? What was she going CASSIUS
I an itching palm!
to do next? You know that you are Brutus that speak this,
(a) 1 is the cause for 2 Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last.
(b) 1 is an example of 2 BRUTUS
(c) 1 is independent of 2 The name of Cassius honours this corruption,
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2 And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.
CASSIUS
(xi) What concept does Nana have about girls’ Chastisement!
legs in the story, the girl who can? BRUTUS
(a) Nana thinks that girls legs should have Remember March, the ides of March remember:
meat on them so as to bear children Did not great Julius bleed for justice' sake?
(b) Nana feels that the girls legs should be What villain touch'd his body, that did stab,
And not for justice? What, shall one of us
thin and beautiful
That struck the foremost man of all this world
(c) Nana sees many uses of girls legs and But for supporting robbers, shall we now
hence want them to be strong Contaminate our fingers with base bribes
(d) Nana feels that much thought should not (i) What is the meaning of ‘itching palm’? Why
be given to the girls legs does Brutus call Cassius an itching palm?
(xii) How does Franz feel when he realizes that What is the relationship between the two?
(ii) Why is Cassius angered? What does he
French will no longer be taught in school?
threaten to do if Brutus continues to urge
1. Angry him?
2. Defeated (iii) What is ides of March? What is its significance
3. Surprised in the story?
4. Regretful (iv) Why does Brutus condemn taking bribes?
(a) 1 and 2 How is it related to the assassination of Julius
Caesar?
(b) 2 and 3 (v) How did the conflict between Cassius and
(c) 3 and 4 Brutus end?
(d) 1 and 4 Q. 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
(xiii) How do the ghosts move through the houses questions that follow:
in the poem, the haunted houses? BRUTUS:
(a) Silently but knocking things on way If there be any in this assembly, any dear
(b) Giggling and playing pranks friend of Caesar’s, to him I say that Brutus’ love
to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend
(c) Shouting and banging doors
demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my
(d) Silently, gliding through the doors answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved
(xiv) What was King Francis’ reaction when De Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and
Lorge threw the lady’s glove, retrieved from die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all
the lion pit, back at her face? freemen? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him. As he
(a) The king was angry was fortunate, I rejoice at it. As he was valiant, I
(b) The king praised De Lorge’s response honor him. But, as he was ambitious, I slew him.
(c) The king ashamed of De Lorge’s response There is tears for his love, joy for his fortune, honor
for his valor, and death for his ambition. Who is
(d) The king disapproved of De Lorge’s
here so base that would be a bondman?
response
(i) Where does the scene take place? Whom is
(xv) What does the poet compare the death of Brutus addressing to? What is Brutus trying
great souls to in the poem ‘When Great Trees to convey?
Fall’? (ii) How does Brutus justify the killing of Caesar
(a) Big animals in the forest in his speech?
(b) Huge rocks (iii) Whom does Brutus feel he has offended in
his speech? Does he feel sorry for it? What
(c) Huge, old trees in a forest
response does he get?
(d) Small forest creatures (iv) Why do you think Brutus asks, “Who is
(xvi) How does the mite express its desire to live in here so base that would be a bondman?” Is
the poem, A Considerable Speck? Brutus justified in his assessment of what he
(a) By actively moving about addresses?
(b) By creeping carefully (v) Whom does Brutus introduce to at the end of
his speech? What gives him the confidence
(c) By sucking the wet ink that the person introduced shall not bring him
(d) By tickling the poet’s hand harm? Was he proved correct in his judgment?
 Practice Paper 205
SECTION C SECTION D
(Answer one or more questions from this Section.) (Answer one or more questions from this Section.)
PROSE - SHORT STORIES POETRY
(Treasure Chest – A Collection of ICSE Poems (Treasure Chest – A Collection of ICSE Poems
and Short Stories) and Short Stories)
Q. 4. Read the extract from Stephen Leacock’s short Q. 6. Read the following extract from the poem
story, ‘With the photographer’ given below and ‘Haunted Houses’ by H W Long fellow and answer
the questions that follow:
answer the questions that follow:
There are more guests at table than the hosts
I was conscious of a break in my voice but I went Invited; the illuminated hall
on – “such as it is, I’ve learned to love it. And this Is thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts,
is my mouth, not yours. These ears are mine, and As silent as the pictures on the wall.
if your machine is too narrow __” Here I started to The stranger at my fireside cannot see
rise from the seat. The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear;
Snick! He but perceives what is; while unto me
The photographer had pulled the string. The All that has been is visible and clear.
photograph taken. (i) What do the ghosts in the poem represent?
