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Unit 2 Bme

The document discusses power transmission elements, specifically focusing on gears, their classifications, and definitions of related terms. It covers various types of gears, their applications, and differences between belt drives and chain drives, as well as the operation of belt conveyors and mobile cranes. Additionally, it provides insights into dozers and their operational capabilities in material handling.

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saidhanwada
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70 views27 pages

Unit 2 Bme

The document discusses power transmission elements, specifically focusing on gears, their classifications, and definitions of related terms. It covers various types of gears, their applications, and differences between belt drives and chain drives, as well as the operation of belt conveyors and mobile cranes. Additionally, it provides insights into dozers and their operational capabilities in material handling.

Uploaded by

saidhanwada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
UNIT power TRANSmIssiON ELEMENTS AND MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT What are power transmission ‘elements? at. Answer Machine elements which enables transmission of power are termed as power transmission elements. Different power transmission elements are, 1. Gears 2, Belts 3, , Chains, ete Q2. Define gear and give its classification. eee ‘ Model Papert, Q1(c) Gear is rotating toothed element, which is generally used for transmitting the power from one shaft to another. The teeth are arranged on gears, in order to prevent the slip occurring between them. Gears are classified into various types based on the following parameters, 1. Based on the orientation of axis of rotation of shafts. (i) Parallel axes gears (ii) Intersecting axes gears (ii) Non-parallel and non-interseeting axes gears 2, Based on the peripheral velocity (Low velocity gears . (ii) Medium velocity gears (ii) High velocity gears. 3. Based on the gearing type (i) Gears with intemal gearing (i) Gears with external gearing (iii) Gears with rack and pinion mechanism. 4, Based on the orientation of gear teeth (i) Straight toothed gears (ii) Inclined toothed gears (ii) Curved toothed gears. SPECTROM ALLI-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ———__— S14 erour 22 Q3. Give the classification of gears b: Pa ee Position of teeth on the wheel. eee Answer: Model Papersv,a1(4) The following are the types of gears which are 90°) jal Bevel Gears Mitre gears ‘sleeve bevel gears Hypoid gears ‘zero bevel gears Face gears. Ga What Is gear train? and give its classifi ; Model Paper-V, a1(4) answer! Gear Train ‘The set of gears which are arranged in series (or) in a fame, in order t0 transmit the motion fom one shaft to the ser revolving pats with specific overall gear ratio is known as gear tan. asification ‘The following are the types of gear trains, which are cassiied according to the arrangement of wheels. 1, Simple gear train 2. Compound gear train 3, Reverted gear train 4, _Epicyclic gear tain, 10. Draw the compound gear train and write its speed ratio. Answer # The set of gears arranged in such a way that the two oc more gears are rigidly mounted on same shaft is known as zompound gear train Consider the compound gear train as shown in figure >elow, Input, 2. Power Transmission Elements and Material Handling Equipment 3m Figur Product of number of Speed ratio, 74 = poche oC number of teeth on driven pe ip Product of number isth on ate at Na Tao Ny” TT ; Qif. Define the torm sun and planet gears. Answer : Model Papersv, a%(c) ‘Suin Gear ‘A gear whose axis of rotation is fixed at the centre of a ‘gear train is known as sun geat. ‘ Plariet Gear Gear whose axis of rotation is not fixed and moves on the periphery of other circle about a fixed axis (sun gear) is known as planet gear. Planet gear Figure: Sun and Planet Gears Q12. How is the epicyclic gear train works? Answer : An epicyclic gear train is a complex motion type of gear train in which the relative motion of the axes of gears takes place. The axis of atleast one of the gears moves relative to the fixed frame (i.e., arms or frame not having teeth are fixed some times) as shown in below figure. Gear-A Gear-B Figure: Epleyele Pera M ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ——_—__-_— SIA w Mein dire ys Sh, SP SEAN? ccc ere eee M get een Teast Jag (INTUHYD! BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR Civil. ENGINE The cron sect 1 Plat Bett tion of fat belt, V-belt and rope are given below, j Piet belt has maint rectangular eroseetion Fiat belt Figure (1) 2 Vebett é V-belt has mainly trapezoidal cross-section. ei = | Figure (2) f Ropes aly of crear cross-section. : Ropes are main ly Rope Figure (3) 014. What is open and cross belt drive? Sruieie Mode! Paper at (a) Open Belt Drive ‘is used for shafts arranged in parallel and rotating in same direction. In this type of belt drive, the driver pulls the b the tension in the lower side is more than the upper side. Therefore, lower side from Jower side to the upper side. Thus, “The centre distance for open belt drive ranges from 14 m to 16 m. known as tight side and upper side as slack side. (b) Cross Belt Drive It is used for shafts arranged in parallel and rotating in opposite direction. This drive is also known as twist drive. Int drive, the driver pulley drives the driven (or) follower pulley. Q16. Write down the disadvantage of V-belt drive over flat belt. Answer : Advantages of V-belt Drives Over Flat Belt Drives - i 2. 