PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS MODULE 4

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called ……….. Ans:
compressibility
2. The forces of attraction between molecules of the same kind are called
………….. Ans: Cohesive force
3. If Reynold’s number for a fluid flowing through a pipe, is less than
1000, then the fluid flow is………… Ans: stream line flow
4. Pick out odd one from the following:
Surface tension, Capillarity, Viscosity, Rigid body. Ans: rigid body
5. What is elastic limit? Ans: : It is the maximum stress we can applied to
a substance before it become permanently deformed.
6. The viscous force F = 6π ……r v
Ans: 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
7. The deformation of the shape of an object without changing its volume
is called …………….. Ans: shearing strain / stress
8. The extra energy possessed by the surface layer of a liquid is called
………………. Ans: surface energy
9. SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is …………………. Ans: kgm-1s-1 or
Nsm-2

THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Match the following
a. Volume per unit time 1. No unit
b. Stress 2. N/m
c. Strain 3. Nsm-2
d. Surface tension 4. 1 x 105 pa
e. Viscosity 5. AV
f. 1 atmospheric pressure 6. N/m2
N-m/s
Kg-m2
 Ans: a. – 5
b. - 6
c. - 1
d -2
e- 3
f-4

2. Give molecular theory of surface tension

Ans: Because the molecules on the centre of the liquid get the total
force zero by the attraction of the molecules around it. But the
molecules on the surface can’t cancel the forces. So the surface
stretched like a elastic membrane

3. Write equation of continuity

Ans: A1V1= A2V2
AV=Constant

4. State Hooke’s law. Write the SI unit of elastic modulus.

Ans: The stress is directly proportional to strain with in the elastic limit.

stress α strain
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
Modulus elasticity=
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

• Unit of modulus of elasticity is N/m2

5. What is capillarity and how it is related to angle of contact?

6. The radius of a pipe decreases from 6 cm to 4 cm. If the velocity at the

wider portion is 5 m/s, calculate the velocity in the narrow portion.
7. Distinguish between stress and strain.
Ans: Stress
• Restoring Force per unit area is called Stress
𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑪𝑬
• 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨

• SI unit is N/m2
Strain
▪ It is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension
𝑪𝑯𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑬 𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵
▪ Strain=
𝑶𝑹𝑰𝑮𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑫𝑰𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵

▪ It has no units

8. Write a brief note on atmospheric pressure.

 Ans:
• The weight of the atmosphere pushing down on each unit area of
the earth’s surface called atmospheric pressure.
• The atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in
altitude(height).
• Mountaineers get bleed through their nose or ear due to this
atmospheric pressure difference.
• 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑎

9. Define the term terminal velocity. Write Stoke’s formula connecting

viscous force and terminal velocity.
Ans:

• Terminal velocity is defined as the highest velocity attained by an

object falling through a fluid.
• It occure when the
Gravity force = buoyancy force + Viscous Force
• Stokes formula
𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣

SEVEN MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the applications of Bernoulli’s theorem.

 Ans:
ATOMIZER
• An atomizer is a device to spray a liquid.
• Working Principle : Bernoulli’s theorem
• According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the velocity of a fluid increases in
a region, the pressure decreases in that region, (in order to maintain
the total energy as constant.)
• When atomizer presses the velocity of air in T junction increases, so
the pressure will decrease.
• Because of this pressure difference, the liquid in the container rises
up and reaches the T junction pipe. The liquid mixes with high-speed
air to form a spray.
Eg- body perfume , spray painter

AIR FOIL
• It is a special shape of solid objects which produces a lifting effect or
floating effect while moving in a streamlined fluid or air.
Eg-The wings of an airplane, boomerang, wings of birds,
propeller blade, turbine blade, etc..
• When the air-foil is moving against the air, because of this special
shape the air will move more on upper side. That means the velocity
of air will increase there.
• According to Bernoulli’s theorem the pressure will decrease on
upper side. And the pressure is high on lower side .
• Due to this pressure difference the lifting will happen.

