CHEMISTRY

PRACTICAL MANUAL
FOR STANDARD - XI
 List of Salts
1. Lead Nitrate

2. Copper Sulphate 3. Copper Carbonate

4. Aluminium Sulphate 5. Aluminium Nitrate 6. Ferric Chloride

7. Zinc Sulphate 8. Zinc Sulphide

9. Calcium Carbonate 10. Barium Chloride

11. Magnesium Sulphate 12. Magnesium Carbonate 13. Magnesium Phosphate

14. Ammonium Chloride 15. Ammonium Bromide

-- : NOTES: --
 GENERAL PROCEDURE for the SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
I. ANALYSIS OF ANIONS (ACID RADICALS)
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 COLOUR: 1) Blue or Green. 1) May be a Copper salt.
Colour of the salt is noted.
2) Brown. 2) May be an Iron salt.
3) Colourless or White. 3) Absence of Copper and
Iron salts.
2 ACTION OF HEAT: 1) Colourless gas with pungent 1) Presence of an
A small amount of the salt is smell giving dense white fumes Ammonium salt.
taken in a dry test tube and with a glass rod dipped in Conc.
heated strongly. HCl and also turning red litmus
paper blue evolved.
2) Reddish brown gas evolved. 2) Presence of a Nitrate
salt.
3) Salt is yellow when hot and 3) May be a Zinc salt.
white when cold.
4) No characteristic change. 4) Absence of Ammonium,
Nitrate and Zinc salts.
3 FLAME TEST: 1) Bluish green flame. 1) Presence of Copper salt
A small amount of the salt is
2) Brick red flame. 2) Presence of Calcium
taken in a watch glass. 2 drops
salt.
of Conc. HCl is added to it to
3) Apple green flame. 3) Presence of Barium salt
form a paste. The paste is taken
at the charred end of the splinter 4) No characteristic coloured 4) Absence of Copper,
and introduced it near the flame. Calcium and Barium salts.
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL. HCl: 1) Colourless, odourless gas with 1) Presence of Carbonate.
To 1mL of dil. HCl, the salt is brisk effervescence, turning Lime
added and heated gently. water milky evolved.
2) Reddish brown gas turning 2) Presence of Nitrate.
moist Ferrous sulphate paper
brown evolved.
3) Colourless gas with rotten egg 3) Presence of Sulphide.
smell, turning a paper dipped in
Lead acetate shining black
evolved.
4) No characteristic change. 4) Absence of Carbonate,
Nitrate and Sulphide.
5 ACTION OF Conc. H2SO4: 1) Colourless gas giving dense 1) Presence of Chloride.
To a small amount of the salt, white fumes with a glass rod
1mL of Conc. H2SO4 is added dipped in NH4OH evolved.
and heated gently. 2) Reddish brown gas turning 2) Presence of Bromide.
moist Fluorescein paper green
evolved.
3) Reddish brown gas turning 3) Presence of Nitrate.
acidified Ferrous sulphate paper
green evolved.

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 4) No characteristic change. 4) Absence of Chloride,
Bromide and Nitrate.
6 MnO2 TEST: 1) Greenish yellow gas turning 1) Presence of Chloride.
To a small amount of the salt, a Starch iodide paper blue evolved.
pinch of MnO2 and 1mL of 2) Reddish brown gas turning 2) Presence of Bromide.
Conc. H2SO4 are added and moist Fluorescein paper red
heated gently. evolved.
3) No characteristic change. 3) Absence of Chloride and
Bromide.
7 COPPER TURNING TEST: 1) Reddish brown gas turning 1) Presence of Nitrate.
To a small amount of the salt, moist Ferrous sulphate paper
few Copper Turnings and brown evolved.
1mL of Conc. H2SO4 are added 2) No characteristic change. 2) Absence of Nitrate.
and heated gently.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: 1) Colourless gas with pungent 1) Presence of Ammonium
To a small amount of the salt, smell giving dense white fumes
1mL of NaOH is added and with a glass rod dipped in Conc.
heated gently. HCl evolved.
2) No pungent smelling gas. 2) Absence of Ammonium.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE 1) A yellow precipitate is 1) Presence of Chloride.
TEST: obtained.
To a small amount of the salt, a 2) No yellow precipitate. 2) Absence of Chloride.
pinch of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops
of Conc. H2SO4 are added and
heated gently. Vapours evolved
are passed to another test tube
containing 1mL NaOH.
If a yellow solution is obtained,
1mL dil. Acetic acid and 1mL
Lead acetate are added.