5, \ Pulleys for V-belt drive have a complex design whereas pulleys for flat belts'is simple. ‘These drives possess short life span compared to flat belt drives. . ‘These are not preffered for large centre distances unlike fiat belts. These are more difficult to disengage when compared to flat belts. Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Mon the TITLE COVER before you buy 24 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR CIVIL ENGINEE; Q13, Sketch the cro tions of flat belt, V-belt and rope, ,. 0s RS [NTY, Answer! “ 5 The eross-seetion of flat bell, Vebelt and rope ae given below, 1 Flat Belt ‘i F | int belt has mainly rectangular cross-section. é isa sar Fat bet” Figure (1) 2 Y-belt “ V-belt has mainly trapezoidal cross-section. V-belt : Figure (2) 3, Ropes " Ropes ate mainly of circular cross-section. 7 Soap! Figure (3) 14, What is open and cross belt drive? a ‘Answer : wetter (a) Open Belt Drive Zt Itis used for shafts arranged in parallel and rotating in same direction. In this type of belt drive, the driver pus eee ante the upperside, Thus, the tension inthe lower side i more than the upperside. Therefore ws} Known as tight side and upperside as slack side. The centre distance for open belt drive ranges from 14 ma Ise (b) Cross Belt Drive Iti used for shafts arranged in parallel and rotating in opposite direction. This drive i also known drive, the driver pulley drives the driven (or) follower pulley. G15. Write down the disadvantage of V-belt drive over flat belt. Answer : ‘Advantages of V-belt Drives Over Flat Belt Drives 1, Pulleys for V-belt drive have. i s nl 8 for V-belt dive havea complex design whereas pulleys for flat belt's simple. on se drives possess shor life span compared to flat belt drives. ‘ These are not preffered for large centre distances unlike flat belts. ‘These are more difficult to disengage when compared to flat belts. astwist inet ion Elements and Material Handling Equipment ee tween # belt drive and a chain driv. "16. Differentiate be Answer # “The differences between a belt drive anid chain derive are,” Belt Drive = Texan Dee {p Belts are used to transmit power between two shafts, | (i) ] Chains can transmit motion to several shafts using single chain, i} They are suitable for ong distance between shafts. | (ji) | They sre suitable for small centr distance between the shafts. ‘They are cheap, but not durable compared to chains. They are Highly costly and durable, 3 (iv)| Slip takes place in belts. (iv)] No slip occurs in chains, (9) | Transmission efficiency is low. (v) | Transmission efficiency is high compared to belts. G17. Write a short notes on belt conveyors. Answer t Belt Conveyors Belt conveyors use a belt made of rubber, which is a reinforced clastomer. The operation of belt conveyors is carried out in continuous loop. Half length of the belt is used to carry and deliver the items or materials whereas the other half length is for return path. ‘A frame containing suppor sliders or rollers along its forward lodp, is used to support the conveyor belt. A drive roller is provided at one end of the conveyor to power the belt Q18. What are the various types of belt conveyors? Draw a neat sketch of the belt conveyor with detalis. Answer t 5 Modal Papar-, tte) Belt conveyors are of two types. They are, 1, Flat Belts : These are used for individual parts or pallets. 2. Troughed Belts : These are used for bulk matcrials like gravel, coal, grain. Figure: Bolt (Fiat) Conveyor 219. What are the different types of mobile cranes? : Answer: The following are the most commonly used mobile cranes, Crawler eranes 2. Rough-terrain crane 3. Lattice-boom truck-mounted crane 4. Telescoping-boom truck-mounted crane 5. Modified cranes for heavy lifting and . 6 All-errain cranes. ; : SPICTROM @LL-IN-OWE JOURNAL POR ENGINEERING STUDENTS 2.6. ‘aera BASIC MECHANICAL: ENGINEERING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS (JNTU: Write a note on different Industrial trucks, rd Answer + ‘There are two types of industrial trucks, They are, F ; WO Nonspowersd and 07-2504 b-@) - Powered: Mf i coved and distance by which the material Non-powered t {ypes are pushed or pulled by human workers. The material m e by whi Pepe ie eatively tow. They are of ow cost allow rt of delivery pet PO is achieved, Powered industrial trucks ae tec {oy humtan worker as they provide mechanized movement of materi They are ¢f medium cost. Applications include mg | ight weights or onds in tony Typeal applications include movement of pallet loads and pelletized containers ina factory, warehouse, Q21. What are dozera? jae re Anawer i Model Papers, aig terial from thé ground. It consists of «blade haul and move the mat hen the dozer is used to rip the rock surface. The dozers do ng, wine is a tractor unit which is basically used to load, : infront of the machine. This blade is known as ripper wi "ha late 1aVe a specific volume capacity and hence the amount of material moved by the dozer independent of the blade used. The quantity that remains in the blade when the blade is pushed is the quantity of earth that is moved. Dozers are considered as the best machines