2. (a)Differentiate between streamline flow and turbulent flow (b)

What do you mean by equation of continuity in fluid dynamics?
Ans:

Eqn of continuity already mentioned above

 3. (a) Explain the property elasticity with examples (b) Explain
young’s modulus of elasticity
Ans:

Plasticity

• Ability of some solid materials to retain its original size or

shape after removal of deforming force
Eg: Quartz , Steel, Glass, Ivory etc.
Youngs modulus of elasticity
• It is the ratio of longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain
• It gives elasticity of length
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Young’s Modulus =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑭𝑳
Y==
𝑨𝜟𝑳

• When a mass hanging on a wire F=mg and A=πr2

𝒎𝒈𝑳
Y=
𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝜟𝑳

4. Discuss the elastic modulus related to length elasticity. A metal wire

of length 4 m and radius 1 mm is stretched by a load of 8 kg at one
end and keeping the other end fixed to a ceiling. Find the extension
produced if Young’s modulus of the material of the wire is 9 x 1010
N/m2
Ans:
 • Youngs modulus is the ratio of longitudinal stress and
longitudinal strain
• It gives elasticity of length
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
• Young’s Modulus =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

5. Explain the idea of surface tension and discuss an application of

surface tension.
Ans:
• Surface tension, property of a liquid that surface act as
stretched elastic membrane
• Because the molecules on the centre of the liquid get the total
force zero by the attraction of the molecules around it. But the
molecules on the surface can’t cancel the forces. So the surface
stretched like a elastic membrane

• It is defined as the tangential force acting per unit length

𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑪𝑬 𝑭
• Surface tension = =
𝑳𝑬𝑵𝑮𝑻𝑯 𝒍

• Unit of Surface Tension- N/m

• Surface Tension reduce the surface area.
• When the adhesive forces dominate, the surface tension of the
liquid becomes low and the liquid spreads over the entire solid
surface (perfect wetting).
• When the cohesive forces dominate, the surface tension of the
liquid becomes high, and the liquid contracts into drops (no
wetting)
• Surface tension can also be defined as the surface energy per
unit area of the liquid surface.
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
• Surface Tension =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
 Applications of Surface Tension
• The action of detergents on oil or grease dirt in fabrics
• Ploughing of land during summer season will reduce the water
loss.
• Insects walking on water
• Floating a needle on the surface of the water.
• Bubbles are seen as spherical shape.
• Liquid droplets are spherical in shape

6. Derive the equation of continuity for a fluid flowing through a pipe

of varying cross section. Explain the principle of continuity with an
example.
Ans:
EQN OF CONTINUITY
• The product of the area of cross section(A) and velocity of flow (v)
remains constant at every point in the pipe for a incompressible and
non-viscous fluid moving with steady flow.
o A1V1= A2V2
o AV=Constant
 o

• DERIVATION OF EQN OF CONTINUITY

•
 7. Explain various types of elastic moduli associated with solids.
Ans:

DIFFERENT TYPES - MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

1. YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

• It is the ratio of longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain
• It gives elasticity of length
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
• Young’s Modulus =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝐿
Y=
𝐴𝛥𝐿

• When a mass hanging on a wire F=mg and A=πr2

𝒎𝒈𝑳
Y=
𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝜟𝑳

2. BULK MODULUS (B)

• It is the ratio of volume stress to the volume strain
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
• Bulk Modulus =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
−𝑃𝑉
B=
∆𝑉

3. RIGIDITY or SHEAR MODULUS(G)

• It is the ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain
• It gives elasticity of shape
𝑭⁄
𝑨
RIGIDITY MODULUS (G) =
𝜽
𝑭
G=
𝑨𝜽

Add the figure too

8. State Bernoulli’s theorem. Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to explain the

working of an atomizer.
 Ans:
Bernoulli’s theorem
• sum of pressure energy , potential energy and kinetic energy energy
equal to a constant
• It is the energy conservation law in fluid mechanics
• Pressure Energy + Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy =
Constant
• According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the velocity of a fluid increases in
a region, the pressure decreases in that region, (in order to maintain
the total energy as constant.)
Atomizer already studied in previous question
9. Derive the equation for absolute pressure at depth ‘h’ below the
surface of a liquid of density ‘ρ’.
Ans:
 OTHER IMPORTANT TOPICS

1. CAPILLARITY
2. ANGLE OF CONTACT

IMPORTANT EQUATIONS
𝒎𝒈𝑳
1. Y=
𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝜟𝑳

2. (𝑃 − 𝑃atm) = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
3. 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
4. A1V1= A2V2