II. ANALYSIS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

10. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT*:
1g of the salt and 3g of Sodium carbonate are taken in a boiling tube or a 100 mL beaker. 20 mL of
distilled water is added and boiled for a few minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “SODIUM
CARBONATE EXTRACT”. [*To be prepared if the given salt is partially soluble in water]

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

11 AgNO3TEST: 1) A curdy white precipitate, 1) Presence of Chloride.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract soluble in excess of NH4OH is
dil. HNO3 is added until the formed.
effervescence ceases and then 2) A pale yellow precipitate 2) Presence of Bromide.
1mL of AgNO3 is added. sparingly soluble in excess of
NH4OH is formed.
3) A black precipitate is formed. 3) Presence of Sulphide.
4) No characteristic precipitate. 4) Absence of Chloride,
Bromide and Sulphide.
2
12 BaCl2TEST: 1) A white precipitate insoluble in 1) Presence of Sulphate.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract Conc. HCl is formed.
dil. HCl is added until the 2) No white precipitate is formed. 2) Absence of Sulphate.
effervescence ceases and then
1mL of BaCl2 is added.
13 LEAD ACETATE TEST: 1) A white precipitate soluble in 1) Presence of Sulphate.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract excess of Ammonium acetate is
1mL of dil. CH3COOH is formed.
added and heated until the 2) No white precipitate is formed. 2) Absence of Sulphate.
effervescence ceases and then
1mL of Pb(CH3COO)2 is
added.
14 BROWN RING TEST: 1) Brown ring is formed at the 1) Presence of Nitrate.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract junction of two liquids.
dil. H2SO4 is added until the 2) No brown ring is formed. 2) Absence of Nitrate.
effervescence ceases and 1mL
of freshly prepared FeSO4
solution is added. Then keeping
the test tube in a slanting
position Conc. H2SO4 is added
in drops along the sides of the
test tube.
15 AMMONIUM 1) A canary yellow precipitate is 1) Presence of Phosphate
MOLYBDATE TEST: formed.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract 2) No canary yellow precipitate is 2) Absence of Phosphate
dil. HNO3 is added until the formed.
effervescence ceases and then
1mL (NH4)2MoO4 and 1mL
Conc. HNO3 are added
16 SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE 1) A purple or violet colouration 1) Presence of Sulphide.
TEST: appears.
To 1mL of the Na2CO3 extract 2) No characteristic colouration 2) Absence of Sulphide.
1mL of NH4OH is added and appeared.
then 1mL of Sodium
Nitroprusside is added.

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 III. ANALYSIS OF CATIONS (BASIC RADICALS)
17. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The Original solution is prepared by dissolving small amount of the salt in 10 - 15mL of _________
Water (For water soluble salts).
dil. HCl or dil. HNO3 (For water insoluble salts).

18. GROUP IDENTIFICATION

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Group – I : 1) A White precipitate is 1) Presence of First Group
To 1mL of the original solution obtained. (Lead).
2mL of dil. HCl is added.
2) No characteristic 2) Absence of First Group
precipitate. (Lead).
2 Group – II : 1) A Black precipitate is 1) Presence of Second Group
To the above Group – I solution obtained. (Copper).
H2S gas is passed.
2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Second Group
precipitate. (Copper).
3 Group – III : 1) A Gelatinous white 1) Presence of Third Group
To 1mL of the original solution precipitate is obtained. (Aluminium).
1mL NH4Cl and 2mL NH4OH
2) A Brown precipitate is 2) Presence of Third Group
are added.
obtained. (Iron).
3) No characteristic 3) Absence of Third Group
precipitate. (Aluminium and Iron).
4 Group – IV : 1) A Dirty white precipitate 1) Presence of Fourth Group
To the above Group – III is obtained. (Zinc).
solution H2S gas is passed.
2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Fourth Group
precipitate. (Zinc).
5 Group –V : 1) A White precipitate is 1) Presence of Fifth Group
To 1mL of the original solution obtained. (Calcium or Barium).
1mL NH4Cl, 2mL NH4OH and 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Fifth Group
2mL (NH4)2CO3 are added. precipitate. (Calcium and Barium).
6 Group – VI : 1) A White precipitate is 1) Presence of Sixth Group
To 1mL of the original solution obtained. (Magnesium).
1mL NH4Cl, 2mL NH4OH and 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Sixth Group
2mL Na2HPO4 or NH4H2PO4 precipitate. (Magnesium).
are added and scratched the
sides of the test tube.