for clearing land when they are used with special blades, When the dozers are provided with rear mounted ripper, they van be used for ripping of rock as they develop a heavy tractive force. —— nl Q22. Write short notes on bulldozers. Answer: 2 Bulldozers % | Jer tracks fitted with a blade at the front end for ‘The machine with high powered tractors equipped with caterpillar or craw stripping excavation is kriown as ‘Bulldozer. I first loosens the material ahead of Thece machines may be either wheel mounted or crawler mounted. Wheel mounted bu roads and have average speed of 50-55 kmph, Crawler mounted bulldozers are mostly pre! high speed is undesired. t can have a speed of about 10-15 kmph. Bulldozers can be contro control depending upon various factors. Some of the factors are as follows, it for deep excavation upto a depth of 400, Iidozers are usually suited fot smooth ferred for muddy roads or earth, where led by either hydraulic jacks or cable (@) Nature of Job size : (b) Distance of disposal $ oe (©) Method of disposal (4) Construction time assigned (©) Location of the excavation : (0 Type of earth to be excavated ete. i Gas. What are the various operations that can be done using dozers? Answer ‘The three main operations that can be carried out by dozers are, 1. Pushing the material 2, Clearing the land, and 3. Ripping of rocks. f Besides the above three operations, the dozers can be employed for various other minor operations as follows, 1. For moving earth to short distances. For generating an opening for pilot roads through mountains and rocky terrains.” * 3, To spread the earth, 4. For backfilling of trenches | in fractor-pulled scrapers. : je 5. — For loading mat 6. Toclear the floors of burrow and quarry pits, 7. For clearing the surfaces of timber, root mat and stumps+ Ron ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ror . 2. Helical gears. Spur Gear Itis the simplest gear, which consists of straight teeths arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of gear wheel as shown in figure (1). It is used to transmit the power between two parallel and coplanar shafts and the arrangement of the spur gears is known as spurs gearing. Mono i 7 1 Figure (1): Spur Gear am Helical Gear The teeth of this gear are inclined to the gear surface with certain helix angle. It is used for torque or power transmission between parallel or coplanar shafts and is mostly used in gear boxes. This gears have smooth and effective runing compared with spur gears, Helical gears are further classified ihto, (@ Single helical gears (i) “Double helical gears. = 4] : S34 Ea ee] ES S44 : — SS = iS = 4 (i) Single Helical Gear (i) Double Helical Gear Figure (2): Helical Gears of” Describe the various types of gears used to connect intersecting shafts. Answer ; ‘The various types of gears used to transmit the Power or torque between the intersecting shafts are, 1. Face gears ‘ i 2. Bevel gears. 4 Face Gears ¥ In this type of gears, the pinion whi it ica it such that the axis » the pinion which may be either spur or helical meshed up with a conjugate gear of rotation of both gears are perpendicular to each other. This gears are employed where the mounting accuracy of bevel Bears is no} much effective. The face gears has less load ‘carrying capacity when compared with the bevel gears- - ni 90) The toot ereplayed Jeonmnect intersecting shafts with any desire ange (usually at an ane " shape te teamh roe remiss prolapse a ate epee We he ‘of gear are in conical of the cone. ‘ The bevel pears with prnfile it identical bevel genre (on teeth face wiih at intersected at 90° angle are Known as ident ea Con Bears. The classification of bevel gears is as follows, aoe @ Straight Bevel Gears : ; R a the vertex of pitch cone is known 28 straight bey er life when mounted propery, Thay The bevel pears with straight invohute teeth and tappered towards ‘Boar. These gears are easy to desigh, manufacture and provides relatively longs [Rear are employe for small applications and the maximum peripheral speed should not exceed > ee | 0) Skew Bevel Gears a ‘The bevel gcars ving straight teth which are mounted on two non-intersecting nd non-parallel SANS ae kg, as skew bevel gear General these pars are angle! withthe axis of rtation of gear lank (iil) Spiral Bevel Gears ‘These bevel gears have skewed and curved teeth making a helix angle which obtain high mounting accuracy, In this gears, more number of teth are in contact, which provides smog ‘and quite operation. This gears have good strength and the range of peripheral speed is from 11 m/s to 35 m/s. Thegg ears are difficult to design and manufacturing cost is very high. oe (iy) Zerol Bevel Gears ; These gears are special kind of spiral bevel gear in which the teeth are curved shaped with zero spiral angle, These. gear ac employed in place of taght bevel gears du to increase in axial thrust and can operate with peripheral speed, ranging from 5 m/s to 16 mvs. (¥) Hypoid (or) Displaced Bevel Gears ‘These are the spiral bevel gear with hyperbolic surfaces which are not conical, These gears posses high strength than spiral bevel gears and the tooth action is formed by the combination of rolling and sliding along.a straight ling, Lubrication is necessary for tooth flanks to reduce increased friction due to sliding motion. These gears produces overall efficiency from 94% to 96% and are used in differential unit of motor vehicle, These are employed Where peripheral speed exceeds 5 m/s. % (i) Crown Gears The gears in which the teeth are perpendicular to gear surface and the pitch angle is 90”, is called crown gear. The angle between the two intersecting shafts on which gears are mounted is greater than 90°, Spur or bevel gears are with gear face. These gears are easily used to mesh with crown pinion gears. 