Chapter-1

DEVELOPMENT
OF
REFRIGERATION

1.1 Definition, Purpose & Applications of refrigeration & air–conditioning

The term refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under
controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of its
surrounding.

Example:

If some space is to be kept at -20C , we must continuously extract heat which flows
into it.

1.2 Purpose & Applications of refrigeration & air–conditioning

Important refrigeration applications are given below

1. Ice making
2. Transportation of foods above and below freezing
3. Industrial air-conditioning
4. Comfort air conditioning
5. Chemical and related industries
6. Medical and surgical aids
7. Processing food products and beverages
8. Oiolreefining and synthetic rubber manufacturing

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1.3 Heat Pump, Refrigerator, Heat engine

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1.4 C.O.P. , Unit of Refrigerating Effect

C.O.P.

The co-efficient of performance is the ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work done
on the refrigerant.

Mathematically C.O.P. =

Unit of Refrigerating Effect:

The practical unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of “tone of refrigeration”.

One tone of refrigeration is defined as the amount iof refrigeration effect produced by the
uniform melting of one tone (1000kg) of ice from and at 00C in 24 hours.

1TR = 1000 x 335 kj in 24 hours

= 232.6 kj/min

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Chapter – 2

Air Refrigeratiion system

carnot cycle:

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2.2 Brayton Cycle

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Chapter – 3
Vapour compression refrigeration system,
Its components & control
3.1 Theoretical vapour compression cycle

A vapour compression refrigeration system consists of the following five essential parts

1. Compressor:
The low pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant from evaporator is drawn into
the compressor through the inlet or suction valve A, where it is compressed to a high
pressure and temperature. This high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is
dischasrgwed into the condenser through the delivery or discharge valve B.
2. Condenser:
The condenser or cooler consists of coils of pipe in which the high pressure and
temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and condensed. The refrigerant, while
passing through the condenser, gives up its latent heat to the surrounding condensing
medium which is normally air or water.
3. Receiver:
The condensed liquid refrigerant from the condenser is stored in a vessel known as
receiver from Where it is supplied to the evaporator through the expansion valve or
refrigerant control valve.
4. Expansion valve:
It is called throttle valve or refrigerant control valve. The expansion valve is to allow
the liquid refrigerant under high pressure and temperature to pass at a controlled rate
after reducing its pressure and temperature .
5. Evaporator:

An evaporator consists of coils of pipe in which the liquid-vapour refrigerant at low

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3.1.3. Deviation of actual cycle from theoretical cycle

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Chapter – 4

Refrigerants

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Chapter-5 Vapour absorption refrigeration system

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5.1 Comparision between vapour absorption &vapour compression system

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Chapter - 6

PSYCHROMETRY
The equipment used for measuring the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb
temperature simultaneously is known as psychometers

Sling psychometers

Aspirating psychometers

Sling psychometers

This psychometer consists of two mercury thermometer mounted on a frame which

The handle helps for rotating the psychometer to produce necessary air motion

One bulb among the two is covered with wet wick to read the wet bulb temperature

The air velocity of 5m/s to 10m/s

First the psychometer is rotated in the air for approximately 1minute after which the
reading is taken. At this process is repeated several times to assure the lowest possible
wet bulb temperature is recovered

The Dry bulb thermometer is directly exposed to air and measure positive actually
temperature of the air

Aspirating Psychometer

In Aspirating Psychometer a small blower is provided at the top for producing rapid
motion of the air over the thermometer bulbs.

This type of psychometer is used for measuring the DBT or WBT after as particular
interval OF TIME mostly for measuring the atmosphere condition of cities throughout
the day and year .

The motor is connected to the time switch as per the interval of time required for
measuring positive temperature.

The attendant has to read and note down the temperature according to the adjusted
time interval.

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PSYCHOMETRIC PROCESS

The various psychometric processes involved in air conditioning to varry the

 Sensible heating
 Sensible cooling
 Humidification & Dehumidification
 Cooling & Dehumidification
 Heating & Humidification
 Mixing of two air streams

Sensible Heating

The heating of air without any change in its specific humidity is known as sensible
heating. Heating can be achieved by the passing he air over heating coil like
electric resistance coil or steam coils

Let air at temperature at td, passes over a heating coil of temperature td3. The
temperature of the air leaving the heating coil will be less than t d3. This process is
known by a horizontal line 1-2 from left to right on psychometric chart.

Point 3 represents the surface temperature of the heating coil.

Heat absorbed = H2 – H1

Sp Specific humidity remains constant W1 = W2

RH decreases from 1 to 2

DBT increases from td1 to td2

Q = h2 – h1

= Cpmtd2 + W (2.3 tdp + hfgdp) – Cpmtd1 + W1(2.3tdp)

= Cpm (td2 – td1)

= 1.022 (td2 – td1)Kj/Kg

Sensible cooling

The cooling of air without any change in its specific humidity is known as
sensible cooling.

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 Let air at temperature at td1 passes over a cooling coil of temperature td3. The
temperature of air leaving the cooling coil will be more than td3. This process is
shown b y a horizontal line 1-2 extending from right to left.,

Heat rejected by air during sensible cooling may be obtained by the enthalpy
difference (h1 –h2)

Q = h 1 – h2

= Cpm (td1 – td2)

= 1.022(td1 – td2)

By-pass factor of heating and cooling coil

In case of sensible heating and cooling the temperature of positive air coming
out of the coil (td2) will be less than td3 in case the coil is a heating coil and more
than td3 in case coil is cooling coil.