“I think,” said the photographer, pursuing his lips Why are they called ‘inoffensive ghosts’?
in a pleased smile, “that I caught the features just in (ii) What do guests represent in the extract above?
a moment of animation.” Why are there are more guests at the table
(i) Why do you think the narrator is angry? than the host has invited?
(ii) Why does the photographer feel happy after (iii) Why can the stranger neither see any forms
taking the photograph? that the poet can see nor can he hear the
(iii) Why does the narrator say, “this is my mouth, sounds that the poet can hear?
not yours”? (iv) How do the guests in the illuminated hall
(iv) Why does the narrator start to rise from his behave?
seat? (v) How does the poet draw a relationship
(v) What do you infer about the personality of the between the world of senses and the world of
narrator from the given extract? ghosts?
Q. 7. Read the following extract from the poem ‘The
Q. 5. Read the following extract by Jesse Owens from
Glove and The Lion’ by Leigh Hunt and answer
‘My Greatest Olympic Prize’, and answer the the questions that follow:
questions that follow: She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then
"Your name?" said the police car in a metallic looked at him and smiled;
whisper. He couldn't see the men in it for the bright He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the
light in his eyes. lions wild:
"Leonard Mead," he said. The leap was quick, return was quick, he has
"Speak up!" regained his place,
"Leonard Mead!" Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in
"Business or profession?" the lady's face.
"I guess you'd call me a writer." "By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from
"No profession," said the police car, as if talking where he sat:
to itself. The light held him fixed, like a museum "No love," quoth he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that."
specimen, needle thrust through chest. (i) Who is ‘she’ referred to in the extract above?
(i) Where was Mead on his way to, when he was Where does she drop her glove and why does
stopped by the police car? Why do you think she do so?
he was stopped by the police car? (ii) Who is ‘he’ referred to in the extract above?
(ii) What is Mead’s profession? Why does the voice What does he do when the lady drops her
from the police car exclaim, “No profession” to glove? What would you call it; an act of
his response about his profession? bravery or foolishness?
(iii) Why do you think Mead has not written for (iii) Why does the brave man throw the glove in
the lady’s face? Is his act justified?
years? What does it tell you about the people
(iv) Who is Francis? What was his reaction when
and their life in society? he saw the man throw the glove in the lady’s
(iv) What is peculiar about the police car? face? What does his reaction depict about his
(v)  What does Mead do when he is approached character?
by the police car? Why doesn’t anyone come (v) What inference do you draw about the lady’s
to his aid? character from the extract above?

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 PRACTICE PAPER -2
MM: 80 Maximum Time: 2 hours
 Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately.
 You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes.
 This time is to be spent in reading the question paper.
 The time given at the head of this Paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.
 The paper has four Sections.
 Section A is compulsory – All questions in Section A must be answered.
 You must attempt one question from each of the Sections B, C and D and one other question from any Section of your choice.
 The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

SECTION A (vi) What does the ghost of Caesar tell Brutus?

(Attempt all questions from this Section.) (a) I am Caesar’s evil spirit, and I shall
Q. 1. Choose the correct answers to the questions from revenge in the battle
the given options. (b) I am Caesar’s good spirit, and I forgive
(Do not copy the question, write the correct you
answers only.) [16] (c) I am your evil spirit, and I will see at
(i) Who draws the attention of Caesar when he Philippi
arrives in the Capitol and takes him away (d) I am your good spirit, and I dissuade from
from the scene? going to Philippi
(a) Metellus (vii) Which of the following statements is NOT
(b) Publius true of the ‘Robotic Police Car’ in the story
‘The Pedestrian’?
(c) Trevonius
(a) The car is robotic and operated remotely
(d) Artemidorus
(b) It has a harsh iron voice with an accusatory
(ii) What were the last words of Caesar?
tone
(a) You too Brutus? Then fall Caesar
(c) The car does not possess any state power
(b) You traitor Brutus? Then fall Caesar to enforce social conformity
(c) How can you Brutus? Then fall Caesar (d) The car is the only other character besides
(d) Is it you, Brutus? Then fall Caesar Mead who speaks in the story
(iii) What does Antony mean when he says, ‘….. (viii) Why were the elders of the village sitting in
for my eyes, Seeing those beads of sorrow the classroom?
stand in thine, Began to water.’ (a) To express their respect and gratitude
(a) My grief is so big that instead of tears, my towards M. Hamel
eyes will shed drops of blood (b) To bid farewell to their loving teacher M.