26, Explain gear nomenclature with neat diagram and define all salient terms pertaining to the spur gear. Model Papers, 4 Answer : Fillet radius Clearance circle Dedendum Clearance circle Gear Terminology Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO Mon the TITLE COVER before you buy >» UNIT-2. Po Gear Terminology 6 10. ‘pitch Cylinder ‘ tt is an imaginary cylinder of a helical or spur gear ‘Where pure rolling takes place. For gears in mesh, the der of gear, purely rolls over a pitch eylinder pitch eyline Prther mating gear and transfers the motion similar to a pair of gears Pitch Surface ‘the surface ofan imaginary cylinder ofa gear ie. pitch cylinder is called pitch surface. Pitch Circle tis an imaginary circle which is obtained by sectioning the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of pitch ylinder. Therefore, its the circle of gear o pinion ‘on which pure rolling takes place. Pitch Diameter It is the diameter of the pi sh circle and is represented by ‘dit is used to determine the distance between the gear centres and the gear ratio. The Line of Centres the line connecting the centres of pitch circles of It is gears in mesh. Pitch Point Itis the point of tangency between two pitch circles or between a pitch circle and a pitch line which is located con the line of centres (or) itis the point where two pitch circles meet. Pinion When two gears are in a mesh, the smaller gear ie. the gear with Jess number of teeth is called a pinion. Rack A straight rectangular or square bar having teeth (heli- cal or spur) on one side, which mesh with the gear teeth js called a rack. And is also defined as a gear with an infinite pitch diameter. Pitch Line It is an imaginary line of the rack that purely {rele of a gear in mesh. Itis similar to the piteh slides over apitch ci circle of a gear. Circular Pitch (P,) Itis the length between corresponding points on adj teeth of a gear when measured along the periphery of the pitch circle. I is mathematically expressed as, jacent Circular piteh, aD Pe’ Where, T—Number of teeth D-Pitch diameter wer Transmission Elements and Material Handling Equipment u. 12. 1B. 14. 15. 16. Dinmetral Pitch (P) For a gear or pinion, it is deft < , tied as ‘ the number of teeth (T) on it and its fo oan oe taken in inches. The major imitation of the diame pitch is that, itis not measured in S{ units, = Diameter pitch, 7 D ‘Module (m) Itis defined asthe ratio between pitch diameter (D) inmm and number of teeth on the gear (T).Itis the reciprocal of the diametral pitch but, itis measured in terms of SI units. Module, Gear Ratio (G) It is defined as the ratio between the number of teeth con the larger gear and number teeth on the smallet gear (pinion). $ Gear ratio, T 6245 7 ‘Where, Number of teeth ori gear 1—Number of teeth on pinion. Velocity Ratio (VR) It is defined as the ratio between the angular velocities of the follower and the driving gear. Velocity ratio, R= @ Where, «0, ~Angular velocity of driver 0, Angular velocity of follower. ‘Addendum Its defined as the radial difference between the rats ofthe piteh cirele and the upper surfaces ofthe tooth. ‘The standard value of addendum is tmodule, Addendum Circle teeth in a ‘A cicle bounding the upper surface Of Bo plane normal to gear axis is called addendum circle. Its diameter is given as d+ 2 modu 25, Face Width z Iti define 08 the radi Of the a 88 the radial ait ge Here and the rot colon mb ote Wis the distance measured in a plane parallel pie 18, “bein Value of ddindut i 1.157 module of the gear along the pite cicle 26, Top Land 2 It is the upper surface of the gear tooth. A circle boundit teeth ina yee the roots or lower surfaces of gear mal to gear axis is called dedendum | 27, Bottom Land circle. its di le. its diameter is given as, =d-2% 1.157 module, Itis the lower surface of the gear tooth and aldo do2 sia Hoda as r00t 7 19. Clearance 28, Face iis itis the surface ofthe gear tooth between the op lg siden Coo between the {Capper surface of the tooth) and pitch citcle. lendum. c=D,-D, 29, Fillet 430) +5 curved F dedendum circle i ea =(d+2m)-(d-2* “The tooth’s curved region at “ SH ) - (d= 2x 1.157 m) ae, aca ain ssurtuee ofthe ooh between the bot 20. Maxim itis the surface ofthe tot be wn lag eee eae along with fillet and piteh circle. re Itis defined as the sum of addendum and dedendum of a gear. : 31. Path of Contact Full depth = Addendum + Dedendum ‘The ine of action passes through the pitch point and cus = me 1.157 er ligendum circles of to gears Which are in medh ; une ao points respectively. The distance between thie ‘of contact point of two gean two points (or) the locus from starting to the end of contact is known as path a = 2.157 module. Working Depth of Teeth 21. It is defined as the depth to which a gear tooth engages contact. jnte the tooth of another mating gear. Itis calculated as ; the sum of addendums of both gears in mesh. (Path of Approseh 22, Space Width Itis the portion