Transportation

-​ way to move things from one place to the the other.

-​ Not just deliver goods but people.

Tourism Implies movement

-​ Tourism is defined by unwto as “activities of persons travelling to and staying in places
outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business, and other purposess,”

Transportation services such air and rail tickets, car rental, motor coaches, and ferry
services are amond the principal prodcuts of the travel industry .

Transportation sector also offers package tours or services

Ex. PAL sells its domestic tour package called “palakbayan” or an international tour package
called “swing around

The quality of transport is important in Travel & Business

Transportation service quality is a significant factor in the tourist experience. Poor transport
service quality can negatively affect the vacation experience of the tourist. While high transport
service quality could lead to a satisfactory tourist experience.

Components or Transportation system

Surface

-​ Land transport grew rapidly with an increase in rental cars and motorcoaches, as well as
the ownership of automobiles. It provides easy access to the visitor attractions. A point
to point pick up and drop off are some of the advantages of utilizing car or motor coach
rentals.
-​ Water transport’s smooth sailing lies in the wind, but with the advent of steam power, it
made water transport far better. This transport allows tourists to see visitor attractions
that are only accessible by water.

Air
-​ Transport that has tremendously contributed to the growth of demostic & international
tourism because it decreases the travel time of the tourists. This mode of transport
revolutionized the tourism industry though its high speed aircraft and comfortable
passenger seats and services

Elements of Transportation system according to Sharpley(2006)

​ The way - it can be classified as open as air & sea travel. it is free and does not have
any cost . There are charges for artifcial works for port and inland wtaer ways. Or it can be
constructed like roads, rails and canals. Roads & railways are example of artificial media, while
airways & sea routes are natural media.

​ The Vehicle - serves as media units that carry people to their destination. They can be
an aircraft, trains, ships, or motor coaches. This element of the is also called “carrying unit”
which is the most essential element of the transport system (Dilleep, 2019)

​ Terminal - built structure that provies passengers with smooth transfers from and to
major modes of transportation such as airlines buses, ferries. According to Rodrigue & Slack. A
Terminal may also be considered a point of Interchange within that same mode of transport.
For example, a passenger from mnl who opts to travel to Chicago via air transport may have to
change planes in narita, Japan. Terminals can a “Point of transfer” between different modes. For
instance, a passenger arriving at the airport by car can change to air transport at the airport
terminal. According to Badan & Bhatt (2007), the terminal performs two functions.

1.​ Facilitate transfer or interchange between modes.

2.​ Consolidate Traffic

Control Communication System

These are ways to ensure ways the safety of the passengers by monitoring the take off &
landing of the aircrafts, For land transport, railways use signals as their control system,
while road transportations are subject to signs such as traffic lights & signs for speed limits
as a form of communication & control system. Water transports like ships or ferries, have
navigation systems to ensure a safe smooth voyage

Through control systems, arrival & departure or even delays can be monitored. These can
be observed in the airport or railway terminal. Such systems are very helpful because they can
monitor the whereabouts of the transportation. Though, in road vehicles, these are not common
but can be possible through tracking systems or global positioning system (GPS)

Management & Staff

With these various modes of transportation, it is noticeable that a number of staff are required
for effective management. It involves all the usual management job for an efficient operations.

Categories of Tourism Transport

-​ Independent Travel
Tourists who individually book their trips by land through private car rentals
-​ Mass Travel
an organized group tour

Types of Tourism Transport

 1.​ Land Transport (accesible/flexible
-​ Buses/Coaches: Group travel or city tours
-​ Cars/Vans: Self Guided exploration
-​ Trains: Popular for long distance travel
2.​ Water Transport (unique experience/limited access)
-​ Cruise ships: for leisure and sightseeing
-​ Ferries: Short distace water travel
3.​ Air Transport (Speed/Cost)
-​ Commercial Flights: International and long distance travel
-​ Private Jets/Helicopter: Exclusive and quick mode of travel

Factor Influencing Tourism Transport Selection

1.​ Cost
2.​ Travel Time
3.​ Comfort & Convenience
4.​ Environmental Impact
5.​ Distance and Location
6.​ Accessibility and Infrastructure

Type of Air Transportation

Aviation
-​ one of the most significant advancement in human history, allowing people to travel long
distances quickly and efficiently.
-​ The Importance of aviation is essential for global connectivity, making travel faster and
bringing people, businesses, and cultiures closer together. it drives economic growth by
creating jobs, boosting tourism, and facilitating international trade.

Types of Aviation

​ Civil Aviation - Includes commercial airlines (International flights), and general aviation
(private and charterflights)
​ Military Aviation - Involves fighter jets, bombers, and transport aircraft used for defense
and warfare
​ Cargo Aviation - Focuses on the transport of goods and logistics
​ Space Aviation - Explores human and robotic flight beyond earth

History of Aviation

​ The first form of man made flying objects were kites. The earliest known record of kite
flying is from around 200 BC in China, when a generel flew a kite over enemy territory to
calcualte the length of tunnel required to enter the region.
Early Attempts

●​ Hot air baloons in china

●​ Flight automation in greece
●​ Manned kite by Yuan Huangtou
●​ From renaissance to the 18th century (Da Vinci Projects)

The First Flight

-​ The Wright Brothers (Wilbur and Orville), Made the first succesful heavier than air
aircraft, the The Wright Flyer
-​ The first flight was on December 17th 1903.
-​ After the Wright Bros first flight, there was an aviation boom.

The New Era of Aviation

-​ with the first flightover, it market the era of heavier that air flight. till now, propellers were
being used to power planes but the introduction of the jet engine made planes much
more efficient and comfortable to fly

Modern Aviation

●​ When World War 2 ended, passenger transport became faster and comfortable. Jet
planes were immedietly introduced
●​ The first jet aircraft was the De Havilland Comet
●​ as the years went by, jet engines became better and better

Significance of Air Transport

-​ Air transport significantly contributes to economic growth and development by facilitating
global integration, providing conncetivity, generating trade, promoting tourism, and
creating employment opportunities.