Let 1kg of air at temperature td1 is passed over the coil having its temperature
td3. When air passes over a coil, some of it (say xkg) just by passes unaffected
while the remaining (1-x)kg come in direct contact with coil. This bypass process
of air measured in terms of a bypass factor. The amount of air that bypass or the
bypass factor depends upon:-

 The number of fins provided in a unit length

Balancing the enthalpies

xCpmtd1 + (1 - x) Cpmtd3 = 1 X Cpmtd2

xtd1 + td3 – x td3 = td2

x(td1 – td3 ) = td2 – td3

x=

x=

Where x is called the by pass factor of the coil

Bypass factor for the cooling coil

X=

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Effeciency of Heating & cooling coil

The term (1 - BPF) i9s known as efficiency of coil or contact factor

Firer heating coil

H = 1 – BPF

=1-

For cooling Coil

H = 1 – BPF

=1-

Q) The air enters a no at 100C and 80% RH at the rate of 150 m3/minute and is heated
to 300C without adding or removing any moisture. The pressure remains constant at 1
atmosphere determine the relative humidity of air at exist from the dult and the rate of
heat transfer.

1 = 80%

Td1 = 100C

V1 = 150 m3/mm

Td2 = 300CP

P = Pb = 1 atm

Ma =

= 185.2Kg/Minute

Rate of heat transfer

= Ma (h2 – h1)

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 ( )

= 185 .2 (46 -26)

= 3704Kj/mm

Q) Atmospheric air with dry bulb temperature with 280C and a wet bulb temperature
of 170C is cooled to 1`50C without changing its moisture content. Find 1. Original
relative humidity and final relative humidity and final WBT

1 = 34%

2 = 73%

Tw2 = 12.20C

Q) The atmospheric air at 760 mm of Hg dry bulb temperature 250C and wet bulb
temperature 110c enters a heating coil whose temperature is 410CX. Assuming bypass
favor of heating coil as 0.5 determine dry bulb temperature, WBT,l& RH of the air
leaving the coil. Also determine the sensible heat added to the air per Kg of dry air.

Cooling with dehumidification of air

The removal of water vapor from the air is termed as dehumidification of air. The
dehumidification of air is only possible if the air is cooled below the due point
temperature of the air.

It is necessary to maintain the coil surface temperature below due point

Td1 = temp of air entering the coil

Td2 = temp. of air coming out of coil

Td3 = coil surface temperature

Under ideal condition the air coming net of coil will be no. 3. No cooling coil is
hundred percent efficient so condition of air coming out of cooling coil will be
represented by point 2

The bypass factor of cooling coil

BPF =

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=

Td3 is due point temperature of coil and is represented as ADP

BPF =

The path followed by the process 1-2 but for the calculation of psychometric
property only end points are important so that the process may be assumed to have
followed the path 1-A and A-2

Total heat removed

Q = h1 – h2

= (h1 – hA) + (hA – h2)

Ql = h1 – hA = latent heat removed

Qs = hA – h2 = sensible heat removed

Qt = Q l + Q s

The is called sensible heat factor

SHF =

The cooling coil capacity in tons of refrigerator is given by

Where Ma is the mass of the air in Kg/sec

SHF

For residue/prm off = 0.9

Resturant/busy offers = 0.8

Auditorium full can = 0.7

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Heating & humidification

This process is generally used in winter air conditioning too warm and
humidity the air. It is the reverse process of cooling dehumidification

Where the air is passed through a humidifier heavy spray water temperature
higher than the dry bulb temperature of the entering air. The unsaturated air will
reaches the condition of saturation and thus the air becomes hot

The heat of vaporization of water uis absorbed from the spray water itself and
hence it gets cooled. In this way the air becomes heated and humidifies. The process is
shown by the line 1-2 on psychometric chart in this process the DBT increases and
also specific humidity.

Actually this process follows the path shown by the dotted line 1-2 but for
calculation and properties only end points are important.

Assuming the process follows the path1-A & A-2

Q t = h 2 – h1

(h2 - hA) + hA – h1

Qt = Q l + Q s

SHF = = =

Mixing of two air streams

When two Quantities of air having different enthalpies and different specific
humidity are mixed. Final condition of air depends upon the masses involved and on
the enthalpy and specific humidity of each constituent masses which enters the
mixture.

Now consider 2 air streams 1 & 2

Let M1 = mass of the air entering at 1

h1 = Enthalpy of air entering at 1

W1 = Specific humidity of air entering at 1

M2, h2, W2 = corresponding values of air enters at 2

M3, h3, W3 = corresponding values of mixtures leaving at 3

Assuming no loss of enthalpy and sp. Humidity during air mioxing process

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 For mass balance

M1 + M2 = M3 ………………. 1

For energy balance

M1h1 + M2h2 = M3h3 …….2

For mass balance of water vacuum

M1W1 + M2W2 = M3W3 ……………….. 3

Subtract the values of M3 in equation 2

M1h1 + M2h2 = (M1 + M2)h3

M1h1 + M2h2 = M1h3 +M2h3

M1(h1 – h3) = M2 (h3 – h2)

Similarly =

The humidity ratio and enthalpy save on psychometric chart

The final state lies on the specific line joint the point 1 & 2 mixture
point 3 divides the line into 2 parts in the ratio =

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Chapter – 7

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

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Chapter - 7

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

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Chapter-9

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

9.1 Describe and specification of room air conditioner and commercial conditioning system

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WATER COOLER:

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