of length of path of contact from e point ofe tooth to the pitch point It is defined as the space between two teeth measured eo eee along the pitch circle. Gi) Path of Recess 23. Thickness of the Tooth Itis the portion of length of path of contact from It is the thickness measured in a plane parallel tothe axis pitch point to the point of disengagement ofthe of gear along the pitch circle. scott d 24, Backlash 32. Are of Contact ‘The difference between the tooth thickness and space During contact period of two mating gears i.c., begin: width gives the backlash or itis the clearance between ning to end of engagement, the locus (or) path traced by ‘a point on pitch circle is known as arc of contict. the gears in the mesh as shown in the figure. In most of the eases, a backlash is provided for thermal expansion i Ay of materials, lubrication and to avoid the jamming of @), Arc of Approach aa It is the portion of length of are of contact from the point of engagement of gear tooth to the pith gears . point. (i) Arc of Recess. It is the portion of lenj ath of are of contact from itch point to the point of disengagement of the 33, Angle of Action (8) Teis the angle advanced by a gear from the point of ‘engagement to disengagement: in the TITLE COVER before you buy Look for the SUA GROUP LOGO ey IT-2. Power Transmission Elemenis and Material Handling Equipment nt uN! aay ja Contact Ratio Itrepresents the number of pairs of teeth which are in contact during en perween the length of are of contact and the circular pitch papement of cya genre dd i ting i : asthe ratio .. Contact ratio, = Length of are of contact Cireular path Gif. Dafne the Following forms related to helical gears: helix angle, normal pitch, axial plich Answer t Helical Gears ‘These gears are the advanced version of spur gears where the teth on the periphery of gear are oriented at aan heli angle to the axis of rotation as shown in figure. The tooth profile of this gear is involute helicoid, when a paper which is in the ‘pape of parallelogram is wrapped inthe orm of a cylinder, the profile traced by the edge of the paper on a cylindrical surface ‘erred involute helicoid profil, Unlike spur gears, these gears can be meshed in parallel and in aligned orientations, During hing of gears begins at leading edge of curved surface of teeth and extends along the diagonal line the rotation of gears, the mes present on teeth face. The teeth of helical gear mesh gradually ice. they have less impact, vibrations and noise compared to spur ear resulting in smooth and quite operation. Figure Helix Angle (y) helix angle. In order iphery with respect to its axis of rotation is called ror image). The helix angle it produces bending couples is oriented on peri ele must be the equal and opposite to each other (like a mis but the major limitation of the helix angle is that, ‘The angle at which the gear tooth to mesh two helical gears, their helix any makes the teeth of helical gears to mesh gradually, and thrust forces. Normal Pitch of 2 Helical Gear ‘The distance measured between the corresponding points on adja by Py. cent faces of a gear teeth, normal (or) perpendicular to the helix is known as normal pitch. It is represented Axial Pitch of a Helical Gear ‘The distance measured on a pitch circle betwe axis of rotation of gear is known as axial pitch Itis also called as circular path and is denoted by en the corresponding points on adjacent faces of a gear teeth, parallel to the “Pe, Axis of rotation of gear Er Figure P= P.cos wand also P,= 70 For spur gears, P, = nM, and M, = COS W. SPECTRUM qLLIN-ONE JOURNAL POR ENGINEERING STUDE aa ROOF HE Pitch Cone The imaginary cone surface which consists of pitch elements Cone Centre (0) “The axes of the two gears in mesh intersect ata point known as pitch come of the teeth is known as pitch cone. centre and it is the apex of the pitch . ofan element of pitch cone, i ‘Cone Distance (OP) Is also known as pitch cone radius and is defined asthe length along the pitch cone element. Pitch Angle (7) angle between pitch line and axis of Be2" Iris also known as centre angle and is defined as the tre, This angle is known as addendum Addendum Angle (a) ‘The tooth addendum makes Dedendum Angle (5) “The tooth dedeadum makes an angle (B) with the pitch line, ile (@) at the cone centre known as face angl ‘an angle («) with the pitch line at the cone cen! atthe cone centre. This angle is known as dedendum: le. It is the sum of addent Face Angle (6) ‘The tooth face of the bevel gear makes an ani angle and pitch angle. grary Root Angle (6,) of the gear tooth makes angle (8,) at th The root gle and dedendum angle. difference between pitch an 6-7-6 Back Cone fis perpendicular to pitch cone is kno ‘The imaginary cone whic! will be at right angles to the pit Back Cone Distance (F,) the back cone and it is the distance m known as the radius of GROUP Loco (pont! of backe wn as back cone. Therefore, all the elements itch cone elements. veasured along the back cone. Look for the SIA Motel Popes a4 ‘The following are the main types of gear trains, 1, Simple gear train 2, Compound gear train 3. _ Reverted gear train 4. Epicyclic gear train. ‘Simple Gear Train ik ich are parallel to each other and meshed ‘gears are mounted on individual shafts whi ree gears are shown in figure 1(2) and, In this kind of combination, a series of simple gear trains with two