(b) Drops of Caesar’s blood make my eyes Hamel
shed tears (c) To express sorrow for M. Hamel’s
(c) Grief that falls as drops from your eyes is departure
infectious (d) To show their anger against the Prussians
(d) Looking at the drops of tears in your eyes, (ix) Choose the option that lists the sequence of
my eyes too, shall begin to shed tears events in the correct order:
(iv) Octavius: “So you thought him; And took his 1. “You Adjoa, you don’t know what life is
voice who should be prick’d to die, In our about . . . you don’t know what problems
black sentence…” there are in this life . . .”
What does ‘black sentence” in this extract refer 2. “Some people have no legs at all,” my
to? mother would try again, with all her small
(a) Death sentence courage.
(b) Corporal punishment 3. And then, of course, there would be two
(c) Banishment from the country old people laughing and screaming with
(d) Life time imprisonment tears running down their faces
(v) What opinion does Antony have about 4. Muttering, muttering that: “saa, thin legs
Lepidus? can also be useful . . .” that “even though
(a) Lepidus is like a horse that needs to be guided, some legs don’t have much meat on them
trained and instructed to go out . . . they can run….”
(b) Lepidus is like a horse that is fully trained and (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
guided (b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) Lepidus is not like a horse; rather he has his (c) 1, 3, 2, 4
own originality and initiative (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
(d) Unlike a horse, Lepidus doesn’t go after the
rejected scraps and things
 Practice Paper 207
(x) Select the option that shows the correct SECTION B
relationship between statements (1) and (2) (Answer one or more questions from this Section.)
from ‘With The Photographer’. DRAMA
1. "No," said the photographer, with a (Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare)
momentary glance at my face, "the
eyebrows are removed. We have a process Q. 2. Read the extract given below and answer the
now—the Delphide—for putting in new questions that follow:
ones. You'll notice here where we've Antony: Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved
applied it to carry the hair away from the him!
brow...” This was the most unkindest cut of all,
2. When the photographer came out at last, For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
he looked very grave and shook his head. Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms,
"The face is quite wrong," he said. Quite vanquished him. Then burst his mighty heart,
(a) 1 is the cause for 2 And in his mantle muffling up his face,
(b) 1 is an example of 2 Even at the base of Pompey's statue,
(c) 1 is independent of 2 Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
(d) 1 is a contradiction of 2 O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!
(xi) What trait of Martin is reflected from his Then I, and you, and all of us fell down
decision to take the stairs instead of the (i) Who gives Caesar the most unkindest cut
elevator on a certain day? of all? Who are the other people who stab
(a) He is not only weak and skinny, but also Caesar? Why do they kill Caesar?
a coward (ii) How, according to Antony, Caesar died? Was
(b) Though he is weak and skinny, he is not he witness to the event?
scared and fearful (iii) Why does Antony call the cut the most
(c) He may be weak and skinny but he is unkindest of all? How did Caesar react to this
strong enough to fight fear stab? What do you infer about the relationship
(d) He may be physically weak but he is of Caesar with the person who gives him the
emotionally strong cut?
(xii) The powerful singing of Bhishma Lochan’s (iv) What was the focus of Antony’s speech? Was
singing leave the people feel _______ he successful in his approach? How can you
1. Angry say?
3. Dazed (v) Where did Caesar fall after being stabbed?
Why does Antony say that with Caesar’s fall,
4. Stunned “I, and you, and all of us fell down”?
5. Anxious
(a) 1 and 2
Q. 3. Read the extract given below and answer the
(b) 2 and 3 questions that follow:
(c) 3 and 4 OCTAVIUS You may do your will,
(d) 1 and 4 But he’s a tried and valiant soldier.
(xiii) What does the speck do when it reaches the ANTONY
part of the manuscript where the ink is still
damp? So is my horse, Octavius, and for that
(a) It tastes it and shows addiction to it I do appoint him store of provender.
(b) It ignores it and keeps on moving It is a creature that I teach to fight,
(c) It first hesitates and then pulls away To wind, to stop, to run directly on,
(d) It finds it repelling and hence moves His corporal motion governed by my spirit;
away And, in some taste, is Lepidus but so.
(xiv) What happens to the human soul after the (i) Who is Lepidus? Why does Antony compare
death of an inspirational figure? him to his horse?
(a) It feels nourished and contented (ii) What makes Octavius say, “You may do your
(b) It feels sad and insignificant will”?
(c) It feels strengthened and uplifted (iii) What does “store of provender” mean?
(d) It feels weakened and shrinking (iv) Why does Antony degrade Lepidus? What
(xv) What did the lady decide to do to prove her else does he say to further degrade him?
lover’s devotion? (v) Draw the character sketch of Antony based on
(a) Drop her glove into the lion pit the extract.
