Disciplines and Ideas in
the Applied Social
Sciences
Quarter II - Module 2:
Settings, Processes, Methods,
and Tools in Communication
(Week 3&4)
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What I Need to Know
This module was specifically developed and designed to provide you fun
and meaningful learning experience, with your own time and pace. It will also
encourage you to undertake participant observation to adequately document
and critique the content. Thus, it will lead you to discover and learn about the
topic below:
Lesson 14: The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in
Communication
Learning Competencies:
● Identify the settings in which communicators and journalists are found.
HUMSS_DIASS 12-IIa-39
● Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in undertaking
communication. HUMSS_DIASS 12-IIa-40
Objectives:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe communication in the government setting;
2. describe communication in the private sectors settings;
3. describe communication in the civil society setting;
4. describe communication in the school settings and
5. describe communication in the community setting.
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What’s In
You have two minutes to reflect on any life changing event/experience
that you have personally gone through. Think of how you coped with it, did you
effectively move on from it?
What’s New
In ten minutes, illustrate by any possible means the settings, processes,
methods, and tools in communication. Use the space provided below.
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What`s It?
Module The Settings, Processes,
Methods, and
2 Communication Tools in
The process of communication accounts for what happens between the source
of message and the recipient, the skills employed in giving and receiving information,
and conveying our ideas and opinions with those around us.
The setting of communication may be defined as the physical surrounding of a
communication event which may be made up of the location where the communication
occurs, environment conditions, time of the day, or day of the week, as well as
proximity of the communicators. (Alberts, Nakayama, & Martin 2007)
The methods of communication involves verbal (i.e., sounds, language, and tone of
voice); oral (listening, and hearing; non-verbal (i.e., facial expressions, body language,
and posture; written (letters, memos, journals, emails, blogs, and text messages); and
visuals (signs, symbols, illustrations, and pictures).
The tools in communication include all that we use in both communicating with
others and interpreting the information received from others. They range from
language in all its forms, from tone of voice, to performing, re-enacting, television,
storytelling, telephone, cell phones, movie, radio, photographs, carton, cyberspace,
digital and social platforms, and the Internet.
Government Setting
Government deals with citizens and particularly deliver social and public
services that ensure peaceful and orderly living.
Counseling settings vary widely but the processes, methods, and tools used by
counselors are very similar. Counseling professionals in government setting work with
various government agencies that have counseling services such as:
• Social welfare • Military
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• Correctional department • Police
• The court system • Mental and foster homes and,
• Child and women affairs services • Rehabilitation centers
• Schools
Private Sector Setting
Refers to business community, the people who are involved in the delivery of
public services that include creation and employment provision but are not
government.
In the private sector, counselors range from independent providers of services or
work for NGOs, or specialized for profit centers and organization that render a variety
of counselling services
Civil Society Setting
Sector of society sees itself as the, “third force.” It includes various groups of
non-government organizations, charities, foundations, people’s organizations, and
other pressure groups.
The context of civil society is generally charities or non-profit and issue-based
centers or organizations such as:
• For abused women
• Abandoned children and elderly
• Veterans
• Teachers
• Professionals or,
• Religious groups
School Setting
In the school setting, the role of the school counsellor is more complex since the
needs of students can vary widely. This gives rise to the more dynamic and complex
role of school counsellor; it depended on a school’s local circumstances as well as the
dynamism within the profession itself.
As such, school counselors assume many different responsibilities and task
based on the particular needs students in the school context. “Guidance process
occurs in an individual in a developmental sequence to the age of maturity” (Coy
1999).
Community Setting
Community is where all sectors interact government, business, civil society,
and just about an individuals and groups.
Communication with communities has tended to far or a one directional pattern
of mass media. There is also within community, individual-to-individual,
group-to-group, and group to general environment communication
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Guidance
Tends to be more centered on the developmental needs of the individuals.
It is very important that school counselors
“define their role better by recognizing that they cannot do
their work alone and they need to collaborate with other
stakeholders” (Sears and Granello 2002)
MULTIPLE ROLES OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS
Apart from their counselling roles, school counselors are also assigned
non-counseling roles. There can range from:
• Part-time teaching
• Secretarial responsibilities
• Substituting teachers when not available
• Lunch duty and,
• Other responsibilities assigned by the administrators and staff looking for extra
assistance.
Non-counseling tasks can take a considerably amount of time and pull
counselors away from more appropriate counseling activities. Presence of these
non-counseling roles often brings confusion and lack of effectivity to the guidance
programs of the school In the Philippines, the roles of the school counselors have been
prescribed and professionalized the practice (R.A. 9258)
ROLE OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELOR (K-6)
Include:
• development and implementation or facilitation of classroom guidance activities
• Individual and group counselling • Parent education,
• Individual and group counselling, • Parent education,
• Parent-teacher consultation, • Referrals to professionals and public
agencies and, • Crisis intervention and management
ROLE OF THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELOR (7-10)
Provide guidance and counseling in dealing with peer relationships and social
interactions, and as such, includes work with students, teachers, and parents in the
attempt to help each understand the other. (Ward and Worsham 1998)
ROLE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELOR (7-10)
Provide guidance and counseling pertaining to educational and career decisions
as well as college placement counselling (Ward and Worsham 1998)
ROLE OF THE COLLEGE COUNSELOR
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Provide counseling, appraisal and assessment, information, placement,
research and evaluation, follow up and students activities (CMO 21 s. 2006).
Assessment
Direction: Read carefully the questions and circle the letter of the
correctly the answer.
1. _____________is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to
another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and
semiotic rules.
a. Announcements c. Communication
b. Barriers d. Convincing
2. Deals with citizens and particularly deliver social and public services that
ensure peaceful and orderly living.
a. Social Work c. Civil Society
b. Counseling d. Government
3. Refers to business community, the people who are involved in the delivery of
public services that include creation and employment provision but are not
government.
a. Private Sector c. Civil Society
b. Counseling d. Government
4. Government agencies would also inform communities in this fashion
regarding what they want the community to know.
a. Government Setting c. Community Setting
b. School Setting d. Civil Society Setting
5. The sector of society sees itself as the third place.
a. Government Setting c. Community Setting
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b. School Setting d. Civil Society Setting
What I Have Learned
Activity 1. Check Your Understanding
Instruction: Describe the communication process in the following setting.
1. Government
________________________________________________________________________
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2. Private sector
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3. Civil Society
________________________________________________________________________
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4. School
________________________________________________________________________
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5. Community
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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