and t together to transmit motion. A typical diagram o figure 1(b) respectively. (a) Intermediate @) i Figure (1k: Simple Gear Train In figure 1(a), the two gears rotating in opposite directions are mounted on separate shafts and meshed The gear drives the gear 2 and it is called driver gear, whereas the gear 2 is called driven gear or follower. hafts and meshed in which the gears | and 3 rotate in same direction. In igure | (b), three gears are mounted on different s! 1s intermediate gear and these gears are used to alter the speeds and The gear in between the driver and follower is called direction of the follower. ; ‘The Compound Gear Train Figure (2) illustrates the arrangement of gears in a compound gear train where two or more gears are ‘mounted on the same SCTRUM ALLAR-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS sta e Figure (2: Compound Gear Train 143 are mounted on the same shaft and they rotate with same angular speed From figure (2), itis clear thatthe gears 2 an : , In this type of gear train, the gear | drives the gear 2 and the gear 3 with same speed of gear 2 drives the gear 4. 3. Reverted Gear Train fei Itis similar to compound gear train, but the driver shaft and driven shaft lie on the same axis. This type of gear trains used in automotive industries, back gears of lathe, minutes and hours hands of clocks etc. In this gear train, reverting the sum of pitch diameters of gears 3 and 4 ‘only possible when the sum of pitch diameters of gears 1 and 2 is equal to t 2:4 gear arrangement. Atypical diagram of such gear train is shown in figure (3)- Driven intermediate shat Figuro (3k: Reverted Gear Train : Epleyclic Gear Train ’ another gear of fixed axis as This gear train is also called as planetary gear train in which one gear revolves around the ifustrated in figure (4). The gear with fixed axis is'called as sun gear while the gear wl revolves around the sun geat ig called as a planet gear. An arm or a carrier is sed fo connect the.centres of these two gears. G Planet gear Kr sake ‘ } Sun gear : 2 yelic Gear Train On the TITLE COVER ‘before’you buy" °°! e ‘Simple Gear Train - - Compound Gear Train ie inthis gear train, only one gear is mounted on In this type of gear train two ( cach shaft mounted on a single shaft. ° (or) more gears are i jo is the ratio of drivin ity rat 2 | Velocity (on speed ratio is 1B . | Velocity ratio of compound ir ° ‘ ‘gear train i the rat to the driven speed of respective gears. |speed of first drivis rao of speed 10 : ving gear tothe speed of lat driven gear, 5, |tndhis gear system, intermediate shafts may or may | 3. fn this gear system, intermediate shaft ae ot be employed. transmit motion from one shaft to another none " 4, | speed reduction from the driving gear o the Speed reduction from the first driving gear to last driven gear is less. ldriven gear is more. G s, | mis system requires large diameter driven gear | 5. |ltrequites more number of nied has for for effective speed reduction. effective speed reduction. gear Driving Intermediate gear (9 f fa ft + Rt imple Gear Train Figure: Compound Gear Train : 2.1.2 Belt Drives (Types), Chain Drives Se Q31. Define and explain the terms, 2 () Belt drive (ii) Rope drive (iil) Chain drive. Answer: +@ Belt Drive between two shafts, whose, centre Belt drives are categorized as flexible space can be driven guide pulleys, two shafts q fabric and synthetics. fabric, rubber impregnated A belt may be of either rectangular Se the requirement. Figure: Flat Bolt fe connectors. These are used to transmit power distance ts long and gear trains are not possible. Mostly, flat bells ave used to connect paral by belts, Large varity of belts are available, .ction known as lel shafts. But, with the use of ‘which are made up of leather, fiat belt or a trapezoidal section known as V-belt depending upon Figure: V-belt 2.16 BASIC MECHANICAL w si stance between the shafts, It Wis also refered as flexible connectors, These are mainly used for long cene distance Der. trove pulleys for power transmission, AS the rope is lowered into the ons cane — se with multiple grooves can also be used t improve the power transmission. ‘grooves of different ropes for each groove can be used as per the requirement, nee Figure: Single Rope Drive Figure: Multiple Rope Drive i id metallic elements, which has relative motion i - It consists of small rigid metallic element : Tegal pe of flex anne at velit ato due ton sip between the chain and spoke ison i aa ea criace between the sha Itcan transmit motion to several shafts using a sing! ; or sma ce (i) Chain Drive Figure: Chain Drive Vo | GE. Ciassity the belt drives, nmower 1 ) ‘The following are the different types of belt drives used for power transmission, 1. Open Belt Drive i tg (used when shafts are arranged paralely and rotating in same direction as shown in figure (1). In this type of belt dm the driver pals the belt fom lower side tothe upperside. Ths, the iension inthe lower side i more than the upper jhetefore, lower sie is known a tight side and upperside as slack side. The centre distance for open belt diver from 14 m to 16m: he Drives nity Tien side Figure (1): Open Belt Drive, Cross Belt Drive {Lis used when shafs are arranged pavallelly and rotating in opposite directions as shown in figure (2), This known as tvist dri more than the te ive isak {In this, the driver pulley drives