19. TEST FOR AMMONIUM ION :

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original 1) Reddish brown 1) Presence of Ammonium.
solution 1mL NaOH and 1mL precipitate is obtained.
Nessler’s reagent are added. 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Ammonium.
precipitate.

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 IV. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS (BASIC RADICALS)
S. No PRECIPITATE OF SOLVENT USED TO DISSOLVE THE PRECIPITATE

1 Group – I 1mL of Hot water.

2 Group – II 1mL of dil. HNO3.

3 Group – III 1mL of Na2O2. (Mix 1mL NaOH and 1mL H2O2)

4 Group – IV 1mL of dil. HCl.

5 Group – V 1mL of dil. CH3COOH.

6 Group – VI No solvent used.

ANALYSIS OF Group – I : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR LEAD

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original A Yellow precipitate is Presence of Lead.
solution 1mL K2CrO4 is obtained.
added.
2 To 1mL of the original A Yellow precipitate is Presence of Lead.
solution KI is added in drops. obtained.

To the Yellow precipitate 1mL The Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead.

water is added, boiled and dissolved on boiling and on
cooled. cooling golden yellow
spangles appeared.

ANALYSIS OF Group – II : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COPPER

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original No precipitate is obtained, Presence of Copper.
solution NH4OH is added in but the solution is Blue.
drops to excess.
2 To 1mL of the original A Reddish brown Presence of Copper.
solution 1mL Potassium precipitate is obtained
Ferrocyanide is added.

ANALYSIS OF Group – III : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ALUMINIUM

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Aluminium.
solution NaOH is added in excess of NaOH is formed.
drops to excess.
2 To 1mL of the original A bright red lake is formed. Presence of Aluminium.
solution 1mL NH4OH and
3 drops of Aluminon reagent
are added.

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ANALYSIS OF Group – III : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR IRON
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original A Blood Red coloured Presence of Iron.
solution 1mL KCNS is added. solution is obtained.
2 To 1mL of the original A Blue precipitate is Presence of Iron.
solution 1mL of Potassium obtained
Ferrocyanide is added.

ANALYSIS OF Group – IV : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ZINC

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zinc.
solution NaOH is added in excess of NaOH is formed.
drops to excess.
2 To 1mL of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zinc.
solution 1mL of Potassium excess of Sodium hydroxide
Ferro cyanide is added. and insoluble in dilute acids.

ANALYSIS OF Group – V : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CALCIUM

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original A Pale Yellow precipitate is Presence of Calcium.
solution 1mL Potassium obtained.
Ferrocyanide is added.
2 A small amount of the salt is Brick red flame. Presence of Calcium.
taken in a watch glass. 2 drops
of Conc. HCl is added to it to
form a paste. The paste is taken
at the charred end of the
splinter and introduced it near
the Bunsen flame.

ANALYSIS OF Group – V : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BARIUM

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original A Yellow precipitate is Presence of Barium.
solution 1mL K2CrO4 is obtained.
added.
2 A small amount of the salt is Apple green flame. Presence of Barium.
taken in a watch glass. 2 drops
of Conc. HCl is added to it to
form a paste. The paste is taken
at the charred end of the
splinter and introduced it near
the Bunsen flame.

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ANALYSIS OF Group – VI : CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MAGNESIUM
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original A White precipitate, Presence of Magnesium.
solution NaOH is added in insoluble in excess of NaOH
drops to excess. is formed.
2 To 1mL of the original A Blue precipitate is formed. Presence of Magnesium.
solution 3 drops of Magneson
reagent is added.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR AMMONIUM ION

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To 1mL of the original Reddish brown precipitate Presence of Ammonium.
solution 1mL NaOH and 1mL is obtained.
Nessler’s reagent are added.

REPORT :
The given simple salt contains
1. Anion (Acid Radical) : __________________ NR
2. Cation (Basic Radical) : __________________

∴ The given simple salt is : ____________________________________