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Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

The document outlines the process of fertilization, detailing events such as capacitation, the acrosome reaction, and the fusion of male and female gametes, which determines the chromosomal sex of the embryo. It describes the subsequent stages of development, including cleavage, compaction, and implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium. Additionally, it mentions methods for detecting pregnancy and the occurrence of ectopic pregnancies.

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sainjaan111
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15 views28 pages

Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

The document outlines the process of fertilization, detailing events such as capacitation, the acrosome reaction, and the fusion of male and female gametes, which determines the chromosomal sex of the embryo. It describes the subsequent stages of development, including cleavage, compaction, and implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium. Additionally, it mentions methods for detecting pregnancy and the occurrence of ectopic pregnancies.

Uploaded by

sainjaan111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fertilization

• Capacitation
• Acrosome reaction
• Fusion of male & female gametes
Sex of the embryo
• Embryos chromosomal
sex is determined at
fertilization by the kind
of sperm ( X or Y ) that
fertilizes the oocyte.
• Fertilization by an X –
bearing sperm produces
a 46 , XX zygote, which
develops into a female,
• whereas fertilization by a
Y – bearing sperm
produces a 46, XY
zygote , which develops
into a male.
Fertilization: events
• Capacitation
• The sperm passes through the corona radiata, the outermost cell
layer of the egg.
• The sperm breaks through the zona pellucida.
• The cell membranes of the egg and sperm fuse together.
• The female egg, also called a secondary oocyte at this stage,
completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature
ovum.
• The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the
• formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in
humans are of maternal origin.
• The male and female pronuclei fuse to form a new nucleus that is
a combination of the genetic material from both the sperm and
egg.
Results of fertilization
• Stimulates the penetrated oocyte to
complete its 2nd meiotic division.
• Restores the normal diploid number of
chromosomes in the zygote (46).
• Variation of human species through
mingling of maternal and paternal
chromosomes.
• Determines the chromosomal sex of the
embryo.
• Initiates cleavage ,division of zygote
First week of
development
after
fertilization
Zygote / ootid
Cleavage
• Consists of repeated
mitotic divisions of the
zygote.
• Rapid increase in the
number of the cells.
• Blastomeres.
• Blastomeres become
smaller with each
successive division.
• occurs in the uterine
tube.
Cleavage
• Begins 30 hours
after fertilization
• Occurs inside zona
pellucida
Compaction
Blastocyst
Outer & inner cell mass
(trophoblast & embryoblast)
Zona pellucida disappears
Implantation
• It is the process by
which the Blastocyst
penetrates the
superficial layer of the
endometrium of the
uterus
Trophoblast
Cytotrophoblast &
syncytiotrophoblast
Implantation site
• By 6th day the blastocyst
adheres to the endometrial
epithelium.
• By 7th day, Trophoblast
differentiated into 2 layers:
• Cytotrophblast, inner
layer, mononucleated
mitotically active cells.
• Syncytiotrophoblast
(outer multinucleated
mass, with indistinct cell
boundary.
By the end of first week:
2 cell stage

Morula

Blastocyst

Implantation
Pregnancy
• can be detected by:
• Ultrasonography.
• hCG (human chorionic
gonadotrophin which
is secreted by the
Syncytiotrophoblast)
about the end of 2nd
week
HCG
Ectopic pregnancy

• 1- Tubal.
• 2- Ovarian.
• 3- Abdominal.
• 4- Pelvic.
• 5- Cervical.
Ectopic pregancy
Embryonic
stem cells

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