the driven (or) follower pulley. Thus, the tension in the belt DE nthe belt CF. The side DE is known as tension side and CF as slack side. Drie vl my E Figuro (2: Cross Belt Drive ‘ a et + Leek for the SIA GROUP LOGO {fon ‘the TITLE COVER betore you buy power Transmission Elements and Material Handing € ‘quipment ‘Turn Belt Drive ‘Quarter itis wed when the shal rearranged aright a ; jn . gles and rotating ir riser angle belt ive. The face width of the pulley i ec oe pa deton Ga ‘of the bel lo raven ek Figure (3: Quarter Turn Belt Drive je Pulley .s shown in the figure (4). ter Turn Belt Drive with Guid tained by making use of a.guide pulley a Qua In this belt drive, the reverse motion is obt Figure (A: Quarter Turn Bet Drive with Guide Pulley % ot be employed, due to small angle of cone over the Se obtained. This belt drive provides high velocity ratio hich are arranged in parallel with many idler pulleys 95 Belt Drive with Idler Pulley in belt drive can’ wn the belt cannot pelt drives are used when an ope! shafts, ‘and when the required tension 0 This type of motion from one shaft to several smaller pulley and is used to transmit shown in figure (5). Rag a BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR CIVIL ‘Pound Belt Drive This type: in figure o belt drive is used when power is wansmitted from one shafl to anotber through & ‘number of pulleys as: Figure (6): Compound Belt Drive 7. Stepped or Cone Pulley 2 This type of belt drives are used for chi ve for changing the speed speed. The speed of driven shaft is changed by shifting ofthe driven shaft, when the driving shaft is running at const, ihe belt from one step to another. Driving shat ‘Step Paley Figure (7: Stepped or Cone Pulley it preferred over the other forms of mechanical drives? Q33. What are V-belts? Why Answer : belts ae trapezoidal shaped belts tha are moulded as endless loops. These are mate up of fabric materials with included angle of about 30° - 40°. In F-bet drive, the rim ofthe pulley is grooved for running off the belt as shown in figure. ‘width V bel bt : Thickness fesil os Figure: V-Grooved Belt with Pulley short distance drives. Due to the wedging action of the bets in the “V" grooves they V-belts are used to transmit power fo can transmit maximum amount of torque between the pulleys sade endless so the problem of slipping is eliminated and smooth operation is carried in belts. These bells sin. V-belt. drive offers more power output than flat belt drives and also they due o presence of gripping action the belt tension is reduced. The belts posses highet the other belt driv The V-belts are offer more positive drive due to reduction Simple in operation and installation, Al. Yelocity ratio of about 7 to 10 which is m SIA GROUP Loco TLE COVER ‘before you buy Look for the UNIT-2_ Power Transmission Elements and Material Handling Equipment 2.19 34., State the basis on which the chain drive is classified. What are the common types of chains? Answer? Model Paper, 04 hese are used forthe transmission of power, when the distance between the centre of shafts is short. These are made of steel and can operate at a maximum speed of 900 m/min, The wheels over which these chains run are called sprocket wheels and wve provision for effci i iffere ‘ hove rvs {rr etTicient lubrication, The different types of power transmission chains are given below. Kt consists of solid steel blocks to whicl when approaching or leaving the teeth as conveyor chains. h the side links are fastened by hardened stec! rivets. These chains produce noise of the sprocket because of rubbing between the teeth and the links. These are used Figure (1: 2. Roller Chains Itconsists of outer plates, inner plates, pins, brusher and rollers as shown in figure (2). A brush is fixed tothe inner link whereas the outer link has a pin fixed to it. These chains are extremely strong and simple in construction. These chains make less noise and wears less compared to block chains. Roller chains are generally used in bicycles. : 1 1 1 3. Silent Chains ‘These chains are mainly designed to reduce the noise to some extent and to transmit heavier loads, They do not have any rollers but consists of a hooked form of links, which are connected in series. The outer faces are ground to give an included angle of 60 degrees or 75 degrees. 6 GAR) Figure (3: Silent Ch 2.2 MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT: INTRODUCTION TO BELT CONVEYORS, CRANES, * INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS, BULL DOZERS . $s Q35. List out the classification of belt conveyor. Answer = Model Paper, 5 Classification of Belt Conveyor Basically belt conveyors are classified based on the position, path followed and its design and application. They are as follows, 1. Based on Position (i) Stationary belt conveyor ( “ail 2. Based on the Path of Belt Conveyor Movable belt conveyor Portable belt conveyor. (i) Horizontal type conveyor (ii) Inclined type conveyor Gi) Mixed type conveyor. Sia GROUP 45 SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS 2.20 BASIC Mi ‘Based on its Design and Application (i) General purpose Conveyors (Gi) Underground conveyors ii) Above water conveyor tiv) Special purpose conveyors for ores and carrying food w) (vi) Special designed conveyors for oil resisting, heat resistant, submerged ete. Q36. Explain in detail about the construction and working of