●​ Benefits of air transpo

●​ speed and efficient
●​ global reach
●​ safety
●​ cost effective

What is public transportation

-​ Includes services such as buses, trains, metros, and city buses. there are transportation
options that many people can use.

Benefits of public transportation

 ●​ Reduce congestion
●​ Reduce Pollution
●​ Cost Savings

Impact of public transportation on the environment

●​ reducing greenhouse gas emission by eliminatiing private vehicles

●​ Less fuel consumption per passenger
●​ Reduce air pollution

Categories of Aircrafts

Air Carries - also known as airlines, are companies the provide air transport services for
passengers and cargo. They operate aircraft to transport people and goods.

●​ Commercial Air Carriers

-​ Large airlines that operate domestic and international routes

●​ Cargo Air Carriers

-​ airlines provies door to door deliver services. Including ground transportation

●​ Private Air Carriers

-​ Corporate Jets: used by companies for business travel Private jets owned by
individuals

●​ Charter Air Carriers

-​ Passenger charters provides on demand passenger services
-​ Cargo Charter offer on demand cargo transport services

●​ Specialized Air Carriers

-​ Air Ambulances services - medical emergencies
-​ Agricultural Aviation - crop dusting
-​ Aerial Survey - Photography

Aircraft
-​ Vehicle design for air travel that can carry passengers or cargo.
-​ achieves flight by generating lift which counteracts the of gravity

●​ Airplane (Boeing 737, Airbus A320)

-Fixed wing aircraft
●​ Helicopter (UH 60 Black Hawk)
-rotating blades
●​ Glider (Schweizer 2-33)
-Without engine
 ●​ Ligthter than air (blimps/hotair balloon)
-uses bouyant gasses like hellium
●​ Powered lift (Boeing v22 osprey)
-Vertical takeoff

Types of Aircrafts

●​ Commercial Aircrafts
-​ Airlines
-​ Regional Aircrafts
-​ Cargo Aircrafts

●​ Military Aircrafts
-​ Fighter Jets
-​ Bombers

●​ General Aviation Aircraft

-​ Light Aircrafts
-​ Business jets
-​ Helicopters

Routes and Air Services

●​ Domestic(short haul) - Operate within a country

●​ International(long haul) - Operate between 2 or more countrie
●​ Intercontinental - Operate long-haul flights between continents
●​ Regional - Operate with a region connecting smaller cities and hubs

Service Categories

●​ Full Service - offers a range of services including multiple cabin classes and flight
services.
●​ Low cost - focus on minimizing costs often with limited services.
●​ Charter - Operate unscheduled flight for specific trips.
●​ Cargo - focus solely on freight

Regulatory Bodies

●​ International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

-​ Safety and operational standards for international aviation

●​ Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

-​ Air traffic control
 ●​ European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
-​ Safety withing european unions

●​ Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)

-​ Licensing of pilots, aircraft operators and aviation personnel

●​ Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

-​ Protects air travel

●​ International Air Transport Association (IATA)

-​ Sets global standards

●​ National Aviation Authorities (NAAs)

-​ Safety of national airspace
-​ Coordinates with international agencies

Air Transport Structure refers to the system that make air travel possible. \

●​ Airports
-​ Starting and ending of the travel

●​ Aircraft
-​ Airplane, helicopters, and cargo planes that suppor passengers and goods

●​ Air Traffic Control (ATC)

-​ Guide plane safety in the sky and ground

●​ Regulatory bodies
-​ Ensure safety and sceurity

●​ Airline and services

-​ Operate flights and provide services for passengers

●​ Supporting infrastructure
-​ Weather services, security checks, navigation system

Airline Deregulation

-​ Process of reducing prices and removing restrictions

Freedom of the Air

 -​ A set of rights that allow airlines to operate internationally. There right were established
by the 1944 conversion on international civil aviation also known as Chicago convention

●​ Right of an airplane from one country to simple pass through the airspace of another
country without stopping
●​ Right of an airplane from one country to stop in another country for technical reasons
●​ Right of an airline from one country to carry passengers or cargo from its own country to
another country
●​ Right of an airline from one country to carry passengers or cargo from anothe country
back to its home country
●​ Right of an airline from one country to carry passengers or cargo from another country to
a third country even though the airlines home country is not involved
●​ Rights of an airline from one country to carry passengers or cargo between two other
countries by stopping in its home country
●​ Right of an airline from one country to operate flights entirely between two other
countries without going through its home country
●​ Right of an airline from one country to carry passengers or cargo within another country
●​ Right of an airline from one country to operate entirely within another country without the
flight being part of an international route

IATA and ICAO codes

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) assigns standardized alphanumeric

codes to identify commercial aviation airlines, airports, and aircraft types. These codes are
commonly used by airline passengers, travel agents, ticketing and baggage management

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) assigns standardized four-letter

alphanumeric codes to airports airlines and aircraft types for official aviation operations, air
traffic control, and flight planning

IATA assigns three-letter codes to airports

●​ JFK - John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York
●​ DXB - Dubai International Airport
●​ MNL - Manila International Airport

IATA assigns two-letter airline codes

●​ AA - American Airlines
●​ PR - Philippine Airlines
●​ LH - Lufthansa

ICAO assigns three letter airline codes for official aviation operations, air traffic control and
regulatory processes
ICAO airline codes are not always similar to IATA codes

●​ Philippine AIrlines - PAL

●​ Emirates - UAE
●​ Qatar Airways - QTR

IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO
codes are distributed by region and country