(b) Drop her shoe into the lion pit SECTION C
(c) Ask her lover to win over the hungry lion (Answer one or more questions from this Section.)
(d) Ask her lover to stay with the lions in their PROSE - SHORT STORIES
pit for some time (Treasure Chest – A Collection of ICSE Poems
(xvi) What do the ‘harmless phantoms’ in the poem and Short Stories)
represent? Q. 4. Read the extract from Amma Ata Aidoo’s short
(a) Uncertain future events story, ‘The Girl Who Can’ given below and answer
(b) Souls of their relatives and friends the questions that follow:
(c) Souls of initial owners of the house She kept telling Nana that she, my mother – felt she
(d) Memories and past experiences was locked into some kind of darkness because she
didn’t go to school. So that if I, her daughter, could
208 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X

learn to write and read my own name and a little (Treasure Chest – A Collection of ICSE Poems
besides – perhaps be able to calculate some things and Short Stories)
on paper – that would be good. I could always Q. 6. Read the following extract from the poem ‘The
marry later and maybe …. Power of Music’ by Sukumar Ray and answer the
Nana would just laugh. “Ah, maybe with legs like questions that follow:
hers, she might as well go to school.” The very trees collapse and shake - you hear the
(i) What is the name of Adjoa’s mother? What crash a mile hence -
views does she have about education? And in the sky the feathered fly turn turtle while
(ii) How is the relationship between Adjoa’s they're winging,
mother and Nana?
Again we cry, ‘We’re going to die, oh won't you
(iii) Why does Nana always criticize Adjoa’s legs?
What view does she hold for a girl’s legs? stop your singing? '
(iv) What does Adjoa’s mother mean when she But Bhisma's soared beyond our reach, howe'er
says that she felt locked into some kind of we plead and grumble;
darkness? (i) How does Bhishma Lochan sing? How does
(v) Do the legs prove themselves useful in the his singing affect the people?
story? How? How does Nana respond then? (ii) Why do people plead Bhishma Lochan to stop
singing although he means no harm to them?
Q. 5. Read the following extract by Alphonse Daudet’s
short story ‘The Last Lesson’, and answer the Are the people justified in making such
questions that follow: request?
I heard M. Hamel say to me, “I won’t scold you, (iii) What happens to the trees when they hear
little Franz; you must feel bad enough. See how Bhishma Lochan sing? Upto what distance
it is! Every day we have said to ourselves, ‘Bah! can the sound of crashing trees be heard?
I’ve plenty of time. I’ll learn it tomorrow.’ And (iv) How do the birds flying in the sky react to
now you see where we’ve come out. Ah, that’s the the singing of Bhishma Lochan? Bring out the
great trouble with Alsace; she puts off learning till meaning of ‘turn turtle’ with reference to the
tomorrow. Now those fellows out there will have extract.
the right to say to you, ‘How is it; you pretend to (v) What message does the poet convey through
be Frenchmen, and yet you can neither speak nor these lines in the poem?
write your own language?’ But you are not the Q. 7. Read the extract from Robert Frost’s poem, ‘A
worst, poor little Franz. We’ve all a great deal to Considerable Speck’ given below and answer the
reproach ourselves with.” questions that follow:
(i) Who is M. Hamel? Why does he say, “I won’t To express how much it didn’t want to die.
scold you, little Franz”? Why was he supposed It ran with terror and with cunning crept.
to scold Franz? It faltered: I could see it hesitate;
(ii) According to M. Hamel, what is the trouble Then in the middle of the open sheet
with Alsace? How has it affected the people in Cower down in desperation to accept
the present situation? Whatever I accorded it of fate.
(iii) Who are ‘those fellows’ mentioned in the (i) What do you think the mite symbolizes in the
extract above? What gives them the right to poem? Give reasons for you inference.
mock the people of Alsace? (ii) How can you tell that the mite had the desire
(iv) Who all are to be blamed for the present to live? Quote the lines from the extract in
situation according to M. Hamel? What blame support of you answer.
does he put on them? (iii) What does the poet conclude on observing the
(v) Why does M. Hamel stress on learning one’s self-motivated movements of the mite?
mother tongue? What message does he want (iv) Why do you think the mite crouches down
to convey? in the middle of the paper after exhibiting a
SECTION D moment of hesitant indecision?
(Answer one or more questions from this Section.) (v) What is the significance of the title of the
POETRY poem, A Considerable Speck’ with reference
to the extract above?

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