belt conveyors. Air supported conveyors Answer : Construction of a Belt Conveyor Belt conveyor system consists of an endless belt on which various materials such as sand, cement, concrete, earth, etc. are carried. The size, grade and type of belt to be selected depends upon the type of material to be transported. There are two pulleys on either sides of belt at its extreme ends which rotates the belt. There are numerous carrier shafts under the belt in the upper side af conveyor to support the belt against the weight of material. At the lower side, there are idler shaft ‘which are less in number than carrier shafts. Idler Belt Conveyor Working The working principle of belt conveyor is mainly due to friction. A motor and year box is used to rotate the pulleys which produces friction in between the belt and pulley. Due to this frictional force, the belt is rotated from one pulley to another, overcoming the load and drag force. Two drums! ulleys on which the belt runs are mounted on two shafts These shafis continuously rotate with the pulleys in same direction (je. direction in which the material is 19 be transported), The weight of material being conve and the carrier shaft which uniform) idler shafts are used for minim the bell. The belt conveyors are commonly used for shon distance transportation of large quantity of materials. it cy also be used for longer distances provided it justifies the inital Cost of the system. For longer distance, the length of belt an ‘number of carrier shaft has to be increased. yed acts on the belt ly distributes the load, The ve the effect of slackness in IECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR Q37. Answer Construction of Crawle @ Gi) Gi Gv) W) Working of Crawler Crane wa Gi) (ii) (iv) W) (vi) (vii) Q38, Answer i Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Won the TITLE COVER ber af fore you bijv ‘The revolving super structure controlls and driyg Explain tl crane! or Cranes ses of wler cranes compris’ Satta series of tread shoes. ’ iced on caterpillar treads/like mij Ha 7% z The crane ty vhich ean move in any direction, track vehicles whicl lattice boom. “ ‘Above the latice boom, # fry-jibis also connected a The universal crawler machines with heavier frag comprises of clutches and brakes with greater ably serving the system. around the working site as required. Before hoisting, the crane should be levelled a is unstable and does not work properly. Ifthe soil has low bearing capacity then the crane hasta’ be levelled on mats, ‘The revolving super structure operates the lattice boo ‘hich acts as a compression member. Along the st Above the lattice boom a try job of length 30 to 12 ‘6 connected, with the help of hoist. At the end of jig hoist cable is used to lift the material Crawler-type crane: 8 are adopted at long duration because these machines have lower ji Write the classi fixed-base toy sketch. ification of tower cranes. ‘wer crane in detail with | Model STotich tend v . ONGE cranes are classified into three categories, he @ oa Vertical tower with a ib. : Gi) A spec Vertical boom ‘arrangement. Gil) A mobite the tower UNIT-2. Power Transm mass foundation, either on by the limiting height. To by used, but engineered steel bra maximum number of cases, tower cranes kets are tied to the structure in is suppressed, so that the jib can weathervane in the wind, Usually the dimensions and capacities of fixed-base tower cranes are, () Base dimensions ~ 13 « 13 ft10.27 «278 Gii)_Jib length — 100 t0 270 ft (ili) Tower cross section—4 « 4 fito 8 x 8 ft (iv) () wi) (vii) Mast section length ~ 10 to 20 ft Maximum hoisting speed ~ 150 to 500 fUmin Maximum slewing speed ~ 0.6 to 1.0 rpm Maximum trolleying speed — 100 to 350 f/min (viii) Maximum lifting capacity — 10,000 to 90,000 Ib (ix) Maximum lifting capacity at the end of jib 2000 to 13000 Ib. SPECTRUM AULAN-ONE JOURNAL FO in Elem, ‘ents and Materi Handling Equipment 21 \cturing of ‘Q39. When the cranes are used in manufé Industries? Describe the different typ cranes used for material handling. Answer’: Cranes are used for handling (i.e., lifting and lowering) the heavy components and packages or cases. Cranes are widely used in intermittent type:of production and in manufacturing industries for material handling. Depending upon their movement, they are classified as, (@) Bridge cranes (b) . Gantry cranes (©) Jib cranes. (®) Bridge Cranes yma |—eromwny an Rail A bridge crane consists of one or two girders or beams supported between two fixed ratio on either ends, as shown in figure (1). The hoist trolley can be moved, along horizontal direction (‘e., along the length of bridge). The bridge can be moved in vertical direction (i.e., along the length of the rail) and the hoists provide motion in Z-axis direction. These drives provide motion in X, Y, Z-axis direction. Thus, the bridge crane achieves vertical lifting due to hoist and horizontal movement of the material due to its orthogonal rail system. Large bridge cranes can carry loads upto 100 tons with a girder or beam span‘of 36.5 m. A bridge crane provides application in most of the ‘manufacturing industries i, in making engines, compressors, pressure vessels, foundries, stéel mills and power-generating stations. (6) Gantry Cranes i-beam Pa paig* (eT) and ras Gannry keg & Ral Figure (2): Gantry Crane

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